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Si  I 


THE 


LAW   OF  COSTS 


IN  NEW  YORK 


GEORGE    E.    MILLIMAN 

OP   THE   ROCHESTER   BAR 


ROCHESTER  N.T. 
THE  LAWYEnS'  CO-OPEtlATIVB  PUDLISHTNO  COMPANY 

1901 


Entered  according-  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  Year  nineteen  hundred  four,  by 

GEORGE  E.  MILLIMAN, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  AVashington,  D.  C. 


M6Zl9c 
1904- 


PREFACE. 


This  work  has  been  prepared  for  the  practising  attorney  iu 
the  state  of  New  York,  and  presupposes  that  he  is  acquainted 
with  the  substantive  law  of  costs,  the  different  courts,  their  ju- 
risdiction and  procedure.  The  writer  has  endeavored  to  show 
the  application  of  the  general  rule  of  costs  to  specific  cases. 
Therefore  the  general  rule  upon  the  subject  under  consideration 
has  been  stated ;  then  the  specific  instances  of  the  application  of 
that  rule  follow.  The  procedure  for  obtaining  such  costs  is  then 
given,  stating  also  how  the  allowance  thereof  is  reviewed  on  the 
ground  that  they  are  excessive  or  unauthorized. 

The  subject-matter  of  each  chapter  has  been  subdivided  so 
tliat  the  reader  may  readily  find  where  the  subject  under  consid- 
eration is  treated.  The  index  also  has  been  prepared  with  espe- 
cial reference  to  pointing  out  where  specific  questions  are 
discussed. 

The  statute  authorizing  the  granting  of  costs  in  each  particu- 
lar instance  is  gi^en,  and  all  of  the  reported  cases  upon  that  sub- 
ject are  cited.  It  has  sec/ned  best  to  omit  none,  although  tho 
point  has  been  definitely  decided  by  the  appellate  court,  because 
the  difference  in  the  facts  of  the  several  cases  serves  to  distin- 
guish them,  and  it  is  often  of  great  advantage  to  have  a  case  in 
which  the  facts  are  identical  with  the  one  under  consideration. 

Strictly  speaking,  allowances  granted  by  the  courts  to  pay  for 
I  he  services  of  counsel  are  not  costs;  yet  the  distinction  is  one  of 
words,  rather  than  substance.  Therefore  they  have  been  treated 
as  though  they  were  denominated  costs  in  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure. 

The  forms  are  intended  to  show  the  practitioner  just  where  to 
find  the  law  authorizing  every  item  of  cost  or  disbursement,  and 
to  suggest  to  him  all  the  items  to  which  the  taxing  party  is 
entitled. 


lo 


IV  PREFACE. 

The  question  of  the  title  to  costs  is  only  one  branch  of  the  sub- 
ject of  the  lien  of  an  attorney.  It  has  seemed  best,  therefore,  to 
treat  the  entire  subject  of  attorney's  lien,  including  methods  of 
enforcement. 

Upon  disputed  and  unsettled  points  the  aim  has  been  to  pre- 
sent the  position  which  has  been  considered  the  more  tenable, 
noting  in  the  citations  the  cases  which  hold  contrary  to  the  text. 
^"^0  attempt  has  been  made  to  discuss  decisions  that  are  contra- 
dictory beyond  the  hope  of  reconciliation.  Where,  however, 
the  disagreement  is  one  of  words,  and  not  of  substance,  an  effort 
has  been  made  to  show  the  principles  which  underlie  all  the  de- 
cisions, although  the  courts  have  not  clearly  recognized  them. 

No  book  upon  this  subject  would  be  complete  without  a  warn- 
ing against  relying  upon  any  case  for  or  against  any  proposition 
until  the  statute  under  which  the  reported  case  arose  is  compared 
with  the  existing  statute.  The  assumption  that  the  law  has  not 
changed,  or  reliance  upon  the  statement  by  the  court  that  the 
statutes  are  the  same,  is  always  fraught  with  danger.  The  care- 
ful practitioner  will  always  compare  the  statutes,  even  at  the  ex- 
pense of  great  labor  and  time. 

Geokge  E.  Milliman. 
RocHESTEE,  N.  Y.,  January  1,  1904. 


CONTENTS. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTEJl  I. 

GENERALLY. 

1.  Definition  of  costs    1 

2.  Costs  at  common  law   1 

3.  Costs  in  actions  at  law  2 

4.  Costs  in  actions  in  equity ' 3 

5.  By  what  statute  governed    5 

6.  Costs  determined  by  which  verdict G 

7.  Power  of  court  over  costs (} 

o.  In  actions  at  law    6 

b.  In  actions  in  equity    7 

8.  Power  of  attorneys   over  costs 8 

CHAPTER  II. 

AITOENEY'S  ]>1I:K. 

9.  Kinds  of  lions   10 

a.  In  general 10 

b.  Retaining  lien 10 

c.  Charging  lien   11 

1 0.  Who  entitled  to  a  lien 11 

1 1 .  In    what    courts    12 

12.  Loss   of   lien    13 

13.  Necessity  of  a  notice  to  protect  the  lien 14 

14.  In  what  actions    IG 

15.  Lien   in   special   proceedings    17 

16.  To  what   lien   attaches    17 

17.  Title  to   costs    18 

18.  Transfer  of  cause  of  action  pending  the  action 21 

If).  Effect  of  settlement   22 

a.  Upon  lien 22 

b.  As  regards  the  parti«^,3    22 

c.  In  actions  in  forma  pauperis   2.3 

<l.  When  the  client  is  irresponsible 2.'? 

e.  Intent 23 


VI  CONTENTS. 

20.  Lien  of  attorney  before  the  adoption  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 

cedure    24 

21.  Relief  given  by  the  courl 24 

22.  Protection  of  lien  upon  substitution  of  attorneys 25 

a.  Eight  of  client  to  substitution  of  attorneys 25 

b.  Control  of  the  court  upon  substitution  of  attorneys 25 

c.  Discontinuance  of  proceedings  for  substitution  of  attorneys.  .  26 

d.  How  the  extent  of  the  lien  is  determined 26 

e.  Terms  upon  substitution  of  attorneys 27 

23.  Substitution  of  attorneys  when  lien  has  been  waived 28 

24.  Substitution  of  attorneys  when  attorney  has  been  guilty  of  mis- 

conduct    28 

25.  Costs  of  proceedings  to  ascertain  amount  of  attorney's  lien 29 

26.  Power  of  court  to  protect  attorney  when  he  has  no  lien 29 

27.  Lien  in  supplementaiy  proceedings 30 

28.  Lien  when  the  action  is  brought  in  a  representative  capacity.  ...  31 

29.  Effect  of  statute  of  limitations  upon  lien 33 

30.  Assignment   of   lien    34 

31.  Right  to  enforce  lien  upon  securities 34 

32.  How  lien  is  enforced   35 

a.  Supplementary  proceedings 35 

I.  After  settlement  by  the  parties 35 

c.  By   summary   proceedings    36 

d.  Foreclosure  of  lien    37 

€.   Paid   out   of   fund 37 

f.  Setting  aside  collusive  and  fraudulent  settlements 37 

g.  By  continuing  action   38 

{ 1 )   Right  of  attorney  to  continue  action 38 

( 2 )  Leave  to  prosecute  the  action ;  when  granted 39 

(3)  Proof  on  the  trial 39 

33.  Right  of  defendant  to  set  up  settlement  in  his  answer 39 

34.  Setting  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment  in  courts  of  record 40 

35.  Power  of  justices'  courts  over  satisfaction  of  judgment 41 

36.  Liability  of  third  parties    41 

37.  Lien   of   counsel    41 

38.  Set-off 42 

39.  Lien  in  matrimonial   actions    44 

CHAPTEE  III. 

LIABILITY  OF  ATTORNEY. 

40.  By  summary  proceeding  instituted  by  his  client 46 

a.  In   general   46 

6.  How  exercised  47 

c.  Between  what  parties    48 

d.  How  instituted    49 


COiMTEKTS.  Til 

e.  In   what  cases    49 

/.  Ell'ect  upon  this  proceeding;  of  an  action  brought  for  the  same 

thing 50 

g.  Answer  of  attorney  to  this  proceeding 50 

41.  By  action  in  tort  brought  by  client 51 

42.  Liability  for  interest  on  monej'  collected  by  attorney 51 

43.  Rights  of  attorney  to  have  his  lien  determined 52 

44.  Liability  for  misconduct 52 

45.  Liability  of  attorney  for  sheriff's  fees 53 

46.  Liability  for  other  fees   54 

47.  Repayment  of  costs 55 

CHAPTEE  IV. 

MOTIONS  AND  AMEXD-MKXTS. 

48.  Motion  costs 58 

o.  In  general   58 

b.  Amount 58 

c.  How  awarded 58 

d.  \\hen  awarded 59 

c.  W  hen  refused 59 

(!)   In  general 55> 

( 2 )  Both  succeed  in  part   60 

(3)  Costs  balance 60 

(4)  Unnecessary  motion 60 

(5)  Ex  parte  motions   61 

/.  Same  motion  in  several  cases 61 

g.  Piolief   asked   in   motion,   granted  by   opposite   party  before 

argument 61 

h.  Order  granting  favor   62 

49.  Costs  upon  allowing  amendment   62 

a.  In  general   62 

h.  Amendment  of  complaint  during  trial 63 

c.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  judgment 64 

d.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  appeal 64 

c.  Amendment  of  answer    65 

/.  Serving  supplemental  answer   67 

g.  Construction  of  order   68 

h.  Retaxing  of  costs  paid  as  condition  of  amending 68 

-50.  Costs  on  change  of  parties 69 

51.  Motions  on  the  pleadings 69 

c.  Striking  out  scandalous  pleadings 69 

b.  Striking  out  pleadings  as.punishment 70 

c.  Motion  for  judgment  on  frivolous  pleading 70 

52.  Dismissal  for  n^lect  to  prosecute 71 

-53.  Motion  for  bill  of  particulars 71 

54.  Motion  for  bill  of  discovery 71 


viii  CONTENTS. 

55.  Change   of  venue    72 

a.  Convenience  of  witnesses   72 

6.  Venue  laid  in  wrong  county 72 

56.  Opening  defaults 72 

a.  In  general 72 

6.  On  trial 73 

c.  Waiver  of  costs  granted 7G 

d.  Costs  to  abide   the   event 76 

e.  Co?ts  to  moving  party 76 

/.  Default  on  appeal    76 

CHAPTER  V. 

COSTS  UPON  A  DISCONTINUANCE. 

57.  In  general 77 

58.  Excuse    for    discontinuance    79 

59.  How  order  obtained   82 

60.  Two   bills  of  costs 82 

61.  Rights  of  defendant   83 

62.  When  a  trial  fee  is  allowed 83 

63.  Discontinuance  in  equity  actions 84 

64.  Discontinuance  when  a  receiver  has  b(>en  appointed  or  an  injvmc- 

tion  granted 85 

65.  Discontinuance  after  appeal    85 

66.  Additional  allowance  upon  a  discontinuince 85 

67.  Discontinuance  in  special  proceedings 86 

68.  Refusal  of  plaintiff  to  accept  terms  of  discontinuance 86 

69.  Protection  of  attorney  upon  a  discontinuance 87 

70.  Order  to  be  entered  upon  discontinuance 87 

CHAPTER  VI. 

DELAYING  TRIAL  AND  MOTION  FOR  A  NEW  TRIAL. 

71.  Withdrawing  a  juror    89 

72.  Adjourning  trial 90 

73.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  without  case 91 

74.  New  trial  in  ejectment   actions 92 

75.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  jury 92 

76.  Waiver  of  right  to  costs 94 

77.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  court 94 

78.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  referee 95 

79.  New  trial   in   justice's  court,  because  the  verdict   is  against  the 

weight  of  evidence    05 

80.  New  trial  on  the  groimd  of  newly  discovered  evidence 95 

81.  What  is  included  in  "costs  of  former  trial" 9.^ 


CONTENTS.  IX 

82.  Additional  allowance  upon  the  first  trial 96 

83.  What  items  are  taxable   98 

8i.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  on  two  grounds 97 

85.  Correction  of  order    97 

86.  What  courts  have  power  to  exercise  discretion  as  to  terms  of  a 

new  trial 97 

87.  Motion  for  a  new  trial  made  on  a  case 98 

88.  Appeal  from  an  order  granting  new  trial 99 

CHAPTER  VII. 

COSTS  UPON  THE  DECISION  OF  A  DEMURRER. 

89.  Absolute  right  to  costs  in  actions  at  law 100 

90.  In  actions  which  involve  questions  of  law  and  fact 101 

91.  Where  both   parties   are   successful 102 

92.  Separate  bills  cf  costs,  where  there  are  two  or  more  parties  on 

the  successful  side   102 

93.  What  items  are  taxable   102 

94.  Judgment   upon   frivolous   demurrer    103 

95.  When  successful  party  cannot  tax  costs 104 

90.  Amendment  of  pleading  to  obviate  defect  pointed  out  by  demurrer .  .  104 

97.  Judgment  entered  upon  decision  of  demurrer 105 

98.  Final   or   interlocutory   judgment 105 

99.  Costs  by  whom  taxed 103 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

COSTS   AS   REGULATED    BY   THE   RELIEF   SOUGHT  AND   BY    THE 
JUDGJdENT  RENDERED. 

! GO.  Generally 108 

101.  Action  to  recover  real  property 108 

a.  When  claim  of  title  arises  upon  the  pleadings 109 

( 1 )  In  general 109 

(2)  Unnecessary  allegations  of  title .  109 

(3)  United  with  another  cause  of  action 110 

6.  Ejectment 110 

c.  The  question  of  title  to  real  estate  must  be  involved Ill 

d.  Lack    of   jurisdiction    Ill 

e.  Action  for  dower   Ill 

A  Trespass 112 

g.  Plea  of   license    113 

/^.  Plea  that  the  land  is  a  highway 113 

1.  Actions  in  relation  to  easements 1 14 

;'.  Actions  between  landlord  and  tenant 114 

A'.  Title  to  real  estate  proven  as  a  matter  evidence 115 


X  CONTENTS. 

I.  Action  commenced  in  a  justice's  court 115 

m.  Power  of  the  justice's  court  before  removal  of  the  action.  .  .  .  117 

w.  Action  to  abate  a  nuisance 117 

o.  Action  for  trespass  and  assault  and  batU-ry 118 

p.  Certificate  of  judge  that  question  of  title  arose  on  the  trial.  .  118 

102.  Action  to  recover  a  chattel 119 

a.  In  general 119 

6.  The  value  of  tlie  chattels  as  fixed  by  the  verdict 120 

c.  Action  by  llnder  to  recover  lost  property  from  depositary. .  . .  121 

103.  Actions  of  which  a  justice  of  the  peace  has  not  jurisdiction 121 

a.  In  general 121 

b.  Assault  and  batteiy   122 

c.  Alienation  of  affections    ]  22 

d.  Malicious  prosecution 123 

e.  Action   for   causing  death    123 

104.  Other  actions  where  the  recovery  is  less  than  $50 123 

a.  In  general  , 123 

b.  Actions  where  the  sum  total  of  the  accoiuits  proved  exceed 

$400 123 

c.  How  the  amount  is  computed 125 

d.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs 126 

e.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs 120 

f.  Where  the  accounts  do  not  exceed  $400 127 

g.  Recovery  reduced  below  $50  by  the  interposition  of  a  counter- 

claim by  the  defendant   127 

h.  Recovery  reduced  below  $50  by  payments  made  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  action  128 

i.  Recovery   increased   above   $50   by  the   addition    of   interest 

which  has  accrued  since  the  commencement  of  the  action. .  129 

j.  Miscellaneous  cases  where  the  recovery  was  less  than  $50 ....  129 

CHAPTEE  IX. 

ACTIONS    IN   WHICH    COSTS   ARE   IN   THE   DISCRETION   OF   THE 

COURT. 

105.  In  general 131 

106.  In  what  courts   131 

107.  When  and  how  this  discretion  can  be  reviewed 132 

108.  Costs;    how   awarded   and   reviewed   when   action   is   tried   before 

referee 13;^ 

109.  Costs;  how  awarded  when  the  action  is  tried  by  the  court 134 

110.  Costs;  how  awarded  when  part  of  the  issue  is  tried  by  a  jury  and 

part  by  the  court 135 

111.  Costs  where  the  cause  of  action  has  terminated  before  the  trial.  .  135 

112.  Costs  where  the  defendant  makes  an  offer  in  his  pleading 136 

113.  Where  both  parties  are  successful 136 


CONTENTS.  XI 

114.  What  pleading  determines  the  fact  that  costs  are  in  the  discretion 

of  the  court    136 

115.  Costs  where  there  has  been  a  multiplicity  of  actions 137 

116.  Contribution  of  costs  among  wrongdoers 137 

117.  Liability  of  successor   in   interest  in  an  action  where  costs  are 

discretionary 137 

118.  Costs  where  the  question  involved  is  novel 137 

CHAPTER  X. 

COSTS  IN  REAL  ACTIONS. 

119.  Foreclosvire  of  mortgage  by  advertisement 140 

120.  Foreclosure  of  mortgage  by  action 140 

a.  In  general 140 

h.  Liability  of  defendant  by  appearing  in  the  action 140 

c.  Liability  of  defendant  by  serving  an  answer 141 

d.  When  the  wife  of  the  mortgagor  is  entitled  to  costs 141 

c.  Answer  setting  up  payment  since  the  commencement  of  the 

action 141 

f.  Report  of  the  referee    141 

«/.  Costs  in  an  unnecessary  action 142 

/(.  Offer  of  judgment   142 

i.  Commissions 143 

}.  Additional  allowance 143 

A.  Liability  of  party  who  has  assumed  the  mortgage  debt 144 

}.  Surplus  proceedings 144 

m.  Allowance  to  receiver  of  rents  145 

n.  Liability   of   referee    145 

o.  Costs  upon  redemption  from  the  mortgagee 146 

p.  How  the  discretion  of  the  trial  court  in  awarding  costs  can 

be  reviewed 146 

q.  Discretion  reviewed  by  the  court  of  appeals 147 

121.  Foreclosure  of  a  land  contract 147 

122.  Foreclosure  of  a  chattel  mortgage; 147 

123.  Action  to  have  a  deed  declared  a  mortgage 148 

124.  Action  to  set  aside  fraudulent  conveyances 148 

125.  Action  to  remove  a  cloud  on  the  title 148 

126.  Action  to  compel  the  specific  performance  of  a  land  contract 149 

127.  Power  of  court  to  relieve  purchaser  from  a  bid  upon  a  judicial 

sale 151 

128.  Liability  of  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale  in  protecting  his  bid 151 

229.  Partition  action 151 

a.  In  general 151 

fc.  Costs  to  the  defendant 151 

c.  By  whom  costs  sliould  be  paid 152 

d.  At  what  stage  in  the  proceedings  costs  are  allowed 153 

e.  Costs  to  ffuardian  ad  litem 154 


Xll  CONTENTS. 

130.  Action  to  construe  a  will 154 

a.  To  wliom  costs  are  allowed 154 

6.  Upon  what  principle  costs  are  alloui^cl 154 

c.  Amount  of  additional  allowances   155 

d.  By  what  court  costs  are  awarded 156 

e.  Payable  out   of  what   fund 156 

131.  Action  to  foreclose  mechanic'^  liens 156 

a.  In  general 156 

6.  Liability  of  the  owner  of  the  premise? 157 

c.  Offer  of  judgment    158 

d.  Costs  allowed  to  a  subcontractor 158 

e.  Additional  allowance 158 

CHAPTEK  XI. 

INCREASED  COSTS. 

132.  Double  costs 160 

a.  Who  are  entitled  to  double  costs 160 

h.  Waiver  of  right  to  double  costs 161 

c.  How  obtained 162 

d.  When  they  are  refused    162 

e.  Costs  on  appeal    163 

133.  Treble  costs 163 

CHAPTER  XII. 

COSTS  IN  ACTIONS  AGAINST  SCHOOL  OFFICERS  AND  MUNICIPAL 

CORPORATIONS. 

134.  Costs  in  actions  against  school  officers 165 

a.  Statute 165 

h.  Who  is  entitled  to  protection  of  the  statute 168 

c.  Certificate 169 

d.  How  costs  awai  ded  agaiast  a  school  officer  are  collected 169 

e.  Costs  awarded  to  school   officers 170 

135.  Costs  in  action  against  a  municipal  corporation 170 

a.  In  general 170 

h.  What  actions  are  within  the  statute 170 

c.  To  whom  the  claim  must  be  presented 171 

d.  How  the  claim  must  be  presented 1 72 

e.  Effect  of  the  presentation  of  the  claim 172 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS. 

136.  Action  for  absolute  divorce   173 

a.  Costs 173 


CONTENTS.  XIU 

6.  Counsel   fees  allowed    174 

( 1 )  In  general 174 

(2)  Poverty  of  husband    175 

c.  Counsel   fees  refused    17G 

d.  Reviewed  by  court  of  appeals    177 

e.  Counsel   fees  upon  appeal    177 

f.  Rights  of  the  attorney  upon  a  settlement 178 

g.  How  the  payment  of  counsel  fees  may  be  enforced 178 

137.  Action   for  separation    179 

a.  In  general 179 

&.  Counsel  fees  denied   ISO 

c.  Counsel  fees  upon  appeal   180 

d.  Rights  of  the  attorney  upon  a  settlement 181 

e.  How  the  payment  of  counsel  fees  may  be  enforced 181 

138.  Action  to  arnul  a  marriage 182 

a.  Counsel   fees   allowed    182 

h.  Counsel   fees   denied    182 

139.  Costs  in  other  actions  between  husband  and  wife 183 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

COSTS  AND  ALLOWANCES  IN  CRIMINAL  MATTERS,  IN  ACTIONS 
FOR  PENALTIES,  AND  IN  PROCEEDINGS  UNDER  THE  LIQUOR 
TAX  LAW. 

140.  Allowance  upon  the  trial  of  an  indictment,  where  the  offense  is 

punishable  with  death    184 

141.  Personal  and  incidental  expenses  of  counsel  in  capital  cases 186 

142.  Allowance  for  appeal  in  capital  cases 188 

143.  Allowance  to  counsel  appointed  to  aid  the  district  attorney 187 

144.  Liability  of  complainant  or  of  prisoner  in  criminal  cases  for  the 

costs  of  the  proceedings 187 

145.  Costs  in  actions  for  violation  of  the  game  law 188 

146.  Action  for  other  penalties    189 

147.  Proceedings  under  the  liquor  tax  law 189 

CHAPTER  XV. 

SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS. 

148.  Is  TCneral 101 

149.  Mandamus 192 

a.  In  general 192 

&.  When  costs  are  not  imposed 192 

c.  When  costs  are  imposed   1!13 

d.  Upon  whom  costs  are  imposed 193 

e.  Additional  allowance 193 

/.  Terms  imposed  upon  amendment    193 


XIV  CONTENTS. 

g.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs 194 

h.  Amount  of  costs    194 

i.  Costs  upon  appeal    195 

150.  Condemnation  proceedings 196 

a.  In  general 196 

h.  Additional  allowance 198 

c.  How  the  allowance  of  costs  is  reviewed 199 

d.  Costs  upon  abandonment  of  the  proceedings 199 

151.  Proceedings  brought  by  railroads   199 

a.  Proceedings  brought  by  one  railroad  to  cross  another 199 

6.  Proceedings  to  condemn  a  right  of  way  for  elevated  railroads..  200 
0.  Proceedings  under  the  general  railroad  act 200 

d.  Additional  allowance 200 

e.  Trial  fee 200 

/.  Costs  upon  appeal  by  the  railroad 200^ 

152.  Various  proceedings 200^ 

153.  Proceedings  by  taxpayers  to  investigate  the  afTairs  of  a  village. . .  202 

154.  Costs  upon  opening  a  highway 203 

155.  Proceedings  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  a  county 204 

156.  Proceedings  to  vacate  an  assessment 205 

157.  Proceedings  under  special  acts   205 

CHAPTEK  XVI. 

SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED. 

158.  Proceedings    for   appointment    of   committee   of   a   lunatic,    idiot, 

habitual  drunkard,  or  imbecile    208 

a.  Petition  dismissed 208 

6.  Petition  granted 208 

c.  Attempt  by  incompetent  to  have  the  committee  removed. . .  .  209 

d.  Allowance  to  and  against  committee 210 

159.  Certiorari 210 

a.  In  general 210 

6.  Proceedings  against  assessors 211 

c.  Amendment  of  certiorari 213 

d.  Additional  allowance 213 

1 60.  Habea  s  corpus 213 

161.  Proceedings   supplementary  to  execution 215 

a.  Statute 215 

6.  At  wliat  stage  of  the  proceedings  costs  are  granted 215 

c.  How  costs  are  collected  of  judgment  debtor 216 

d.  Costs  granted  to  judgment  debtor 216 

e.  Costs  granted  to  third  parties 217 

f.  Costs  in  proceedings  to  collect  taxes 217 

162.  Contempt  proceedings 217 

a.  In  general 217 

6.  In  proceedings  supplementary  to  execution 218 


CONTKJiTS.  XV 

163.  Summary  proceedings 218 

a.  Statute 218 

6.  Tender 219 

c.  Costs  on  appeal 219 

164.  General  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  creditors 219 

o.  Allowance  for  legal  services 219 

6.  Costs  in  actions  to  set  aside  assignment 220 

0.  Costs  on  contested  claims 221 

d.  Costs  in  actions  brought  by  assignee   222 

e.  Costs  in  an  action  for  an  accountinof 223 

/.  Costs  upon  the  final  accounting 224 

g.  By  whom  costs  of  final  accounting  are  paid 224 

h.  How  costs  against  an  assignee  are  collected 225 

165.  Assignee  or  trustee  in  bankruptcy 225 

166.  Writ  of  prohibition 226 

167.  How  costs  on  state  writs  are  collected 226 

168.  Removal  of  excise  commissioners   226 

169.  Proceedings  to   mortgage  trust  property 227 

170.  Special  proceedings  before  an  officer   227 

171.  Proceedings  to  discharge  from  imprisonment  on  execution 227 

171a.  Proceedings  to  discover  the  death  of  a  tenant  tor  life 227 

CHAPTEK  XVII. 

ACTIONS    BY    OR    AGAINST    A    PERSON    IN    A    REPRESENTATIVE 

CAPACITY. 

172.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  receiver 229 

a.  In  general 229 

6.  When  the  costs  and  expenses  of  an  unsuccessful  action  are 

allowed  to  a  receiver 229 

c.  Additional  allowance 229 

d.  V\  hen  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  out  of  the  fund 230 

e.  When  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  by  the  receiver  personally. .   230 
/.  How   it  is  determined  whether  the  receiver  shall   pay   costs 

personally,  or  in  his  representative  capacity 232 

g.  How  the  payment  of  costs  awarded  against  a  receiver  in  his 

representative  capacity  is  enforced 232 

173.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  trustee 233 

a.  In  general 233 

6.  Allowances  to  trustee  for  attorney's  services  in  litigation ....   235 

C.  Allowances  upon  an  accoimting 235 

( 1 )    To  whom 235 

{ 2 )    By  whom  paid 236 

174.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  executors 236 

a.  In  general  .  .  .   . 236 

b.  Wliat  is  mismanagement 238 


XVI  CONTENTS. 

c.  Procodure  to  charge  executor  personally  with  costs 239 

d.  When   costs   are  allowed   against   an  executor   in   his   repre- 

sentative capacity 240 

e.  Costs  upon  disputed  claims 242 

/.  Costs  in  equity  actions  against  executors 244 

g.  Actions  brought  against  the  testator,  and  continued  against 

the  executor 244 

h.  What   costs  and   disbursements  are   allowed   against  an   ex- 
ecutor     244 

i.  How  and  when  a  claim  must  be  presented  to  an  executor...  245 

j.  To  whom  the  claim  must  be  presented 247 

1c.  Effect  of  advertising  for  claims 247 

I.  When  a  claim  is  reasonably  resisted 248 

131.  Effect  of  reduction  of  amount  of  claim  on  the  question   of 

imreasonable  resistance  to  the  claim 249 

n.  Eefusal  to  refer 250 

o.  Unreasonably  resisted 251 

p.  Failure  to  file  consent  tliat  the  claim  may  be  heard  on  tlie  ju- 
dicial settlement 252 

q.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference 252 

r.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference,  where  the  plaintilT  recovers 

less  than  $50    254 

s.  Costs  upon  appeals 255 

CHAPTER  XVIII, 

COSTS  IN  SURROGATE'S  COURT. 

175.  Authority  to   award   costs? 256 

176.  By  whom  paid 250 

177.  How  the  discretion  of  the  surrogate  is  reviewed 257 

17S.  Costs  on  probate  of  will 258 

179.  Costs  on  probate  of  lost  will 259 

180.  Application  to  revoke  the  probate  of  a  will 259 

181.  Granting  and  revoking  letters  of  administration 259 

182.  Allowances  upon  an  accounting   260 

183.  Allowances  when  the  estate  is  less  than  $1,000  in  amount 263 

184.  How  costs  awarded  in  the  surrogate's  court  are  collected 263 

185.  To  whom  costs  are  awarded 264 

186.  Costs  upon  the  removal  of  an  executor 266 

187.  Costs  upon  an  appeal  from  the  surrogate's  court 267 

188.  Affirmance  or  reversal  "with  costs"  or  "without  costs" 209 

189.  Amount  of  costs  on  appeal 270 

190.  Allowances  to   special  guardians 271 

191.  Amount  of  costs  allowed    272 

192.  What  disbursements  are  allowed 273 

193.  Disputed  claim  heard  by  the  surrogate 274 

194.  Proceedings  to  sell  real  estate  to  pay  debts  of  the  decedent 275 

195.  Allowances  upon  tax  appraisals 276 


CONTENTS.  XVll 

CHAPTEK  XIX. 

OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT,  TENDER  AND  PAYMENT. 

196.  Offer  of  judgment ;   in  general 279 

197.  How  an  offer  of  judgment  should  be  served 279 

198.  How  affected  by  the  amendment  of  the  complaint 280 

199.  When  offer  is  definite   281 

200.  How  many  offers  may  be  made 281 

201.  Offers  in  justice's  court    281 

202.  Time  of  service  of  the  offer  of  judgment 281 

203.  Service   by   mail    282 

204.  Power  of  the  defendant  to  withdraw  his  oiiei 282 

205.  Amendment  of  offer  of  judgment 282 

206.  Computation  of  interest  in  the  offer  of  judgment 282 

207.  Offer  must  allow  entry  of  judgment  for  costs 283 

208.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  the  action 284 

209.  Offer  of  judgment  by  joint  debtors 284 

"210.  Effect  of  offer  upon   counterclaims 285 

211.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs 286 

212.  Judgment  entered,  where  plaintiff  obtains  a  recovery  and  defend- 

ant is  entitled  to  costs 286 

213.  Effect   of   the   appellate   court  modifying   the   judgment,   so   that 

defendant  is  entitled  to  costs 287 

214.  To   what   costs  plaintiff'   is  entitled   upon   accepting  au  offer   of 

judgment 287 

215.  Additional  allowance 287 

216.  Costs  upon  the  acceptanee  of  an  offer  of  judgment  for  less  than 

$50 288 

217.  Offer  of  judgment  in  actions  upon  bonds  and  mortgages 288 

218.  Tender  after  the  commencement  of  a  mortgage  foreclosure 289 

219.  Offer  of  judgment  in  replevin  289 

220.  Offer  of  judgment  in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  meclianic's  lien 289 

221.  Tender  before  suit  brought 290 

a.  When  action  is  commenced 290 

b.  Tender  to  whom    290 

c.  In  what  tender  must  consist 291 

d.  Waiver  by  the  creditor  of  a  formal  tender 291 

e.  Practice  of  the  defendant  to  avail  himself  of  the  tender 291 

/.  Waiver  of  irregularities  in  pleading  tender 292 

g.  Restrictions  imposed  upon  the  tender 293 

222.  Tender  after  suit  brought   294 

a.  Statute 294 

6.  Waiver  of  irregularity 295 

c.  In  mortgage  foreclosure 295 

223.  Payment  after  the  commencement  of  an  action 296 

224.  Offer  to  liquidate  damages  conditionally 296 

224a.  Judgment  by  confession    297 


XVlil  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTEK  XX. 

COSTS  ON  APPEAL  FROM  A  JUSTICE'S  COURT. 

225.  Costs  to  perfect  the  appeal 298' 

220.  Where  a  new  trial  is  not  had  in  the  appellate  court 299' 

a.  Statute 299 

6.  Where  there  is  no  respondent 301 

c.  Where  both  parties  appeal   301 

227.  Where  a  new  trial  is  had  in  the  appellate  court 301 

228.  Offer  to  compromise  before  the  return 302 

229.  W  hat  is  a  more  favorable  judgment 304 

230.  Costs  on   appeal   from  county  court  to  the  appellate  division  of 

the  supreme  court 304 

231.  Costs  on  bastardy  proceedings  in  the  county  court 305- 

232.  Special  provisions  relating  to  the  municipal  court  of  New  York 

city 305 

c.  ^Motions 305 

h.  Appeals 306 

c.  Opening  defaults 306 

d.  Costs  upon  the  reversal  of  the  judirment 306 

e.  Costs  upon  the  affirmance  of  the  judgment 307 

f.  Costs  when  the  judgment  is  modifled  or  a  new  trial  is  or- 

dered    307' 

CHAPTEE  XXI. 

SUBMISSION  OF  CONTROVERSY,  ARBITRATION,  INSOLVENT  COR 

PORATIONS. 

233.  Costs  on  submitted  controversy 308 

234.  Costs  on  arbitration    309 

235.  Costs  in  relation  to  insolvent  corporations 309 

a.  Allowances  to  trustees  who  resist  proceedings  to  have  corpo- 
ration declared  insolvent 309 

h.  Allowances  to  creditors 310 

c.  Allowances  to  unsuccessful  claimant 310 

d.  Allowances  to  receivers   310f' 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

SECURITY  FOR  COSTS. 

236.  In  general ". . .   312- 

237.  In  wliat  courts 313 

238.  Order,  how  obtained;  etToet  of  order;  by  what  courts  granted..  .  .   314 

239.  Additional   security 316 

240.  Form  of  bond 317 


CONTENTS.  XIX 

241.  Deposit  of  money 318 

242.  Deposit  by  third  person    318 

243.  Appeal  taken  by  plaintiff  without  staying  proceedings  under  the 

judgment 319 

244.  Deposit  upon  obtaining  order  of  arrest 319 

245.  Liability  of  attorney  for  plaintiff  of  whom  defendant  would  de- 

mand security 319 

246.  Riglit  to  security  for  costs  lost  by  laches 321 

247.  What  is  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches 322 

248.  What  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches 322 

249.  Rights  of  the  defendant  to  security  when  he  is  in  default 324 

250.  How  nonrcsidence  is  proved 325 

251.  What  is  nonresidence    326 

252.  Special  rule  for  the  city  court  of  New  York 327 

253.  Cases  where  nonresident  need  not  give  security 327 

254.  Effect  of  removal  of  plaintiif  from  the  state 327 

255.  Effect  of  assignment  of  cause  of  action  to  a  resident  of  the  state.  .  329 

256.  Residence  of  a  domestic  corporation 329 

257.  Residence  of  a  foreign  corporation 329 

258.  Security  required  of  an  infant 330 

259.  Security  required  of  executors 331 

a.  In  general 331 

b.  Insolvent  estate 333 

c.  Nonresident  executors 333 

d.  Notice  of  application 334 

€.   Security  on  appeal   3.34 

260.  Security  required  of   receivers 334 

261.  Security  required  of  receivers  in  supplementary  proceedings C35 

262.  When   trustees   in  bankruptcy  are  required  to  give  security   for 

costs 335 

CHAPTER  XXIIX 

COSTS  IN  ACTIONS  IN  FORMA  PAUPERIS. 

263.  Statute 337 

264.  Who  may  apply  for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person 337 

a.  Nonresidents 337 

6.  Infants 337 

c.  Other  persons 338 

265.  Who  is  a  pauper 338 

266.  When  the  application  should  be  made 339 

267.  What  the  petition  must  state 339 

268.  Right  to  be  thus  allowed  to  sue,  lost  by  laches 341 

269.  Designation  and  duties  of  attorney  assigned  to  conduct  an  action 

for   a  poor   person 342 

270.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs  that  have  accrued  at  the  time  of 

granting  the  order 343 


XX  CONTENTS. 

271.  EiTect  of  order  allowing  a  party  to  sue  as  a  poor  person 343 

272.  Terms  upon  opening  a  default 344 

273.  Power  of  tlie  court  to  impose  the  payment  of  costs  as  condition  of 

granting  a  favor 344 

CHAPTEK  XXIV. 

ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES. 

274.  Statute 346 

275.  In  general 347 

276.  When  the  application  for  an  additional  allowance  should  be  made.  348 

277.  Defense  must  be  interposed   350 

278.  Allowance  when  the  complaint  is  dismissed 351 

279.  —  upon  the  discontinuance  of  an  action 351 

280.  —  upon  offer  of  judgment   352 

281.  —  upon  overruling  a  demurrer   353 

282.  To  whom  application  must  be  made 354 

283.  Power  of  referee  to  grant  an  additional  allowance 355 

284.  Upon  what  papers  the  application  should  be  made   355 

285.  Allowance  when  both  parties  succeed   356 

286.  —  when  the  court  of  appeals  renders  judgment  absolute  upon  a 

stipulation 357 

287.  Number  of  allowances  in  an  action 358 

288.  \^'hat  determines  the  fact  that  an  action  is  difScult  and  extraor- 

dinary    358 

a.  In  general 358 

6.  Difficult  question  of  law   359 

c.  Difficult  question  of  fact 359 

d.  Length  of  time  of  trial 359 

e.  More  than  one  trial   360 

f.  Eminence  of  counsel 360 

g.  Other  considerations 360 

289.  What   determines   the  fact  that  the  action   is  not   difficult  and 

extraordinary 361 

o.  Simple  question  of  law  or  fact 361 

6.  Length  of  time  of  trial   361 

c.  Difficult  and  extraordinary  question  decided  against  the  pre- 

vailing party 361 

d.  Other  considerations 362 

290.  How  the  allow^ance  can  be  reviewed 3G3 

291.  Discretion  in  making  allowance  reviewed  by  what  courts 364 

292.  Necessity  of  general  costs 364 

293.  By  what  statute  governed   365 

294.  Power  of  the  court  over  the  allowance 365 

295.  Amount  claimed  in  the  pleadings 366 

296.  Motive  of  plaintiff  in  commencing  the  action 367 


CONTEKTS.  XXI 

297.  Allowance  in  taxpayer's  action   367 

298.  Actions  to  apportion  a  tax  or  assessment 368 

299.  Real  actions 368 

a.  Basis  of  an  allowance  in  an  action  on  a  lease 368 

b.  —  in  injunction  actions 368 

c.  —  in  actions  for  specific  performance   369 

d.  —  in  ejectment  actions 370 

e.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  nuisances   370 

/.  —  in  actions  for  trespass 370 

g.  —  in  actions  against  railroads 371 

h.  —  in  partition  actions 372 

i.  —  in  mortgage  foreclosures 373 

;'.  —  in  actions  to  set  aside  transfers  as  fraudulent 373 

300.  Allowance  in  actions  against  corporations 374 

301.  - —  in  actions  relating  to  a  fund 374 

302.  —  in  actions  relating  to  wills 375 

303.  —  actions  upon  insurance  policies 375 

304.  —  in  action  in  relation  to  annuities 375 

305.  —  in  actions  relating  to  the  capital  stock  of  corporations 375 

306.  —  in  actions  to  recover  damages  for  negligently  causing  death..  376 

307.  —  in  partnership  accountings 376 

308.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  use  of  trademark 377 

309.  —  when  the  defendant  sets  up  a  counterclaim 377 

310.  Effect  of  the  defendant  winning  by  pleading  the  statute  of  limita 

tions 378 

311.  Actions  in  which  there  is  no  basis  lor  an  additional  allowance.  .    378 

a.  In  general 378 

b.  Quo  warranto 379 

c.  Actions  to  restrain  tlie  use  of  a  trademark 379 

d.  Real  actions 380 

e.  Actions  for  injunctions    381 

f.  Actions  in  relation  to  wills 381 

g.  Actions  for  an  accounting 382 

h.  Matrimonial  actions 382 

i.  Actions  in  forma  pauperis   383 

y.  Various  cases 383 

312.  What  is  a  proper  allowance 383 

a.  In  general   383 

b.  Allowances  to  guardians  ad  litem 383 

c.  —  in  taxpayer's  actions    384 

d.  —  in  actions  in  relation  to  wills 384 

e.  —  various  cases 384 

313.  Allowances  in  special  proceedings 385 

314.  Additional  allowances  as  a  matter  of  right 385 

315.  Additional  allowances  in  attachment  actions 387 


XXU  CONTENTS.       • 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

SEVERAL  CAUSES  OF  ACTION;   DIFFERENT  PLAINTIFFS  OR  DE. 
PENDANTS  ENTITLED  TO  DIFFERENT  RELIEF. 

.316.  When  several  causes  are  united  in  one  action 389 

a.  Statute 389 

6.  What   recovery   the  defendant  must  have  to  entitle  him  to 

costs 390 

c.  Action  in  conversion  to  recover  several  chattels 391 

d.  When  the  action  is  in  equity 392 

317.  Where  two  actions  are  tried  together 392 

318.  Where  the   plaintiff  wins   against   some   of  the   defendants  and 

loses  as  to  others    393 

a.  In  general 393 

6.  Where  all  the  defendants  have  the  same  attorney 394 

c.  Where  the  defendants  appear  by  different  attorneys 395 

d.  Costs  on  appeal 398 

319.  When  costs  are  allowed  upon  the  successful  plea  of  infancy 398 

320.  When  costs  are  allowed  against  a  codefendant 399 

321.  Rights  and  liability  of  codefendants  when  one  suflers  default  and 

the  other  contests  the  action 399 

322.  Costs  where  plaintiff  recovers  judgment  against  all  the  defend- 

ants   400 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

VARIOUS  PROVISIONS  IN  RELATION  TO  COSTS. 

.323.  Costs  on  consolidation  of  two  or  more  actions 401 

324.  Costs  on  severance  of  an  action 402 

c.  Statute 402 

6.  In  general 402 

0.  Severance  after  answer 403 

325.  Costs  upon  granting  an  order  of  interpleader 403 

326.  Costs  as  affected  by  lack  of  jurisdiction 404 

327.  Costs  as  governed  by  stipulation    404 

328.  Commencement  of  an  action  without  authority 405 

329.  When  the  judge  informs  the  jury  of  the  effect  of  their  verdict 

upon  the  question  of  costs 406 

330.  Costs  after  entry  of  judgment 406 

331.  Costs  upon  an  accounting   407 

332.  When  costs  are  made  payable  out  of  a  fund 407 

333.  Costs  payable  to  a  guardian  ad  litem 408 

a.  Costs  allowed  a  guardian  ud  litem 408 

h.  Amount 409 

334.  Costs  allowed  against  a  general  guardian 409 

335.  Costs  in  various  cases   409 

335a.  Volimtary  appearance 410 


CONTENTS.  XXlll 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

S.IABILITY  OF   SURETIES  AND  PERSONS   BENEFICIALLY   INTER- 
ESTED. 

■336.  Liability  of  sureties  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  division  of 

the  supreme  court 411 

337. to  tlie  court  of  appeals 412 

338.  —  upon  a  bond  given  for  the  arrest  of  a  party 413 

339. upon  an  appeal  in  an  ejectment  action 414 

-340. in  an  attachment  action 414 

341. in  a  replevin  action    415 

.342. upon  the  granting  of  an  injunction 415 

343.  Right  of  sureties  to  be  reimbursed 417 

^44.  Right  of  mimicipalities  to  enforce  liability  of  sureties 418 

345.  Extent  of  liability  of  surety 413 

346.  —  upon  an  appeal  from  a  justice's  court  to  a  county  court 418 

347.  —  on  undertakings  given  in  a  surrogate's  court 419 

348.  Statutory  liability  of  persons  beneficially  interested 419 

349.  How  this  liability  is  enforced 420 

■350.  Liability  of  absolute  assignee  of  a  cause  of  action 421 

•351.  —  of  person  to  whom  a  cause  of  action  is  assigned  as  collateral 

security 421 

352.  —  of  attorney  who  is  to  receive  a  contingent  fee 422 

353.  —  of  assignor 422 

-354.  When  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings  is  liable  for  costs.  .  423 

4J55.  Liability  of  a  general  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  creditors 423 

-356.  When  a  person  is  benelicially  interested 424 

4J57.  Liability  for  commencing  an  action  in  the  name  of  a  nonexistent 

plaintiff 424 

-358.  When  a  person  is  not  beneficially  interested 424 

359.  Liability  for  defending  an  action  in  ejectment 425 

360.  Liability  outside  of  statute 425 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

STAY  FOR  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS. 

361.  In  general 426 

362.  Procedure  to  obtain  stay    4:^6 

303.  When  the  actions  are  brought  in  different  courts 427 

364.  Stay  when  the  cause  of  action  is  assigned 428 

365.  Party   seeking  stay  must  be   interested   iu  collecting  the   unpaid 

costs 428 

366.  Different  actions  arising  from  the  same  cause 429 

367.  Party  suing  in  forma  pauperis 430 

368.  When  an  infant  will   be  stayed 430 

369.  When  a  party  is  entitled  to  a  stay 430 


XXIV  CONTENTS. 

370.  When  the  stay  becomes  operative 431 

371.  What  proceedings  are  stayed 432. 

372.  How  the  stay  may  be  waived 434 

373.  How  the  stay  is  terniinated   434 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

TAXATION  OF  COSTS. 

374.  In  general 43ff 

375.  Notice  of  taxation    437 

376.  Retaxation   438 

377.  Power  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs 43S 

378.  Duty  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs 440 

c.  In  general 440 

6.  Entering  judgment  upon  a  remittitur 440 

0.  Upon  special  proceedings 440 

379.  Procedure  upon  a  review  of  taxation  of  costs 440 

a.  In  general 440 

6.  Papers  used  upon  appeal  from  the  taxation  of  the  clerk....  440 

c.  How  the  discretion  of  the  court  or  roferoe  in  awarding  costs 

is  reviewed 441 

d.  Right  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  lost  by  laches 442 

e.  Right  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  waived  by  appeal 442 

f.    Procedure  upon  appeal  from  the  order  of  the  special  term .  .  .  443 

g.  Appeal  lies  to  what  courts 443 

380.  How  costs  are  taxed  upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal 444 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

COSTS  ON  APPEALS. 

381.  Statute 440 

382.  In  general 446* 

383.  Costs  when  appeal  is  taken  from  the  judgment  and  order 447 

384.  Meaning  of  the  word  "argument" 448 

385.  Costs  as  affected  by  irregularities 448 

386.  Several  appeals  in  the  same  case 449 

387.  Appeal  to  correct  an  error  of  computation 449 

388.  Right  to  appeal  lost  by  accepting  costs 450 

389.  Costs  of  a  reargument    450 

390.  Costs  in  the  court  of  appeals 451 

o.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs'' 451 

b.  How  the  order  of  the  court  is  interpreted  or  corrected 452 

c.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event" 454 

d.  Cleaning  of  the  words  "without  costs" 454 

e.  When  the  costs  are  a  matter  of  right 455 


CONTENTS.  xxr 

f.  When  the  court  of  appeals  has  power  to  review  the  question 

of  costs 456 

g.  When  the  decision  of  one  appeal  makes  the  consideration  of 

another  appeal  useless   457 

h.  When  the  question  was  not  presented  to  the  court  below.  , . .  457 

i.  When  there  are  several  parties  on  the  side  entitled  to  costs. .  457 

j.  Amount  of  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals 458 

k.  Punitive  costs 459 

I,  Costs  allowed  upon  withdrawing  appeal 459 

m.  Terms  imposed  upon  opening  a  default 460 

n.  Waiver   of   right  to  appeal   from   the   interpretation   of  the 

court  below  of  the  order  of  the  court  of  appeals 460 

0.  Allowances  to  counsel  in  cases  where  the  offense  charged  is 

punishable  with  death 460 

391.  Cost  in  the  appellate  division 461 

a.  In  general 461 

h.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs" 461 

0.  Costs  of  an  order    462 

d.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event" 463 

c.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  the  appellant  to  abide 

the  event" 464 

/.  Meaning  of  the  words  "without  costs" 464 

g.  Exceptions   ordered   heard   at  the   appellate   division   in   the 

first  instance 464 

h.  Verdict  directed,  subject  to  the  opinion  of  the  appellate  divi- 
sion    465' 

392.  Costs  when  a  judgment  is  reversed 465 

393.  Allowance  of  sepaiate  bills  of  costs 465 

394.  When  costs  will  be  denied  to  the  successful  party 466 

395.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  orders 467 

a.  Statute 467 

6.  In  general 467 

396.  Costs  upon  orders  overruling  or  sustaining  demurrers 468 

397.  Costs  upon  the  dismissal  of  an  appeal 469 

398.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  order  of  county  court  granting  a  new 

trial 469 

399.  Costs  upon  appeals  in  bastardy  proceedings 469 

CHAPTEK  XXXI. 

ITEMS. 

400.  Disbursements;  in  general   471 

401.  Disbursements  for  abstracts  of  title 472 

402.  Disbursements   for   fees   of   clerk 473 

403.  Disbursements   in   obtaining  witnesses 475 

a.  Expense  of  serving  subpoena    475 

6.  Not  necessary  that  witness  be  subpoenaed 476« 


XXVI  CONTENTS. 

0.  Fees  of  parties  476 

d.  Fees   of   stocklioldcrs   and   onicers   of   a   corporation   and   of 

attorneys 478 

e.   Fees  of  witnesses  not  sworn   477 

f.  Traveling  fees 478 

( 1 )  Where  witness  resides  out  of  tlie  state 478 

(2)  Where  witness  resides  in  the  state 478 

g.  Fees  when  witness  did  not  attend  the  trial 479 

h.  Terms  for  which  fees  of  witnesses  may  be  taxed 480 

i.  Days  for  which  fees  of  witnesses  may  be  taxed 480 

j.  When  a  witness  is  entitled  to  fees  in  two  cases 481 

k.  Departure  of  witnesses  before  the  trial 481 

I.  Expert  witnesses 482 

404.  Jurors'  fees 482 

405.  Proving  genuineness  of  paper   482 

406.  Trial   fee 483 

a.  In  general 483 

6.  More   than   one   trial 484 

c.  Only  one  trial  fee  taxable 485 

d.  Withdrawal  of  a  juror    486 

e.  Inquest    or    default 486 

f.  Now  trial  had  pursuant  to  .an  order 487 

407.  When  the  trial  occupies  more  than  two  days 488 

408.  Terjn  fees 488 

a.  Statute 488 

h.  In  the  court  of  appeals 488 

c.  Case  must  bo  in  a  condition  to  be  disposed  of 489 

d.  Term  fees  for  terms  before  the  amendment  of  the  complnint.   489 

e.  EflFect  of  referring  a  case   489 

f.  Where  the  successful  partj'  did  not  notice  the  case 4flO 

g.  EfTect  of  consenting  that  case  go  over  the  term 490 

h.  Term  fees  paid  for  privilege  of  putting  case  over 490 

i.  Terms  when  case  was  on  the  wrong  calendar 491 

/.  Stipulation  as  to  term  fees 491 

Ic.  On  appeal  from  justices'  courts  to  county  courts 491 

h  T  imit  fixed  by  law   492 

m.  For  what  terms  taxable  upon  a  discontinuance 492 

409.  Tntorrogntories 492 

410.  Exnminntion  of  a  party  before  trial   494 

411.  Printing  papers  on  appeals 494 

412.  Advertising  sales  of  property 496 

413.  Fees  of  referees 496 

a.  Stntute 496 

6.  Stipulation  that  fees  may  be  larger  than  the  statutory  rate. .   496 

c.  Proof  of  the  number  of  days  occupied  upon  the  reference. .  . .   497 

d.  Two  actions  tried  before  the  same  referee 499 

e.  How  the  referee's  fees  can  be  collected 499 

/.  Extension  of  time  to  report 501 


CONTENTS.  XXVll 

g.  WTien  the  court  has  no  power  to  refer  the  action 502 

h.  Misconduct  of  referee 502 

i.  Reference  ordered  upon  a  motion   502 

j.  lleference  not  completed   502 

h.  Referee  to  sell  upon  a  mortgage  foreclosure 502 

I.  Referee  to  sell  in  a  partition  action 504 

414.  Fees  of  stenographer   504 

a.  In  general 504 

5.  Incurred   upon  a   reference 505 

c.  Obtained  to  prepare  case  on  appeal 506 

d.  Minutes  of  former  trial  for  use  upon  the  trial 507 

e.  Minutes  obtained  in  the  trial  of  another  action 507 

/.  Minutes  used  on  motion  for  a  new  trial  in  the  county  court. .  507 

g.  Minutes  ordered  by  the  court  for  its  own  use 507 

h.  Power  of  surrogate's  court  to  order  minutes 508 

i.  Allowance  for  stenographer's  minutes  in  the  municipal  court 

of  New  York 608 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

now  COSTS  ARE  COLLECTED. 

415.  In  general 509 

416.  Motion  costs 510 

417.  By  mandamus 510 

418.  By  execution  against  the  person 511 

411).  By  proceediugs  to  punish  for  contempt 512 


TABLE  OF   OASES   CITED.  XXIX 


TAELE  OF  CASES  CITED. 


A. 

Aaron,  Re.  5  Dem.  3(52,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dii».  324.  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  735, 

258,  260,  264 
V.Foster,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  325,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  270....    110 

Aaron's  Estate,  5  Dem.  362,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  324.  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  735  272 

Abbe  V.  Abbe,  22  App.  Div.  483,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  25 183 

Abbey  v.  Wheeler,  57  App.  Div.  417,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  252 353 

V.  Wheeler,  170  N.  Y.  122,  62  N.  E.  1074 447 

Abbott  V.  Johnsto^vn,  G.  &  K.  Horse  R.  Co.  24  Hun,  135 402 

V.  Smith,   8  How.   Pr.  403 325 

Abell  V.  Bradner,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  241,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  859,  3 

N.  Y.  Supp.  20    324 

V.  Holden,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  5,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  64 382 

Abendroth  v.  Durant,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  446,  Affirmed  48  Hun, 

16,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  538 464 

Ackerman  v.  Ackerman,  14  Abb.  Pr.  220 27.  40,  47 

v.  De  Lude,  36  Hun,  44 3r!0,  392 

V.  De  Lude,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  544 Ill 

V.  Emott,   4   Barb.   626 238 

V.  O'Gorman,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  109,  17  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  2:.'-,. 

25  N.  Y".  S.  R.  170,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  825 119 

Ackley  v.  Ackley,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  554,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  877 237 

V.  Tarbox,  19  Abb.  Pr.  1 19   3 

Ackroyd  v.  Newton,  24  Misc.  424,  53  X.  Y.  Supp.  68J 83,     84 

Adams,  Re,  51  App.  Div.  619,  64  X.  Y.  Supp.  591 263 

V.  Arkenburgh,  106  X.  Y.  615,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  132,  11  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  121,  13  N.  E.  594 366,  376 

V.  Ft.  Plain  Bank,  36  X.  Y.  255 34 

V.  Fox,  40  Barb.  442 11 

V.  Hopkins,  5  Johns.  252  53 

v.  Kearney,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  42 305 

v,  Moore,  22  Misc.  451,  50  X.  Y.  Supp.  7  IS 84 

V.  Niagara  Cycle  Fittings  Co.  10  X.  Y.  Anno.  ('as.  401,  74  N.  Y. 

Supp.  485 20 


XXX  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Adams  v.  Olin,  78  Hun,  309,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  695,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  131 ...  ,   252 

V.  Perkins,  25  How.  Pr.  36S   459 

V.  Stern,  29  Hun,  280  378 

V.  Stillnian,  4  Misc.  259,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  180,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  810     20 

V.  Sullivan,  42  Hun,  278    382 

V.  Ward,  60  How.  Pr.  288 100,  101,  103  105 

Adolph  V.  De  Ceu,  45  Hun,  130 304 

Adsit  V.  Hall,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  373 38 

Agar  V.  Tibbets,  56  Hun,  272,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  338,  30  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  591 81 

Ager  V.  Ager,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  2 431 

Agricultural  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bean,  45  How.  Pr.  444 476,  477,  478,  479,  481 

Aikman  v.  Harsell,  31  Hun,  034,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  93 Ill 

Ainslie  v.  New  York,  1  Barb.  163 115 

Albany  v.  Andrews,  29  App.  Div.  20,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  1129 417 

Albert  Palmer  Co.  v.  Van  Orden,  17  Jones  &  S.  89,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  44,  64  How.  Pr.  79 15,  25,     40 

Alburtis  v.  McGready,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  39 304 

Aldrich  v.  Reynolds,  1  Barb.  Ch.  013 414 

Alexander  v.  Hard,  42  How.  Pr.  131 110,  126 

v.  Meyers,  8  Daly,  112 337,  341 

Alexander  Lumber  Co.  v.  Abrahams,  20  Misc.  674,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  538     66 

Alger  V.  Conger,  17  Hun,  45,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  181 233 

Allaire  v.  Lee,  4  Duer,  609,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  125. 351 

Allard  v.  Mouchon,  1  Johns.  Cas.  280 9& 

Allen,  Re,  29  Hun,  7  236 

v.  Albany  R.  Co.  22  App.  Div.  222,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  1017 362 

V.  Allen,  11  N.  Y.  S.  R.  470 152 

V.  Allen,  59  How.  Pr.  27,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  175 182 

v.  Brown,  5  Lans.  511    416 

v.  Mahon,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  468 480,  481 

V.  Stevens,  161  N.  Y.  123,  55  N.  E.  5GS 155,  156 

v.  Williamson,  21  Abb.  N.  C.  391   504 

Allis  V.  Wheeler,  56  N.  Y.  50 394,  399' 

Altman  v.  Tillson,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  235 Ill 

Alward  v.  Alward,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  151,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  864, 

2  N.  Y.  Supp.  42 138 

Ambler  v.  Ambler,  8  Abb.   Pr.  340 326 

American  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Van  Eps,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  253,  Reversed  56 

N.  Y.  601   233,  234 

Amsdell  v.  Martin,  20  N.  Y.   vVeek.  Dig.  370 47 

Amsterdam  Water  Comrs.,  Re,  104  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  393,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

744,  10  N.  E.  545  450,  451  456 

Re,  36  Hun,  534   68 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  XXXI 

Anderson  v.  Ed.  Braekeler  &  Co.  25  Misc.  343,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep. 

306,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  721 11,  505 

V.  Johnson,  1  Sandf.  736,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  94 75 

V.  Rome,  W.  &  O.  R.  Co.  54  N.  Y.  334 94 

Andrews  v.  Cross,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  92 440,  487 

V.  Glenville,  Woolen  Co.  50  N.  Y.  287 416 

V.  Miles,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  290 406 

V.  Moller,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  377 134,  398 

V.  Schnitzler,  10  Jones  &  S.  173,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  18 490 

Angler  V.  Hager,  45  App.  Div.  32,  GO  N.  Y.  Supp.  811 82 

V.  Hager,  51  App.  Div.  171,  G4  N.  Y.  Supp.  G92 8G,  87,  352 

Anonymous,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  11 432 

10  Abb.  N.  C.  80  377 

11  Abb.  Pr.  108   217 

15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  307 ISO 

3  Sandf.   756    103 

4  Sandf.   G93    43? 

1   Duer,   651    490 

3  Hill,  457    479 

12  Johns.   340    446 

V.  Anonymous,  10  How.  Pr,  353  441 

Anthony  Street,  Re,  20  Wend.  618,  32  Am.  Dec.  608 77 

Aplington,  Re,  26  Abb.  N.  C.  69,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  657,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  5G3  224 

Appleton  V.  Warner,  51  Barb.  270 182 

Archer  v.  Cole,  22  How.  Pr.  411 289,  292 

Arent  v.  Eisenmann,   No  report 485 

Arkenburgh  v.  Arkenburgh,  27  Misc.  760,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  612 32 

v.  Little,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  742 32 

Armstrong  v.  Cummings,  22  Hun,  570 101,  100 

v.  Union  College,  55  App.  Div.  302,  S  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  332,  66 

N.  Y.  Supp.  942    239 

Arnhout,  Re,  1  Paige,  497  ♦ 208 

Arnold  v.  Clark,  9  Daly,  259  430,  431 

Arnoux  v.  Steinbrenner,  1  Paige,  82    81 

Arnow  v.  Ferguson,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  509,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  195 397,  398 

Arteage  v.  Lee,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  65 58 

Arthur  v.  Dal  ton,  14  App.  Div.  108,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  583 230,  375 

V.  Dalton,  14  App.  Div.   115,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  581 230,  375 

V.  Sehriever,  28  Jones  &  S.  59,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  610,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

12 349,  365 

Astor  v.  Palache,  49  How.  Pr.  231 288 

Astrand  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  24  Misc.  92,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  294. .  16 
Atherton  v.  Atherton,  82  Hun,  179,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  798,  31  N.  Y.  Supp. 

977 173,  382 


XXXll  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Atkin  V.  Pitcher,  3 1  Hun,  352 5 

Atkinson  v.  Truesdell,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  585,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  801.  .  .92,  US,  443 

Atlantic  Dock  Co.  v.  Libby,  45  N.  Y.  499 369 

Atlantic  Sav.  Bank  v.  Hiler,  3  Hun,  209 31 

Attleboro  Nat.  Bank  v.  Wendell,  64  Him,  208,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

225,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  140,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  45 320 

Atty.  Gen.  v.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co.  27  Hun,  195,  63  How.  Pr.  129, 

Appeal  Dismissed  90  N.  Y.  45   8,  310 

V.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co.  38  Hun,  521 434 

V.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co.  88  Him,  571 310 

V.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co.  93  N.  Y.  45 500 

V.  North  American  L.  Ins.  Co.  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  508 37 

V.  North  American  L.  Ins.  Co.  91  N.  Y.  57,  43  Am.  Rep.  648 . .  310 

Atwood,  Re,  3  App.  Div.  578,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  809,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  338 . .  222 

Auburn  Bd.  of  Edu.  v.  Quick,  99  N.  Y.  138,  1  N.  E.  533 418 

Audenreid  v.  Wilson,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  108 393 

Austin  V.  Ahearne,  61  N.  Y.  6   151 

V.  Hartwig,   17  Jones  &  S.  256 367 

V.  Munroe,  47  N.  Y.  360 31 

V.  Rawdon,  42  N.  Y.  155 29,  48 

V.  Whitmer,  32  Misc.  388,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  721 431 

Averill  v.  Patterson,  10  N.  Y.  500,  10  How.  Pr.  85 79 

Avery  v.  Avery,  5  Misc.  75,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  204,  24  N.  Y.  Supp. 

737 23 

Ayers  v.  Western  R.  Corp.  49  N.  Y.  660 169,  456 

B. 

Babbage  v.  Webster,  72  Hun,  456,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  300 253 

Babcock,  Re,  86  App.  Div.  563 277 

v.  Smith,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  118,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  817 511 

Badger,  Re,  7  Month.  L.  Bull.  71 260 

v.Appleton,  14  Daly,  192,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  93,  6  N.  Y.  S. 

R.   288    319 

Baere  v.  Armstrong,  26  Him,  19,  62  How.  Pr.  515 414 

IBailey,  Re,  31  Hun,  608,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  253 1.5,  20 

Re,  47  Hun,  477    265 

v.Daigler,  50  Hun,  538,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  549,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  718. .  110 

v.  Johnson,  1  Daly,  61    396 

v.  Murphy,  136  N.  Y.  50,  32  N.  E.  627,  49  N.  Y.  S.  11.  82 24,  41 

V.  Park,  5  Hun,  41 93 

v.  Schmidt,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  50,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  405 249 

V.  Stone,  41  How.  Pr.  346 124,  439 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED.  XXXlll 

Bailie  v.  Bailie,  30  App.  Div.  461,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  228 176 

Baine  v.  Rochester,  85  N.  Y.  523,  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  419 171,  172 

Baker  v.  Bartlett,  9  Wend.  494,  40  Am.  Dec.  387 5 

V.  Brown,   150  N.  Y.  567,  44  N.  E.   1120 49 

V.  Codding,  3  Misc.  512,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  5.  .    348 

V.  McMuUen,  28  Misc.  128,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1086 486 

Balcom  v.  Terwilliger,  42  Hun,   170 5 

Baldwin,  Re,  30  Misc.  169,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  727 271 

V,  Baldwin,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  287 504 

V.  Reardoii,  16  Jones  &  S.   166 362,  367 

Baldwin's  Bank  v.  Butler,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  983,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  831 93 

Ball  V.  Gardner,  21   Wend.   270 412 

V.  Miller,    17   How.   Pr.   300 276 

Ballon  V.  Parsons,  55  N.  Y.  673   501 

Bamberger  v.  Oshin-sky,  21  Misc.  716,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  139 17 

Banard  v.  Hall,  143  N.  Y.  339,  38  N.  E.  301 451 

Bancroft  v.  Home  Benefit  Asso.  26  Jones  &  S.  492,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  459, 

12  N.  Y.   Supp.   718 363 

Bank  of  Fort  Jefferson  v.  Darling,  91  Hun,  236,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  54,  36 

N.  Y.  Supp.  153 248 

Indianapolis  v.  Middletown  Nat.  Bank,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  772 231 

Micliigan  v.  Jessup,  19  Wend.  10   329 

Mobile  V.  Phoenix  Ins.  Co.  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  212 358,  485 

Niagara,  Re,  6  Paige,  213 229 

Niagara  v.  Austin,  6  Wend.  548 478 

Plattsburgh  v.  Piatt,  1  Paige,  464   231 

Syracuse  v.  Wisconsin,  M.  &  F.  Ins.  Co.  Bank,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

584,   12   N.   Y.   Supp.   952 449 

United  States  v.  Strong,  9  Wend.  451 402 

Utica  v.  Wolf,   18  How.   Pr.    102 398 

Bannerman  v.  Quackenbush,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  172,  2  How.  Pr.  N. 

S.  82,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  428 464 

V.  Quackenbush,  13  Daly,  460,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  103,  9  N.  Y.  Civ. 
Proc.  Rep.  108,  Affirming  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  82,  2  N.  Y.  City 

Ct.  Rep.  172,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  428 284 

Banta  v.  INIarcellus,  2  Barb.  373   84 

V.  Naughton,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  384 422 

Baptist  Soc.  V.  Loomis,  49  Hun,  414,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  3  N.  Y.  Supp. 

572 424 

Barber  v.  Crossett,  6  How.  Pr.  45,  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  401 161,  170 

V.  Lane,  60  App.  Div.  87,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  739 502 

V.Rutherford,  12  Misc.  33,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  690,  33  N.  Y.  Supp. 

89 412 


XXXIV  TABLE    OF    CASES    CTTED. 

IJarclay  v.  Culver,  66  How.  Pr.  342,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  30.^ STf 

Barker  v.  Barton,  67  Barb.  458 141 

V.  Laney,  7  App.  Div.  352,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  60 136,  392 

V.  Oswegatchie,  62  Hun,  208,  41  N.  Y.  S.  Pv.  831,  16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

734 367 

V.White,  3  Keyes,  617,  5  Abb.  N.  S.   124,   1  Abb.  App.  Dec.  95, 

41  How.  Pr.  504   131,  244 

F.White,  3  Keyes,  495,  5  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.   127,  1  Abb.  App.  Dec. 

98 133,  134 

Barkley,  Re,  42  App.  Div.  597,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  742 25. 

V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  35  App.  Div.  167,  54  N.  Y.  Supp. 

970 28 

Barhnv  v.  Barlow,  35  Hun,  50 390 

Barnard  v.  Hall,  143  N.  Y.  339,  38  N.  E.  301 196 

V.  Heydrick,  49  Barb.  62,  32  How.  Pr.  97,  2  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  47 . .  .   280- 

Barnes,  Re,  4  Misc.  136,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  119,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  600 221 

V.  Denslow,  30  N,  Y.  S.  R.  315,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  53,  Affirmed,  130 

N.  Y.  687,  30  N.  E.  67 378 

V.Meyer,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.  372,  75  N.  Y^  S.  R.  649,  41 

N.  Y.  Supp.  210   373. 

V.  Newconib,  89  N.  Y.   108    309 

v.  Seligman,  55  Hun,  339,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  68,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  834 .  .    101 

V.  Seligman,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  376,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  45 315. 

Baniett,  Re,  11  Hun,  4G8,  53  How.  Pr.  247 214 

Barney  v.  Keith,  6  Wend.  555    119 

Barr,  Re,  6  Misc.  526,  56  JST.  Y.  S.  R.  742,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  416 221,  222 

Barrett  v.  Sayer,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  325,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  170 169- 

Barry  v.  Winkle,  36  Misc.  171,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  188 485- 

Bartle  v.  Oilman,  18  N.  Y.  260,  17  How.  Pr.  1 160,  163 

Bartlett  v.   Bartlett,   Clark   Ch.   460 182 

Bartlett's  Estate,  18  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  65 264 

Barton  V.  Speis.  73  N.  Y.  133   427,  428 

Bartow  v.  Cleveland,  16  How.  Pr.  364,  7  Abb.  Pr.  339 140,  143 

Basso  v.  Basso,  19  Abb.  N.  C.  173 103 

Bates  v.  Dickerson,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  928,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  773 428 

V.  Fish  Bros.  Wagon  Co.  50  App.  Div.  38,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  649.  .    378 

V.  Loomis,  5  Wend.  78   60 

V.  Norris,  23  Jones  &  S.  269,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  395,  28  N. 

Y.  Week.  Dig.  186,  13  N.  Y.  S,  R.  302 128,  129,  296. 

v.  Salt  Springs  Nat.  Bank,  43  App.  Div.  321,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  313     64 

Bathgate  v.  Haskin,  63  N.  Y.  261 283,  285,  288 

Baur  V.  Betz,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  233,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  344 53 

Baxter  v.  Lancaster,  58  App.  Div.  380,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1092 413- 


TABLE   OF    CASF:S    CITED.  XXXV 

Beadleston  v.  Alley,  26  N.  Y.  S.  K.  S9,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  747 81 

V.  Beadleston,  103  N.  Y.  403,  8  X.  E.  735 174,  175 

Reals  V.  Benjamin,  20  How.  Pr.   101 349,  364 

Bear  v.  American  Rapid  Teleg.  Co.  36  Hun,  400 354 

Beardsley  Scythe  Co.  v.  Foster,  36  X.  Y.  561,  34  How.   Pr.  !)7 444 

Beattie  v.  Qua,   15  Barb.   132 440 

Bechtle  v.  Manliattan  R.  Co.  31  Abb.  X.  C.  483,  02  X.  Y.  S.  R.   120, 

30  X.  Y.   Supp.  410 338 

Beck  V.  Kerr,  87  App.  Div.  1,  S3  X.  Y.  Supp.  1057 170 

Becker  v.  Boon,  61  X.  Y.  317 291,  292,  293 

V.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  400 450,  489 

Beckham  v.  Hague,  44  App.  Div.  146,  60  X.  Y.  Supp.  767 334 

Beckwith,  Re,  3  H\in,   443 209 

Bedell  v.  Barnes,  29  Hun,  589,  17  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  312 225 

V.  Hoffman,  2  Paige,  199   403 

V.  Powell,  13  Barb.   183    79 

Beebe  v.  Parker,  16  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  320,  22  Abb.  X.  C.  445,  24 

X.  Y.  S.  R.   120,  4  X.  Y.  Supp.  97 327 

Beecher  v.  Duel,  14  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  109 245,  246 

Beemer  v.  McCoy,  2  City  Ct.  Rep.  296 429 

Beers  v.  Squire,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  84 361 

Bell  V.  Supreme  Council  A.  L.  of  H.  42  App.  Div.  168,  29  X.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  332,  58  X.  Y.  Supp.  1049 295 

Belden   v.   Slade,   26   Hun,   635 146 

Belding  v.  Conklin,  2  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  112,  4  How.  Pr.  196 123,  440,  471 

Bell  V.  Judson,  2  How.  Pr.  42  59.     60 

Beller  v.  Antisdel,  84  Hun,  252,  65  X.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  575  153 

Belmont  v.  Ponvert,  6  Jones  &  S.  425,  Reversed  in  63  X.  Y.  547 3,  135 

Belt  v.  American  Cent.  Ins.  Co.  33  App.  Div.  239,  53  X.  Y.  Supp.  363, 

6  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.   144 454,  464 

Bemus  v.  Thrall,  35  Misc.  137,  70  X.  Y.  Supp.  463 145 

Bender,  Re,  86  Hun,  570,  67  X.  Y.  S.  R.  682,  33  X\  Y.  Supp.  907 274 

Bendernagle  \.  Cocks,  19  Wend.   151 420 

Bendit  v.  Annesley,  42  Barb.  192,  27  How.  Pr.  184 128,  296 

Benedict  v.  Caffe,  3  Duer,  669,  12  X.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  262 244 

v.  Oilman,  4  Paige,  58 146 

V.  Johnson,  2  Lans.  97   93 

V.  Sliter,  82  Hun,  190,  64  X.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  31  X.  Y'.  Supp.  413 251 

Benjamin  v.  Ver  N^ooy,  36  App.  Div.  581,  29  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  120, 

55   X.   Y.   Supp.   796 241,  452 

V.  Ver  Xooy,  168  X.  Y.  578,  61  X.  E.  971 241,  255 

Benner  v.  Benner,  35  X.  Y.  S.  R.  602,  12  X.  Y.  Supp.  472 102 

Bennett,  Ex  parte,  3  Deuio,  175 168,  169 


XXXVl  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Beimett  v.  American  Surety  Co.  73  App.  Div.  468,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  207 .  .   413 

V.  Cook,  2  Hun,  526,  5  Tliomp.  &  C.  134 146 

V.  Goble,  43  Hun,  354   334 

V.  I'ittman,  48  Him,  612,  21  Abb.  N.  C.  238,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 

437,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  976,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  27 48 

V.  Van  Syckel,  18  N.  Y.  481 450 

Benson,  Ex  parte,  6  Cow.  592 70 

Bentley  v.  Bentley,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  76 173.  383 

Benton  v.  Sheldon,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  134 475 

Bergen  v.  Carmen,  79  N.  Y.   146 457 

Berger  v.  Mandel,  25  Misc.  766,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  987 512 

Berls  V.  Metropolitan  Elev.  E.  Co.  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  608,  15  N.  Y.  Supp. 

155 501 

Bernhard,  Re,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Froc.  Rep.  195,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  240,  1  N.  Y. 

Supp.  225 214 

V.  Rice,  61  Hun,  184,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  331,  40  N.  Y.  S. 

R.  570,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  936 70 

Bernheimer  v.  Hartmayer,  34  Misc.  346,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  816 106 

Bernstein  v.  Levy,  34  Misc.  772,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  833 295 

Bertschy  v.  Bertschy,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  Ill 175,  180 

Bettis  V.  Goodwill,  32  How.  Pr.   137 289 

Betts  V.  Betts,  4  Abb.  X.  C.  317,  443 311 

Bevier,  Re,  17  Misc.  486,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  268 262 

Bevins  v.  Albro,  86  Hun,  590,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  783,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  1079 . .      20 

Beyer  v.  Clark,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  338,  22  N".  Y.  Supp.  540 340 

Bick  V.  Reese,  52  Hun,   125,   17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   110,  23  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  404,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  121 440,  472 

Bickford  v.  Searles,  9  App.  Div.  158,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  148 136 

Bidwell  V.  Sullivan,  4  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  161,  26  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

392,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  530 144 

Biershenk  v.  Stokes,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  179,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  854 101 

Bigler  v.  Pinkney,  24  Hun,  224 456 

Billings  V.  Billings,  73  App.  Div.  69,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  628 174 

Bindrim  v.  Ullrich,  64  App.  Div.  444,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  230 272 

Binney  v.  Le  Gal,  19  Barb.  592,  1  Abb.  Pr.  283 285 

Birdsall  v.  Keyes,  66  Him,  233,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  299,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  87. .   303 

Birdseye  v.  Goddard,  17  N.  Y.  W^eek.  Dig.  228,  499 501 

Bishop  V.  Bishop,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  296,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  888 500 

v.  Bishop,    7   Robt.    194 431 

V.  Hendrick,  82  Hun,  333,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  100,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  502 

Affirmed  146  N.  Y.  398,  42  N.  E.  542 406 

Bissell  V.  Dayton,  2  How.  Pr.  80 437 

V.  Kellogg,    60    Barb.    617 136 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  XXXV]  1 

Bittiner  v.  Goldman,  19  Misc.   146,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  389,  Second  Ap- 
peal, 20  Misc.  330,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  953 27 

Black  V.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  32  App.  Div.  468,  53  N.  Y.  Supp. 

312 303,  380 

V.  Maitland,  1  App.  Div.  6,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  669,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

739 298 

V.  O'Brien,   23  Hun,   82 131,  148,  153 

Blair,  Re,  28  Misc.  611,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  1090 265,  269 

Blake  v.  Michigan  S.  &  N.  I.  R.  Co.  17  How.  Pr.  228 401 

Blanchard  v.  Nessle,  6  Hill,  250 315 

Blanck  v.  Spies,  31  Misc.  19,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  1030 498,  505 

Blank  v.  Westcott,  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  225 126 

Blashfield  v.   Blashtield,   41   Hun,  249 390,  391 

Blazy  V.  McLean,  146  N.  Y.  390,  40  N.  E.  733 459 

Bleakley,  Re,   5   Paige,   311 50 

Bley  V.  Hamburg,  84  App.  Div.  23,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  35 208 

Blinks  V.  Blinks,  5  Misc.  193,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  768 180 

Bliss  V.  Otis,   1  Denio,  656 423,  424 

V.  Wallis,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  325 143 

Bloch  V.  Linsley,  40  Misc.  184,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  661 487 

Block  V.  Garfield,  30  Misc.  821,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  918 291 

Bloodgood  V.   Bloodgood,  59  How.  Pr.  42 182 

Bloomingdale  v.  Steubing,  14  Misc.  549,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  1074 109 

Blossom  V.  Adams,  7  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  314,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  59....  327 
Blumenthal  v.  Einstein,  81  Hun,  415,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  264,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1126,  Affirmed  in  146  N.  Y.  399,  42  N.  E.  542 235 

V.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  683,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  481  380 

Boelger  v.  Swivel,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  372 216 

Bogardus  v.  Richtmeyer,  3  Abb.  Pr.  179 297 

Bogart,  Re,  46  App.  Div.  240,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  671 266 

Bolger  V.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  29  Jones  &  S.  459,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

399,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  430 380 

Bollar  V.  Schoenwirt,  30  Misc.  224,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  311 23,  36 

Bolles,  Re,  78  App.  Div.  180,  79  N.  Y.  Supp.  530 44 

V.  Duff,  17  Abb.  Pr.  448 335 

Bolton  V.  Corse,  15  Jones  &  S.  493 429 

V.  Gardner,  3  Paige,  273 342 

V.  Schriever,  135  N.  Y.  65,  18  L.  R.  A.  242,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  300, 

47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  870,  31  N.  E.  1001 358 

V.  Taylor,  18  Abb.  Pr.  385,  3  Robt.  647 327 

Bonadoa  v.  Third  Ave.  R.  Co.  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  120,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  410. .  338 

Bonynge  v.  Field,  81  N.  Y.   159 54 

V.  Waterbury,    12   Hun,   534 53,  54,  99 


XXXVlll  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Boomer  v.  Brown,  4  Daly,  22!) 307 

Boon  V.  McGuckon,  67  Hun,  251,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  115,  50  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  901,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  424 218 

V.  Utica,  5  Misc.  391,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  932 409 

Booth  V.   Baptist  Cliurch  of  Christ,   126  X.  Y.  215,  28  N.  E.  238,  37 

N.   Y.   S.  R.   79 155 

V.  Smith,  5  Wend.   107    479,  481 

Bord  V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  1  How.  Pr.  X.  S.  1,  14  Abb.  N.  C. 

496,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  222 376 

Borkstrom,  Re,  63  App.  Div.  7,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  451 

Borland  v.  Alleond,  8  Daly,  126 144 

Bom  V.   Schrenkeisen,  20  Jones  &   S.  219,  Affirmed   110  N.  Y.  55,   16 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  412,  17  N.  E.  339 406 

Boston  Silk  &  Woolen  Mills  v.  Eull,  6  Abb.   Pr.  N.  S.  319,  37  How. 

Pr.  299,  1  Sweeny,  359 126 

Bostwick  V.  Brown,  15  Hun,  308 237,  238 

V.  Tioga  R.  Co.  17  How.  Pr.  456 388 

Boucher   v.   Pia,   8   Bosw.   691,    14   Abb.   Pr.    1 313,  322 

Boughton   V.  Seamans,  9  Hun,  392 308 

Bourdon  v.  Martin,  84  Hun,  179,  65  X.  Y.  S.  R.  716,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  441  423 

V.  Martin,  74  Hun,  246,  56  N.  Y^  S.  R.  314,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  378, 

Affirmed,  142  N.  Y.  069,  37  N.  E.  571 231,  232,  420 

Bouton  V.  Welch,  59  App.  Div.  288,  69  X.  Y.  Supp.  407 444 

Bowe  V.  Brown  4,  X.  Y.  S.  R.  456,  26  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  47 502 

V.Campbell,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  232,  63  How.  Pr.  167 54 

Bowen  v.  First  X^at.  Bank,  34  How.  Pr.  409 429 

V.  Smidt,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  647,  20  X.  Y.  Supp.  735 49 

V.  Sweeney,  66  Hun.  42,  49  X.  Y.  S.  R.  603,  20  X.  Y.  Supp.  733, 

64,  69,  489 
Bowery  Sav.  Bank  v.  Mahler,  13  Jones  &  S.  619,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  30. .   403 

Bowlby,  Re,  34  Misc.  311,  69  X.  Y.  Supp.  783 224,  438 

Bowles  v.  Van  Home,  11  Abb.  Pr.  S4,  19  How.  Pr.  346 71 

Bowling  Green  Sav.  Bank  v.  Todd,  52  X.  Y.  489 11,  18,  47,     50 

Bowne  v.  Anthony,  13  How.  Pr.  301 59,     61 

Boyd  v.  Wilkin,  23  How.  Pr.   137 251 

Boylan  v.  Mathews,  3  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  38 323 

Boyle  v.  Bates,  8  How.  Pr.  495 320 

V.  Boyle,  23  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  346 21 

V.  Lawton,  3  How.  Pr.  X.  S.  444 115 

Boynton  v.  Laddy,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  578,  10  X.  Y.  Supp.  622 265 

V.  Laddy,  50  Hun.  339,  20  X.  Y.  S.  R.  148,  3  X.  Y.  Supp.  93 31 

Brace  v.   Beatty,   5  Abb.   Pr.   221 383 

Brackett  v.  Griswold,  46  Hun,  442,  12  X.  Y.  S.  R.  402 317 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  XXXIX 

Braden  v.  Kakliaiser,  3   Sandf .   760 268 

Briidhurst  v.  New  York,  20  Jones  &  S.  51 409 

Bradley  v.  Aldrich,  40  N.  Y.  509,  100  Am.  Dec.  528 137 

V.  Baxter,  8  How.  Pr.  18   161 

V.  Burwell,  3  Denio,  261 247 

V.  Fay,  8  How.  Pr.  18 161 

V.  V'an  Buren,  22  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  568 424 

V.Walker,  2S  Jones  &  S.  324,  22  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   1,  44 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  23,   17  N.  Y.  Siipp.  383 380 

Bradley's  Estate,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  836,  1  Connoly,  106,  2  N.  Y.  Siipp.  751  238 

Bradley  Salt  Co.  v.  Meinhold,  23  Misc.  468,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  679 299 

Bradner  v.  Howard,  75  N.  Y.  417,  Affirming  14  Hun,  420,  7  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.    57    124 

Brady  v.  Cassidy,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  501,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  824 64 

V.  Donelly,  1  N.  Y.  120   243 

V.  Durbrow,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  78 125.  288,  365 

V.  McCosker,  1  N.  Y.  214 425 

V.Martin,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  134,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  425,  11 

N.  Y.   Supp.  424    75 

V.Smith,   1   N.    Y.   City  Ct.  Rep.    175 126 

Brainard  v.  Jones,  18  N.  Y.  35 412 

Brainerd  v.  De  Graef.  29  Misc.  560,  61  N.  Y.  Sui>p.  953 253 

Branagan  v.  Palmer,  5  N.  Y.   Week.  Dig.  521 104 

Branth  v.  Branth,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  33.  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  628,  13 

N.  Y.  Supp.  3'iO    178 

v.  Branth,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  28,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  979,  10  N. 

Y.  Supp.  638   44,     45 

Brasier,  Re,  13  Daly,  245,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  154 462 

Brassington  v.  Rohrs,  3  Misc.  258,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   146,  52 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  171,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  761 105 

V.  Rohrs,  3  Misc.  262,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  252,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  1053.  .  449 
Brauer  v.  Oceanic  Steam  Nav.  Co.  66  App.  Div.  605,  73  X.  Y.  Supp.  291  94 
Brazee  v.  Hornby,  27  Misc.  129.  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  296,  58  N.  Y. 

Supp.  387 303 

Brennan  v.  Brennan,   19  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  342 175 

Brennen  v.  Xorth,  7  App.  Div.  79,  39  X.  Y.  Supp.  975 308 

Brett  v.  Brett,  33  Hun,  547 218 

V.  Hood,  1  Cai.  343,  Coleman  i  C.  Cas.  259 58 

Brevoort  v.  Warner,  8  How.  Pr.  321 61 

Brewer  v.  Brewer,  1 1  Hun,   147    373 

V.  Penninan,    72    N.    Y.    603 373 

Brewi  v.  Pfeiffer,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  203 16,     30 


Xl  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Brewster  v.  Hornellsville,  35  App.  Div.  626,  88  N.  Y.  S.  E.  915,  54  N. 

Y.   Supp.   915    172 

V.  Wooster,  9  Misc.  690,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  83,  62  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  123,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  546 317 

Brick  V.  Fowler,  61  How.  Pr.   153 497 

Bridenbecker  v.  Mason,  16  How.  Pr.  203 284,  285- 

Bridgport  F.  &  M.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Wilson,  7  Bosw.  699,  12  Abb.  Pr.  209, 

20  How.  Pr.  511    397 

Briggs  V.  Allen,  4  Hill,  538 39* 

V,  Hilton,  99  N.  Y.  517,  52  Am.  Rep.  63,  3  N.  E.  51 442 

Bright  V.  Milwaukee  &  St.  P.  R.  Co.  1  Abb.  N.  C.  14 86,  352 

Brinckerhoff  v.  Farias,  52  App.  Div.  256,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  358 271,  382 

V.  Lansing,  4  Johns.  Cli.  65,  8  Am.  Dec.  538 146 

Brinker  v,  Loomis,  43  Hun,  247,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  35,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

439 24& 

Brinkley  v.  Brinkley,  50  N.  Y.  184,  10  Am.  Rep.  400 174,  182 

Brisbane  v.  Brisbane,  67  How.  Pr.  184,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  352, 

Affirmed,  34  Hun,  339 179' 

Britten  v.  Frink,  3  How.  Pr.   102 56 

Broadway  v,  Scott,  31  Hun,  378 115,  119 

Broadway  Sav.  Inst.  v.  Pelham,  148  N.  Y.  737,  42  N.  E.  722 460 

Brock  V.  Barnes,  40  Barb.  521 95 

Brockes  v.  Hathoru,  17  Hun,  87 37? 

V.  Kilmer,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  156 373 

Brockway  v.  Jewett,  16  Barb.  590  169,  268,  396 

V.  Wells,  1  Paige,  617    146 

Brenner  Brick  Co.  v.  M.  M.  Canada  Co.  18  Misc.  681,  42  N.  y.  Supp.  14  296 
Brooklyn,  Re,  10  Misc.  650,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  182,  65  N.  Y.  S. 

R.  201,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  182 Id^J 

Re,  148  N.  Y.  107,  42  N.  E.  413 2,  197,  385 

Brooklyn  Bank  v.  Willoughby,  1  Sandf.  669 3 

Brooklyn  Bd.  of  Edu.,  Re,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  420,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

493,   11   N.  Y.   Supp.   780 210 

Brooklyn  Union  Elev.  R.  Co.  Re,  176  N.  Y.  213,  68  N.  E.  249 19» 

V,  Case,  82  App.  Div.  567,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  527 197 

Brooklyn  ex  rel.  Stadlmair  v,  Willard,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  315 413 

Brooks  V.  Mortimer,  10  App.  Div.  518,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  299 28a 

Brotherson  v.  Consaulus,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  105 443 

Brower  v.  Fisher,  4  Johns.   Ch.  441 208 

Brown,  Re,  65  How.  Pr.  461 18 

V.  Bradshaw,  1  Duer,   199 93 

V.  Britton,  41  App.  Div.  57,  58  N.  Y.  Snpp.  353 133 

V.  Brockett,  55  How.  Pr.  32 611 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  xli 

Brovm  v.  BrowTi,  6  N.  Y.  lOG,  0  How.  Pr.  320 281 

V.  Farmers'  Loan  &  T.  Co.  24  Abb.  N.  C.  160,  IS  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  131,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  337 357,  452 

V.  Ferguson,  2  Denio,  196   290,  291 

V.  Ferguson,  2  How.  Pr.   12S 437 

V.  Foster,  1  App.  Div.  578,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  94,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  502     95 

V.  Gallaudet,  19  Alb.  L.  J.  97 502 

V.  Griswold,   23  Hun,   018 432 

V.  Kalm,    17   Hun,   599 434 

V.  King,  63  Hun,  158,  45  X.  Y.  S.  R.  24,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  678 248 

V.  Leigh,  52  N.  Y.  78 458 

V.  Leigh,  50  N.  Y.  427,   13  Abb.  Pr.  K  S.  305 444 

V.  Majors,  7  Wond.  495 112 

V.  Mappleeson,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  404 

V.  May,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  208,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  480 66 

V.  New  York,  9  Hun,  587 12,     47 

V.  Richardson,    7    Robt.    57 400 

V.  Safeguard  Ins.  Co.  7  Abb.  Pr.  3^5 86,  352,  388 

V.  Sears,  23  Misc.  559,  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  412,  52  N.  Y. 

Supp.  792 497,  499,  505,  506- 

V.  Story,  1  Paige,  588 343 

V.  Windmuller,  4  Jones  &  S.  75,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  359.  .440,  497,  498 

Browne  v.  Bro'irae,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  180 175,  180 

V.  Murdock,  12  Abb.  N.  C.  360 408 

Bro\vning  v.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  64  Hun,  513,  22  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  193,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  505,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  453 391 

V.  Vanderhoven,   55  How.   Pr.   97 419 

Broyer  v.  Ritter,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  688,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  574 403 

Bruen  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  127,  39  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  86,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  788 112,  114 

Brush  V.  Kelsey,  47  App.  Div.  270,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  214 498,  500 

Bruyn  v.  New  York,  W.  S.  &  B.  R.  Co.  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  471 199 

Bryne  v.  Brooklyn  City  &  N.  R.  Co.  6  Misc.  6,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  26 

N.  Y.  Supp.  65   486 

Bryon  v.  Durrie,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  135 352,  359 

Buchanan  v.  Morrell,  6  Duer,  658,  13  How.  Pr.  296 387 

Buck  V.  Webb,  58  Hun,  185,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  824,  11   N.  Y.  Supp.  617, 

93,     95 

Buckhout  V.  Hunt,  16  How.  Pr.  407 248 

Bucki  V.  Bucki,  70  Hun,  598,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  374.  . .    175 

Buckingham  v.  Minor,   18  How.  Pr.  287 73,     96 

Buckland  v.  Gallup,  105  N.  Y.  453,  11  N.  E.  843 231 


xlii  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Buckley  v.  Buckley,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  827,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  607 14 

V.  Gutta  Percha  &  Rubber  Mfg.  Co.  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  428, 

17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  141 322 

Budd  V.  Allen,  09  Hun,  535,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  290,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  5.  .  .  .  169 

V.  Jackson,  26  How.  Pr.  398 283 

V.  Monroe,  18  Hun,  316 399 

Budlong,  Re,  33  Hun,  235 508 

Re,  100  N.  Y.  203,  3  N.  E.  334 267,  271 

Bueb  V.  Geraty,  31  Misc.  22,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  1125 464 

Buell  V.  Gay,  13  How.  Pr.  31 102,  398,  400 

Buffalo  &  A.  R.  Co.  v.  Johnson,  42  N.  Y.  215 87 

Buffalo  Grade  Crossing  Comrs.  Re,  19  Misc.  230,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  1073. .   202 

Bulkeley  v.  Keteltas,  2  Sandf.  735 91 

Bulkley  v.  Back,  22  Jones  &  S.  300 43,  287 

Bull  V.   Ketchum,   2   Denio,   188 390 

Bull's  Estate,  1  Connoly,  395,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  880,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  565.  .    275 
BuUard  v.  Pearsall,  40  How.  Pr.  383,  Affirmed  Court  of  Appeals,  46 

How.  Pr.  530   447 

Bullock  V.  Bogardus,  1  Denio,  276 247 

Burank  v.  Babcock,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  458 147 

Burbank  Re,  65  How.  Pr.  129   220 

Burch  V.  Newbury,  4  How.  Pr.  145 450 

Burdctt  V.  Lowe,  85  N.  M.  241 413 

V.  Lowe,   22   Hun,   588 452 

Burdick  v.  Hale,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  GO,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  311 125,  127 

Burhans  v.  Blanchard,   1   Denio,  626 161,  237 

V.  Tibbits,  7  How.  Pr.  74 110,  116,  119 

Burke  v.  Burke,  27  Misc.  684,  58  X.  Y.  Supp.  676 509 

V.  Candee,   63   Barb.   552 370 

V.  Philipps,  20  Misc.  413,  26  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  374,  45  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1024 296 

Burkhart  v.  Babcock,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  512 147 

Burkle  v.  Luce,  1  N.  Y.  239,  3  How.  Pr.  236 163,  459 

Burnell  v.  Coles,  26  Misc.  378,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  208 462 

Burnett  v.  Harkness,  4  How.  Pr.  158,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  100 87 

V.  Kelly,   10  How.   Pr.   400 115 

V.  Westfall,  15  How.  Pr.  430 281,  284,  286,  367,  476 

Burns  v.  Delaware,  L.  &  W.  R.  Co.  135  N.  Y.  268.  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  106, 

31  N.  E.  1080 390,  493 

Burpee  v.  Townsend,  29  Misc.  031,  61  X.  Y.  Supp.  467 22 

Burroughs  v.  Reiger,  12  How.  Pr.  170 59 

Burrows  v.  Butler,  22  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  489 243 

V.  Butler,   38   Hun,    121    442 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  xliii 

Burton  v.  Rockwell.  63  Hun,  163,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  487.   17  N.  Y.  Supp. 

665 290 

V.  Tremper,  27  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  246,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  629 370 

Bush  V.  Lathrop,  22  X.  Y.  535 428 

V.  O'Brien,  52  App.  Div.  452,  65,  N.  Y.  Supp.   131 354 

Bushnell  v.  Chautauqua  County  Xat.  Bank,  74  N.  Y.  290 308 

Bushwick  Sav.  Bank  v.  Traum,  26  App.  Div.  532.  50  X.  Y.  Supp.  542 

144,  145 

Butcher  v.  Henning,  00  Hun,  565,  35  X.   Y.  Supp.  1006 55 

Butler,  Re,  101  X.  Y.  307,  4  X.  E.  518 77,  82 

V.  Boston  &  A.  R.  Co.  24  Hun,  99,  10  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  11 234 

V.  Morris,   1    Bosw.   329 80 

V.  Rochester,  4  Hun,  ,321,  6  Thonip.  &  C.  572 171 

V.  Wood,    10   How.   Pr.   313 324,  325 

Byne,  Re,   1  Edw.  Ch.  41 339 

Byrne  v,  Brooklyn  City  &  X.  R.  Co.  6  Misc.  6,  58  X.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  26 

N.   Y.    Supp.   65 89,  90 

V.  Groot,  5  Month.  L.   Bull.   56 499,  505 

Byrnes  v.  Baer,  13  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  128 451 

V.  Labagh,  10  X.  Y.  S.  R.  728,  12  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  417,  495.  154 

Byron,  Re,  61  Hun,  278,  40  X.  Y.  S.  R.  845,  16  X.  Y.  Supp.  760.  .  .274,  508 

V.  Durrie,  6  Abh.   X.  C.   136 87,  359 

C. 

€accavao  v.  Rome,  W.  &  O.  R.  Co.  27  Jones  &  S.  129,  13  X.  Y.  Supp. 

884 331.  333 

Cahill  V.  Cahill,  9  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  241 17 

V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  38  App.  Div.  314,  57  X.  Y.  Supp.  10 342,  343 

V.  Xew  York,  50  App.  Div.  270,  7  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  320,  63  X.  Y. 

Supp.    1006    68 

•Caldwell  v.  Cassidy,  8  Cow.  271 294 

V.  Leiber,   7   Paige,   483 136 

V.  Manning,  15  Abb.  Pr.  271,  24  How.  Pr.  38 315 

€allahan  v.  Gilniaii,  23  Joms  &  S.  511,  18  X.  Y.  S.  R.  397,  28  X.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  406,  2  X.  Y.  Supp.  702 455 

€amp  v.  Stewart,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  88 305 

<;ampbell,  Re,   48  Hun,  417,   14  X.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  400,  28  X.   Y. 

Week.  Dig.  400,  16  X.  Y.  S.  R.  483,  1  X.  Y.  Supp.  231 275 

V.  Cothran,   56   X.   Y.   279 53 

V.  Erving,  43  How.  Pr.  258 145 

V.  Purdy,   5   Redf.   434 265 

Canary  v.  Russell,  10  Misc.  597,  24  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  109,  63  X.  Y. 

S.  R.  740,  31  X.  Y.  Supp.  291 36,     47 


xliv  TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED. 

Canavello  v.  Michael  &  Co.  31  Misc.  170,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  067 431" 

Candee  v.  Jones,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  160 486. 

V.  Ogilvie,   5   Duer,   658 489' 

Canton  Surgical  &  Dental  Co.  v.  Webb,  42  N.  Y.  S.  E.   187,  16  N.  Y. 

Supp.  932 307 

Carleton  v.  Darcy,  75  N.  Y.  375 77,  82 

V.  Goldman,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  153 43 

Carll  V.  Oakley,  97  N.  Y.  633 450 

Carman  v.  Pultz,  21  K  Y.  547 291 

Camahan  v.  Pond,  15  Abb.  Pr.  194 222,  422 

Carney  v.  Bernheimer,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  233 333 

V.  Eeilly,  18  Misc.  11,  75  N.  Y.  S.  E.  440,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1123, 

158,   159,  364 

Carpenter  v.  DoAvning,  6  Hill,  234 324 

V.  Shook,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  226,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  257 366- 

V.  Willet,  3  Eobt.  700,  28  How.  Pr.  376 161,  163,  489 

Carrick,  Ee,  13  Daly,  181 220,  224 

Carrigan  v.  Washburn,  14  N.  Y,  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  350,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  850, 

2    N.   Y.    Supp.    616 611 

V.  Washburn,  18  N.  Y.  Civ,  Proc.  Rep.  79,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  156, 

9   N.    Y.    Supp.    541 512 

Carter,  Re,  3  Paige,  146   210 

T.  Barnum,  24  Misc.  220,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  539 252 

V.  Beckwith,  104  N.  Y.  236,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  373,  5  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  617,  10  N.  E.  350 246,  250,  253 

V.  Beckwith,  128  N.  Y.  312,  40  K  Y.  S.  R.  343 209 

Caryl  v.  Stafford,  69  Hun,  318,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  426,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  534. .  503 

Case  V.  Belknap,  5  Cow.  422 80 

v.Mannis,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  296,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  44,  11 

N.    Y.    Supp.    243 142 

V.  Price,  9  Abb.  Pr.  Ill,  17  How.  Pr.  348 472,  47& 

Casey,  Re,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  585,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  88,  6  N.  Y.  Supp,  608. . .  332 

Cashman  v.  Martin,  50  How.   Pr.  337 291 

Cass  V.  Higenbotam,  100  N.  Y.  248,  3  N.  E.  189 292,  294 

Cassidy  v.  McFarland,  2  Misc.  189,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  65,  50  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  199,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  585 462 

V.  McFarland,  139  N.  Y.  201,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  605,  34  N.  E.  893, 

270,  495 

Castellanos  v.  Beauville,  2  Saudf.  670 268,  397 

V.  Jones,  4  Sandf.  679 318 

Castle,  Re,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  36? 230,  232 

Castle's  Estate,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  276,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  810,  2  N.  Y. 

Supp.   638 25a 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  xlv 

Castleman  v.  Simpson,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  455 148 

€astro  v.  White,  52  Hun,  473,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  46,  23  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  535,  5   N.  Y.  Supp.  718 105,   106 

€asucci  V.  Allegany  &  K.  R.  Co.  65  Him,  452,  21)  Abb.  N.  C.  52.  48  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  52,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  343 39 

"Catlin  V.  Adirondack  Co.  22  Hun,  493 42 

V.  Adirondack   Co.   20   Hun,    19 511 

V.  Billings,  4  Abb.  Pr.  248,   13  How.  Pr.  511 399 

C   E.   Sherin   Special  Agency  v.   Seaman,  49  App.  Div.   33,  63   N.  Y. 

Supp.  407 329 

€had\vick  v.  Brotlier,  4  How.  Pr.  283,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  21,  59 160 

■Chaffee  v.  Baptist  INIissionary  Convention,  10  Paige,  85,  40  Am.  Dec. 

225 272 

Chalker  v.  Chalker,  5  Redf.  480 263 

Chamberlain  v.  Dempsey,  36  N.  Y.  144 142 

Ohamplin  v.  Pierce,  3  Wend.  445 315 

Chandler  v.  Bicknell,  5  Cow.  30 89 

V.  Duane,  10  Wend.  563,  23  Am.  Dec.  578 113 

Channard  v.  Fuller,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  20 2 

Channing  v.  Moore,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  349,  13  N.  Y.  S.  R.  715, 

11    N.   Y.   S.   R.   670 43,  419 

Chapin  v.  Churchill,   12  How.   Pr.  367 300 

V.  Cole,   38   How.   Pr.   481 122 

V.  Foster,  101  N.  Y.  1,  3  N.  E.  786 457 

Charman  v.  Hibbler,  31  App.  Div.  477,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  212 418 

v.  Tatum,  54  App.  Div.  61,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  275 148 

Chase  v.  Chase,  G'j  How.  Pr.  306,  20  Hun,  527 176,   181 

V.  Dunham,   1  Paige,  572 82 

V.  James.  16  Hun,  14 497 

V.  Syracuse,  34  Misc.  144.  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  469 367 

Cheever  v.  Pittsburgh,  S.  &  L.  E.  R.  Co.  74  Hun,  539,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

188,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  829 477 

Chesebro  v.  Hicks,  66  How.  Pr.   194 245,  247,  248 

Chester  v.  Broderick,  131  N.  Y.  549,  30  X.  E.  507 412 

V.  Jumel,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  179,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  230,  5  N.  Y.  Supp. 

823 377 

Chevers  v.  Damon,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  904,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  452 143,  472 

Childs  V.  Algie,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  17 100 

V.  Lyons,   3   Robt.   704    416 

v.  West  Troy,  1 1   N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  193 171 

Chipman  v.  Montgomery,  63  N.  Y.  221 132,  457 

Chittenden  v.  Gates,  25  App.  Div.  623,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1133 152 

Christ  V.  Chetwood,  8  Misc.  81,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  815,  28  N.  Y.   Supp. 

1148 95,     98 


Xlvi  TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED. 

Christian  v.  Gouge,  58  How.  Pr.  445,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  82 33T 

Christoplier  &  Tenth  St.  E.  Co.  v.  Twenty-third  St.  R.  Co.  48  N.  Y.  S. 

R.   805,  20  X.  Y.   Supp.  556 38a 

Church  V.  Kidd,  3  Hun,  254,  5  Tliomp.  &  C.  454 131 

V.  Miller,  40  How.  Pr.  525 302 

Churchill  v.  Wagner,  23  Misc.  595,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  252 394 

Churchman  v.  Merritt,  50  Hun,  270,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  171,  2  N.  Y.  Supp. 
843,  Reversing  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  245,  2  N.  Y.  Supp. 

843 314,  315,  32T 

Citizens'  Sav.  Bank  v.  Bauer,  49  Hun,  238,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  340, 
28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  541,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  81,  1  N.  Y.  Supp. 

450 349,  350 

Claflin  v.  Davidson,  21  Jones  &  S.  122.  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46 121 

V.Robertson,  1  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.   176,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  305,  6  N.  Y. 

Supp.  430 79 

Clapp,  Re,  20  How.  Pr.  385 208,  209- 

V.  Clapp,  38  Hun,  540    500 

v.  Fullerton,  34  N.  Y.  190,  90  Am.  Dec.  (181 268 

Clark,  Re,   36  Him,   301 272 

Re,  40  X.  Y.  S.  R.  12,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  370 294 

V.  Binninger,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  421 31 

V.  Carroll,  1  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  298 307 

V.  Clark,    13    Daly,    497 179 

V.  Clark,  7  Robt.  284 175. 

V.  Dewey,   5  Johns.  251 3 

V.  Geery,  8  Jones.  &  S.  227 449 

V.Mac  Donald,  62  Hun,  149,  41  X'.  Y.  S.  R.  753,  16  X.  Y.  Supp. 

493 393,  399,  403- 

V.  Malzacher,  20  App.  Div.  301,  46  X^.  Y.  Supp.  1081 302 

V.  Mosher,  107  X.  Y.  118,  1  Am.  St.  Rep.  798,  14  X.  E.  96 403 

V.  Rowling,  3  X.  Y.  216,  53  Am.  Dec.  290 509- 

V.Sullivan,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  147,  31  X.  Y.  S.  R.  756,  10 

X.  Y.  Supp.   397 447 

V.  Wood,    9    Wend.    435 83 

Clarke,  Re,  27  Abb.  X.  C.  144,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  SOT 227 

Re,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  370 259 

V.  Rochester,  29  How.   Pr.   97 349,  357 

V.  Rochester,  34  X.  Y.  355 364,  443 

v.  Sheldon,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  30,  10  X.  Y.  Supp.  36,  Reversed  134 

X.  Y.  333,  19  L.  R.  A.  138,  48  X.  Y.  S.  R.  279,  32  X\  E.  23.  .  227 

V.  Tunnicliff,  38  X.  Y.  58 168,  169' 

Clarks  v.  Staring,  4  How.  Pr.  243 478 

Clarkson  v.  Root,  18  Abb.  X.  C.  462 24T 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED.  xlvii 

Clason  V.  Kehoe,  87  Hun,  368,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  336,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  431. .  414 
Clegg  V.  Aikens,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  88,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  249,  366,  505,  506 
Cleveland  v.  Wilder,  78  Hun,  591,  60  X.  Y.  S.  R.  764,  29  N.  Y.  Supp. 

209 110 

Clinton,  Re,  12  App.  Div.  132,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  674 268 

V.  Strong,  9  Johns.  370 56. 

Clossey  v.  Ayers,  63  Hun,  624,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  278 81 

Clumpha  v.  Whiting,   10  Abb.  Pr.  448 243 

Clute,  Re,  14  App.  Div.  234,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  573 220,  221 

v.Emerich,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  123,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  710,  2 

N.  Y.  Supp.  874 432 

V.  Gould,  28  Hun,  348 235 

Coates  V.  Goddard,  2  Jones  &  S.  118 352,  368,  377,  379,  381 

Coatsworth  v.  Ray,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  0,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  498 287 

Cobb  v.  Robinson,  1  How.  Pr.  235 320' 

Cochran  v.  Gottwald,  9  Jones  &  S.  317 488 

v.  Gottwald,  10  Jones  &  S.  214 464 

v.  Ingersoll,   11   Hun,   342 44a 

(^ockefair  v.  Cockefair,  23  Abb.  N.  C.  219,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  170 178,  513 

Cockle  V.  Underwood,  3  Duer,  676 78 

Codding  v.  Scott,  1  Misc.  485,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  21  X.  Y.  Supp.  473 

397,  398,  400 
Coddington  v.  Bowen,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  417,  24  X.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  6  N.  Y. 

Supp.  355 133 

Coflin  v.  Coke,  4  Hun,  016 85,  352,  359 

Cohen  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132 93 

V.Cohen,  11  Misc.  704,  1  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  220,  60  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

336,  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  1082 175,  176 

V.Cohen,  72  Hun,  393,  65  X.  Y.  S.  R.  463,  25  X.  Y.  Supp.  387.   484 

487 

V.  Krulewitch,  81  App.  Div.  147,  80  X.  Y.  Supp.  689 434 

V.  Krulewitch,  77  App.  Div.  126,  78  X.  Y.  Supp.  1044 94 

V.  New  York,  128  N.  Y.  594,  3  Silv.  Ct.  App.  501,  21  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  124,  38  X.  Y.  S.  R.  846,  27  N.  E.  1074 459 

V.  Weill,  32  Misc.  198,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  695 299 

^ .  Weill,  33  Misc.  764,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  917 503 

Cohn  V.  Anathan,  16  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  178,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  295,  4 

X^.  Y.  Supp.   97 82 

v.  Husson,    13    Daly,    334 69,  441 

Cohu  v.  Husson,  24  Jones  &  S.  489,  5  X.  Y.  Supp.  7 240,  241 

V.  Husson,  25  Jones  &  S.  222,  1  7  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  434,  25 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  811,  6  X.  Y.  Supp.  512 434 


xlviii  TAni.E  of  cases  cited. 

€ole  V.  Lowiy,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  113,  23  X.  Y.  Supp.  G74.  .  .  .483,  486 

V.  Rose,  65  How.  Pr.  520 80 

V.  Terpenning,  27  Hun,  111 270 

■Coleman  v.  Chauncey,  7  Kobt.  578 350,  382 

Collanier,  Re,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  197 260 

Collier  v.  Miinn,  41  N.  Y.  143,  7  -\i)b.  Pr.  N.  S.  193 32,  265 

Collins  V.  Adams,   15   X.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  384,   19  X.  Y.   S.  R.  48, 

4  N.  Y.   Supp.  217 Ill 

V.  Collins,  71  N.  Y.  2G9,  6  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  131,  573 176 

V.  Jewell,  3  Misc.  341,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   153,  51   X.  Y. 

S.  R.  927,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  710 69 

V.  Oceanic  Steam  Xav.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  12 408 

V.  Reynolds  Card  Mfg.  Co.  2  Montii.  L.  Bull.  45 377 

V.  Standish,  6  How.   Pr.   493 140 

Collis,  Re,  80  App.  Div.  287,  80  K  Y.  Supp.  307 202 

Collomb  V.  Caldwell,  5  How.  Pr.  336,  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  X.  S.  41 .  102.  103,  442 
Collyer  v.  CoUyer,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  328,  Aflirmed  110  X.  Y.  481,  0  Am.  St. 

Rep.  425,  18  N.  E.  110 259 

V.  Collyer,  110  N.  Y.  481,  6  Am.  St.  Rep.  405,  18  X.  Y.  S.  R.  210, 

18  N.  E.   110    257 

Colne  V.  Givard,  19  Abb.  X\  C.  288 215 

Colton  V.  Morrisy,  6  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.   105 384 

v.  Simmons,  14  Hiui,  75.  0  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  530 499,  505,  507 

Columbia  College  v.  Thacher,  87  X.  Y.  311,  41  Am.  Rep.  365,  10  Abb. 

N.  C.   235    136 

Columbia  Ins.  Co.  v.  Stevens,  37  X.  Y.  537,  4  Abb.  Pr.  X"'.  S.  122,  35 

How.  Pr.  101    230,  233,  255,  421 

Colvard  v.  Oliver,  7  Wend.  497 423 

Colwell  V.  Devlin,  20  Misc.  616,  46  X.  Y.  Supp.  450 305 

Combs  V.  Combs,  25  Hun,  279 304,  456,  461 

Comins  v.  Jefferson  County,  3  Thomp.  &  C.  296,  Affirmed,  64  N.  Y.  626,  161 

360,  367,  383 

Comly  V.  Xew  York,  1  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  (McCarty)   306 441,  463 

Commercial  Xat.  Bank  v.  Hand,  27  App.  Div.  145,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  515.  .   378 
Commercial  Telegram  Co.  v.  Smith,  57  Hun,  176,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  32,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  445,  10  X.  Y.  Supp.  433 23 

Commercial  Warehouse  Co.  v.  Graber,  45  X.  Y.  393 319 

Commissioners  of  Pilots  v.  Spofl'ord,  3  Hun,  55,  5  Thomp.  &;  C.  353 ....    134 

288,  365 

v.  SpofTord,  49  How.  Pr.  28 350 

V.  SpofTord,   4   Hun,   74    361 

Commonwealth  F.  Ins.  Co.  Re,  32  Hun,  78,  19  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  57 310 

Compton  V.  Long  Island  R.  Co.  1  X\  Y.  S.  R.  554 300,  301 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  xlJX 

Comstock  V.  Drohan,  8  Hun,  373,  Affirmed  in  71  N.  Y.  9 144 

V.  Dye,    13  Hun,   113 95,     99 

V.  Halleck,  4  Sandf.  671 102,  398,  400 

V.  Olmstead,  6  How.  Pr.  77 249 

Conaughty  v.  Saratoga  County  Bank,  92  N.  Y.  401 3()4,  371,  374 

Conboy  v.  Ayres,  25  Misc.  52,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  1004 330 

Congregation  Eetheloliim  v.  Central  Presby.  Church,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

484 291 

Conner  v.  Keese,  38  Hun,  124,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  478 163 

Conolly  V.  Hyams,  42  App.  Div.  653,  58  X.  Y.  Supp.  932 290 

Consalus  v.  Brotherson,  54  How.  Pr.  62 495 

Considerant  v.  Brisbane,  7  Abb.  Pr.  345,  1  Bosw.  644 103 

Constantine  v.  Van  Winkle,  2  How.  Pr.  273 441 

Cook  V.  Munn,  33  Hun,  25,  19  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  398 156 

V.  Nellis,   IS  N.  Y.   126 281 

V.  New  York  Floating  Dry  Dock  Co.  1  Hilt.  556 365 

Cooke  V.  Beach,  25  How.  Pr,  356 78,  82,     84 

V.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  59  App.  Div.  154,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  4.   321 
Cooley  V.  Cummings,  24  Jones  &  S.  521,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  145, 

24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  172,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  530 118,  119,  439 

Coon  V.  Diefendorf,  2  How.   Pr.   N.   S.  389,   8   N.  Y.   Civ.   Proe.   Rep. 

293 110,  390 

Coonley,  Re,  38  Misc.  219,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  2G0 275 

Cooper  V.  Astor,  1  Johns  Cas.  32 437 

V.  Cooper,  27  Misc.  595,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  86 55 

V.  Cooper,  51  App.  Div.  595,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  901 365 

V.  Jolly,  30  Hun,  224,  Affirmed  96  N.  Y.  667 390,  391 

V.  Schultz,  33  How.  Pr.  5 160,  162 

V.  Townsend,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  122,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  760 425 

Corbett  v.  Brantingham,  65  App.  Div.  335,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  763 321 

V.  Decomeau,  13  Jones  &  S.  587 494 

Corbin  v.  George,  2  Abb.  Pr.  465 60 

Corey  v.  Harte,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  247 14 

Corning  v.  Corning,   6  N.   Y.   97 64 

Cornuel  v.  Heinze,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  461,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  117 316 

Comwell  V.  Parke,  52  Htm,  596,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  829,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  905, 

Affirmed  123  N.  Y.  657,  25  N.  E.  955 360 

Cortland  &.  H.  Horse  R.  Co.  Re,  98  N.  Y.  336 200 

Cortland  Mut.  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Latlirop,  2  How.  Pr.  146 61 

Corwin  v.  Freehand,  6  N.  Y.  560 511 

Coryell  v.  Davis,  5  Hill,  559 313 

Coster  V.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  146,  Affirmed 

without  opinion  in  98  N.  Y.  660 15,  22,  25,  38,     47 


1  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Cotes  V.  Smith,  29  How.  Pr.  331 243 

Couch  V.  Millard,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  22,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  431 355 

V.  Millard,  41  Hun,  212,  4  N.  Y.  S.  R.  167 136,  150,  364 

Coughlin  V.  New  York  C.  &  11.  R.  R.  Co.  71  N.  Y.  443,  27  Am.  Rep. 

75 24,     38. 

Coulter  V.  American  Merchants'  ITnion  Exp.  Co.  5  Lans.  G7 64 

V.  American  Merchants'  Union  Exp.  Co.  56  N.  Y.  585 130 

Courtney  v.  Baker,  3  Denio,  27 480 

Covell  V.  Hart,  14  Hun,  252 54 

Cowen  V.  King,  54  App.  Div.  331,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  621 405 

Cox  V.  Clift,  3  Barb.  481,  Affirmed  2  N.  Y.  118 149 

Coyle  V.  Third  Ave.  R.  Co.  19  Misc.  345,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  499 65,  344 

Crafts  V.  Rockefeller,  6  How.  Pr.  9 26* 

Cramer  v.  Lovejoy,  41  Hun,  581 64 

Crandell  v.  Bicker,  32  Misc.  258,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  352 419 

Crane,  Re,  68  App.  Div.  355,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  88 264 

V.  Holcorab,  2  Hilt.  269,  Affirmed  in  8  Abb.  Pr.  35 125 

V.  Holcomb,  8  Abb.  Pr.  35 127 

V.  Miller,  27  App.  Div.  630,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  675 391 

Crary  v.  Norwood,  5  Abb.  Pr.  219 5,  6,  103 

Craven  v.  Price,  37  How.  Pr.  15,  53  Barb.  442 113^ 

Crawford  v.  Kelly,  10  Bosw.  697 490 

Cregin  v.  Brooklyn  Cross  To\vn  R.  Co.  19  Hun,  349 485 

Creighton  v.  Ingersoll,  20  Barb.  541 21,  421 

Crim  V.  Cronkliite,  15  How.  Pr.  250 125 

V.  Drain.  64  App.  Div.  581,  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  227,  72  N.  Y. 

Supp.  298 49a 

Crippen  v.  Heermance,  9  Paige,  211 136 

V.  Ingersoll,   10  Wend.   603 59 

Crittenden  v.  Crittenden,  1  Hill,  359 390,  391 

Crocker  v.  Lewis,  79  Hun,  400,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  503,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  798. .    145 

V.  Lewis,  144  N  Y..  140,  39  N.  E.  1 145 

Crockett  v.  Smith,  14  Abb.  Pr.  62 82 

Crofts  V.  Rockefeller,  6  How.  Pr.  9,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  177 396 

Crofut  V.  Brandt,  58  N.  Y.  106,  17  Am.  Rep.  213 3 

Crommelin  v.  Dinsmore,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  69 2 

Cronin  v.  Cronin,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  184,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  137 403 

V.  Epstein,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  69,  Affirmed  15  Daly,  5,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

806,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  709 291 

Crosby  v.  Day,  8 1  N.  \^  242 232 

v.  Stephan,   97   N.   Y.   606 216 

Crosley  v.  Cobb,  42  Hun.  1  fiO 390 

V.  Cobb,  37   Hun,  271,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   322 43» 


TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED.  li 

Cross  V.  Smith,  85  Hun,  49,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  671..    135 

136,   UO 

Grossman  v.  Wyckoff,  64  App.  Div.  554,  72  X.  y.  Supp.  337 152,  372 

Grotty  V.  McKenzie,  10  Jones  &  S.  192 40 

Crouch  V.  Hoyt,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  60,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Gas.  76, 

02  X.  Y.  S.  R.  12G,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  406 17 

Grouse  v.  New  York,  P.  &  O.  R.  Go.  49  Hun,  576,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  711, 

2  N.   Y.   Supp.  453 409 

Crowell  V.  Bills,  24  Misc.  411,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  647. 328,  333 

V.  Smith,  35  Hun,  182 109 

Cruikshank  v.  Cruikshank,  9  How.  Pr.  350 250 

Grummer  v.  HufF,  1  Wend.  24 480 

Guff  V.  Borland,  50  Barb.  438 150 

Gulliford  v.  Walser,  158  N.  Y.  65,  70  Am.  St.  Rep.  437,  52  N.  E.  648.  . .   412 
Cumberland  Goal  &  I.  Go.  v.  Hoffman  Steam  Goal  Co.  39  Barb.  16,  15 

Abb.   Pr.   78    404 

Cummings  v.  Egerton,  9  Bosw.  684 231 

Cummins  v.  Bennett,  8  Paige,  81 77 

Cunningham  v.  McGregor,  12  How.  Pr.  305,  5  Duer,  648 220,  223,  231 

V.Nassau  Electric  R.  Go.  40  App.  Div.  211,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  22..      95 

V.  Widing,  5  Abb.  Pr.  413 13 

Gurrie  v.  Riley,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  407 414 

Gurry,  Re,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  307,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  728 264 

V.  Blair,  4  N.  Y,  Week.  Dig.  271 104 

V.  New  York  &  Q.  C.  R.  Co.  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132 93 

Curtis  V.  Curtis,  29  Misc.  257,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  59 180 

V.  Dutton,  4  Sandf.   719 241,  480 

V.  Leavitt,  1  Abb.  Pr.  118,  19  Barb.  530 4 

Curtiss,  Re,  51  App.  Div.  434,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  691 49 

V.  Lawrence,  17  Johns.  Ill    64 

Cusick  V.  Adams,  47  Hun,  455 469 

Cuthbert  v.  Hutchins,  7  App.  Div.  251,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  277 60 

Cutter  V.  ]\Iorris,  41  Hun,  575,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  426,  26  N.  Y.  \^^eck.  Dig. 

245 441,  506 

V.  Reilly,  5  Robt.  G37,  31  How.  Pr.  472 423 

Cuyler  v.  Goats,  10  How.  Pr.  141 80,  398,  441 

V.  Vanderwerk,  1  Johns.  Gas.  247 427 

Cythe  v.  La  Fontain,  51  Barb.  186 1 37 

D. 

Daggett  V.  Mead,  11  Abb.  N.  G.  116 249,  253 

Dailey  v.  Wellbrock,  05  App.  Div.  523,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  848 11 

Dakin,   Re,  4  Hill,   42 49 


lii  TAIJLE   OF  CASES   CITED. 

Dambmann  v,  Butterfield,  2  Hun,  284,  4  Tlioiiip.  &  C.  542 70 

V.  Scliulting,  6  Hun,  29,  51  How.  Pr.  357 85 

Dana  v.  Fiedltr,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  4G3,  Affirmed  12  N.  Y.  40,  62  Am.  Dec. 

130 291 

Daniels  v.  Lyon,  9  N.  Y.  549 395,  399 

Dann  v.  Wormser,  38  App.  Div.  4(J0,  50  i\.  Y.  iSupp.  474 384 

Dansville  &  Mt.  M.  R.  Co.  v.  Hammond,  77  Hun,  39,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  49, 

28  N.  Y.  Supp.  454 197 

Darby  v.  Condit,  1  Duer,  599,  11  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  154 331 

Darde  v.  Conklin,  73  App.  Div.  590,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  39 243 

Dare  v.  Murphy,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  466,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  388 427 

Darling,  Re,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  43,  14  X.  Y.  Supp.  445 240 

V.  Brewster,   55   N.  Y.  667 353 

V.  Halsey,  2  Abb.  N.  C.   105 251 

Dash  V.  Van  Kleeck,  7  Johns.  477,  5  Am.  Dee.  291 5 

Daus  V.  Nussberger,  25  App.  Div.  185,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 340,  342 

Davenport  v.  Bank  for  Savings,  36  Hun,  303 408 

David,  Re,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  96 227 

Davidson  v.  Alfaro,  80  N.  Y.  660 42,  43,     44 

v.  Bose,  57  App.  Div.  212,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  316 326 

Davies  v.  New  York,  93  N.  Y.  250 285 

V.  Williams,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138 118,  119 

Davis,  Re,  7  Daly,  1 26,     28 

v.  Cooper,   50   Barb.    376    160,  162 

v.  Davis,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  163 151,  152 

V.  Duffie,  18  Abb.  Pr.  360 146 

v.  Duffie,  3  Abb.  Pr.  363,  5  Duer,  688 431 

V.  Gallagher,  37  App.  Div.  627,  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  149,  55 

N.  Y.  Supp.  1066 250 

V.  Grand  Rapids  F.  Ins.  Co.  5  App.  Div.  36,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  71 .92,     98 

V.  Herrig,  65  How.  Pr.  290,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  43 509 

V.Myers,  86  Hun,  236,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  37,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  352.245,  249 

V.  Stone,  16  How.  Pr.  538   304 

V.  Turner,  4  How.  Pr.  190  215 

Davison  v.  Waring,  9  How.  Pr.  254 353 

Dawson  v.  Burnham,  2  ilonth.  L.  Bull.  32 68 

Day  V.  Beacli,  1  How.  Pr.  236 438,  442 

V.  Roth,   18  N.  Y.  448 459 

V.  Sun  Ins.  Office,  40  App.  Div.  305,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  1033 404 

Dayton  v.  Parke,  67  Hun,  137,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  542,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  613.  .   286 
Dean  v.  Driggs,  82  Hun,  561,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  183,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  548, 
Affirmed  on  this  opinion  in  145  N.  Y.  595.  40  N.  E.  163,  65 
N.  Y.  S.  R.  805 27 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  liii 

Dean  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  119  N.  Y.  540,  23  N.  E.  1054 112 

V.  Roseboom,  37  Hun,  310 241 

V.  Williams,  6  Hill,  376    477,  482 

De  Barante  v.  Deyermand,  41  N.  Y.  355,  40  How.  Pr.  180 80 

Debbe  v.  Debbe,  50  N.  Y.  G95 31 

Decker,  Re,  37  Misc.  527,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  315 262,  263 

V.  Gardiner,  8  N.  Y.  29 396 

Dederick  v.  Hoysradt,  4  How.  Pr.  350,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  86 426 

Deering  v.  Schreyer,  58  App.  Div.  322,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015 37 

Deerman  v.  Smith,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  636,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  91 70 

Defendorf  v.  Defendorf,  42  App.  Div.  166,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  163 373 

De  Fino  v.  Stern,  5  App.  Div.  56,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  242,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

616 14 

Degener  v.  Underwood,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  479,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  30  N.  Y. 

Supp.  399 459,  489 

Deisler  v.  Deisler,  65  App.  Div.  208,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  560 180 

De  Kalb  Ave.  M.  E.  Church  v.  Kelk,  30  Misc.  367,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  393. .   252 

Delafield  v.  Westfield,  41  App.  Div.  24,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  277 447 

De  Lamater  v.  Carman,  2  Daly,  182 465 

v.  McCaskie,  4  Dem.  549 31 

Delauey  v.  Miller,  84  Hun,  244,  1  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  266,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

834,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  505 17,     20 

Delatour  v.  Bricker,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  22 399 

Delaware  L.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Burkard,  40  Hun,  625,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  184,  102 

395,  396 

Delcomyn  v.  Chamberlain,  7  Jones  &  S.  359 493 

V.  Chamberlain,  48  How.  Pr.  409 440,  480 

De  Llamosas  v.  De  Llamosas,  62  N.  Y.  618 177 

Delmar  v.  Delmar,  65  App.  Div.  582,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  959 375 

De  Long  v.  De  Long  Hook  &  Eye  Co.  89  Hun,  399,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  161, 

35  N.  Y.  Supp.  509 379 

Demarest  v.  Wyncoop,  3  Johns.  Ch.  129,  8  Am.  Dec.  407 146 

Demehy  v.  McCloud,  21  Misc.  541,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  714 332 

De  Meli  v.  De  INIeli,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  306,  67  How.  Pr.  20 174 

Dempsey  v.  Hall,  3  Jones  &  S.  201 109,  112,  115 

Denike,  Re,  48  Hun,  606,  21  Abb.  N.  C.  289,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  17 256 

Dennison  v.  Dennison,  9  How.  Pr.  246 70 

Denton,  Re,  137  >4.  Y.  428,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  60,  33  N.  E.  482 258 

De  Oraindi,  Re,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  744,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  873 33 

Depuy  v.  Wurts,  47  How.  Pr.  225 268 

De  Rose  v.  De  Rose,  Hopk.  Ch.  100 173 

Desbrough  v.  Desbrough,  29  Hun,  592 176 

De  Stuckle  v.  Tehuantepec  R.  Co.  30  Hun,  34,  65  How.  Pr.  288,  3  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  410 353,  358 


liv  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Deuterman  v.  Gainsborg,  54  App.  Div.  577,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  1009 369 

Devin  v.  Patcliin,  26  N.  Y.  441,  25  How.  Pr.  5 18,  264,  419 

Devlin  v.  New  York,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  31 374,  375,  387 

V.  New  Y'ork,   7   Daly,   466 497 

Dewey  \ .  Stewart,  6  How.  Pr.  465 89,  96,  486 

De  Witt  V.  Swift,  3  How.  Pr.  282 494 

Dexter  v.  Adler,  76  Hun,  439,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  1121 221 

V.  Alfred,  74  Hun,  259,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  264,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  592.  .    114 

•  V.  Gardener,  5  Hoav.  Pr.  417,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  80 360,  361 

Deyo  V.  Morss,  21  Misc.  497,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  171 490 

Diamond  Matcli  Go.  v.  Roeber,  35  Hun,  421 381 

Dickenson  v.  Earle,  63  App.  Div.  140,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  231 497,  502 

Diefendorf  v.  Dickenson,  21  How.  Pr.  275 229,  233 

V.  Diefendorf,  42  App.  Div.  167,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  163 152 

Dienst  v.  McCaflrey,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  238,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  200, 

32  N.  Y.  Supp.  818 17 

Dietlin  v.  Egan.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  398,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  762,  19 

N.  Y.  Supp.  392 325 

Dietz  V.  Farish,  1 1  Jones  &  S.  87 350 

V.  McCallum,  44  How.   Pr.   493 24 

Dilts  V.  Sweet,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  275,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  57 150,  151 

Dime  Sav.  Bank  v.  Petit,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  794 503 

Dimick  v.  Cooley,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  141,  151 27,     38 

Dinehart  v.  Wells,  2  Barb.  432,  Affirmed  by  Court  of  Appeals,  July  2, 

1850,  no  opinion  and  report 118 

Dingee  v.   Shears,  29  Hun,  210 43,  287 

Dinkel  v.  Wehle,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  124 54 

Dinley  v.  McCullagh.  92  Hun.  454,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1007 403 

Disbrow  v.  Garcia,  52  N.  Y.  654 416,  417 

Disosway  v.  Winant,  3  Keyes,  412,  1  Abb.  App.  Dec.  508,  33  How.  Pr. 

460 499 

D'lvernois  v.  Leavitt,  8  Abb.  Pr.  60 243 

Dix  V.  Palmer,  5  How.  Pr.   233 348 

Dixon,  Re,  42  App.  Div.  489,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  421 268 

Re,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  629,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  343 262 

Dockstader  v.  Sammons,  4  Hill,  546 163 

Dr.  Jaeger's  Sanitary  Woolen  System  Co.  v.  Le  Boutillier,  63  Hun,  297, 

22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  6,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  381.   17  N.  Y. 

Supp.  786 377,  379 

Dodd  V.  Curry.  4  How.  Pr.  123,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  69 351,  483 

Dode  V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  70  Hun,  374,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  180, 

54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  286,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  422,  Affirmed  140  N.  Y. 

637,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  931,  35  N.  E.  892 355,  371 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  Iv 

Dodge,  Re,  40  Hun,  443 260,  275 

V.  Crandall,  30  N.  Y.  294 241 

Doelger  v.  O'Rourke,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  457,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  254.  .    101 

103 

Dolittle  V.  Eddy,  7  Barb.  74 113 

Dolliver  v.  American  Swan-Boat  Co.  32  Misc.  264,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas. 

74,  31  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  94,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  978 36,     37 

Donnelly  v.  Donnelly,  03  How.  Pr.  481 177 

V.  Libby,  1  Sweeny,  259 404 

Donner  v.  Ogilvie,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  399 317 

Donnerstag  v.  Donnerstag,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  53 180 

Donavan  v.  Vandemark,  22  Hun,  307 456 

Donovan  v.  Board  of  Education,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  311 69,  464 

V.  Wheeler,  67  Hun,  68,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  411,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  54.  .  .   380 
Doremus  v.  Crosby,  66  Hun,  125,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  808,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  906.  372 

408 

V.  Doremus,  66  Hun,  125,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  906 156 

Dorney  v.  Thacher,  76  Hun,  361,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  460,  27  N.  Y.  Supp. 

787 221,  223 

Dorr,  Re,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  754 222 

Dorsett  v.  Ormiston,  53  App.  Div.  629,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  931 359,  360 

Dougherty  v.  Metropolitan  L.  Ins.  Co.  3  App.  Div.  314,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

258 391 

Douglas  V.  Douglas,  5  Hun,  140,  13  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  291 175,  180 

Douglass  V.  Ferris,  138  N.  Y.  192,  34  Am.  St.  Rep.  435,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

138,  33  N.  E.  1041 413,  419 

V.  ]\Iacdurmid,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  289 287 

V.  Smith,  65  Hun,  11,  47  X.  Y.  S.  R.  54,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  630.  .499,  500 
Dcugliss  V.  Atwell,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  80,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

(McCarty)   390 496 

Dovale  v.  Ackerman,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  214,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  5 69 

Dowd  V.  Smith,  8  Misc.  619,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  821 .  .  .3,  285 
Dowling  V.  Bucking,  52  N.  Y.  658,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  190 421 

V.  Bush,  6  How.  Pr.  410 478,  481,  482 

Downing  v.  Downing,  23  App.  Div.  559,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  727 176 

V.Marshall,  37  N.  Y.  380 3,  134,  155,  359,  382,  387,  394,  408 

Downs  V.  Farley,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  404,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  119 343 

Dox  V.  Dey,  3  Wend.  356 64 

Doyle  V.  Recorder  Printing  Co.  30  Hun,  645 421 

Drago  V.  Kavanagh,  56  Ajjp.  Div.  179,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  622 333 

v.  Smith,  92  Hun,  536,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  418,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  975.  .  .      12 
Drake,  Re,  45  App.  Div.  206,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  1020 268 

v.  New  York  Iron  Mine,  71  Hun,  211,  54  N.  Y.   S.  R.  211,  54 

N.  Y.  Supp.   518 427 


Ivi  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Dressel  v.  Kingston,  32  Hun,  526 171 

Dresser  v.  Brooks,  2  N.  Y.  559,  4  How.  Tr.  207,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  130.  .  444 

V.  Jennings,  3  Abb.  Pr.  240 355,  370 

V.  Wicks,  2  Abb.   Pr.   460 442 

Drew  V.  Comstock,  17  How.  Pr.  469 482 

Droege  v.  Baxter,  77.  App.  Div.  78,  79  N.  Y.  Supp.  29 423 

Du  Bois  V.  Brown,  1  Dem.  317,  65  How.  Pr.  461 260,  264,  266,  273 

Dudgeon  v.  Smith,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  400 145 

Duff  V.  Warden,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  84 464 

Duffy  V.  Duncan,  32  Barb.  587,  Affirmed  35  N.  Y.  187 223,  446 

V.  O'Donovan,  46  K  Y.  223 291 

Duglass  V.  Howland,  24   Wend.   35 413 

Duhrkop  v.  White,  13  App.  Div.  293,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  190 498,  501 

Dukelow  V.  Searles,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  91,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  348 252 

Dunaway  v.  Terry,  37  Misc.  510,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  974 324 

Dunbar  v.  Diem,  9  N.  Y.  W^eek.  Dig.  231 158 

Duncan  v.  Dewitt,  7  Hun,  184 361 

V.  Katen,  6  Plim,  1,  Affirmed  64  N.  Y.  625 511 

Dunckel  v.  Farley,  1  How.  Pr.  180 109 

Dunham  v.  Sherman,  19  How.  Pr.  572,  11  Abb.  Pr.  152 478,  493 

Dunn  V.  Arkenburgh,  48  App.  Div.  518,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  861 236 

Dunne  v.  American  Surety  Co.  29  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  59,  58  N.  Y.  Supp. 

140 331,  333,  334 

Dunning  v.  Clarke,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  535 157 

Dimseith  v.  Stark,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  42 469 

Dunster  v.  Kelly,  110  N.  Y.  558,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  548,  18  N.  E.  361 ...  112,  113 

Duperey  v.  Phoenix,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  133 483 

Dupuy  V.  Wurts,  1  Hun,  119,  53  Plow.  Pr.  48 271 

Durant  v.  Abendroth,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  36,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  263, 

1  N.  Y.   Supp.  537 383 

V.  Abendroth,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  434 390 

V.  Pierson,   19   N.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.  Rep.  203,  33  N.  Y.   S.  R.  207, 

12    N.   Y.    Supp.    145 221 

Durfee  v.  McCall,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  337 169 

Dwight,  Re,  61  App.  Div.  357,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  563 222 

Dwyer  v.  Hoffman,  39  Hun,  360,  Affirmed,  102  N.  Y.  725 501 

V.  McLaughlin,  27  Misc.  187,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  220 321,  330 

Dyckman  v.  McDonald,  5  How.  Pr.  121 354 

E. 

Eagan  v.  Moore,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (Browne)   300,  11  Daly,  199, 

2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (McCarthy)   336 282: 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED.  IVll 

Eagleson  v.  Clark,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  644,  2  Abb.  Pr.  364 15S 

Eastburn  v.  Kirk,  2  Johns.  Ch.  317 3,  135 

Eastman,  Re,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  397 267 

V.  Gray,  81  Hun,  3G2,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  18,  63  X.  Y.  S.  R.  149, 

30  N.  Y.  Supp.  895   399' 

East  River  Bank  v.  Hoyt,  22  How.   Rr.   478 93 

Eaton   V.   Wells,   22   Hun,    123 295 

V.  Wells,   82  N.   Y.   576 296 

V.  \\'yckofi,  4  Wend.  203 431 

Eberhardt  v.  Schuster,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  374 38 

Eddy  V.  O'Hara,  14  Wend.  221 292 

Edlefson  v.  Duryele,  21  Hun,  607,  59  How.  Pr.  326 61 

Edson  V.  Dillaye,  8  How.  Pr.  273 102 

Edwards,  Re,  10  Daly,  68 224 

V.  Bodine,   11   Paige,  223 414 

V.  Ninth  Ave.  R.  Co.  22  How.  Pr.  444 427 

Edward  Thompson  Co.  v.  Lobenthal,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  247,  67 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  419,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  417 329,  330- 

Effray  v.  Mason,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  59,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  657,  18  N. 

Y.  Supp.  350    243 

Eggert  V.  Bonnett,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  5 62 

Ehle  V.  Bingham,  4  Hill,  595 479,  480,  482 

V.  Quackenboss,   6   Hill,   537 371 

Ehlers  v.  Willis,  63  How.  Pr.  341   84,  483 

Ehrenreich  v.  Lichtenberg,  29  Misc.  305,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  513,  Aflirm- 

ing  28  Misc.  789,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  383 248 

Eighmie  v.  Taylor,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  429 64 

Eisenlord  v.  Clum,  52  Hun,  461,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  147,  24  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  102,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  512 433,  434 

Eisler  v.  Union  Transfer  &  Storage  Co.  16  Daly,  456,  12  N.  Y.  Supp. 

732 300 

Eisner  v.  Avery,  2  Dem.  466 33,  264 

v.  Hamel,   6   Hun,  234,  Affirmed,   66  N.  Y.   646 422 

Eldred  v.  Eames,  115  N.  Y.  403,  22  N.  E.  216,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  277 242 

Eldridge  v.  Strenz,  7  Jones  &  S.  295 348,  357,  452 

Eleventh  Ave.,  Re,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  466 205 

Ellensohn  v.  Haselbach,  17  ]\Iisc.  92,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  345,  39 

N.   Y.  Supp.   332    317 

Ellenstcin  v.  Klee,  12  Misc.  112,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  695,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  94.  .   294 

Elliot  V.  Lewicky,  19  Jones  &  S.  51,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  82 424 

Elliott  V.  BrowTi,  2  Wend.  497,  20  Am.  Dec.  644 406 

V.  Luengene,  19  Misc.  428,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.   1140 464 

V.  Vermilyea,  27  Misc.  189,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  218 86 

V.  Vermilyea,  28  Misc.  790,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  181 86- 


Iviii  TABLE  OF  casb:s  cited. 

Ellis  V.  Filon,  85  Hun.  485.  (10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  764,  33  X.  Y.  Siipp.  138 251 

252 

Ellsworth  V.  Gooding,  8  How.  Pr.  1    96 

V.  Parkes,  13  X.  Y.  C"iv.  Proc.  Rep.  208 490 

Elmore,  Re,    10   Daly,   48 224 

Elson  V.  New  York  Equitable  ln.s.  Co.  2  Sandf.  (J54,  2  X.  Y.  Code  Rep. 

30 438 

Elwell  V.  Robbins,  43  How.  Pr.  108 144 

Elwin  V.  Routh,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  131 344 

Ely  V.  Cooke,  28  N.  Y.  305,  2  Abb.  App.  Deo.  14 17,     43 

V.  Taylor,   42  Hun,   205 242 

Emerson  v.  Emerson,  26  N.   Y.  Supp.  2i)2 175,  177 

Emery  v.  Emery,  9  How.  Pr.   130 284,  285 

Emmons  v.  New  York  &  E.  R.  Co.  17  How.  Pr.  400 491 

Empire  City  Subway  Co.  v.  Broadway  &  S.  A.  R.  Co.  87  Hun,  279,  67 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  741,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  1055 369 

Engel  V.  Fischer,  15  Abb.  N^.  C.  72 5 

Engelbrecht,  at?,  15  App.  Div.  541,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  551 266,  274 

Engle  V.  Bonneau,  2  Sandf.  679 216 

English  Bank  v.  Barr,  31  Abb.   X.  ( '.  7 222 

Ennis  v.   Curry,  22  Hun,   581 17 

V.  Wilder,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  211 492 

Enright  v.  Shalvey,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  5S 160 

Eppig  V.  New  York,  57  App.  Div.  114,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  41 203 

Equitable  Life  Assur.   Soc.   v.  Hughes,   125  X.   Y.   106,   19   N.  Y.  Civ. 
Proc.  Rep.  326,  11  L.  R.  A.  280,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  591,  26  N.  E. 

1,  3 473 

v.Olyphant,  57  Hun,  414,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  20,  32  X.  Y. 

S.  R.  704,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  659 472 

Erickson  v.  Poey,  5  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  379 338 

Erie  R.  Co.  v.  Ramsey,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  109 495 

Ernst,  Re,  54  App.  Div.  363,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  620 48,  51 

Estus  v.  Baldwin,  0  How.  Pr.  80 163,  469 

Esty  v.  Trowbridge,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  55 320 

Eustace  v.  Tuthill,  2  Johns.   185 112 

Evans,  Re,  34  Misc.  37,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  487 39 

Re,  65  App.  Div.  100,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  495 33 

Re,  58  App.  Div.  502,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  482 33 

V.  Ferguson,  10  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  57 480,  484,  485,  488 

V.  Silberniann,  7  App.  Div.  139,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  298 440 

441,  492,  493 

Everall  v.  Lassen,  13  Daly,  10,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  112 219 

Everingham  v.   Vanderbilt,   12   Hun,   75 363 


TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED.  lix 

Everson  v,  Gelirman,   2  Abb.  Pr.   413 397,  465 

V.  Gehrman,  1  Abb.  Pr.  167 285 

V.  McMulIen,  45  Hun,  578,  10  N.  Y.  S.  E.  627,  Reversed  on  other 
grounds  in  113  N.  Y.  293,  22  X.  Y.  S.  R.  787,  4  L.  R.  A.  118, 

10  Am.  St.  Rep.  445,  21  N.  E.  52 Ill 

:EwfiII  V.  Hubbard,  46  App.  Div.  383,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  790 147,  408 

Exstein  v.  Robertson,  1  Silv.  Sup,  Ct.  Rep.  169,  17  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

23,  23  X.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  6  X.  Y.  Supp.  429 83 

F. 

Faber  v.  Van  Tassel,  4  ^lontli.  L.  Bull.  30 484,  487,  488 

Pagan  v.  Strong,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  88,  11  X.  Y.  Supp.  766.  .323,  331 

Fairbanks  v.  Sargent.  104  X.  Y.  108,  58  Am.  Rep.  490,  9  X.  E.  870 38 

Fairchild,  Re,  10  Daly,  74 222 

F.  A,  Kennedy  Co.  v.  McCormaok,   15  X.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   239,   18 

X.  Y,  S,  R.  287,  3  X.  Y,  Supp.  214 327,  330 

Tales  V.  Lawson,  4  X.  Y,  Supp.  284 101 

Falkel   v,  Moore,   32   Hun,   293 116 

Falkenberg  v.  Bash,  33  Misc.  007,  9  X,  Y,  Anno.  Cas.   132,  07   X.  Y. 

Supp.  1111 292 

Fargo  V.  Helmer,  43  Hun,  17.  25  X.  Y.  Wook.  Dig.  405,  G  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

584 3,  290 

V.  Paul,  35  Mi.sc.  568,  72  X.  Y.  Supp.  21 13,  14 

Farmers'  Loan  &.  T.  Co.,  Re,  49  App.  Div.  1,  63  X.  Y.  Supp.  227 271 

V.  Bankers'  &  M.  Teleg.  Co.  109  X.  Y.  342,  16  X.  E.  539....  62,  450 

V.  Kursch,  5  X.  Y.  558 425 

V.  Millard,   9   Paige,   620 145 

Farrell  v.  Hill,  69  Him,  455,  52  X.  Y.  S.  R.  620,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  402. .  115 
V.  Xew  York  Juvenile  Asylum,  2  App.  Div.  496,  3  X.  Y.  Anno. 

Cas.  13,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  414,  37  X,  Y.  Supp.  1118 427 

Farrelly  v.  Hubbard,  148  X.  Y.  592,  43  X.  E.  65 511 

Farrington  v.  Farmers'  Loan  &  T,  Co.  50  X.  Y.   S.  R.  264,  21   X.  Y. 

Supp.  194 234 

Faulkner  v.  Cody,  28  ]Misc.  66,  59  X.  Y.  Supp.  807 427 

Fawdrey  v.  Brooklyn  Heiglits  R.  Co.  64  App.  Div.  418,  72  X.  Y.  Supp. 

283 93 

Faxon  v.  Mason,  76  Hun,  408,  59  X.  Y.  S.  R.  328,  27  X.  Y.  Supp.  1025  220 
V.  Mason,  90  Hun,  426,  70  X.  Y.    S.    R.    624,    35    X.    Y.    Supp. 

9.50 221,  223 

Fay  V.  Muhlker,   13  Daly,  314 353,  498 

Tearn  v.  Gelpcke,  13  Abb,  Pr,  473 323 

Teehan,  Re,  36  Misc.   614,  73  X,  Y,  Supp.   1126 264 


Ix  TABLE   OF  CASES   CITED. 

Feiber  v.  Lester,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  98G,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  339. ..  c 9& 

Feid  V.  Wray,  64  How.  Pr.  391,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pvep.  (jNIcCarty)   386, 

3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  159 237,  23S 

Feier  v.  Third  Ave.  R.  Co.  9  App.  Div.  607,  75  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1222,  41 

N.  Y.  Supp.  821    338 

Feist  V.  New  York,  15  App.  Div.  495,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  497 432 

Fellows  v.  Sheridan,  6  How.  Pr.  419 465 

Felt  v.  Dorr,   16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  587 225 

Fenlon   v.   Dempsey,   50  Hun,   131,   15   N.   Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  393,   22 

Abb.  N.  C.  114,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  231,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  763 218 

Fenno  v.  Dickinson,  4  Denio,  84 16& 

Ferdon  v.  Harrigan,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  G71,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  741 48 

Ferguson  v.  Arnoux,  142  N.  Y.  5S0,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  301,  37  N.  E.  626. .  1 

V.  Wooley,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  236 140 

Fernald  v.  Providence  Washington  Ins.  Co.  27  App.  Div.  137,  50  N.  Y. 

Supp.   838    413 

Fernbacher,  Re,   18  Abb.  N.  C.   1 33 

Fernbacher's  Estate,  4  Dem.  227,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  339,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.    349    260,  266 

Ferree  v.  Ellsworth,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  119,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  659 295 

Ferrin  v.  Myrick,  41  N.  Y.  315 31 

Ferris  v.  Hard,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  171,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  364,  4  N. 

Y.    Supp.   9    143,  373 

Fessenden  v.  Blanchard,  48  Hun,  350,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  277,  51 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  871,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  105 315 

Fetchman  v.  Davenport,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  220 388 

Fetridge  v.  Wells,  4  Abb.  Pr.  144,  13  How.  Pr.  385 417 

Field  V.  Field,  77  N.  Y.  294 246 

v.  New  York,  38  Hun,  590 385 

Fielding  v.   Mills,   2   Bosw.    489 285 

Fifield  V.  Browai,  2  Cow.  503 427 

Filer  v.  Korn,  3  Misc.  624,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  266,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  115.  .  .  87 

Finch  V.  Calvert,   13  How.  Pr.   13 493 

Fincke,   Re,    6   Daly,    111 47 

Fink  V.  Berg,  50  Hun,  211,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  322,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  851 414 

Finkel  v.  Kohn,  24  Misc.  367,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  694 498 

Finkmaur  v.  Dempsey,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  418 511 

Finley  v.  Jones,  6  Barb.  229 240 

Finton  v.  Egelston,  61  Hun,  246,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  936,  16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

721 148 

Firmenich  v.  Bovee,  1  Hun,  532,  4  Thomp.  &  C.  98 43 

First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Bush,  47  How.  Pr.  78 353 

V.  Fourth  Nat.  Bank,  84  N.  Y.  469,  60  How.  Pr.  436 454,  463 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  Ixi 

First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Hall,  19  Misc.  278,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  255 318 

V.  Levy,  41   Hun,  461 134 

V.  Tamajo,   77   N.   Y.   47G 497,  498 

V.  Washburn,  20  App.  Div.  518,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  117 231,  232 

V.  Yates,  21  Misc.  373,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  484 313 

Fischer  v.  Burns,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  476,  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  437 55 

....  V.  Langbein,  31  Hun,  272 398,  465,  466 

Tischer-Hansen  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  11.  Co.  173  X.  Y.  492,  66  N.  E.  395     87 

iFish  V.  Crane,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  252 241 

V.  Forrance,  5  How.  Pr.  317 362 

V.  Wing,   1  JSr.  Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  231 329,  333,  335 

li'isher  v.  Be-nnctt,  21  Misc.  178,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  114, 252,  253,  254 

V.  Cortland,  42  Hun,  173   171 

V.  English,  4  Montli.  L.  Bull.   37 387 

V.  Hepburn,  48  X.  Y.  41 355 

V.  Hunter,   15   How.   Pr.    150 5,  490 

Fitzhugh  V.  Wiman,  9  N.  Y.  559 488 

Fitzpatrick  v.  Borland,  27  Hun,  291 150 

Fitzsimmons  v.  Curley,  18  Jones  &  S.  429,  6  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  156  324 

V.  Ryan,  64  App.  Div.  404,  72  X.  Y.  Supp.  65 218 

Flaherty  v.  Cary,  25  App.  Div.  195,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  303 325,  326 

Fleishman  v.  Yagel,  16  Misc.  511,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  523 93,  96,  97,     98 

Flint  V.  Richardson,  2  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  80 354 

V.  Van  Deusen,  24  Hun,  440,  12  X.  Y".  Week.  Dig.  126 317,  329 

V.  Van  Dusen,  26  Hun,  606 12,     41 

Flood  V.  Moore,  2  Abb.  X.  C.  91 507 

Flor  V.  Flor,  73  App.  Div.  262,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  813 179,  513 

Florence  v.  Bulkley,  1  Duer,  705,  12  X.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  28 322,  342 

Floyd  V.  Clark,  16  Daly,  528,  17  X.  Y".  Supp.  848 144 

Flynn  v.  Equitable  Life  Assur.  Soc.  18  Hun,  212 358 

V.  Kennedy,  62  Hun,  26,  41  X.  Y.  S.  R.  359,  16  X.  Y.  Supp.  361 .  .    153 

V.  Tinney,   60  X.  Y.   Supp.   791 331,  332,  333 

V.  Westmayer,  14  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  130,  4  X.  Y.  Supp.  188.  .      63 

Fogg  v.  Edwards,  57  How.  Pr.  290,  6  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  493 317 

Foley,  Re,  39  App.  Div.  248,  57  X.  Y.  Supp.   131 332 

V.  Foley,  15  App.  Div.  276,  44  X.  Y.  Supp.  588 135,  148 

V.  Rathbone,  4  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  55 426,  432 

V.  Scharmann,  29  Misc.  521,  61  X.  Y'.  Supp.  909 20 

Folger,  Re,   4  Johns.   Ch.    169 209 

Folsom  V.  Van  Wagner,  7  Lans.  309,  14  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  44 86,  352 

Ford  V.  Knapp,  102  X.  Y.  135,  55  Am.  Rep.  782,  6  X.  E.  283 ....    153 

V.  Monroe,  6  How.  Pr.  204,  10  X.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  155 479 

Foreman  v.  Edwards,  14  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  408 40 


l>:ii  TABLE   OF   OASES   CITED. 

Forrest  v.  Thompson,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  345 395,  396; 

Forster  v.  Kane,   1   Dem.  67 259 

Forstman  v.  Schulting,  35  Hun,  505 39 

V.  Scluilting,   38   Hun,    482 98^ 

V.  Schulting,  42  Hun,  643,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  293,  4  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

463 512. 

V.  Schulting,  108  N.  Y.   110,  15  N.  E.  366 55 

Fort  V.  Gooding,  9  Barb.  371 245,  252,  360,  388 

Forty-Second  Street  &  G.  Street  Ferry  R.  Co.  v.  Guntzer,  4  Jones  &  S. 

567 330 

Foster  v.  Romer,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  487 115 

V.  Bowen,  1  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  236 427 

V.  Bryan,  26  How.  Pr.  164,  16  Abb.  Pr.  396 501 

V.  Cleveland,   6   How.   Pr.   253 163 

Fourth  Ave.,  Re,  11  Abb.  Pr.  189 440 

Fowler  v.  Dearing,  6  App.  Div.  221,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  1034 303 

V.  Fowler,  147  N.  Y.  673,  42  N.  E.  343 154 

Fox,  Re,  92  N.  Y.   93 238 

V.  Davidson,  40  App.  Div.  620,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  147 64 

v.  Fox,  22  How.  Pr.  453 237 

v.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385 41,  359,  360 

V.  Gould,  5  How.  Pr.  278,  3  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  209 359 

V.  Muller,  31  Misc.  470,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  388 437 

Franey  v.  Smith,  126  N.  Y.  658,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  480,  27  N.  E.  559.  .454,  463 

Frank  v.  Musliner,  29  Misc.  237,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  332 336 

Fraser  v.  Hunt,  18  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  390 394 

V.  MeXaughton,  58  Hun,  30,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  347,  11  N.  Y.  Supp. 

384 385 

V.Ward,  13  Daly,  431,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  11,  Affirming,  2 

How.  Pr.  N.  S.  47 319 

Freeman  v.  Brooks,  33  Misc.  450,  68  X.  Y.  Supp.  437 367 

Frickel  v.  Frickel,  4  Misc.  382,  24  X.  Y.  Supp.  483 175,  176 

Friedheim  v.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  35  Misc.  199,  71  N.  Y.  Supp. 

485 484 

Friedman  v.  Eisenberg,  24  X.  Y.  S.  R.  298,  4  X.  Y.  Supp.  551 126 

Friend,  Re,  23  Misc.  300,  50  X.  Y.  Supp.  954 220,  224 

Frisbie  v.  Averell,  87  Hun,  217,  33  X.  Y.  Supp.  1021 64 

Fritchie  v.  Hoi  den.  32  X".  Y.  S.  R.  276,  79  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  84,  11 

X.  Y.   Supp.   171 395 

Frith  V.  Campbell,  53  Barb.  325 382 

Fromme  v.  Gray,  17  Misc.  77,  39  X.  Y.  Supp.  856 42 

Frost  V.  Yonkers  Sav.  Bank,  70  X'.  Y.  553,  26  Am.  Rep.  627 294 

Fuchs  v.  Wm.  H.  Sweeney  Mfg.  Co.  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  925,  12  N.  Y.  Supp. 

870 .•  448 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  Ixill 

Fuller,  Re,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  412,  22  X.  Y.  S.  Px.  Srrl,  5  N.  Y. 

Supp.  460    2.58 

V.  Conde,  47  N.  Y.  8U 124,  126. 

Fujik  V.  Evening  Post  Pub.  Co.  75  Hun,  497,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  27 

N.  Y.  Supp.  10S9 97 

G. 

Gabriel,   Re,   60  N.  Y.   Supp.   87 262 

V.  Schillinger  Fire  Proof  &  Asphalt  Co.  24  Misc.   313,  6  N.  Y. 

Anno.  Cas.  1,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.   1127 50 

Gage  V.  Hornellsville,  106  N.  Y.  667,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  27  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  8,   12  N.  E.  817,  Alfirming  41  Hun,  87,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

345 170,  171 

V.  Peetsch,  12  Misc.  548,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  875,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  20 .  .  327 

Gale  V.  Wells,  7  How.  Pr.  191 ,  80 

Galinger  v.  Engelhardt,  26  Misc.  49,  55  X.  Y.  Supp.  334 412 

Gall,  Re,  40  App.  Div.  114,  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  178,  57  N.  Y.  Supp. 

835 246 

Gallagher  v.  Baird,  60  App.  Div.  29,  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  58,  69  N.  Y. 

Supp.   676    505 

V.  Egan,  2   Sandf .   742 85 

V.Geneva,  W.  S.  F.  &  C.  Lake  Traction  Co.  39  Misc.  637,  80 

N.  Y.  Supp.  606    338 

Gallation  v.  Smith,  48  How.  Pr.  477 423 

Gallersteiu  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  26  INIisc.  853,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  444 339 

Gallison  v.  Rawak,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  318,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  802 73 

Gallup  V.  Bell,  20  Hun,  172 160 

Gamble  v.  Taylor,  43  How.  Pr.  375 91 

Gansz  v,  Gansz,  59  X.  Y.  Supp.  955 177 

Gardenier  v.  Eldred,  21  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  221,  40  X.  Y.  S.  R.  225, 

15  X.  Y.  Supp.  819 428 

V.Oswego  Mut.  Sav.  &  Aid  Asso.  41  X.  Y.  S.  R.  30,  17  X.  Y. 

Supp.   394    428. 

Gardiner  v,  Tyler,  36  How.  Pr.  63,  Affirmed  in  5  Abb.  Pr.  X,  S.  33 26 

Gardner  v.  Gardner,  6  Paige,  455 255 

V.  Kelly,  2  Sandf.  632,  1  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  120 325,  327,  328 

V.  Walker,  22  How.  Pr.  405 395 

Garfield  v.   Kirk,   65   Barb.   464 311 

Garling  v.  Ladd,  27  Him,  112,  15  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  5 5 

Garlock  v.  Vandevort,  128  X.  Y.  374,  28  X.  E.  599 156 

Gamer  v.  Gladwin,  12  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  9 42,  43 

Garrabrant  v.  Sullivan,  13  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  196 130 

Garrett  v.  Wood,  61  App.  Div.  293,  70  X.  Y.  Supp.  358 102,  44& 


Isiv  TABLE   OF  CASES   CITED. 

Garrison  v.  Garrison,  67  How.  Pr.  271 284 

V.Marie,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  113,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  348.  ...  219 

•Garvey  v.  Owens,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  133,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  349 407 

V.  United  States  Horse  &  Cattle  Show  Soc.  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas. 

400,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  3G0,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  171 98 

Gates,  Re,  51  App.  Div.  350,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  1050 22 

V.  Canfield,  28  Hun,  12,  64  How.  Pr.  81,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

(McCarty)    255    116 

V.  McDonald,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  128,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  907 316,  317 

Gaul   V.   Miller,   3   Paige,    192 59 

Gedney  v.  Purdy,  47  N.  Y.  676 315,  325 

Geib  V.  Topping,  83  N.  Y.  46 600 

Gelch  V.  Barnaby,  7  Abb.  Pr.  19,  1  Bosw.  657 328 

Gelpeck  v.  Leather  Cloth  Co.  12  Abb.  Pr.  361 388 

Genet  v.  Binsse,  3  Daly,  239   246,  247,  250 

v.  Davenport,  58  N.  Y.   607 421 

V.  Delaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  57  Hun,  174,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

82,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  209,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  467 354 

V.Delaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  49  App.  Div.  645,  63  N.  Y.  Supp. 

230 384 

V.  Delaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  136  N.  Y.  217,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  201, 

32  K  E.  851   391 

Geoghegan  v.  Luchow,  75  App.  Div.  581,  78  N.  Y".  Supp.  278 71 

German  American  Bank  v.  INIilliman,  31  Misc.  87,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  242. .  300 
German  American  Provision  Co.  v.  Garrone,  73  App.  Div.  409,  77  N.  Y. 

Supp.    134    254 

German  Exch.  Bank  v.  Kroder,  14  Misc.  179,  35  JST.  Y.  Supp.  380 401 

German  Sav.  Bank  v.  Sharer,  25  Hun,  400 144 

Gerry  v.  Liddle,  82  Hun,  85,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  358,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  58.  .  188,  189 

Gibbs,  Re,  58  How.  Pr.  502 144 

V.  Prindle..  11  App.  Div.  470,  76  N.  Y.  S.  R.  329,  42  N.  Y.  Supp. 

320 20,  42 

Gidney  v.  Livingston,  25  How.  Pr.  1 373 

Gifford  V.  Rising,  48  Hun,  128,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  172,  28  N.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  327,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  596 315,  321,  322,  335 

Gilbert  v.  Deshon,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  799,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  36 498,  506 

Giles,  Re,  11  Paige,  638 208 

V.  Halbert,   12  N.  Y.  32 423,  424 

Gill  V.  Clark,  31  Misc.  337,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  406 501 

Gillespie  v.  Mulholland,  12  Misc.  40,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  33 47,  49 

V.  Pfisler,  Coleman  &  Cai.  Cas.  120,  3  Johns.  Cas.  470 327 

v.  Satterlee,  18  Misc.  606,  42  X.  Y.  Supp.  463 75 

V.  Stanless,  1  How.  Pr.   101 320 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  llxV 

Cillcspy  V,  Bilbrongh,  15  App.  Div.  212,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  2G0 349,  361 

Gillies  V.  Kreuder,   1   Dcm.   349 241 

€illiland  v.  Campbell,   18  How.  Pr.   177 124,  126 

Gilman  v.  Gilman,  6  Thonip.  &  C.  211,  Affirmed,  6  N.  Y.  41 2G5 

Gilmartin  v.  Smith,  4  Sandf.  084 70,  438 

Gilroy  v.  Badger,  28  Misc.  143,  58  N.  Y.  ISupp.  1100 434,  485 

V.  Stampfer,  30  Misc.  830,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  924 71 

Glackin  v.   Zeller,   52   Barb.    147 124,   126 

Gladke,  Re,   GO  N.   Y.   Supp.   869 203 

Glasburg  v.  Dry  Dock,  E.  B.  &  B.  E,.  Co.  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Bep.  50. .   339 

342 

Glass  V.  Place,  5  Daly,  110 327 

Glassford  v,  Lewis,  82  Hun,  40,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  102 97 

G.  Maehle  v.  Rosenberg,  80  App.  Div.  541,  80  N.  Y.  Supp.  703 332 

Godding  v.  Porter,   17  Abb.  Pr.  374 502 

Godfrey  v.  Pell,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  09 433 

Godley  v.  Kerr  Salt  Co.  3  App.  Div.  17,  73  N.  Y.  S.  11.  530,  37  N.  Y. 

Supp.   988    381 

Goetschius,  Re,  3  Misc.  155,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  975 261,  264 

Goldschmidt  v.  Goldschmidt,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  74 175 

Gomez;  v.  Gomez,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  646,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  901 234,  235,  233 

Good  V.  Rumsey,  50  App.  Div.  280,  03  N.  Y.  Supp.  981 54 

Goodenough  v.  Billing,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  405 302 

Goodenow  v.  Livingston,  1  How.  Pr.  232 4 

Gooding  v.  Bro\vn,  35  Hun,   153 300,  364 

Goodman  v.  Guthman,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  333 510 

Goodness  v.   Metropolitan   Street  R.   Co.   49  App.   Div.   76,   63   N.   Y. 

Supp.  476    7''4 

Goodrich  v.  McDonald,  112  N.  Y.  157,  19  N.  E.  649,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  222,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  509 13 

Goodridge  v.  Connor,   66  How.   Pr.   143 449 

Goodyear  v.  Baird,   11   How.  Pr.  377 482 

V.  Ogden,  4  Hill,  104 93 

Gooseberry,  Re,  52  How,  Pr.  310 274 

Gordon  v.  Strong,  15  App.  Div.  519,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  481 337,  384 

Gorham  v.   Innis,   115  N.   Y.  87,  21   N.  E.  722 159.  364 

Gori  v.  Smith,  6  Robt.  503,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  51 356,  364 

Gormly  v.  Mcintosh,  22  Barb.  271 404 

Gorton  v.  United  States  &  B.  Mail  S.  S.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

202,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  556,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  653 123,  130 

Goss  V.  Hays,  40  App.  Div.  557,  58  N,  Y.  Supp.  35 298,  299 

Gott  V.   Cook,   7   Paige,   521 154,  408 


Ixvi  TABLE   OF  CASES   CITED. 

Gould  V.  Chapin,  4  How.  Pr.  185,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  107 355,  361,  362- 

V.  Patterson,  03  Hun,  575,  28  Abb.  N.  C.  385,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Hep.  230,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  85,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  332 117 

Qowing  V.  Levy,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  10,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  767,  17 

N.  Y.  Supp.  771 62,  492 

Grade  Crossing  Comrs.,  Re,  19  Misc.  230,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  1073 482 

Re,  17  App.  Div.  54,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  844 205 

Re,  20  App.  Div.  271,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  1070 2,  197,  385 

Graham  v.  New  York  Life  Ins.  &  T.  Co.  46  Hun,  261 385 

Grangier  v.  Hughes,  24  Jones  &  S.  346,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  828 51 

Grant  v.  Crittenton,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  123 329 

Grantman  v.  Tlirall,  31  How.  Pr.  464 331 

Grauer  v.  Grauer,  2  Misc.  98,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  854,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  354. . .      55 

Graves  v.  Blanchard,  4  How.  Pr.  300,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  25 133 

Gray  v.  Daniels,  18  App.  Div.  465,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  1106 30K 

V.  Hannah,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  183 447 

V.  Journal  of  Finance  Pub.  Co.  2  Misc.  260,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  764, 

21  N.  Y.  Supp.  967 54 

V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  3  Misc.  239,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  905,  22  N.  Y. 

Supp.  771    381 

Green  v.  Lee,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  131 422 

V.  Reynolds,  72  Hun,  565,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  846,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  625  149 

Greene  v.  Canandaigua,  30  Hun,  306 113 

Greenfield   v.   New   York,   28   Hun,   320 29,     48 

Greenhalgh,  Re,  64  Hun,  20,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  924,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  743.  . .   271 

Greenwood  v.  Marvin,  11   N.  Y.  S.  R.  235 424 

Gregory  v.  Cyder,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  289 499 

V.  McArdle,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.   187 127 

Grening  v.  Malcolm,  83  Hun,  9,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  612 97 

Grier  v.  Lockport,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  444 , 171 

Griffin  v.  Brown,  35  How.  Pr.  372,  53   Barb.  428 126 

V.  Griffin,  47  N.  Y.   134 174,  182 

V.  Round  Lake  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  26  Hun,  314 427,  428 

Griflith  v.  Beecher,  10  Barb.  432 261 

Grigg  v.  IMcNutty,  5  Misc.  334,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  210,  25  N.  Y.  Supp. 

504 41 

Griggs  v.  Brooks,  79  Hun,  394,  61   N.  Y.   S.  R.  499,  29  N.  Y.   Supp. 

794 29,  47,  48 

V.  Day.  135  N.  Y.  469,  32  N.  E.  238 497 

V.  Guinn,  29  Abb.  N.   C.   144,  23   N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46,  21 

N.  Y.  Supp.  451    -^i)?,  505 

Grinnell  v.   Sherman,  19  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   139,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  27,   11 

N.  Y.  Supp.   682 215 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  Ixvii 

Grissler  v.  Stuyvesant,  67  Barb.  81 380 

Griswold,  Re,   15  Abb.  Pr.  299 259 

V.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  122  N.  Y.  640,  3  Silv.  Ct.  App.  126, 

33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  642,  25  N.  E.  381 457 

V.  Van  Dusen,  2  E.  D.   Smith,   178 298 

Grosfent  v.  Tallman,  2  How.  Pr.  147 422 

Gross  V.  Moore,  14  App.  Div.  353,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  945 239 

Grout  V.   Carver,    15   Hun,   361 237,  238 

Grussy  v.  Schneider,  50  How.  Pr.  134 290,  291 

Guckenheimor  v.  Angevine,  16  Hun,  453   98,  442,  451 

Guernsey  v.  Davidson,  7  Alb.  L.  J.  204 114 

Guilford  v.  Jacobie,  69  Hiin,  420,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  837,  23  N.  Y.  Supp. 

462 142 

Guliano  v.  Whitenack,  3  Misc.  54,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  768,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

560 65 

V.  Whitenack,  9  Misc.  562,  30  N,  Y.  Supp.  415 23 

Gunning  v.  Quinn,  81  Hun,  522,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  209,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015, 

32,     51 
Gurney  v.  Union  Transfer  &  Storage  Co.  25  Jones  &  S.  444,  29  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  274,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  549 350,  355,  369 

Guttroff  V.  VVallach,  3  Misc.  136,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  495,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

745 282 

H. 

H.,  Re,  93  N.  Y.  381 13,     28 

Re,  87  N.  Y.  521,  63  How.  Pr.  152,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  259. .. .     11 

48,  49,     52 

Hackett  v.  Edwards,  22  Misc.  659,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  609 282 

V.  Equitable  Life  Assur.  Soc.  30  Misc.  530,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  853  353 

Haddock  v.  Haddock,  75  App.  Div.  565,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  304 180 

Hadley  v.  Pethcal,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.    Rep.    216,    24    N.    Y.    Supp. 

803 92,     97 

Haffey  v.  Lynch,  46  App.  Div.  160,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  736 67 

Hafner  v.  Hafner,  34  Misc.  99,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  460 155,  156 

Hagan  v.  American  Baptist  Home  Missionary  Soc.  14  Daly,  131,  6  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  212   158 

Hagenbuchle  v.  Schultz,  69  Hun,   183,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  598,  23  N.  Y. 

Supp.  611    376 

Hager  v.  Danforth,  8  How.  Pr.  448 491 

Halin,  Re,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  357,  Affirmed  in  93  N.  Y.  38 J 17 

Re,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  259 10 

V.  Van  Doren,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  411 300,  465 


Lxviii  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Haines  v.  Patterson,  87  Huu,  109,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  459,  33  N.  Y.  Supp. 

814 509 

Hakonson  v.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  40  Misc.  182,  81  N.  Y.  Supp. 

6G2 485 

Halbert  v.  Cibbs,  16  App.  Div.  126,  4  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  232,  45  N.  Y. 

Supp.    113    13,     28 

Hale  V.  Mason,  86  Hun,  499,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  535,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  789.  .   323 

334 

V.  Prentice,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  81 361 

Hall  V.  Brennan,  64  Hun,  394,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  623. .   243 

V.  Dennerlein,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  67,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  796 289, 

V.  Edmunds,   67   How.   Pr.   202 245,  253 

V.  Emmons,  40  How.  Pr.  137,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  453 458 

V.  Hodskins,  30  How.  Pr.  15 116 

V.  Huntley,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  21,  note 61 

V,  Lindo,   8   Abb.   Pr.   341 85 

V.  Templeton,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  550 324 

V.  United  States  Reflector  Co.  5  INIonth.  L.  Bull.  1 362 

V.  VVaterbury,  5  Abb.  N.  C.  356 333,  335 

Hallett  V.  Hallett,  10  Misc.  304,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  102,  63  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  175,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  948 79 

Halliman  v.  Ft.  Edward,  26  Misc.  422,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  Iti2 172 

Hallock  V.  Bacon,  64  Hun,  90,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  91 242,  245 

V.  Hallock,  4  How.  Pr.  160 175 

Halpin  v.  Phoenix  Ins.  Co.  118  N.  Y.  165,  23  N.  E.  482 291 

Halsey  v.  McCallum,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  338 401 

Halstead  v.  Halstead,  11  Misc.  592,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  230,  66  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  335,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  1080 177 

V.  Halstead,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  673 458 

Hamersley  v.  Hamersley,  7  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  127 152 

Hames  v.  Judd,  16  Daly,  110,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  324,  30  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  666,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  743 313 

Hamilton  v.  Butler,  19  Abb.  Pr.  446,  30  How.  Pr.  36,  4  Robt.  654 484 

487,  492,  507 
V.Manhattan  R.  Co.  25  Jones  &  S.  491,  24  Abb.  N.  C.   156,   18 
N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  164,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  28,  8  N.  Y.  Supp. 

546 363 

Hammann  v.  Jordan,  27  Jones  &  S.  95,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  434,  13  N.  Y. 

Supp.  803 

Hammond  v.  Dean,  4  Hun,  131,  0  Thomp.  &  C.  337 52 

V.  Slccum,  50  How.  Pr.  415 132 

Hand  v.  Shaw,  13  Misc.  143,  C8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  99,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  115 325 

Hanel  v.   Baare,   9  Bosw.   682 494 


TABJ.E   OF   CASES   CITED.  IxJX 

Haiina  v.  Dexter,   15  Abb.   Pr.   135 89 

Hannahs  v.  Hannahs,  5  Hun,   044 498 

Hannover  National  Bank  v.  Linneworth,  7  Hun,  235 387 

Hanover  F.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Germania  F.  Ins.  Co.  63  Hun,  275,  43  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  454,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  50 381 

V.  Germania  F.  Ins.  Co.  138  N.  Y.  252,  52  X.  Y.  S.  R.  334,  33 

N.  E.  1065 159,  359,  303,  366 

Harding  v.  Elision,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  252,  13  N.  \".  Supp.  549,. .  116 

300 

V.  Field,  84  Hun,  540,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  875,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  1143. .  334 

Hardt  v.  Schulting,  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  27 43 

Hardy,  Re,  20  App.  Div.  104,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  953 208 

Hare  v.  White,  3  How.  Pr.  296,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  70 63 

Hargous  v.  Lahens,  3  Sandf.  213 290 

Harlem,  M.  &  F.  R.  Co.  v.  Westchester,  143  N.  Y.  59,  00  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

349,  37  N.  E.  034 352 

Harper  v.  Chamberlain,  14  Abb.  Pr.  408 397 

Harrigan  v.  Hoosick  Falls,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  352,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  57 92 

Harrington  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  73  N.  Y".  Supp.  1136 93 

V.  Libby,  6  Daly,   259,  201 82 

V.  Strong,  49  App.  Div.  39,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  257 240 

Harriott  v.  New  Jersey  R.  &  Transp.  Co.  1  Daly,  377 404 

Harris  v.  Elliott,  19  App.  Div.  00,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  910 50 

V.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   195,  10  N.  Y. 

Supp.    473    337,  430 

V.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.   192,  37  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  599,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  718 337,  342 

v.  Panama  R.  Co.  5  Bosw.  312 93 

Harrison  v.  Ayers,  18  Hun,  330 248 

V.Harrison,  75  Hun,  191,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  100,  26  N.  Y.  Supp. 

965 416 

V.  Newman,  14  Jones  &  S.  575 326 

V.  Swart,   34  Hun,   259 219,  301 

Hart  V.  Brooklyn,  36  Barb.  226 171 

V.  Hart,  45  App.  Div.  280,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  131 252 

V.  New  York,  16  App.  Div.  227,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  767 367 

V.  Ogdensbury  &  L.  C.  R.  Co.  89  Hun,  316,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  226,  35 

N.  Y.   Supp.  500 366 

V.  Storey,   1  Johns.   143 80 

Harwood,  Re,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  114,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  572 425 

v.  La  Grange,  137  N.  Y.  538,  32  N.  E.  1000.  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  30. .  32 

42,  51 

Hasbrouck  v.  Marks,  58  App.  Div.  33,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  510 376 


l\X  TABLE    OP    CASES    CITED. 

Hascall  v.  King,  64  App.  Div.  441,  31  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  207,  66 

N.   Y.   Siipp.    1112    132,  134 

V.King,  165  N.  Y.  288,  59  N.  E.  132 451 

Haskin,  Re,  18  Hun,  42 50 

Easier  v.  Johnston,  59  How.  Pr.  432 328 

Hatch  V.  Stewart,  42  Hun,  164,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  371,  5  N.  Y.  S. 

R.    180    245 

Hatten-s  Estate,  6  Dem.  444,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  293,  17  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  774,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  493 275 

Hausauer  v.  Machawicz,  54  App.  Div.  23,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  340 120,  289 

Hauselt  v.  Bonner,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  320,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  30,  6 

N.  Y.  Supp.  473,  Affirmed,  117  N.  Y.  634,  22  N.  E.  1129 438 

V.  Godfrey,  11  Daly,  276 453 

v.  Godfrey,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  116 392,  449 

v.  Taussig,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  236 353 

V.  Vilmar,   76   N.   Y.   630 259,  394 

Havana  City  R.  Co.  v.  Ceballos,  25  Misc.  600,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  360 326 

Havemeyer,  Re,  27  App.  Div.  123,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  126 43 

v.  Havemeyer,   12  Jones  &  S.   172 68 

V.  Havemeyer,   16   Jones   &   S.   104 69 

Hawley  v.  Davis,  5  Hun,  642   281,  287,  486 

V.  Donnelly,  8   Paige,  415 268 

Hayden  v.  Hayden,  8  App.  Div.  547,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  865 342 

V.  McDermott,  9  Abb.  Pr.   14 44 

V.  Mathews,  4  App.  Div.  338,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  589,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

905,  Affirmed,  158  N.  Y.  735,  53  N.  E.  1126 356,  371 

Hayes  v.  Carr,  44  Hun,  372,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  442,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  824     42 

v.  Carr,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  104,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  584 43 

V.  O'Reilly,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  347 126 

V.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  92 322 

Haynes  v.  Mosher,  15  How,  Pr.  216  473,  477,  478,  494 

Hays  V.  Knickerbocker  Ice  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  61 341 

v.  Ledman,  28  Misc.  575,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  687 181 

Hayward  v.  ]\Ianhattan  R.  Co.  52  Hun,  383,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

155,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  357,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  473 89 

Hazard  v.  Wilson,  3  Abb.  N.  C.  50 426,  431 

Healy  v.  Malcolm,  75  App.  Div.  422,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  315 249 

V. Murphy,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  13,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  541...  250 
V.  Twenty-Third  Street  R.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  15...  330,  333 

Heam  v.  Sullivan,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  371 430 

Heath  v.  Barmour,  35  How.  Pr.  1,  50  Barb.  444,  Affirmed  in  50  N.  Y. 

302 114,  116 

V.  Forbes,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  207,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  87.  .  .  .   390 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  IxXl 

Heather  v.  Neil,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  46 225,  423 

Heather's  Estate,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  194 255,  265 

Heaton  v.  Ferris,  1  Johns.  146 112 

Hebbard  v.  United  States  L.  Ins.  Co.  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  272 428 

Heckemann  v.  Young,  55  Hun,  406,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  8  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Ill 285 

Heckman  v.  Mackey,  19  Abb.  N.  C.  394,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  11 337 

Hecla  Consol.  Min.  Co.  v.  O'Neill,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  143,  51  N. 

Y.  S.  R.  436,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.   130 105,  438 

Hecox  V.  Ellis,  19  Wend.  157 192 

Heebner  v.  Townsend,  8  Abb.  Pr.  234 419 

Heert  v.  Cruger,  14  Misc.  508,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  688,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  1063.  .   383 

Hees  V.  Nellis,  65  Barb.  440,  1  Thomp.  &  C.  118 243 

Heilman  v.  Lazarus,  90  N.  Y.  672,  65  How.  Pr.  95,  12  Abb.  N.  C.  19 368 

Heimors  v.  Davidson,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  308 163 

Heintz  v.  Dellinger,  28  How.  Pr.  39 112 

Helck  V.  Rciiiheimer,  28  N.  Y.  Week  Dig.  347,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  465 452 

Helgers  v.  Staten   Island  Midland  R.  Co.  69  App.  Div.  570,  75  N.  Y. 

Supp.  34 93 

Helmprecht  v,  Bowen,  87  Hun,  362,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  1141 342 

Hempstead,  Re,  36  App.  Div.  321,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  345 203 

Henderson  v.  Bannister,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  125 283,  287 

V.  Henderson,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  102 94,     97 

V.  Scott,  43  Hun,  22 151,  153 

Henderson,  H.  &  Co.  v.  McNally,  33  App.  Div.  132,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  178.  6  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  166,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  351.  .  .321,  329 

Hendricks  v.  Bouck,  4  E.  D.  Smith,  461,  2  Abb.  Pr.  360 103 

Henning  v.  Miller,  83  Hun,  403,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  667,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  878  242 

253 

Henricus  v.  Englert,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  598,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  237 420 

Henry,  Re,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  713,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  156 274 

V.  Derby,  21  Jones  &  S.  125,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  100 421 

Henry's  Estate,  5  Dem.  272,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  344 259 

Henry  Huber  Co.  v.  Warren,  29  Misc.  588,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  247 330 

Hepburn  v.  Hepburn,  54  How.  Pr.  466,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  90 428 

Hequembourg  v.  Bookstaver,  54  Hun,  88,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479,  7  N.  Y. 

Supp.  217 83,  396 

Herbert  v.  Drake,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  175 430 

Herbst  v.  Vacuum  Oil  Co.  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  555,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  42 463 

Herkimer  County  Light  &  P.  Co.  v.  Johnson,  37  App.  Div.  257,  55  N.  Y. 

Supp.  924 -lOS 

Herman  v.  Aaronson,  8  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  155 319 

V.  Girvin,  8  App.  Div.  418,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  845 120,  121 

v.  Lyons,  10  Hun.  Ill,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  90 -281,  287,  486 


Ixxii  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Herrington  v.  Robertson,  71  N.  Y.  280 131,  132,  244,  458 

Herron  v.  Herron,  28  Misc.  323,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  861 182 

Herzfeld  v.  Rcinacli,  26  Misc.  489,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  609 48» 

Herzog  v.  Tamsen,  22  Misc.  7(ifi.  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  105,  49  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1015 31$ 

Hess,  Re,  48  Hun,  586,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  255,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  811 514 

V.  Joseph,    7    Robt.    609 4» 

Hesse  v.  Briggs,  13  Jones  &,  S.  417 467 

Hewitt  V.  City  Mills,  136  N.  Y.  211,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  335,  32  N.  E.  703. .   43* 

V.  Cook,  75  App.  Div.  239,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  2 91 

Hewlett  V.  Brown,  1  Bosw.  655,  7  Abb.  Pr.  74 476 

Hexter  v.  Pennsylvania  R.  Co.  43  App.  Div.  113,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  453.  . .     4^ 
Heywood  Boot  &  Shoe  Co.  v.  Ralph,  82  Hun,  418,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  580, 

31  N.  Y.  Supp.  263 291,  292 

Hibbard  v.  Randolph,  72  Hun,  626.  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  431,  25  N.  Y.  Supp. 

854 281 

Hicks  V.  Brennan,  10  Abb.  Pr.  304   87,  478,  481 

v.  Payson,  7   Abb.  Pr.   326 327 

V.  Waltermire,  7  How.  Pr.  370 90,  358 

Higgins  V.  Sharp,  164  N.  Y.  4,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  139,  58  N.  E.  9.  .  .174,  182 

Hilborne  v.  Kolle,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  182 81 

Hildebrant  v.  Crawford,  0  Lans.  502 392 

Hilderbrandt  v.  Ogden,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  74 427 

Hill  v.  Edie,  24  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  124 110 

V.  Grant,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  407 428,  429 

V.Lee,  4  App.  Div.  154,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  506,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  641. .   408 

Hillebrandt,  Re,  33  App.  Div.  191,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  352 49,     50 

Himberg  v.  Rogers,  40  IMisc.  190,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  627 7^ 

Hinckley  v.  Boardman,  3  Cai.  134 437 

v.  Kreitz,  58  N.  Y.  583 412 

Hinds  V.  Myers,  4  How.  Pr.  356,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  48 244,  395,  399 

V.  Schenectady  County  Mut.  Ins.  Co.  7  How.  Pr.  142 478 

Hinman  v.  Devlin,  40  App.  Div.  234,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  1037 25,  26,     27 

V.Pierce,  50  Hun,  209,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138,   19  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  390,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  801 316 

V.Ryder,  12  Jones  &  S.  330 361,  302,  382 

Hirschspring  v.  Boe,  20  Abb.  N.  C.  402,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  125.  .   283 

284.  288,  365 
Hirshbach.  Re,  72  App.  Div.  79,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  117 12 

v.  Ketchum,  5  App.  Div.  324,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 12 

Hirshfield  v.  Bopp,  5  App.  Div.  202,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  24 78 

Hiscox  V.  New  Yorker  Staats-Zeuting,  3  Misc.  110,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  131, 
23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Ren.  87.  r>2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  212,  23  N.  Y. 
Supp.  r;<52 402 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 


Ixxiii 


Hitchler,  Re,  25  Misc.  369,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  640 2G4,  273 

Hoag  V.  Greenwich,  133  N.  Y.  152,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  519,  30  N.  E.  842.  .  .  .    368 

Hodges  V.  Porter,  10  Hun,  244 314 

Hodgkins  v.  Mead,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  16,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  937,  5 

N.  Y.   Supp.  435 .394 

Hoe  V.  Sanborn,  36  N.  Y.  93,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  189,  35  How.  Pr.  197.  .    128 

284,  443 
Hoffman,  Re,  76  Hun,  399,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  699,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  1086.  ...    277 

V.  Barry,  2  Hun,  52,  4  Thomp.  &  C.  253 105,  469 

V.  De  Graaf,  39  Hun,  648 

V.  HolTman,  7  Robt.  474 176 

V.  Lowell,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  103 318 

V.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  18  Jones  &  S.  51 2 479 

V.  Ridley,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  41 80 

V.  Van  Nostrand,  14  Abb.  Pr.  336 28 

Hogan  V.  Cavanaugh,  139  N.  Y.  620,  34  N.  E.  1046 455 

Holden,  Re,  126  N.  Y.  589,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  507,  27  N.  E.  1063.  .  .197,  385,  403 

V.  New  York  &  E.  Bank,  72  N.  Y\  286 137 

Holdridge  v.  Scott,  1  Lans.  303 237,  238 

Holland  Trust  Co.  Re,  76  Hun,  325,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  85,  27  N.  Y.  Supp. 

687 52 

Hollenbeck  v.  Knapp,  42  Hun,  207 304 

Holler  V.  Apa,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  IS  N.  Y.  Supp.  588 158 

Hollingslied  v,   WoodAvard,  35   Hun,  410 102 

Holmes  v.  Evans,  129  N.  Y.  140,  29  N.  E.  233,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  365 13 

V.  St.  John,  4  How.  Pr.  66,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  46 4 

Holmes  &  G.  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Morse,  28  Abb.  N.  C.  133,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  190. .   499 

Holton  V.  Robinson,  59  App.  Div.  45,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  33 216,  514 

Holy  Trinity  Church  v.  St.  Stephen's  Church.  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  120,  15 

N.  Y.  Supp.  117 70 

Hommeyer  v.  Beere,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  169 23,     36 

Honduras  v.  Soto,  112  N.  Y.  310,  2  L.  R.  A.  642,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 
Rep.  270,  8  Am.  St.  Rep.  744,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  749,  19  N.  E. 

845 317,  330 

Hone  v.  De  Peyster,  106  N.  Y.  645,  13  N.  E.  778 240,  242,  269,  424 

Honeywell  v.  Burns,  8  Cow.  121 80 

Hood,  Re,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  705,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  S."„S 451,  452 

Re,   30   Hun,   472 269,  451 

v.  Hood,   12  Daly,   113 84 

Hoodless  V.  Brundage,  8  How.  Pr.  263 126 

Hoos  V.  Person,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  530 374 

HopfT  V.  United  States  Baking  Co.  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  729,  21  N.  Y.  Supp. 

589 65 


Ixxiv  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Hopkins  v.  Hopkins,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  174 179 

V.  Lott,  111  N.  Y.  577,  19  N.  E.  273 236,  249 

Hopper  V.  Ersler,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  192,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  804,  38  N.  Y. 

Supp.  176 42 

.  V.  Hopper,  92  Hun,  415,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  664,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  610. .  182 

183 

Horgan  v.  McKenzie,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  131,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  174 158 

V.  Ricker,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  330 405 

Hornby  v.  Cramer,  12  How.  Pr.  490 140 

Hornellsville  Electric  R.  Co.  v.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  83  Hun, 

407,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  745 197,  200 

Horning  v.  Smith,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  142,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  790.304,  492 

Horton,  Re,  18  Misc.  406,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  775 210 

V.  Brown,   29  Hun,   654 247 

V.  Jordan,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  920,  11  N".  Y.  Supp.  2 112,   118 

V.  Shepherd,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  178,  6  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  166, 

53   N.  Y.  Supp.  351 329 

Hosmer  v.  Gano,  14  Misc.  229,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc,  Rep.  100,  70  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  169,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  471 503 

Hossley  v.  Colerick,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  169,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  43. . .     99 

Hotaling  v.  McKenzie,  7  N.  Y.  Civ,  Proc.  Rep.  320 338 

V.  Marsh,  14  Abb.  Pr.  161,  Reversing  13  Abb.  Pr.  297 355,  387 

House  V.  Eisenlord,  30  Hun,  90,  Affirmed  102  N.  Y.  713,  7  N.  E.  428. .    142 

V.  Lockwood,  48  Hun,  550,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  540 464 

V.  Raymond,  3  Hun,  45,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  248 308 

Hover  v.  Heath,  3  Hun,  283,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  488 52 

Hovey  v.  Rubber  Tip  Pencil  Co.  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  66 42 

V.  Rubber  Tip  Pencil  Co.  3  Jones  &  S.  81,  12  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  3G0, 

Affirmed  50  N.  Y.  335 415 

V.  Rubber  Tip  Pencil  Co.  50  N.  Y.  336 417 

Howard  v.  Farley,  3  Robt.  599 289 

V.  Riker,  ]  1  Abb.  N.  C.   113 87 

V.Rome  &  T.  PI.  Road  Co.  4  How.  Pr.  416,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep. 

41 359,  360 

Howe  V.  Howe,  5  N.  Y,  Week.  Dig.  460 178 

V.  Lloyd,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  257,  2  Lans.  335 241,  243 

V.  Muir,  4  How.  Pr.  252,  3  N,  Y,  Code  Rep.  21 349,  355 

Howell  V.  Buffalo,  15  N.  Y.  512 171 

V.  Kinney,    1   How.   Pr.   105 500 

V,  Miller,   12   Daly,   277 352 

V,  Van  Siclen,  8  Hun,  524,  Affirmed  70  N.  Y.  595,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  1..   360 

454,  464 
V.  Van  Sicklen,  70  N.  Y.  595,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  1 358,  360 


TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED.  IxXV 

Ho\v«.ll  V.  Veith,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  405 397 

V.  Wright  Dairy  Co.  31  Misc.  755,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  55 307 

Howitt  V.  Merrill,  17  X.  Y.  S.  R.  1007,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  894 14 

v.Merrell,  113  N.  Y.  G30,  2  Silv.  Ct.  App.  158,  20  N.  E.  868,  16 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  374,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  619 41 

Howk  V.  Bishop,  10  Hun,  509 400 

Howland  v.  Lenox,  4  Johns.  311 478,  481 

V.  Taylor,    6    Hun,    237 28 

Hoye  V.  Flynn,  30  Misc.  636,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  252 252 

Hoyt  V.  Godfrey,  11  Daly,  278,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  118,  16  N.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  91    42 

Hoyt's  Estate,  5  Dem.  432,  12  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  208,  26  N.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  373,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  786 256 

Hubbard  v.  Gicquel,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  15,  15  X.  Y.  S.  R.  397.  ..  .   321 

v.  National  Protection  Ins.  Co.  11  How.  Pr.  149 72 

Hubbell  V.  Rochester,  8  Cow.  115 109,  112 

Hudson  V.  Erie  R.  Co.  57  App.  Div.  98,  68  X.  Y.  Supp.  28 480,  482,  484 

485,  487,  507 

V.  Guttenberg,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  415 391,  392 

Hudson  River  Teleph.  Co.  v.  Watervliet  Turnp.  &  R.  Co.  135  X.  Y.  393, 
17  L.  R.  A.  674,  31  Am.  St.  Rep.  838,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  417,  32 

N.  E.   148    369 

Huff  V.  Jewett,  20  Misc.  35,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  311 123 

Hughes  V.  Cummings,  63  App.  Div.  363,  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  699 234 

Hulbert,  Re,  10  Abb.  X.  C.  284 222 

Hulbert  Bros.  &  Co.  Re,  29  Misc.  484,  61  X\  Y.  Supp.  959 408 

Hulburt  V.  Xewell,  4  How.  Pr.  93,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  54 320 

Hull  V.  Peters,  7  Barb.  331 290,  291 

Hulsaver  v.  Wiles,  1 1  How.  Pr.  446 215 

Humfreville,  Re,  154  N.  Y.  115,  47  X.  E.  1086 264,  513 

Humiston  v.  Ballard,  40  How.  Pr.  40,  63  Barb.  9 304,  404 

Hun  V.  Salter,  92  X.  Y.  651 354 

Hunt  V.  Chapman,  62  X.  Y.  333,  1  N.  Y.  W^eek.  Dig.  15 143,  373 

V.  Connor,  14  Abb.  Pr.  466 241 

V.  Genet,  14  Daly,  225,  6  X.  Y.  S.  R.  275 404 

V.  ]\Iiddlebrook,   14  How.  Pr.  300 4,  387 

V.  Oswego,  45  Hun,  305 171 

V.  Oswego,  107  X.  Y.  629,  1  Silv.  Ct.  App.  520,  27  X.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  237,  11  N.  Y.  S.  R.  762,  14  N.  E.  97 171 

V.  Sullivan,  79  App.  Div.  119,  79  X.  Y.  Supp.  708 434 

Huntington  v.  Moore.  59  Hun,  351,  20  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  160,  36 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  541,  13  X.  Y.  Supp.  97 144,  373 


Ixxvi  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Hurd,  Re,  6  Misc.  171,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  109,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  694,  26  N.  Y. 

Supp.  893 497,  500 

V.  Callahan,  5  Redf.  393,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  374 276 

V.  Farmers'  Loan  &  T.  Co.  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  480 348,  359 

Hurley  v.  Brown,  55  App.  Div.  8,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  279 451,  462 

Hurry  v.  Coffin,  11  Daly,  180,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  319 304 

Hussey  v.  Culver,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  836,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  193,  Affirmed  130 

N.  Y.  681,  29  N.  E.  1035 62 

Husson,  Re,  26  Hun,  130,  62  How.  Pr.  358 49 

Husted  V.  Thomson,  26  Misc.  548,  91  N.  Y.  S.  R.  558,  57  N.  Y.  Supp. 

558 20,     43 

V.  Thompson,  38  App.  Div.  315,  57  N.  y.  Supp.  9 378,  383 

V.  Van  Ness,  1  App.  Div.  120,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  28,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1043 132,  394 

V.  Van  Ness,  158  N.  Y.  104,  52  N.  E.  645 132 

Hutchinson,  Re,  84  Hun,  563,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  149,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  869. .   265 

266,  269 

Hutson  V.  Weld,  38  Hun,  142,  22  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  572 215,  216,  217 

Hyland  v.  Carpenter,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  261 251 

Hyman  v.  Hauff,  138  N.  Y.  48,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  731,  33  N.  E.  735 145 

HjTies  V.  Campbell,  60  Hun,  391,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  874,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  506,  224 
V.  ilcDermott,  14  Daly,  104,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  582 230,  38& 

I. 

Imhoff  V.  Wurtz,  9  N.  Y,  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  48 71 

Importers'  &  Grocers'  Exchange,  Re,  15  Daly,  419,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  322. . .  309 
Inderlied  v.  Whaley,  4  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  29,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  377, 

26  N.  Y.  S.  R,  7,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  74 90 

Ingersoll  v.  Bostmck,  22  N.  Y.  425 488 

Ingraham,  Re,  35  Misc.  577,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  62 274 

Innes  v.  Purcell,  1  Hun,  318,  2  Tliomp.  &  C.  538,  541 504 

Interior  Conduit  &  Insulation  Co.  v.  Alexander,  27  Misc.  598,  59  N.  Y. 

Supp.  126 423 

Ireland  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  127 64,     66 

Irving  V.  De  Kay,  9  Paige,  521 266 

V.  Garrity,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  182,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  105.  .  .330,  3.38 
Irwin  V.  Curie,  56  App.  Div.  514,  67  N.  \^  Supp.  380 12 

V.  Deyo,  2  Wend.  285 477,  478 

V.  O'Connor,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  124 399 

Isaacs  V.  Cohen,  86  Hun,  119,  2  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  98,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  22, 

33  N.  Y.  Supp.  1 88  161 

V.  Now  York  Pla.stor  Works,  11  Jones  &  S.  397,  4  Abb.  N.  G.  4.  .   454 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  Ixxvii 

Isaacsohn  v.  Isaacsohn,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  73 182 

Iselin  V.  Graydon,  26  How.  Pr.  95 387 

V.  Smith,  62  Hun,  221,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  683 78 

Isola  V.  Weber,  12  App.  Div.  267,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  tiiS 453 

Israel  v.  Israel,  28  Misc.  57,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  800 175 

V,  Metropolitan  R.  Co.  10  Misc.  722,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  638,  31  N.  Y. 

Supp.  816 366,  372 

J. 

Jack  T.  Central  Cross  Town  R.  Co.  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  98 324 

V.  Rohie,  4S  Hun,  181,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  605 223,  239 

Jackett  V.  Judd,  18  How.  Pr.  385 6,  492 

Jacks  V.  Darrin,  I  Abb.  Pr.  232 299 

Jackson  v.  Figaniere,  15  How.  Pr.  224 387 

V.  Lynch,  32  How.  Pr.  93 160 

V.Rochester,  124  N.  Y.  624,  3  Silv.  Ct.  App.  341,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

73,  26  N.  E.  326 459 

Jackson  ex  deni.  Allen  v.  Carpenter,  3  Cow.  22 428 

Clark  V.  Clark,  1  Cow.  140 429 

Livingston  v.  Edwards,  1  Cow.  138 429 

Livingston  v.  Thurston,  3  Cow.  342 93 

Pinkney  v.  Pell,  19  Johns.  270 91 

Williamson  v.  Miller,  3  Cow.  57 427 

Jacob  V.  Haefelien,  54  App.  Uiv.  570,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.   1007 95 

Jacob  Hoffman  Brewing  Co.  v.  Volpe,  4  Misc.  261,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  812.  .   486 

Jacobs  V.  Hooker,  1  Barb.  71 59 

Jocobsohn  v.  Belmont,  7  Bosw.  14 94 

Jacques  v.  Elmore,  7  Hun,  675 268 

Jacquin  v.  Jacquin,  36  Hun,  378,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  206,  7  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  327    179,   181,  513 

Jaffray  v.  Goldstone,  62  Hun,  52,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  901,  16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

430 85,     86 

James,  Re,  78  Hun,  121,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  184,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  992 272 

Janos  V.  Snmstag,  31  Misc.  790,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  223 307 

Jeffards  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  49  App.  Div.  45,  63  N.  Y.  Supp. 

530 27 

Jenkins  v.  Adams,  22  Hun,  600 15 

Jenkinson  v.  Harris,  27  Misc.  714,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  548 252,  253 

Jermain  v.  Booth,  1   Denio,  639 114 

V.  Lake  Sliore  &  M.  S.  R.  Co.  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  58 438 

V.  Lake  Shore  &  M.  S.  R.  Co.  31  Hun,  558 357,  451 

Jetter,  Re,  78  N.  Y.  601 171 


Ixxviii  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Jewett  V.  Woodward,  1  Edw.  Ch.  200 220 

Jobbitt  V.  Giles,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  523 424 

Johanson  v.  New  York,  71  App.  Div.  561,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  119 13 

John  Church  Co.  v.  Dorsey,  38  Misc.  542,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  1005 415- 

Johnson,  Re,  18  Misc.  498,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  1074 190 

Re,   10   Daly,    123 220,  222,  224 

V.  Brannan,  5  Johns.  268   296 

V.  Carnlcy,  10  N.  Y.  570,  61  Am.  Dec.  762 488 

V.  Chappell,   7  Daly,  43 493 

V.  Farrell,  10  Abb.  Pr.  384 287,  437 

V.  Lord,  35  App.  Div.  325,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  922 467 

V.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  56  App.  Div.  286,  9  N.  Y.  Anno. 

Cas.  70,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  855 321 

V.  Myers,  103  N.  Y.  666,  1  Silv.  Ct.  App.  209,  25  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  75,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  655,  9  N.  E.  55 245,  250 

V.  Sagar,   10  How.  Pr.  552 129,  288 

V.  Shelter  Island  Grove  &  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  122  N.  Y.  330,  33 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  514,  25  N.  E.  484 371,  372 

V.  Shelter  Island  Grove  &  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  47  Hun,  374,  28 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  59,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  576 380 

V.  Weir,  36  Misc.  737,  74  N,  Y.  Supp.  358 153 

\.  Yeomans,  8  How.  Pr.  140 169 

Johnston  v.  Catlin,  57  N.  Y.  652 283 

V.  Green,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  342 342 

v.New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  10  Miso.  136.  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  491,  30 

N.  Y.   Supp.  920 508 

Johnstone  v.  Conner,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  19,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702.  .  .   395 

Johnstown  v.  Frederick,  35  App.  Div.  44,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  412 197 

Jones,  Re,  4  Sandf.  Ch.  015 262 

v.  Butler,  83  Hun,  91,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  278,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  814, 
31  N.  Y.  Supp.  401,  Reversed  on  other  groimds,  146  N.  Y. 

55,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  772,  41  N.  E.  633 102 

V.  Case,  38  How.  Pr.  349 84,  483 

V.  Cook,    11    Hun,    230 59 

v.  Eastman,  11  Abb.  N.  C.   1 14 44 

V.  Emery,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  33S 6,  111 

V.  Gray,  13  Wend.  280 161 

v.  Jones,  71  Hun,  519,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  103. . .   442 
V.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  27  Jones  &  S.  437,  14  N.  Y.  Supp. 

632 94,  114 

V.  Xewton,  47  K  Y.  S.  R.  217,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  780 407 

V.  Newton,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  823,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  510 498 

V.  Savage,  10  Wend.  621 320 


TABLE  OF  OASES  CITED.  IxxJS 

Jones  V.  Sherman,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  4G1,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  416, 

8  N.  Y.   S.  R.  344 216,  217,  218 

V.  Sherman,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  344 462 

V.  Tienken,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  219 74 

V.  Underwood,   18  How.  Pr,  532 6 

V.  Wakefield,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  287 350 

Jordan  v.  Hess,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  326,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  489 364 

Jordon  v.  National  Shoe  &  Leather  Bark,  13  Jones  &  S.  423 62 

V.  Sherwood,    10   Wend.   622 421 

Joseph  V.  Raflf,  75  App.  Div.  447,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  310 336 

V.  Makley,  73  App.  Div.  157,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  663 336 

Joyce  V.  Cooper,  17  Jones  &  S.  115 343 

Juda  V.  Stagg,  22  Wend.  641 241 

Judd  V.  Ensign,  6  Barb.  258 290 

Judson  V.  Gray,  11  N.  Y.  403 53,  500 

V.  Olean,  40  Hun,   158    171 

Julio  V.  Ingalls,  15  Abb.  Pr.  429 428 

K. 

Kahn  v.  Coen,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  478,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  107,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

347 489,  492- 

V.Schmidt,  83  llun,  541,  65  N,  Y.  S.  R.   190,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

33 131,  355,  364 

V.  Singer  Mfg.  Co.  18  Misc.  568,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  461 339,  34a 

Kaliski  v.  Pelham  Park  R.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  315,  15  N.  Y. 

Supp.  519 130 

Kalt  V.  Lignot,  3  Abb.  Pr.  33,  Affirmed  in  3  Abb.  Pr.  190 125 

Kamermann  v.  Eisner  &  M.  Co.  23  Misc.  330,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  210.  .  .314,  315 
Kane  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  15  Daly,  366.  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  399,  7 

N.  Y.  Supp.  653 466,  495 

V.  Van   Vranken,   5   Paige,   62 59 

Kanna  v.  Kester,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  119 406 

Katz  V.  Diamond,   16  Misc.  577,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.   174,  38  N,  Y.  Supp. 

7C6 301,  405 

Kaufman  v.  Keeman,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  225 42 

Kautz  V.  Vandenburgh,  77  Hun,  591,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  496,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1046 280,  281,  285 

Kayser  v.  Arnold,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  105,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  412 149 

Keane  v.  Kcane,  86  Hun,  159,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  800,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  250.  .      24 

Kearney  v.  McKeon,  85  N.  Y.  136 498 

Kearney's  Case,  13  Abb.  Pr.  459,  22  How.  Pr.  309 215 

Keating  v,  Anthony,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  233 472 


IXXX  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Keeler,  Re,  2  Connoly,  45,  23  Abb.  N.  C,  376,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

30,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  90,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  199 257,  258 

V.  Barrett's  P.  &  H.  Dyeing  Establishment,  22  Jones  &  S.  550,  18 

Abb.  N.  C.  459,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  121 448 

V.  Koelcr,  51  Hun,  505,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  666,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  5S0.  .      15 

38,     39 

V.  Keeler,  102  N.  Y.  30,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  673,  6  N.  E.  678 438 

V.  Van  Wie,  49  How.  Pr.  97 296 

Keely  v.  West,  4  Jones  &  S.  304 293 

Keeney  v.  Treadwell,  71  App.  Div.  521,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  1097 46 

Keese  v,  Wyman,  8  How.  Pr.  88 281 

Kehoe  v.  Miller,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  393,  note   15 

Keil  v.  Rice,  24  How.  Pr.  228 96 

Keim  v.  Keira,  43  App.  Div.  88,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  366 503 

Keiny  v.  Infrraliam,  66  Barb.  250 114 

Keller  v.  Shrady,  30  Misc.  833,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  112;J 100 

V.  TowTistnd,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  432 313 

V.  Van  Wie,  49  How.  Pr.  97 128 

Kelley  v.  Kremer,  74  App.  Div.  456,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  515 336 

V.  McMahon,  37  Hun,  212   135 

Kellingger  v.  Roe,  7  Paige,  362 272 

Kellogg  V.  Baker,  15  Abb.  Pr.  283 243 

V.  Og.len,  27  App.  Div.  214,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  650 251 

V.  Stoddard,  40  Misc.  92,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  271 179 

Kelly,  Re,  J2  Daly,  110   343 

Re,  59  N.  Y.  595   62 

V.  Bonesteel,  29  Hun,  546  283 

V.  Chenango  Valley  Sav.  Bank,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  658 348,  362,  367 

V.  Fraxier,  27  Hun,  314,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  322 92 

V.  Kelly,  77  App.  Div.  519,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  918 313 

V.  Manhattan  Beach  R.  Co.  81  N.  Y.  233 112 

V.  New  York  &  M.  B.  R.  Co.  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  43,  Affirmed  in 

19  Hun,  363    119 

v.  Plum,  50  How.  Pr.  236 440 

V.  West,  4  Jones  &  S.  304 290 

Kelsey  v.  Sargent,  40  Hun,  150,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  669 405 

Kemp,  Re,  7  App.  Div.  609,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1144 276 

Kemp  V.  Union  Gas  &  Oil  Stove  Co.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  190,  46 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  67,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  959 124,  126,   127 

Kemple  v.  Darrow,  7  Jones  &  S.  447 449 

Kenna  v.  Atlas  S.  S.  Co.  19  Abb.  N.  C.  265 79,     82 

Kennedy  v.  Carrick,  18  Misc.  38,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1127 11 

v.  Harlem  R.  Co,  3  Duer,  659 93 


TABLE  OF  CASKS   CITED.  Ixxxi 

Kennedy  v.  McKone,  10  App.  Div.  97,  41  N.  Y.  Supp,  577 133,  290 

V.  Steele,  35  Misc.  105,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  237 32,  37 

V.Wood,  54  Hun,   14,   17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  375,  26  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  34,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  90 90,  91 

Keeney  v.  Tredwell,  71  App.  Div.  521,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  1097 40 

V.  First  Nat.  Bank,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  398 53 

V.  Livery  Stable  Keepers'  Asso.  89  Hun,  190,  69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  237, 

35   N.  Y.   Supp.   8 298,  299 

Kent  V.  Crouse,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  141 309 

V.  Rockwell,  89  Hun,  88,  G9  N.  Y.  S.  R.  13,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  1041 .  .  51 

Kentish  v.  Tathani,  6  Hill,  372 429 

Ketchmn  v.  Ketchum,  4  Cow.  87   237 

Keyser  v.  Kelly,  11  Jones  &  S.  22 245,  246 

Kiah  V.  Grenier,  1  Thomp.  &  C.  388 447 

Kiefor  v.  Grand  Trunk  R.  Co.   37   N.   Y.   S.  R.  306,    13  N.   Y.  Supp. 

860 76,  4.34 

Kiernan  v.  Agricultural  Ins.  Co.  3  App.  Div.  26,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  417, 

37  N.  Y.  Supp.  1070 279,  442 

Kilburn  v.  Lowe,  37  Hun,  237  3,  119,  392 

Killan,  Re,  66  App.  Div,  312,  72  N.  Y.  Supp,  714 257 

Killick,  Re,  4  Silv.  Sup,  Ct.  89,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  763,  7  N.  Y,  Supp.  360.  .  209 

210 

Kilmer  v.  Evening  Herald  Co.  70  App.  Div.  291,  75  N,  Y.  Supp.  243. . .  86 

Kilts  V,  Seeber,  10  How,  Pr,  270 280 

Kimberly  v.  Goodrich,  22  How,  Pr,  424 231,  334 

V,  Stewart,  22  How.  Pr.  281 231,  331,  333,  334 

King,  Re,  168  N.  Y.  53,  60  N.  E.  1054 13,  32 

V.  Brush,  5  Alb,  L.  J,   137 449 

V,  Duntz,   11   Barb.    191 146 

V,  Poole,  36  Barb,  242 404 

V.  Randolph,  28  App.  Div,  25,  50  N,  Y,  Supp.  902 172 

V.  Todd,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  114,  27  Abb.  N.  C.  149,  15  N.  Y. 

Supp,  156 242,  247 

Kingslaud  v.  New  York,  52  Hun,  98,  16  N,  Y,  Civ,  Proc.  Rep.  323,  22 

N.  Y.  S,  R,  497,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  685 353,  358 

Kinne  v,  Kinne,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  393 Ill 

Kinsey  v,  Kinsey,  7  Daly,  460 183 

Kipp  V,  Rapp,  7  N,  Y.  Civ,  Proc.  Rep,  385,  2  How,  Pr.  N.  S.  169.  .20,  35,  38 

Kirby  v.  Kirby,  1  Paige,  565 44 

V.  Sisson,   1   Wend.  83 91 

Kirk  V,  Blashfield,  6  Thomp.  &  C.  509 124 

Kirsch  v.  Kirsch,  45  N.  Y,  S.  R.  287,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  447 ISO 

Kittle  V.  Kittle,  8  Daly,  72 1  SO 


Ixxxii  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Kleinpeter  v.  Kleinpeter,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  21 S30 

Kley  V.  Healy,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  174,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  231 477,  485 

Klinck  V.  Kelly,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  135 16a 

Kloppenberg  v.  Neefus,  4  Sandf.  U55 511 

Knupp.  Re,  85  N.  Y.  284 1 1,  32,  47,  48,     52 

V.  Brown,  45  N.  Y.  207 450 

V.  Curtiss,   9   Wend.   60 94 

V.  Hammersley,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  258 382. 

V.  Murphy,  20  App.  Div.  83,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1047 511 

v.New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  4  Misc.  408,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  571,  24 

N.  Y.   Supp.  324 466 

Knauth  v.  Weatlieim,  2G  Abb.  N.  C.  369,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  391 361 

Kneering  v.  Lennon,  3  Misc.  247,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  907,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

775 103 

Knight  V.  Beach,  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  241 290,  292 

Knoch  V.  Funke,  28  Abb.  N.  C.  240,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  161,  47 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  503,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  242 31ft 

Knoflf  V.  Ellsworth,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  5G8 432 

Knothe  v.  Kaiser,  2  Hun,  515,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  4 409 

Knowlton  v.  Pierce,  41  How.  Pr.  301 393- 

Koch  v.  Keller,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  97 33a 

v.  Koch,  1  City  Ct.  Rep.  255 392 

V.  Purcell,  13  Jones  &  S.  102 146 

Keck  V.  Kock,  42  Barb.  575 176 

Koehler  v.  Brady,  22  App.  Div.  624,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  984 36S 

Kohn  V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  8  Misc.  421,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  34,  28  N.  Y. 

Supp.  663 477,  478,  480^ 

Kokomo  Straw  Board  Co.  v.  Sachs,  4  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  150,  17  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  432,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  589,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  179. .   318 

Koon  V.  Thurman,  2  Hill,  357 46^ 

Kopp,  Re,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  282,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  2  N.  Y. 

Supp.  405 265 

Kopper  v.  Willis,  9  Daly,  460 2 

Kortright  v.  Cady,  21  N.  Y.  343 . 2'JJ. 

Krafft  v.  Wilson,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  359,  3  How.  Pr.  X.  S.  18 2,  394 

Krakauer,  Re,  33  Misc.  674,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  93.'i 35 

Kraushaar  v.  Meyer,  72  N.  Y.  602 364 

Kreitz  v.  Frost,  55  Barb.  474 134 

Krekeler  v.  Ritter,  62  N.  Y.  375 364 

Kress  v.  Morehead,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  410,  8  N.  Y.  S.  11.  858 216 

Krill  v.  Brownell,  40  Hun,  72 245,  253 

Krom  v.  Kurshecdt,  19  Jones  &  S.  119.  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  371, 

1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  38 320 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  Ixxxiii 

Krone  v.  Klotz,  3  App.  Div.  587,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  225 11 

Kronsberg  v.  Mayer,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  R»^p.  80,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  328.  . .   483 

Krum  V.  Steele,  7  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  472 350,  361 

Kummer  v.  Christopher  &  T.  Street  R.  Co,  12  Misc.  387,  24  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  404,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  404,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  581.  .99,  484 

487,  507 
V.  Christopher  &  E.  T.  Street  R.  Co.  3  Misc.  100,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

770,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  693 93 


lAblache  v.  Kirkpatrick,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  340,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S. 

61 38,  126 

Lachenmeyer  v.  Lachenmeyer,  65  How.  Pr.  422 21,  182 

La  Farge  v.  Chilson,  3  Sandf.  752,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  159 285 

V.  Kneeland,  7  Cow.  461    94 

Lafond  v.  Jetzkowitz,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  87 484 

Lafrentz  v.  Mass,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  238,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  739 330 

Lafron  v.  Woram,  5  Hill,  373 80 

hahey  v.  Kortright,  26  Jones  &  S.  576,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Hop.  80, 

.32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  112,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  47 360,  370 

T.aird  V.  Arnold,  42  Hun,  136 276 

V.  Littlelield,  34  App.  Div.  43,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  1US2 375 

Lake  Shore  &  M.  S.  R,  Co.  Re,  65  Hun,  538,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  360,  20 

N,  Y.  Supp.  573    199 

V.  Roach,  80  N.  Y.  339 5 

Lamb,  Re,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  351,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  505 264 

Re,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  343,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  343 262 

Lamoreux  v.  Morris,  4  How.  Pr.  245 54 

Lamphere  v.  Lamphere,  54  App.  Div.  17,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  270 254 

Landon  v.  Van  Etten,  57  Hun,  122,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  78,  32 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  439,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  802 288,  365 

V.  Walmuth,  76  Hun,  271,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  87,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  717..    308 
Jjandrigan  v.  Brookljni  Heights  R.  Co.  23  App.  Div.  43,  48  N.  Y.  Supp. 

454 93 

Landsbergcr  v.  Magnetic  Teleg.  Co.  8  Abb.  Pr.  35 127 

Lane  v.  Van  Orden,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  228,  63  How.  Pr.  237 102,  359,  395 

Langdon  v.  Guy,  91  N.  Y.  6C0 110 

Langley  v.  Sixth  Ave.  R.  Co.  16  Jones  &  S.  542 93 

v.  Warner,  3  N.  Y.  327 55 

Lansing  v.  Lansing,  41  How.  Pr.  248,  4  Lans.  377 178,  181,  513 

J^nz  v.  Trout,  46  How.  Pr.  136 

Lara^mie,  Re.  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  539,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  175,  261 


Ixxxiv  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITKI). 

Larkin  v.  Steele,  25  Hun,  254 439 

J.arkins  v.  Maxon,  103  N.  Y.  680,  1  Silv.  Ct.  App.  215,  11  N.  Y.  Civ. 
Proc.  Rep.  298,  25  N.  Y,  Week.  Dig.  39,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  642,  9 

N.  E.  56  245,  253 

Lamer,  Re,  170  N.  Y.  7,  62  N.  E.  761 214 

Re,  68  App.  Div.  321,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  70 209 

Re,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  73 11 

Lashway  v.  Young,  76  App.  Div.  177,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  366 94 

Latham  v.  Bliss,  13  How.  Pr.  416,  6  Duer,  661. 397,  492 

Lattimer  v.  Hill,  8  Hun,  171 406 

V,  Livermore,  72  N.  Y,  174 372 

LauflFer  v.  Bast,  34  Misc.  408,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  874 304 

Launitz  v.  Barnum,  4  Sandf.  637 113 

l.auria  v.  Capobianco,  39  Misc.  441,  80  N.  Y.  Supp.  203 219 

Law  V.  Jackson  ex  dem.  Lansing,  2  Wend.  209 392 

V.  McDonald,  9  Hun,  23,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  544 109,  136,  392 

Lawrence  v.  Davis,  7  How.  Pr.  354 351 

V.  Lindsel,  70  N.  Y.  oCG 2(iS 

V.  Miller,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  124 291 

V.  Townsend,  88  N.  Y.  24 32 

V.  Wilson,  86  App.  Div.  472 92 

Lawson  v.  Hill,  66  Hun,  288,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  251,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  904.  .      90 

V.  Reilly,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  290 158 

Lawton  v.  Sager,  11  Barb.  349 145 

Layman  v.  New  York  Bank  Note  Co.  20  N.  Y,  Supp.  431 82 

Lazelle,  Re,  16  Misc.  515,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  343 10 

Learn  v.  Currier,  15  Hun,  184,  Affirmed  in  76  N.  Y.  625 109 

Leary,  Re,  30  Hun,  394  164 

Lee  V.  Lee,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  321,  66  How.  Pr.  207 182 

V.  Homer,   37  Him,   634 414 

v.  VanVoorhis,  78  Hun,  575,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  220,  29  N.  Y.  Supp. 

571 32 

Leftwich  v.  Clinton,  4  Lans.  176  447 

Leftwick  v.  Clinton,  26  How.  Pr.  26 316,  317 

Lemen  v.  Wood,  16  How.  Pr.  285 244 

Lennon  v.  Macintosh,  19  Abb.  N.  C.  175 486,  487 

Leonard  v.  Davenport,  58  How.  Pr.  384 154 

V.  Manard,  1  Hall,  200   50 

Leopold  V.  Epstein,  54  App.  Div.  133,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  414 418 

Leprell  v.  Kleinschmidt,  112  N.  Y.  364,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  30,  19  N.  E.  812,  110 

Le  Roy,  Re,  35  App.  Div.  177,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  149 199 

V.  BroAvne,  54  Hun,  584,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  125,  28  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  210,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  82 117,  442 

V.  Browne.  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  328 134 


TABJ.E   OF   CASES    CITED.  IxXXV 

Leslie  v.  Walrath,  46  Hun,  18,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  4o0,,  9  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

652 279 

Lesster  v.  Lawyers'  Surety  Co.  29  Misc.  779,  02  N.  Y.  Supp.  430 458 

Lester  v.  Lawyers'  Surety  Co.  50  App.  Div.   181,  30  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  388,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  804 444 

Levene  v.  Hahner,  62  App.  Div.  195,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  913 2,  307 

Leventritt,  Re,  40  App.  Div.  429,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  256 220 

Levin  v.  Haas,  25  Hun,  260 402 

Levis  V.  Burke,  51  Hun,  71,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  78!J,  3  x\\  Y.  Supp.  386.  .12,     16 

Levy,  Re,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  177  220,  222,  224 

Re,  10  Daly,  391,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  108 320 

V.  Mcirowitz,  16  Misc.  284,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  123 328 

Levy's  Accounting,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  182 220 

Lewis  V,  Davis,  8  Daly,  185 428 

V.  Day,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  49 15 

V.  Farrell,   14  Jones  &  S.  358 322,  324 

v.  Germond,   1   Paige,  300 82 

v.  Hake,  42  Hun.  542,  4  N.  Y.  S.  R.  676 223 

V.  Hoffman,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  141 219 

V.  Hosey,  26  Misc.  789,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  200 307 

V.  Irving  F.  Ins.  Co.  15  Abb.   140 450 

Lexington  Ave.,  Re,  30  App.  Div.  602,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  203 37,     47 

Lillis  V.  O'Connor,  49  How.  Pr.  497,  Affirmed  in  8  Hun,  280 118 

v.  O'Connor,  8  Hun,  280    162 

Lima  &  H.  F.  R.  Co.,  Re,  68  Hun,  252,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  186,  22  N.  Y. 

Supp.  967 200 

Lindblad  v.  Lynde,  81  App.  Div.  603,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  351 63 

Linderman  v.  Foote,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  154,  note 43 

Lindslay  v.  Deafendorf,  43  How.  Pr.  90 82,  240,  241,  395,  396 

Link  V.  Mack,  25  Misc.  615,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  115 291 

Linner  v.  Crouse,  61  Barb.  289 331 

Lintner  v.  Long  Island  Mut.  F.  Ins.  Co.  22  Misc.  305,  5  N.  Y.  Anno. 

Cas.  281,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1105 335 

Lippman  v.  Joelson,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  161 284 

Lissberger  v.  Schoenberg  Metal  Co.  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  158 378 

Little,  Re,  47  App.  Div.  22,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  27 310,  311 

v.  Lynch,  99  N.  Y.  112,  1  N.  E.  312 500 

Livingston  v,  Gidney,  25  How.  Pr.  1 300,  501 

V.  Vieille  Montagne  Zinc  Min.  Co.  4  Duer,  681,  2  Abb.  Pr.  255. .   489 
Livingston-Middleditch  Co.  v.  New  York  College  of  Dentistry,  31  Misc. 

259,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  140 54 

Ijoaners'  Bank  v.  Nostrand,  21  Jones  &  S.  525 30 

Local  Pub.  Co.  v.  Post,  N.  Y.  Daily  Reg.,  April  16,  1884 327 


IxXXvi  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Lochlin  v.  Casler,  52  How.  Pr.  228 80,     84 

Locke  V.  Covert,  42  Hun,  484,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  288, 

12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  31 230,  311 

Locklin  v.  Casler,  50  How.  Pr.  43 116 

V.  Moore,  5  Lans.  307 293 

Lockman  v.  Ellis,  58  How.  Pr.  100 352 

Lockport  v.  Fitts,  39  Hun,  221 12 

Lockwood  V.   Salmon  River  Paper  Co.  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302,  20  N.  Y. 

Supp.  967 83,  84,  352 

V.  Waldorf,  91  Hun,  281,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  855,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  199,  120 
Lofthouse,  Re,  3  App.  Div.  139,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  468,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  39. .   208 

Loftus,  Re,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  357,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  327 194,  434 

Lo<?elininr  v.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  5  x\pp.  Div.  198,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  1112,  450 

Logue  V.  GJllick,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  398 292,  301 

Long,  Re,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  892,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  657 201 

V.  Hall,  3  Sandf.  729,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  114 320,  321 

V.  Olmstead,  3  Dem.  581    275 

Longstreet  v.  Sa^yJeT,  219  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  16,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  693, 

15  N.  Y.  Supp.  608 315 

Longyear  v.  Carter,  88  Hun,  513,  2  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  192,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

533,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  785 16 

Lonsdale  v.  Lonsdale,  41  App.  Div.  224,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  532 173 

Loper,  Re,  32  Misc.  534,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  329 189 

Lorillard,  Re,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  460 11 

V.  Barnard,  42  Hun,  545   11 

Loring  v.  Morrison,  25  App.  Div.  139,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  151,  48  N.  Y. 

•  Supp.  975 129,  463 

Losee  v.  Bullard,  54  How.  Pr.  319 491,  492 

Lott  V.  Swezey,  29  Barb.  87 319 

Lotti  V.  Krakauer,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  60,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

312 441,  463 

Lottimer  v.  Livermore,  6  Daly,  501 355 

Loudon  V.  Loudon,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  477 178 

Lough  V.  Romaine,  4  Jones  &  S.  332 94 

Loughrill  v.  Downey,  27  N.  Y.  S.  R.  51,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  503 313 

Louis  V.  Empire  State  Ins.  Co.  75  Hun,  364,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

295,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  766,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  S3 102,  103 

Lounsbury  v.  Sherwood,  53  App.  Div.  318.  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  676.  .L43,  245,  253 

Lowerre  v.  Vail,  5  Abb.  Pr.  227 82,  477 

Lowman,  Re,  1  Misc.  43,  22  Ivi.  Y.  Supp.  1055 259 

Lownsbury  v.  Rathbone,  1  Wend.  283 58 

Lowry  v.  Inman,  37  How.  Pr.  286,  0  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  304 353 


TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED,  IxXXvii 

Lozier  v.  Saratoga  Gas  &  E.  L.  &  P.  Co.  59  App.  Div.  390,  G9  N.  Y. 

Supp.  247 361 

Lucas  V.  Johnson,  6  How.  Pr.  121 510 

Ludeke,  Re,  22  Misc.  67fi,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  952 220,  224 

Ludington  v.  Bell,  13  Jones  &  S.  513 80 

V.  Taft,  10  Barb.  447 133 

Ludlow  V.  Hackett,   18  Johns.  252 80 

Lultgor  V.   Walters,  64   Barb.   419 126 

■Lumbard  v.  Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  Co.  G2  N.  Y.  200,  1  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  38 287,  288 

Lund  V.  Broadhead,  41  How.  Pr.  146 125,  126 

Lupton  V.  Jewett,  1  Robt.  639,  19  Abb.  Pr.  320 450 

Lydd  V.  Kenny,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (McCarty)   310 464 

Lyman,  Re,  48  App.  Div.  275,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  846 190 

Re,  28  Misc.  408,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  968 190 

V.  Murphy,  33  Misc.  349,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  490 190 

V.  Young  Men's  Cosmopolitan  Club,  38  App.  Div.  220,  50  N.  Y. 

Supp.  712 439,  441,  481 

Lynch  v.  Meyers,  3  Daly,  256 439 

Lynk  v.  Weaver,  128  N.  Y.  171,  28  N.  E.  503 109,   114,  283 

Lyon  V.  Belchford,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  229 3G9 

v.  Clark,  8  N.  Y.  148 412 

V.  Marshall,   1 1   Barb.  241 237,  238 

V.  Wilder,  24  Jones  &  S.  67,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  509,  16  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  875,  I  N.  Y.  Supp.  421 319 

liyon  ex  dem.  Eden  v.  Wilkes,  1  Cow.  591 441 

Ciyons  V.  Cahill,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  72 333,  339 

V.  Connor,  53  App.  Div.  475,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  1085 93 

V.  Murat,  54  How.  Pr.  23,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  13 342,  343,  426,  430 

433,  434 

M. 

McAdams,  Re,  1 9  Hun,  293 208 

McAllen's  Petition,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  60 338 

McBratney  v.  Rome,  W.  &  O.  R.  Co.  17  Hun,  385,  Affirmed  in  13  N.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  535 24 

V.  Rome,  W.  &  O.  R.  Co.  87  N.  Y.  467 23 

McBride  v.  Chamberlain,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  431,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  94 131,  133 

242,  244 

V.  McBride,  55  Hun,  401,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  448 181 

V.  McBride,  119  N.  Y.  519,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  78,  23  N.  E.  10G5 177 

McCall  v.  Frith,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (Browne)   9 314 

v.  Frith,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  102 319 


LxXXviii  TABLE   OF   CASES    ClTKl). 

McCann  v.  Bradley,  15  How.  Pr.  79 4,  24* 

McCarter,  Re,  94  N.  Y.  558 26S. 

McCarthy  v.  Innis,  61  Hun,  354,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  .S.'?.^.  40  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  682,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  855 390 

V.  McCartliy,  137  N.  Y.  500,  33  N.  E.  550,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  276 174 

175,  177,  383- 
V.  Wright,  56  Hun,  387,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  371,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  824. .   423- 

McCarthy's  Estate,  5  ^Niisc.  276,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  9S7 277 

McChesney  v.  Syracuse,  75  Hun,  503,  57  N,  Y.  S.  R.  676,  27  N.  Y.  Supp. 

508 157 

McClare  v.  Lockard,  121  N.  Y.  308,  24  N.  E.  463,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  69.  . . .      14 
McClure  v.  Niagara  County,  3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  83,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  202, 

4  Trans.  App,  275 171 

McComb  V.  Kellogg,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  150,  28  N.  Y,  Week.  Dig. 

154 85,  483 

McConnell  v,  Manhattan  Constr,  Co.  16  N.  Y,  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  310,  21 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  870,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  226 367,  374 

McCorraick,  Re,  40  App.  Div.  73,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  548 273 

McCulloch  V.  Dobson,  39  N,  Y.  S.  R.  908,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  602 359 

v.  Dobson,  133  N.  Y.  114,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  19,  30  N.  E.  641 364 

V.  Vibbard,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  388.  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1012, 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  610  137 

McCullough,  Re,  18  Misc.  721,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  nCS 242 

McDermott  v.  Hennesy,  9  Hun,  59 144 

McDonald  v.  Bank  for  Savings,  2  How.  Pr.  35 342 

V.  Brass  Goods  Mfg.  Co.  2  Abb.  N.  C.  431 317,  330 

V.  Mallory,  14  Jones  &  S.  58 105,  353 

V.  Peet,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  200 314,  323 

McDougal  V.  Gray,  15  N.  Y,  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  237,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  74 333 

McEchron,  Re,  55  App.  Div.  147,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  IS 269 

McEntyre  v.  Tucker,  40  App.  Div.  444,  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  185, 

58  N.  Y.  Supp.   146 64 

M'Farland  v.  Crary,  6  Wend.  297 161 

McFarren  v.  St.  John,  14  Hun,  387 279 

McGalBn  v.  Cohoes,  74  N.  Y.  387,  30  Am.  Rep.  307 171 

McGillicuddy  v.  Kings  County  Elev.  R.  Co.  10  Misc.  21,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

648,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  833 341 

McGillivray  v.  Standard  Oil  Co.  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  108,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

868 76 

McGovern  v.  ilcGovern,  18  Jones  &  S.  390 239 

McGowan  v.  IMorrow,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  9 153 

McGrane  v.  New  York,  19  How.  Pr.  144 64 

McGrath  v.  Alger,  40  App.  Div.  610,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  519 71 


TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED.  Ixxxix 

McGredy  v.  Woodcock,  41  App.  Div.  526,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  656 75 

McGregor  v.  Buell,  1   Keyes,   153,  3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  86,  33  How.  Pr. 

450 270,  357,  452,  454,  455 

V.  Conistock,  28  N.  Y.  237 21 

V.  Comstock,   19  N.  Y.  581 24 

V.  McGregor,  32  N.  Y.  479 443 

McHarg  v.  Donnelly,  27  Barb.   100 423,  424 

M'Heuch  V.  M'Hench,  7  Hill,  204 423 

McHugh  V.  Astrophe,  2  Misc.  478,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  142,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

79 433,  434 

Mclntyre  v.  German  Sav.  Bank,  59  Hun,  536,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

209,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  674 434,  456,  468 

V,  Wynne,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  208,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  540.  .398,  400 

Mack  V,  Cohn,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  136 512 

McKee  v.  Weeden,  1  App.  Div.  583,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  188,  37  N.  Y.  Supp. 

465 234 

McKeen  v.  Fish,  33  Hun,  28 362,  385 

McKenzie  v.  Hackstaff,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  75 60 

McKibbin  v.  Nafis,  76  Hun,  344,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  101,  27  N.  Y.  Supp. 

723 28,     52 

McKuskie  v.  Hendrickson,  128  N.  Y.  555,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  619,  28  N.  E. 

650 3,  303 

McLain  v.  Mathushek  Piano  ]\Ifg.  Co.  54  App.  Div.  126,  8  N.  Y.  Anno. 

Cas.  237,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  397 121 

McLaughlin  v.  Kipp,  82  App.  Div.  413,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  896 164 

V.  Smith,  3  Hun,  250,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  522 304 

McLean,  Re,  62  Hun,  1,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  897,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  417 205 

Re,  6  Johns.  Ch.  440   209 

V.  Forward,  1  Cow.  49   442 

V.  Freeman,  70  N.  Y.  81    155 

T.  Pephson,  26  Abb.  N.  C.  40,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  834 217 

v.  Stewart,   14  Hun,  472 407 

McMahon  v.  Mutual  Ben.  L.  Ins.  Co.  3  Bosw.  644,  8  Abb.  Pr.  20? 404 

V.  Mutual  P^en.  L.  Ins.  Co.  12  Abb.  Pr.  28 427 

V.  Smith,  20  Misc.  305,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  66 J 256,  264,  41^ 

McManus,  Re,  35  Misc.  678,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  678 274 

McMasters  v.  Vernon,  1  Abb.  Pr.  179,  4  Duer,  62.3 3 

McMaster's  Estate,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  195,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  240,  1 

N.  Y.  Supp.  225 214 

McMurry  v,  Hutcheson,  59  How.  Pr.  210 158 

McNaraara  v.  Harris,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  76 329 

V.  Nolan,  13  Misc.  76,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  35,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

229,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  178 339,  310 


XC  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

McNeeley  v.  Welz,  20  App.  Div.  5G6,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  310 147 

McNeil  V.  Merriinan,  J7  App.  Div.  1G4..  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  382,  08  N.  Y. 

Supp.   1G5 315,  326,  333,  334 

MacnifTe  v.  Ludington,  13  Abb,  N.  C.  407 54 

McPIiail  V.  Ridout,  83  Hun,  446,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  G61,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  934,     72 

M'Quade  v.  New  York  &  E.  R.  Co.  5  Duer,  613,  11  How.  Pr.  434 96,  »51 

358,  364 

McRoberts  v.  Pooley,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  107 141 

McVicar  v.  Keating,  19  App.  Div.  581,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  298 282 

MacWhinnie  v.  Cameron,  57  Hun,  4G3,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  1G8,  32 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  985,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  20 44,  428 

McWilliam  v.  Dayton,  27  Misc.  828,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  819 103 

Macy  V.  Nelson,  49  How.  Pr.  204 489 

V.  \\  illiams,  55  Hun,  489,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  345,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  658. .   248 
Magnin  v.  Dinsmore,  47  How.  Pr.  11,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  331.  .  .284,  286,  365 

Mahar  v.  Simmons,  47  Hun,  479,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  443 93 

Maher  v.  O'Conner,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  158,  61  How.  Pr.  103.  .503,  50 i 

Mahon  v.  Malion,  18  Jones  &  S.  92,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  58 179,  513 

V.  Mahon,  G4  App.  Div.  262,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  102 469 

Main  v.  Eagle,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  619 300 

V.  Pope,  16  How.  Pr.  271 355 

Malam  v.  Simpson,  12  Abb.  Pr.  225,  20  How.  Pr.  488 492 

Malcolm  v.  Hamill,  65  How.  Pr.  506,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  221 448 

Malone  v.  Clark,  2  Hill,  657 404 

Maloy  V.  Associated  Lace  Makers'  Co.  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  735,  7  N.  Y.  Supp. 

958 376 

Manahan,  Re,   10  Daly,  39   225 

Mander  v.  Cell,  4  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  519 125,  127 

Mandevillo  v.  Avery,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  429 134,  454,  459 

Manliarat,  Re,  17  App.  Div.  1,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  836 262 

Manhattan  R.  Co.  v.  Kent,  80  Hun,  559,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  569,  30  N.  Y. 

Supp.  959,  Affirmed  in  145  N.  Y.  595,  40  N.  E.  164 197,  198 

V.  Klipstein,  84  Hun,  579,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  850,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  729,  3G4 
V.  Mcis:ee,  1  App.  Div.  488,  72  ^"  Y.  S.  R.  595,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  269,  188 
V.  Taber,  78  Hun,  434,  60  N.  -  .  S.  R.  781,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  220.  .  .  197 
V.  Youmans,  81  Hun,  82,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  562,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  566. .    199 

439 

Mann  v.  Tyler,  6  How.  Pr.  235,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  382 349,  354 

Mansfield,  Re,  10  Misc.  29G,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  309,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  84 261 

Mantle  v.  Myle,  26  How.  Pr.  409 501 

Maresi.  Re,  74  App.  Div.  76,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  76 156 

Margulies  v.  Damrosch,  23  Misc.  77,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  833 431,  444 

Mark  v.  Buffalo,  87  N.  Y.  184,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  415.  .  .  .478,  482,  497,  505 


TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED.  XCl 

Maxkes  v.  Epstein,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  293 279,  280 

Market  Street,  Re,  80  Hun,  246,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  626,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  1030,  200 

Marks  v.  Bard,  1  Abb.  Pr.  63 394 

V.  King,  66  How.  Pr.  453,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  374 431,  434 

Marsh  v.  Avery,  81  N.  Y.  29 265,  419 

V.  Graham,  19  Misc.  263,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  253 100,  102,  100 

V.  Hussey,  4  Bosw.  614 232,  233 

V.  Lansingburgh,  31   Hun,  514 171 

V.  Woolsey,  14  Hun,  1 432 

Marshall,  Re,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  152,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  838 272 

V.  Boyer,  52  Hun,  181,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  150 442 

V.  Meech,  51  N.  Y.  140,  10  Am.  Rep.  572 11,     43 

Marston  v.  Hebert,  60  How.  Pr.  490 493 

Marsullo  v.  Billotto,  55  How.  Pr.  375 123 

Martin,  Re,  98  N.  Y.  193 267 

Re,  128  N.  Y.  605,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  27  N.  E.  1017 195 

V.  Hawks,   15   Johns.  405 17,     38 

V.  Hodges,  45  Hun,  38 72 

V.  McCormack,  3  Sandf.  755,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  214 349,  364 

V.  Martin,  3  How.  Pr.  203 Ill,  391 

V.  Tarbox,  23  Misc.  761,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  319 301 

Marvin  v,  Brewster  Iron  Min.  Co.  50  N.  Y.  671 319 

V.Marvin,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  274,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  259,  19 

N.  Y.  Supp.  371    30 

v.  Marvin,  11  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  97 257 

V.  Marvin,  78  N.  Y.  541 420 

Marx  v.  Gross,  2  Misc.  500,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  97,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

92,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  387 08,     TO 

V.  McCloud,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  957,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  74 464 

v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  113 383 

Mason  v,  Corbin,  29  App.  Div.  602,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  178 133 

Mathews  v.  Matson,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  157 350,  441 

Matson  v.  Abbey,  141  N.  Y.  179,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  690,  36  N.  E.  11 242,  244 

Mattcson  v.  Bloomfield,  10  Wend.  556 126 

Matthews  v.  Matthews,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  399,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  994, 

1   N.  Y.  Supp.   222 443 

Matthewson,  Re,  8  App.  Div.  8,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  140 201 

Re,  1  Connoly,  157,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  208,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  600 275,  276 

V.  Thompson,  9  How.  Pr.  231 348,  302 

Mautner  v.  Pike,  32  Misc.  500,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  387 S50 

Maxwell,  Re,  66  Hun,  151,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  154,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  209 220 

V.  Cottle,  72  Hun,  529,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  127,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  635..34,     52 
V.  Maxwell,  28  Hun,  566 180 


XCll  TABLE   or   OASES   CITED, 

May  V.  Strauss,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  274 99 

Mayer  v.  Friedman,  30  Misc.  364,  30  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  221,  62  N.  Y. 

Supp.  452 30& 

V.  Hazard,  49  Hun,  222,  17  N.  Y.  S.  E.  26,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  680. .   221 

224 
Mayham  v.  Allen,  50  Hun,  343,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  811,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  100.  .  46^ 
Mazet  V.  Crow,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  178,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  372,  31 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  972,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  743 82,  394 

Mead  v.  Mallory,  27  How.  Pr.  32 477,  478,  431 

V.  Tuckerman,  105  N.  Y.  557,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  182,  12  N.  E.  64.  .497,  498 
Mechanics'  &  T.  Nat.  Bank  v.  Winant,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  904,  1  N.  Y.  Supp. 

659 397,  400 

Mechl  V.  Schwieckart,  67  Barb.  599,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  405 113 

Medbury  v.  Butternuts  &  S.  Turnp.  Co.  1  How.  Pr.  231 477 

Meeker,  Re,  9  Daly,  556 261,  271 

V.  C.  R.  Remington  &  Son  Co.  62  App.  Div.  476,  70  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1072 35» 

Meekin  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  51  App.  Div.  1,  64  N,  Y.  Supp.  291 . .     69 

Mela  V.  Geis,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  152 292,  293 

Mellen  v.  Hutchins,  58  How.  Pr.  349 313 

Mendel  v.  Mendel,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  314,  4  N.  Y.  S.  R.  556 n» 

Meo  V.  Meo,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  58,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  308,  18  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  270,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  569 182 

Mercantile  Safe  Deposit  Co.  v.  Dimon,  55  App.  Div.  538,  67  N.  Y.  Supp. 

430 244 

Mercer  v.  Mercer,  73  Hun,   192,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.   117.  25  N.  Y.  Supp. 

867 178,  179,  513 

Merceron  v.  Fowler,  14  Jones  &  S.  351 421,  424 

Merchant  v.  Sessions,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  24 35 

Merchants  &  T.  Nat.  Bank  v.  New  York,  97  N.  Y.  355 457 

Merchants'  Bank  v.  Mills,  3  E.  D.  Smith.  210 325,  329 

v.  Moore,  2  Johns.  294 80 

Merchants'  Exch.  Nat.  Bank  v.  Commercial  Wareliouse  Co.  3  Jones  & 

S.  214 353 

Merchants  Ins.  Co.  v.  Marvin,  1  Paige,  557 85 

Mercdeth  v.  Forty-Second  Street  &  G.  Street  R.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.    15 330 

Merrill  v.  Bischoflf,  3  App.  Div.  361,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  085,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

194 141 

V.  Near,  5  Wend.  237  161 

Merritt  v.  Arden,  1  Wend.  91 80 

V.  Seaman,  6  N.  Y.   168 237 

V.  Thompson,  27  N.  Y.  225 .344.  832 


TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED.  XClll 

:Merry,  Re,  11  App.  Div.  597,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  617 229,  500 

Iklersereau  v.  Ryerss,   12  How.  Pr.  300 242,  244 

Mertens  v.  Fitzwater,  53  Hun,  597,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  277,  25  N. 

Y.  S.  R.  305,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  797 119 

Mertian,  Re,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  554,  29  Hun,  459 48 

Metropolitan  Addressing  &  Mailing  Co.  v.  Good  enough,  21  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  268,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  212 424 

Metropolitan  Concert  Co.  v.  Speeiy,  58  Hun,  470,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  611, 

12  N.  Y.  Supp.  494,  Affirmed  in  125  N.  Y.  750,  27  N.  E.  408,  414 
Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.,  Re,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  138,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  899.  .   507 

V.  Duggin,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  992,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  819 458,  466 

\ .  Duggin,  58  Hun,  156,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  255,  33  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  836,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  353 306 

Metropolitan  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bendheim,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  793 503 

Mexico  V.  Arrangois,  3  Abb.  Pr.  470 330 

Meyer  v.  Briel,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  72 425 

V.  Rasquin,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  98 382 

Meyer  Rubber  Co.  v.  Lester  Shoe  Co.  92  Hun,  52,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  740, 

36  N.  Y.   Supp.  729 359 

Michael  v.  Wenning,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  479 87 

Micklethwaite  v.  Rhodes,  4  Sandf.  Ch.  434 317 

Middletown  v.  Rondout,  &  O.  R.  Co.  43  How.  Pr.  481 61 

JVIiers  v.  Miers,  35  Misc.  476,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  1058 180 

Miles,  Re.  f)  Redf.  1 10,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  39 260 

Millady  v.  f<tein,  19  Misc.  652,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  408 179 

Miller,  Re,  9  App.  Div.  260,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  581 203 

V.  Adsit,    18  Wend.   672 420,  421 

V.  Bush,  29  App.  Div.  117,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  486 Hi,     99 

V.  Coates,  2  Hun,  668,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  690 102 

v.  De  Peyster,  1  Abb.  Pr.  234 403 

V.  Franklin,  20  Wend.  630 421,  423 

v.  Huntington,  1   How.  Pr.  218 479 

V.  King,  32  App.  Div.  349,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  1041 AM,  463 

V.  Miller,  43  How.  Pr.   125 175 

V.  Miller,   7   Hun,   208 178 

V.  Miller,  32  Hun,  481 253 

V.  Miller,  27  Misc.  758,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  473 176 

V.  Scherder,  2  N.  Y,  262 511 

V.  Von  Schwarzenstein,  51  App.  Div.  18,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  475.  ...    154 
V.  Whoodhead,  52  Hun,  127,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  102,  23 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  412,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  88 511 

Milligan  v.  Robinson,  58  How.  Pr.  380 397 

Millis  V.  Pentelow,  92  Hun,  284,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  906,     16 


XeiV  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITKD. 

Mills  V.  Mills,  50  App.  Div.  221,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  771 15& 

V.  Ross,  39  App.  Div.  5G3,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  fiSd 374 

V.  Watson,   13  Jones  &  S.  591 .'.SI,  360,  364 

Mingay  v.  Holly  Mfg.  Co.  99  N.  Y.  270,  1  N.  E.  783 367 

Minick  v.  Troy,  19  Hun,  253,  Affirmed  in  83  N.  Y.  514 172 

Minto  V.  Bauer,  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  332,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  314,  25 
N.  Y.  S.  R.  559,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  444,  Modified  in  29  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  366,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  933 39 

Minton  v.  Home  Benefit  Soc.  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1001,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  838. . .     6a 
IMitcliell,  Re,  57  App.  Div.  22,  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  224,  67  N.  Y.  Supp. 

961 2& 

v.  Dick,  8  Misc.  98,  CO  N.  Y.  S.  R.  IGl,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  1003 314 

315,  325 

v.  Hall,  7  How.  Pr.  490 349,  35(i 

v.  Mount,  17  Abb.  Pr.  213 244 

V.  Piqua  Club  Asso.  15  Misc.  366,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  139, 

72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  470,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  406 23,     36 

V.  Vermont  Copper  Min.  Co.  47  How.  Pr.  218 291 

V.  Westervelt,  6  How.  Pr.  265,  Affirmed  in  6  How  Pr.  311,  note.  .     96 

478 

Mix  V.  Brisban,  2  Wend.  286 91 

Mock  V.  Saile,  52  Hun,  198,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  121,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

307,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  149 281 

Moffatt  V.  Henderson,  16  Jones  &  S.  449 29& 

Moffett  V.  Deom,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  85 129,  288 

Moir  V.  Brown,  9  How.  Pr.  270 320,  321 

Moloughney  v.  Kavanaugh,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  253,  16  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  253 43 

Mondorf,  Re,  110  N.  Y.  450,  18  N.  E.  256 266 

Monk  V.  Monk,  7  Robt.  153 176 

Monnet  v.  Merz,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  281,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  322,  24  N.  Y.  Supp. 

485 348,  358 

Monroe  v.  Smith,  23  Abb.  N.  C.  275,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  158,  25 

IT.  Y.  S.  R.  624,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  426 377 

v.  White,  25  App.  Div.  292,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  517 300 

Montague  v.  Bassett,  18  Abb.  Pr.   13 318 

Montecarbole  v.  Mundel,  16  How.  Pr.  141 73 

Montgomery  County  Bank  v.  Albany  City  Bank,  7  N.  Y.  459 458 

Moody  V.  Steele,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  205,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  2G9 109 

Mooers  v.  Saunders,  6  Ch.  Sent.  75 442 

Mooney  v.  Moonoy,  29  Misc.   707,  7  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  257,  62  N.  Y. 

Supp.  769 18,     44 

v,  Ryerson,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  435 432 


TABLE    Ol"    CASES    CITED.  XCV 

Moore  v.  Appleby,  108  N.  Y.  237,  15  N.  E,  377 3G0,  385 

V.  Cockroft,  9  How.  Pr.  479 492 

V.  Cooley,  2  Hill,  412 337,  342 

V.  Jenkins,  5  Month.  L.   Bull.   70 225 

V.  Moore,  44  App.  Div.  253,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  653 434,  435 

V.  Moore,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  911,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  451,  Appeal  Dis- 
missed in  138  N.  Y.  679,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  301,  34  N.  E.  373.  .    175 

V.  Taylor,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  343 35 

V.  Westervelt,  14  How.  Pr.  279,  6  Duer,  684 5,  6,       7 

Moosbrugger  v.  Kaufman,  7  App.  Div.  380,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  213.. 391,  393 

441 

Mora  V.  Great  Western  Ins.  Co.  10  Bosw.  622 351,  484 

V.  Sun  Mut.  Ins.  Co.  22  How.  Pr.  60,  13  Abb.  Pr.  304 106 

More  V.  Durr,  13  Jones  &  S.  154 33d 

Morell  V.  Gould,  5  Hill,  553 91 

Morgan  v.  Hannas,  13  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  361 265 

V.  Skidmore,  3  Abb.  N.  C.  92,  Affirmed  in  55  Barb.  203 243 

V.  Stevens,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  356 158 

V.Westchester  County,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  798,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  580..   383 

Morgenstern  v.  Zink,  6  Misc.  418,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  299 427 

Moriarty  v.  Moriarty,  26  Jones  &  S.  279,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  228 176 

Morrell  v.  Morrell,  2  Barb.  480 176 

Morris,  Re,  45  Hun,  167,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  56,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  50, 

27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  161 512 

v.  Mullett,   1  Johns.   Ch.  44 442 

V.  Wheeler,  45  N.  Y.   708 140,  147,  458 

Morrison  v.  Agate,  20  Hun,  23 360,  368 

V.  Ide,  4  How.  Pr.  304,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  27 59,     87 

V.  Lester,  11  Hun,  618,  Further  Appeal  in  15  Hun,  538 420 

Morse  v.  McCoy,  4  Cow.  551 81 

V.  Troy,  38  Hun,   301 342 

Moras  v.  Hasbrouck,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  393 359 

V.  Salisbury,  48  N.  Y.  636 116 

Morten  v.  Domestic  Teleg.  Co.  1   Abb.  N.  C.  290 326,  328 

Moses  v.  McDivitt,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  47 404 

Moskowitz  V.  Hornberger,  20  Misc.  558,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  462 358 

Moss,  Re,  6  How.  Pr.  263 140 

Moss's  Estate,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  438,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  720,  34  N.  Y. 

Supp.  798 275 

Mott,  Re,  36  Hun,  560 50 

v.  Consumers'  Ice  Co.  8  Daly,  244 454,  486,  483 

Moulton  v.  Beeclier,  11  Hun,  192,  53  How.  Pr.  86,  Affirming  52  How. 

Pr.  230,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  193 352 

V.  Townsend,  16  How.  Pr.  306 478,  479,  481 


XCVl  TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED. 

Mowry  v.  Peet.  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  16 253 

Mull,  Re,  1 6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  981.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  23 262 

V.  Jones,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  643,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  359 157 

Mullen  V.   Guinn,  88  Hun,   128,   68   N.  Y.  S.  R.  680,  34  N.  Y.  Supp. 

G25 237,  238 

Muller  V.  Bayard,  15  Abb.  Pr.  449 109,  113 

V.  Bowe,  4  Month.   L.   Bull.   10 214 

V.  Higgins,  13  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  297 92 

V.  New  Y'ork,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  261,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  1096,     34 

V.  Post,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  992,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  615 74 

Munifcrd  v.  Withey,  1  Wend.  279 Ill,  119 

Mundorff  v.  W  angler,  57  How.  Pr.  372,  12  Jones  &  S.  495 245 

Munro  v.  Smith,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  841,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  708 377 

Y.  Tousey,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  522,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  81,  Reversed  on 

other  grounds  in  129  N.  Y.  38,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  127 137 

V.  Tousey,  129  N.  Y.  38,  14  L.  R.  A.  245,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  127,  29 

N.  E.  9    132 

Munson  v.  Curtis,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  131,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  349,  1 

N.  Y.   Supp.   828 406 

V.  Curtis,  43  Hun,  214,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  236,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

189 2,  5,  302 

Munter,  Re,  19  Misc.  201,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  605 266 

Murdock  v.  Adams,  10  Hun.  566 439 

Murphy  v.  Gold  &  Stock  Teleg.  Co.   18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   43,  27 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  39,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  28 104 

V.  Haswell,    65   Barb.    380 93 

V.  Manhattan  Brass  Co.  28  Jones  &  S.  423,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  834,  18 

N.  Y.  Supp.  207    330 

V.  Travers,   60  How.  Pr.   301 333 

Murray  v.  Cameron,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  793,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  13 428 

V.  Church,  1  Hun,  49,  3  Thomp.  &  C.  145 373 

v.  Henderickson,  1  Bosw.  635,  6  Abb.  Pr.  96 222,  421 

V.  Jibson,    22    Hun,    386 23,     38 

V.  Robinson,  9  Hun,   137 365 

Murtha  v.  Curley,  92  N.  Y.  359,  05  How.  Pr.  68,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  266 7,  127,  132,  456 

Muscott  V.  Runge,  27  How.  Pr.  85 479,  481 

Musgrave  v.  Sherwood,  29  Hun,  475 380 

Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Cranwell,  32  N.   Y.  S.  R.  376,   10  N.  Y.  Supp. 

404 359 

v.  Kroehle,  29  Misc.  481,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  944 407 

Myer  v.  Abbett,  20  App.  Div.  390,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  822 29,     48 

Mygatt  V.  Wilcox,  1  Lans.  55,  Affirmed  in  45  N.  Y.  306,  6  Am.  Rep.  90     31 
V.  Wilco.v.   35  How.   Pr.   410 483 


TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED.  XCVll 

N. 

TSTanetty  v.  Naylor,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  65,  66 64 

Nassau  Bank  v.  National  Bank,  32  App.  Div.  2G8,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  1118,  133 
National  Bank  v.  Bush,  47  How.  Pr.  78 359 

V.  Gun&t,   1   Abb.   N.  C.   292 329 

V.  Jlansee,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  488,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  200,  7  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.    Rep.    350 432 

lSi"ational  Exch.  Bank  v.  Silliman,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  224. 329 

National  Exhibition  Co.  v.  Crane,  167  N.  Y.  505,  60  N.  E.  768 30 

JSTational  I>ead  Co.  v.  Uauchy,  22  Misc.  372,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  379 359 

National  Tradesmen's  Bank  v.  Wetmore,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  640,  Reversed, 

124  N.  Y.  241,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  316,  26  N.  E.  548 359,  374 

National  Wall  Paper  Co.  v.  Szcrlip,  9  App.  Div.  206,  41  Supp.  376.  .  .      80 

Naugatuck  Cutlery  Co.  v.  Rowe,  5  Abb.  N.  C.  142 92 

Nauman  v.  Braun,  20  N.  Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  77,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  139 125 

Nauraer  v.  Gray,  41  App.  Div.  361,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  476 181 

Naylor  v.  Colville,  20  App.  Div.  581,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  267 146 

V.  Lane,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  149,  18  Jones  &  S.  97,  66  How. 

Pr.   400    43 

Nealis  v.  Meyer,  21  Misc.  344,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  156 501,  502 

Neary  v.  Robinson,  98  N.  Y.   81 305,  469 

Neill  V.  Van  Wagenen,  22  Jones  &  S.  477 14 

Neilson  v.  Commercial  Mut.  Ins.  Co.  3  Duer,  455 308 

V.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  3  Duer,  683 358 

Nellis  V.  De  Forrest,  6  How.  Pr.  413 103,  447 

V.  Duesler,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  228,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  315 250 

Nelson,  Ex  parte,  1  Cow.  417 80 

V.  McDonald,  61  Hun,  400,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  273  138 

Neugrosehe  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302 342,  344 

Nevell,  Re,  71  App.  Div.   102,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  588 50 

New  v.  Anthony,  4  Hun,  52,  6  Thomp.  &  C.  243 76,  113 

v.  Nicoll,  73  N.  Y.  127,  29  Am.  Rep.  Ill 32 

Newell  V.  Wheeler,  48  N.  Y.  486 151 

Newell  Universal  Mill  Co.  v.  Muxlow,   115  N.  Y.   170,   17  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  238,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545,  21  N.  E.  1048 119,  120 

390,  392 
Newhall  v.  Appleton,  4  JMonth.  L.  Bull.  6 505 

V.  Appleton,  25  Jones  &  S.  154,  23  Abb.  N.  C.  62.  25  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

810,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  4 316 

liTewman  v.  French,  45  Hun,  65,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  33,  9  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

492 92,     94 

V.  GreiflF,  3  N,  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  362 439,  494 

V.  Ogden,  6  Ch.  Sent.  40 137 


XCVlll  TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED. 

Newton  v.  Newton,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  224 383 

V.  Reid,  24  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  472 356,  371 

V.  Russell,  87   N.  Y.   531 416,  417,  447 

V.  Sweet,  4  How.  Pr.  134,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  61 471 

New  York,  Re,  77  App.  Div.  433,  79  N.  Y.  Supp.  192 202 

Re,  72  App.  Div.  1 13,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  137 202 

Re,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.   178 202 

V.  Bannan,  42  App.  Div.  191,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.   1031 418. 

V.  Best,  19  App.  Div.  68,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  970 441 

V.  Brady,  25  Jones  &  S.  14,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.   106,  5  N.  Y.  Supp. 
179,  Affirmed,  115  N.  Y.  599,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  340,  22  N.  E. 

237 102; 

V.  Cornell,  9  Hun,  215 440 

V.  Eisler,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   125 280 

V.  Hillsburgh,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  152 IIS 

V.  Lyons,  1  Daly,  300 243 

V.  Ryan,   9  Daly,   316 413 

V.  Sibberns,   10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  294 413 

New  York  &  H.  R.  Co.  v.  Haws,  56  N.  Y.  175 121 

New  York  &  N.  H.  R.  Co.  v.  Schuyler,  29  How.  Pr.  89 396,  466- 

New  York  Bank  Note  Co.  v.  Hamilton  Bank  Note  Engraving  &  Print- 
ing Co.  71  App.  Div.  611,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  520 502 

V.  Hamilton  Bank  Note  Engraving  &  Printing  Co.  56  App.  Div. 

488,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  827 502^ 

New  York  Breweries  Co.  v.  Nichols,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  179,  25  N.  Y.  Supp. 

425 385 

New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  v.  Harold,  30  Hun,  466 353,  358 

V.Philadelphia  Architectural  Iron  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  325.  394 
New  York  F.  &  M.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Burrell,  9  How.  Pr.  398,  12  N.  Y.  Legal 

Obs.   252    142 

New  York  Health  Department  v.  O'Reilly,  17  Jones  &  S.  524,  18  N.  Y. 

Week.  Dig.  255    317 

New  York  Hospital  Soc.  v.  Coe,  15  Hun,  440 352 

New  York  L.  &  W.  R.  Co.  Re,  26  Hun,  592 200 

New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Carhart,  39  Hun,  363 62,  377,  378 

New  York  Life  Ins.  &  T.   Co.  v.   Baker,  38  App.   Div.  417,  56  N.  Y. 

Supp.   618    363 

V.  Sands,  26  Misc.  252,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  741 154,  408 

v.  Vanderbilt,  12  Abb.  Pr.  458 144 

New  York  Mut.  Ins.  Co.  Re,  17  App.  Div.  633,  45  N  .Y.  Supp.  263 235 

New  York,  W.  S.  &  B.  R.  Co.  Re,  28  Hun,  505 452,  466 

Re,  94  N.  Y.  287   200 

V.  Thorn,   1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.   190 200 


TABLE    OF    CASES    CITED.  XCIX 

Niagara  Falls  Suspension  Bridge  Co.  v.  Bacliman,  4  Lans.  523 281 

Niblo  V.  Binsse,  47  Barb.  435,  32  How.  Pr.  92 245 

Nichols  V.  Cammann,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  375 330 

V.  Molouglmey,  85  App.  Div.  1,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  940 246 

V.  Nichols,  IS  Jones  &  S.  251 428 

Nichtauser  v.  Lehmann,   15  Misc.  447,   72  N.  Y.  S.   R.   788,  37   N.  Y. 

Supp.  208    502 

Nicoll  V.  Burke,  13  Jones  &  S.  52G 453 

V.  Lloyd,  33  Misc.  775,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  947 64 

Niles,  Re,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  720,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  157 257 

V.Crocker,  88  Hun,  312,   68  N.  Y.   S.   R.   579,   34  N.   Y.   Supp. 

761 242,  243,  245,  246,  247,  252 

V.  Lindsley,  8  How.  Pr.  131,  1  Duer,  610 109,  119 

V.  Majnard,  28  How.  Pr.  390 499 

Niver  v.  Rossman,  5  How.  Pr.  153,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  192 349 

Nobis  V.  Pollock,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  1,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  837 489 

Noe  V.  Gregory,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  21 427 

Nolton  V.  Moses,  3  Barb.  31 406 

Noonan  v.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  68  Hun,  387,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

203,  22  N.   Y.   Supp.   860 431 

V.  Smith,  12  Abb.  N.  C.  337,  Affirmed,  84  N.  Y.  672 279 

North  V.  North,  1  Barb.  Ch.  241 174,  182 

V.  Sergeant,  33  Barb.  350,  14  Abb.  Pr.  223,  20  How.  Pr.  519 93 

Northrop  v.  Van  Dusen,  5  How.  Pr.  134,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  140 59 

Northrup  v.  Garrett,  17  Hun,  497 416 

Norton  v.  Fanclier,  92  Hun,  463,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  434,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1032 6,  127 

V.  Mackie,  8  Hun,  520 326 

N^oxon  V.  Gregory,  5  How.  Pr.  339 60 

NToyes  v.  Blakeman,  3  Sandf.  531 223,  266 

V.  Blakeman,  6  N.  Y.  567 32,  223 

V.  Children's  Aid  Soc.  70  N.  Y.  481 364 

V.  Wyckoff,  114  N.  Y.  204,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  105,  21  N.  E.  158.  ..  .   294 
Nugent  V.  Keenan,  21  Jones  &  S.  530 317,  505 

O. 

Oakes  v.  High,  11  Misc.  313,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  497,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  289 342 

Oaksmith  v.  Sutherland,  4  Abb.  Pr.  15,  1  Hilt.  265 82 

Ober  V.  Ober,  5  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  37,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  843 176 

O'Brien,  Re,  5  Misc.  136,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  704 265 

Re,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  180,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  541 266 

V.  Commercial  F.  Ins.  Co.  38  Super.   Ct.  4 493 


C  TABLE    Ol"   CASES   CITED. 

O'Brien  v.  Garniss,  25  Hun,  446,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  422 233 

V.  Jackson,  42  App.  Div.   171,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1044 237 

V.  Long,  49  Hun,  SO,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  510,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  695.  ..  .      93 

95,     9V 
V.  Metiopoliliin   Street   K.   Co.  27  App.   Div.   1,  50  N.  Y.   Supp. 

159 40 

O'Callihan  v.  Carroll,  16  How.  Pr.  327 304 

Ocean  Nat.  Bank  v.  Carll,  7  Hun,  237 230 

O'Conner  v.  Merchants'  Bank,  64  Hun,  624,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

393,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  319 423 

O'Connor  v.  New  York  &  Y.  Land  Improv.  Co.  8  Misc.  243,  59  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  218,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  544 415 

V.  Union  R.  Co.  33  Misc.  728,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1056 123 

O'Dea  V.  O'Dea,  31  Hun,  441,  Affirmed,  101  N.  Y.  23,  4  N.  E.  110.  .  .174,  182 
Oelberman  v.  Rosenbaum.  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  389,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 

210 83 

Oesterriches  v.  Jones,  45  Hun.  240,   13   N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.  98,   10 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  350 101 

Ogden  v.  Devlin,  13  Jones  &  S.  631 26,     47 

Ogdensburgh  &  L.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Vermont  &  C.  R.  Co.  63  N.  Y.  176.  .364,  368 

O'Hara  v.  Bropliy,  24  How.  Pr.  379 140 

O'Keefe,  Re,  80  App.  Div.  513,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.   118 271 

V.   Shipherd,-  23  Him,   171 8,  405 

Olcott  V.  Maclean,  11  Hun,  394,  Appeal  dismissed,  73  N.  Y.  603 226 

439,  467 
Olifers  v.  Belmont,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  408,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  329,  33 

N.  Y.  Supp.  623    100,   102 

V.Belmont,  15  Mi.sc.  120,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  836,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  813  396 
Oliwell  V.  Verdenbalven,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  362,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

115,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  99 38 

Olmstead  v.  Keyes,  2  How.  Pr.  N.   S.   1 421 

O'Loughlin  v.  Hammond,   12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   171 437 

O'Neill  V.  Gray,  39  Hun,  566 143,  373 

V.  Howe,  16  Daly,  181,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  746 501 

Onondaga  v.  Briggs,  3  Denio,  173 2,       3 

Onondaga  County  v.  White,  38  Misc.  587,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.   1074 199 

Opitz  V.  Hammen,  41  App.  Div.  468,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  987 381 

Oppenheimer  v.  Walker,  3  Hun,  30,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  325 145 

O'Reilly  v.  Davies,  4  Sandf.  722 113 

Osborne  v.  Betts,  8  How.  Pr.  31 354 

v.  Parker,  66  App.  Div.  277,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  894 254 

O.sgood  v.  Osgood,  2  Paige,  621 176 

O'Shea  v.  McLear,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  69,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  482,  1 

N.  Y.   Supp.   407 93 


TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED.  CI 

Ostrander  v.  Harper,  14  How.  Pr.  16 338,  339,  342 

Otis  V.  Hall,  3   Johns.   450 113 

Ousterhout  v.  Day,  9  Jones,   114 53 

Overheiser  v.  Morehouse,  16  Abb.  N.  C.  208,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  257,  8 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  11 245,  249,  253 

Overing  v.  Russell,  28  How.  Pr.  151 93 

Overton  v.  National  Bank,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  169 5 

Owen  V.  Mason,  18  How.  Pr.  156 24 

Owens,  Re,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  480,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  107,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  348. .     58 

P. 

Pach  V.  Gilbert,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  833,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  546 486 

Page,  Re,  107  N.  Y,  266,  14  N.  E.  193 259 

Palmer  v.  Dewitt,  42  How.  Pr.  466 489 

V.  Palmer,  24  Misc.  217,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  538 43 

V.  Smedley,  13  Abb.  Pr.  185 106 

Pangburn  v.  Miles,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  42 150 

Pardee  v.  Schenck,   11  How.  Pr.  500 484 

Parish,  Re,  29  Barb.  627 200 

V.  New  York  Produce  Exchange,  54  App.  Div.  323,  66  N.  Y.  Supp. 

613 374 

Park  V.  Moore,  4  Hill,   592 80 

V.  Musgrave,  6  Hun,  223 417 

V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  57  App.  Div.  569,  68  N.  Y.  Supp. 

400,    1145    506 

v.  Peck,   1  Paige,.  477 231 

v.  Spaulding,   10  Hun,   128 394 

Parker  v.  Austin,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  474 146 

V.  Baxter,    19    Hun,    410 501 

V.  Day,  12  Misc.  510,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  378,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  676 32 

v.  Murray,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  949,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  79 135 

V.  Spear,  62  How.  Pr.  394 35 

v.  Speer,  17  Jones  &  S.  1,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  417,  Affirming  4 

Month.  L.   Bull.  29,  62  How.  Pr.  394 511,  512 

Parkhill  v.  Hillman,  12  How.  Pr.  353 239 

Parkinson  v.  Scott,  5  Misc.  261,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  102,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  44     81 

344 

Parrott  v.  Sawyer,  26  Hun,  466 348,  357,  452 

Parsons  v.   Bowdoin,    17   Wend.    14 54 

Patchen  v.  Delaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  62  App.  Div.  543,  71  N.  Y.  Supp. 

122 427 

Paterson  Bros.  v.  Goorley,  14  Misc.  56,  69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  651,  35  N.  Y. 

Supp.  297    215 


Cll  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Patten  v.  Stitt,  50  N.  Y.  591,  Affirming  2  Jones  &  S.  346 444,  455 

Patterson,  Re,  12  App.  Div.  123,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  495 30 

V.Buchanan,  40  App.  Div.   493,  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  238, 

58  N.  Y.   Supp.   179 251 

V.Burnett,   1   Silv.  Sup.  Ct.   166,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   116, 

4  N.  Y.  Supp.  921,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  363 2,  382 

V.  Knapp,  83  Hun,  492,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  251,  65  N.  Y, 

S.  R.   188,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  32 501 

V.  Patterson,  4  App.  Div.  146,  74  X.  Y.  S.  R.  502,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

637 177 

V.  Patterson,  59  N.  Y.  574,  17  Am.  Rep.  384 237 

Patton  v.  Miller,  28  App.  Div.  517,  51  K  Y.  Supp.  202 203 

V.  Patton,  13  Misc.  726,  69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  567,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  250..    180 
Peck  V.  Fonda,  J.  &  G.  R.  Co.  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  10,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  95, 

3  N.  Y.  Supp.  379 93 

V.  Cohen,  8  Jones  &  S.   142 99 

V.  Plwenix  Ins.  Co.  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  342,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  646,  18 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  505,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  543 317 

V.  Yorks,  75  N.  Y.  421 421 

Peet  V.  Kent,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  134 417 

V.  Kimball,  58  App.  Div.  329,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1010 85 

V.  Warth,   1    Bosw.   653 123,  127,  471 

Peetch  V.  Quinn,  12  Misc.  61,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  282,  24  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  394,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  689,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  87 420 

Peetsch  v.  Quinn,  6  Misc.  52,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  607,  26  N.Y.  Supp.  729.  ..      21 

Pelkey  v.  Saranac,  67  App.  Div.  337,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  493 333 

Peltz  v.  Schultz,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  2,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  336 239 

Pendleton  v.  Johnson,  21   N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272,   18  X.  Y.   Supp. 

211 422,  424 

Penfleld  v.  James,  4  Hun,  69 442 

V.  James,  56  X.  Y.   659 288 

V.  White,   8   How.   Pr.   88 60 

Pennell  v.  Wilson,  5  Robt.  674,  2  Robt.  505,  2  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  466 447 

People  V.  Alden,  112  X.  Y.  117,  19  X.  E.  516,  20  X.  Y.  S.  R.  496.  .188,  189 

V.  Albany  &  S.  R.   Co.  5  Lans.  25 399 

V.  Albany  &  V.  R.  Co.   16  Abb.  Pr.  465 371 

V.  Banker,  8  How.  Pr.  258 297 

V.  Barone,  101  X.  Y.  475,  55  X.  E.  1091 187,  461 

V.  Bond  Street  Sav.  Bank,  10  Abb.  X.  C.  15 311 

V.  Brookl^^l,  6  App.  Div.  202,  39  X.  Y.  Supp.  809 69 

V.  Carr,  54  Hun,  443,  28  X'.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  724 183 

V.  Clarke,  9  X.  Y.  349 378 

V.  City  Bank,  96  X.  Y.  32 311 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  Clll 

People  V.  Commercial  Alliance  Ins.  Co.  91  Hun,  389.  70  X.  Y.  S.  R.  823, 

36  N.  Y.  Supp.  248 309 

V.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co.  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  569 497,  499 

V.  Di  Medicis,  39  Misc.  438,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  212 185 

V.  Feeter,    12   Wend.   480 390 

V.  Ferraro,  162  N.  Y.  545,  57  X.  E.  167 187,  461 

v.Fitchburg  R.  Co.  133  N.  Y.  239,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  907,  30  N.  E. 

1011 308,  358 

V.  Fuller,  35  Misc.  189,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  487 185 

V.  Genesee  Valley  Canal  R.  Co.  95  N.  Y.  660 381 

V.  Giroux,  29  Hun,  248 379 

V.  Glasgow,  30  App.  Div.  94,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  24 94 

V.  Globe  Mut.  L.  Ins.  Co.  65  How.  Pr.  239,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  145 231 

V.  Heiselbetz,  30  App.  Div.  199,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  085 185 

v.Hodnett,  81  Hun,  137,  02  N.  Y.  S.  R.  699,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  735.    189 

V.  John  D.  Locke  Co.  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  31 230 

T.  McElvaney,  36  Misc.  316,  10  Anno.  Cas.  316,  73  N.  Y.  Supp. 

639 185 

V.  Mercantile  Credit  Guaranty  Co.  35  Misc.  755,  72  N.  Y.  Supp. 

373 451,  452 

T.  New  York  &  S.  I.  Ferry  Co.  7  Hun,  105 363 

V.  Xew  York  &.  S.  I.  Ferry  Co.  68  N.  Y.  71 371 

V.  New  York  C.  R.  Co.  30  How.  Pr.   148 356,  364 

V.  New  York  C.  R.  Co.  29  N.  Y.  418,  Further  Appeal,  30  How 

Pr.    14S    348,  349,  364 

V.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  47  Hun,  44,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 

16,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  168 194 

V.  Oakes,   1  How.  Pr.   195 441 

T.Page,  39  App.  Div.  110,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  834,  58  N.  Y.  Supp. 

239 381 

V.  Rochester  Dime  Sav.  &   L.  Asso.   7  App.  Div.   350,  39  N.  Y. 

Supp.   939    374 

■V.  Rockaway  Beach  Improv.  Co.  28  Hun,  356 374 

V.  Security  L.  Ins.  &  Annuity  Co.  23  Hun,  596 310 

v.  Smith,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  170,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  332 188,   189 

V.  Strauss,  48  App.  Div.  198,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  812 189 

T.  Tanner,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  349,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  334,  Affirmed,  128 

N.  Y.  416,  28  N.  E.  364 188 

T.  Tilton,    18   Wend.    514 448 

V.  Tweed,  5  Hun,  832,  Affirmed  in  63  N.  Y.  202 87,  432 

T.Ulster  &  D.  R  Co.  58  Hun  266,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  983,   12  X.  Y. 

Supp.  303,  Affirmed,  128  N.  Y.  240,  40  X.  Y.  S.  R.  280,  28 

N.  E.  635    374 


CIV  TABLF   OF   CASES   CITED. 

People  ex  rel.  Wallace,  v.  Abbott,  107  N.  Y.  225,  13  N.  E.  779,  13  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  163,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  276,  11  N.  Y.  S. 

R.   387    170 

Winans,  v.  Adams,  128  N.  Y.  129,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  159. 

38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  S80,  27  N.  E.   1075 378,  37^ 

Hadley,  v.  Albany  County,  28  How.  Pr.  22 184 

Bailey,  v.  Albany  Mayor's  Court  Judges,  9  Wend.  486 237,  421 

Martin,  v.  Albright,  23  How.  Pr.  306,  14  Abb.  Pr.  195,  305 192 

Law^-er's   Surety   Co.   v.   Anthony,   7   App.   Div.    132,   40   N.  Y. 

Supp.  279   218 

Smith,  V.  Asten,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  37 212 

Bleecker  Street  &  F.  F.  R.  Co.  v.  Barker,  90  Hun,  253,  70  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  204,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  803 213,  468 

Lorillard,  v.  Barker,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  207,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  393, 

Affirmed,  141  N.  Y.  118,  23  L.  R.  A.  95,  56  X.  Y.  S.  R.  586, 

35  N.  E.   1073    212 

Clute,  V.  Boardman,  41  N.  Y.  362 443 

Cook,  V,  Board  of  Police,  17  Abb.  Pr.  324,  26  How.  Pr.  450 213 

Watson,  V.  Boffett,  75  App.  Div.  365,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  175 215 

Burroughs,  v.  Brinkerhoff,  68  N.  Y.  259 192 

Pteynolds,  v.  Buffalo,  9  Misc.  403,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  692,  29  N.  Y. 

Supp.   1071    19 

Warren,  v.  Carter,  46  Hun,  444 212 

Warren,  v.  Carter,  119  N.  Y.  654,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  116,  23  N.  E. 

927 212 

Kilner,  v.  Cheritree,  5  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  65 213 

Eckerson,  v.  Christie,   14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  525 212 

Oprandy,  v.  Ciarcia,  49  App.  Div.  90,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  497 214 

McDonald,  v.  Clausen,  61  App.  Div.  184,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  417 194 

Sanders,  v.  Colborne,  20  How.  Pr.  378 162,   193,  195,  440 

Fairfield  Chemical  Co.  v.  Coleman,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  246 211 

Cantwell,  v.  Coler,  61  App.  Div.  598,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  755 186,  482 

Mullen,  V.  Coler,  61   App.  Div.  538,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  639 186 

Rolf,  v.  Coler,  58  App.  Div.  347,  68  K  Y.  Supp.  1101 193 

Lee,  V.  College  Point,  89  Him,  194,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  878,  34  N.  Y. 

Supp.  11,  45   211 

Scudder,  v.  Cooper,  10  N.  Y'.  Week.  Dig.  77 217 

V.  Cooper,  20  Hun,  486 217 

Mann,  v.  Covert,  18  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  458 211 

Western  U.  Teleg.  Co.  v.  Dolan,  126  N.  Y.  166,  12  L.  R.  A.  251, 

27  N.   E.  269    213 

Coler,   v.   Dutchess   County,   3   How.   Pr.   380 192 

Weeks  v.  Ewen,  8  Abb.  Pr.  359 195 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  CV 

People  ex  rel.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  v.  Fcitner,  5S  App.  Div.  343, 

68  X.  Y.  Supp.  1058 213: 

Roth.  V.  Fiteh,  51   N.  Y.   Supp.  683 185 

JalTe,  V.  Fitzpatrick,  35  Misc.  456,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  191 12,     41 

Giles  V.  Flagg,  25  Barb.  652,  15  How.  Pr.  36 319 

Smith,  V.  Flagg,  5  Abb.  Pr.  232 192 

Dowd,  V.  Fonda,  22  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  477 212 

Acritelli  v.  Foster,  40  Misc.  19,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  212 185 

Anibal,  v.  Fulton  County,  53  Eun,  254,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  591 205- 

Crouse,  v.  Fulton  County,  70  Hun,  500,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  796,  24 

N.  Y.  Supp.  397,  Affirmed,  139  N.  Y.  656,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  934, 

35  N.  E.  208   511 

Peck,  V.  Genesee  County,  61  App.  Div.  545,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  578.  .  187 
New  York  Soc.  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  v.  Gilmore, 

88  N.  Y.  626,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  206 187,  218 

Shelton,  v.  Gower,  44  How.  Pr.  26 213 

Cole,  v.  Greene  County,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  447 192 

Levy,  V.  Grout,  37  Misc.  430,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  290 180 

Kipp,  V.  Harris,  6  Abb.  Pr.  30  192 

Smith,  V.  Hasbrouck,  54  How.  Pr.  418 19* 

Hall,  V.  Hempstead  Town  Auditors,  42  App.  Div.  250,  59  N.  Y. 

Supp.   10    162,   195,  210 

Barry,  v.  Herkimer  Common  Pleas,  4  Wend.  210 4 

Boyd,  V.  Hertle,  46  App.  Div.  505,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  965 193 

Woolf,  v.  Jacobs,  5  Hun,  428,  Affirmed,  66  N.  Y.  8 181,  512 

v.  Jacobs,  66  N.  Y.  8 2ia 

Holbrook,  v.  Jefferson  County  Common  Pleas  Judges,  2  Wend. 

301 193 

Rome,  W.  &  O.  R.  Co.  v.  Jones,  43  Hun,  131,  0  N.  Y.  S.  R.  112, 

25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  487 2ia 

Wallkill  Valley  R.  Co.  v.  Kealor,  67  How.  Pr.  277,  Affirmed,  36 

Hun,  592,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  369 211 

Wallkill  Valley  R.  Co.  v.  Keator,  101  N.  Y.  612,  3  N.  E.  903.  .  .   212 

Ryder,  v.  Kings  County,  76  Hun,  71,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  857 44ft 

Ulster  County  v.  Kingston,  101  N.  Y.  82,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  452, 

4  N.  E.  348    204r 

Delta  Kappa  Epsilon    Soc.   v.   Lawlor,   36  Misc.  594,  73   N.   Y. 

Supp.   1082 212 

Lumlay,  v.  Lewis,  28  How.  Pr.  159 195- 

Olin,  V.  Loclcsvood,  9  Daly,  68 221 

Mallard,  v.  Madison  County  Judges,  7  Cow.  423 70 

Meyer,  v.  Masonic  Guild  &  Mut.  Ben.  Asso.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  74,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  806 196,  513- 


<Cvi  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

People  ex  rel.  Barry,  v.  Mercein,  3  Hill,  399,  38  Am.  Dec.  644 328 

Allen,  V.  Murray,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  53,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1051 70 

Lockport,  V.  Niagara  County,  50  How.  Pr.  353 161 

Ransom,  v.  Niagara  County,  78  N.  Y.  622 184 

Smith,  V.  Nelliston,  79  N.  Y.  638,  9  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  298.  .210,  213 
Allison,  V.  New  York  Bd.  of  Edu.  26  App.  Div.  208,  49  N.  Y. 

Supp.    915    202,  511 

Van  Riper,  v.  New  York  Catholic  Protectory,  106  N.  Y.  604,  27 

N.  Y.   Week.  Dig.  260,  5  N.   Y.  Crim.  Rep.  499,   11   N.  Y. 

S.  R.  155,  13  N.  E.  435 213 

Fishers,  v.  New  York  Common  Pleas,  18  Wend.  534 193 

Fryer,  v.  New  York  Common  Pleas,  18  Wend.  579 113 

Donovan,  v.  New  York  Fire  Comrs.  5  Abb.  N.  C.  144 210 

Stilwell,  V.  New  Y'ork  Produce  Exchange,  64  How.  Pr.  523 195 

Twenty-Third  Street  R.  Co.  v.  New  York  Tax  Comrs.  95  N.  Y. 

559 5 

Smith,  v.  New  York  T.  &  A.  Comrs.  of  Taxes,  101  N.  Y.  651.  . .   212 

Hale,  v.  Onondaga  Common  Pleas,  3  Wend.  304 193 

Brown,  v.  Onondaga  County,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  1,  4  N.  Y.  Crim. 

Rep.  102,  Affirmed,  102  N.  Y.  691 184 

Scribner,  v.  Peekskill  Water  Comrs.  58  App.  Div.  554,  69  N.  Y. 

Supp.  93 194 

Maun,  v.  Peterson,  31  Hun,  412   212 

Ogdensburgh  &  L.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Pond,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  1 212 

Oak  Hill  Cemetery  Asso.  v.  Pratt,  66  Hun,  578,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

355,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  853,  Affirmed,  138  N.  Y.  655,  53  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  931,  34  N.  E.  513 212,  213 

Keene,  v.  Queens  County,  83  Hun,  237,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.   159,  31 

N.  Y.  Supp.  569,  Affirmed,  145  N.  Y.  597,  40  N.  E.  164.  .195.  196 

Morris,  v.  Randall,  8  Daly,  81 451 

Raplee  v.  Reddy,  43  Barb.  539 211 

Smither,  v.  Richmond,  5  Misc.  26,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  144 193 

Garbutt,  v.  Rochester  &  S.  L.  R.  Co.  76  N.  Y.  294 196 

Fargo,  v.  Rosendale,  76  Hun,  112,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  377,  27  N.  Y. 

Supp.  825,  Affirmed,  142  N.  Y.  670,  37  N.  E.  571 188 

Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  &  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Russell,  57  Hun, 

53,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  20,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  391 211,  212 

Thurman  v.  Ryan,  88  N.  Y.  142,  42  Am.  Rep.  238 211 

Muller,  V.  Schodack  Highway  Comrs.  27  How.  Pr.  158 213 

Cagger,  v.  Schuyler  County,  2  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  78 195 

Atty.  Gen.  v.   Security  L.  Ins.  Co.   71   N.  Y.  222 310 

Green,  v.  Smith,  13  Hun,  227 210 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITKD.  CVU 

People  ex  rel.  James,  v.  Soci(?ty  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children, 

19  Misc.  677,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  1100 328 

Bates,  V.  Speed,  73  Hun,  302,  57  N.  Y.  S.  K.  295,  26  N.  Y.  Supp. 

254 161,  194 

White,  V.  Steuben  Common  Picas,  12  Wend.  200 2 

Young,  V.  Stout,  10  Misc.  247,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  421 328 

Sinkler,  v.  Terry,  42  Hun,  273,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  25  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  307 214 

Bray,  v.  Ulster  County,  65  How.  Pr.  327 195,  196 

Smart,  v.  Washington  County,  66  App.  Div.  66,  72  N.  Y.  Supp. 

568 204 

Staudacher  v.  Webb,  16  Hun,  42 188 

Morgan  v.  Westchester  County,   39  N.  Y.   S.  R.   798,   15   N.   Y. 

Supp.  580 367 

Boston,  H.  T.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Wilder,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  159 211 

Canady,  v.  Williams,  90  Hun,  501,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  401,  36  N.  Y. 

Supp.  65    211 

People's   Bank  v.  Thompson,  24  N.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   62,   63   N.   Y. 

S.  R.   165,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  858 28 

Percival  v.  Percival,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  155,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  255 179 

Peri  v.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  N.  E.  849 15 

16,   17,  22,  23,  24,  25,     40 
Perine  v.  Wiggins,  18  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  172,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  939.  .      279 

281 
Perkins  v.  Brainard  Quarry  Co.  11  ilisc.  337,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  417,  32 

N.  Y.  Supp.  236 92,     98 

v.Heert,  14  Misc.  425,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  434.  . .   377 

V.  Hinman,  19  Johns,  237 428 

v.  Taylor,   19  Abb.  Pr.   146 500 

V.  Whitney,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  951,  12  X.  Y.  Supp.  184.  .  : 382 

Perrigo  v.  Dowdall,  25  Hun,  234 424,  425 

Perrine  v.  Hotchkiss,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  370 449 

Perry  v.  Chester,  53  N.  Y.  240 17,     43 

v.  Griffin,  7  How.  Pr.  263 494 

V.  Livingston,    6   How.   Pr.   404 397,  4S9,  491 

Persoe  &  B.  Paper  Works  v.  Willett,  14  Abb.  Pr.  119 329 

Peterson,  Re,  74  Hun,  93,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  405 48 

v.  Dickel,  8  Abb.  Pr.  259 459 

V.  Felt,  61  App.  Div.  176,  70  X.  Y.  Supp.  440 67 

Petrakion  v.  Arbeely,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  183,  26  X.  Y.  Supp.  731   102 

Pettee  v.  Pettee,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  549,  19  X.  Y.  Supp.  311 176 

Pettibone  v.  Drakeford,   1   How.  Pr.   X.   S.   141 431 

Petty  V.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.    33    :\Ii.«c.    738,    68    X.  Y.  Supp. 

730 79,     81 


CVlll  TA]{J-1';    Of   CASES   CITED. 

Pfaudler  Barm  Extracting  Ikinging  Apparatus  Co.  v.  Pfaiuller,  39  Hun, 

191,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  253 478. 

V.  Sargent,  43  Hun,  154,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  483,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

413 442,  506. 

Pfeifer  v.   Supreme  Lodge  of  B.  S.  Benev.  Soc.  54  App.  Div.  200,  66 

N.  Y.  Supp.  604   331,  333- 

Pfister  V.  Stumni,   7  Misc.  526,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.   1000 279,  28»- 

Pharis  v.  Gere,  31  Hun,  443 64 

Phelps  V.  Cole,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Pvep.  157 230- 

V.  Wasson,  2  How.   Pr.   120 72. 

V.  Wood,  46  How.  Pr.   1 133- 

Phenix  v.  Townsbend,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  2 327 

Philadelphia  v.  Postal  Tcleg.  Co.  1  App.  Div.  387,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  617, 

37  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 27,  28,  47 

Philbiu   V.   Patrick,   22   How.    Pr.    1 497 

Philbrook  v.  Kellogj;,  21  Hun,  238 511 

Phillips  V.  Liebmann,  10  App.  Div.  128,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  1020 419< 

V.  Simmons,  20  How.  Pr.  342,  11  Abb.  Pr.  287 178 

V.  Stagg,  2  Edw.  Ch.   108 11 

Phipps  V.  Carman,  23  Hun,  150,  Affirmed  84  N.  Y.  650 500 

V.  Carman,   26   Hun,    518 434,  462: 

V.  Van  Cott,  15  How.  Pr,  110 102,  397 

Phoenix  v.  Hill,  3  Johns.  249 81,  231 

Phoenix  Bridge  Co.  v.  Keystone  Bridge  Co.  10  App.  Div.  176,  41  N.  Y. 

Supp.  891 417 

Piatti,  Re,  26  Misc.  434,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  132 498 

Pickard  v.  Yencer,  21  Hun,  403,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  271 38 

Pickert   v.   Windecker,    73   Hun,   476,    56   N.   Y.    S.   R.    12,   26   N.   Y. 

Supp.  437 396- 

Pickett  V.   Barron,  29  Barb.  505 446 

Pierano  v.  Merritt,  148  N.  Y.  293,  42  N.  E.  718 302,  30^ 

Pierce  v.  Brown,  8  Jones  &  S.  398 394,  395 

V.  Lees,  17  App.  Div.  346,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  294 425 

V.  Waters,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  432 28 

Pieris,  Re,  82  App.  Div.  446,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  927 36 

Pierrepont  v.  Lovelass,  4  Hun,  681 476 

Pierret  v.  Moller,  3  E.  D.  Smith,  574 110 

Pierson  v.  Drexel,  1 1  Abb.  jS'.  C.  150 308 

V.  Lydecker,   1   Law  Rec.   177 429 

V.  Sallord,  30  Hun,  .-)21 18,  22 

Pike  V.  Johnson,  47  N.  Y.  1 283 

V.  Nash,  1 6  How.  Pr.  53 480- 

Pilger  V.  Gore,  12  Abb.  Pr.  244,  21  How.  Pr.  155 84 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  CIX 

Pilgrim  v.  Donelly,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  291,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  240 98 

Pilkington  v.  Brookljai  Heights  R.  Co.  49  App.  Div.  22,  30  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  276,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  211 37 

Finder  v.  Morris,  3  Cai.  165 17 

V.  Stoothoff,  7  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  433 126,  365 

Pinkernelli  v.  Bischoff,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  107 249 

Pinsker  v.  Pinsker,  44  App.  Div.  501,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  902 355 

Pitchell,  Re,   10  Daly,   102 220 

Pitcher  v.  Hoopla,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  356,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  66 22 

Pitman  v.  Johnson,  35  Hun,  38,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  472 233 

Pitt  V.  .Davison,  37  N.  Y.  235 513 

Pixley  V.  Rockwell,  Sheldon,  267    394 

Place  V.  Hayward,  19  Jones  &  S.  509,  Affirmed  100  N.  Y.  626,  3  N.  E. 

199 240 

v.  Hayward,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  352,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  59.  .  .     43 

Plainer  v.  Lehman,  26  Hun,  374 291,  292 

Piatt  V.  Sherry,  7  Wend.  238 161 

Plattsburgh,  Re,  27  App.  Div.  353,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  356 203,  438 

Platz  v.  Cohoes,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  392 450 

Podmore  v.  Seamen's  Bank  for  Savings,  30  Misc.  416,  62  N.  Y.  Supp. 

526 333 

v.  South  Brooklyn  Sav.  Inst.  27  Misc.  120,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  406.  .  .    333 

Poillon  V.  Cudlipp,  50  How.  Pr.  366 361 

V.  Poillon,  75  App.  Div.  536,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  323 175 

Pomares  v.  Duncan,  25  Abb.  N.  C.  58,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  380 73 

Pomeranz  v.  Marcus,  40  Misc.  442,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  707 16 

Pomeroy  v.  Hulin,  7  How.  Pr.  161 281,  287,  486 

Pool,  Re,  8  Misc.  284,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  214,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  707 224 

V.  Osborn,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  232 288,  353 

Poole  V.  Belcha,  131  N.  Y.  200,  30  N.  E.  53,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

67,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  856 20,     22 

Porter  v.  Cobb,  25  Hun,  184 163,  303 

V.  Jones,  7  How.  Pr.  192 80 

V.  Parmly,   7   Jones  &  S.   219 47,     48 

Post,  Re,  5  App.  Div.  113,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  977 276 

Re,  30  Misc.  551,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  369 262 

V.  Charlesworth,  66  Hun,  256,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  168 405 

V.  Doremus.  60  N.  Y"".  371   413 

V.  Jenkins,  2  How.  Pr.  33   61 

Potter  V.  Carpenter,  56  How.  Pr.  89 495 

V.  Farrington,  24  Hun,  551,  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  283 374 

Pountney  v.  Pountney,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  334,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  192 174,  383 

Powell  V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  125,  3 

N.  Y.  Supp.  763    489 


ex  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Powell  V.  Rust,  8  Barb.  567,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  172 113,  114 

V.  Schenck,  6  App.  Div.  130,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  877 43a 

Powell's  Estate,  5  Dem.  281,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  348 257 

Power  V.  Athens,  19  Hun,  165 217,  512- 

Powers  V.   Barr,  24   Barb.   142 368. 

V.  Conroy,  47  How.  Pr.  84 112,  115,  371 

V.  Gross,  6  Hun,  234 113 

V.  Gross,    66   N.    Y.    5 646,  130' 

V.Manhattan  R.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  78,  14  N.  Y.  Supp. 

130 114,  454 

V.  Wolcott,   12  How.  Pr.  565 361 

Pratt  V.  Allen,  19  How.  Pr.  450 400,  402. 

V.  Conkey,  15  How.  Pr.  27 387,  388 

V.  Ramsdell,  7  Abb.  Pr.  340 143 

V.  Ramsdell,  16  How.  Pr.  59,  7  Abb.  Pr.  340 140,  289 

V.  Stiles,  9  Abb.  Pr.  150,  17  How.  Pr.  211 14S 

Prentiss  v.  Bowden,   14  Misc.   185,  2  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  163,  25  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  144,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  517,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. .  460 

v.  Livingston,   60  How.   Pr.   380 26 

Preservaline  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Selling,  75  App.  Div.  474,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  299.  .  67 

Press  Pub.  Co.  v.  Baker,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  879,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  822 54 

Price  V.  Mapes,  28  N.  Y.   S.  R.  88,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.   747,  Affirmed  132 

N.  Y.  552    223 

V.  Price,  61  Hun,  604,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  359 45& 

Pritchard  v.  Pritchard,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  298 178 

Proctor  v.  Soulier,  8  App.  Div.  69,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  459 132,  355,  367 

Prospect  Ave.  Re,  85  Hun,  257,  1  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  347,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

497,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  1013 25- 

Prospect  Park  &  C.  I.  R.  Co.  Re,  67  N.  Y.  371 198 

Protestant  Episcopal  Public  School,  Re,  86  N.  Y.  396 205,  451,  456 

Proude  v.  Whiton,  15  How.  Pr.  304 249 

Provost  V.  Farrell,  13  Hun,  303 68,  507 

V.  Provost,  70  N.  Y.  141 156 

Prudden  v.  Loekport,  40  How.  Pr.  46 61 

Prj'or,  Re,  67  App.  Div.  316,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  961 212,  217,  46» 

Publishers'  Printing  Co.  a.  Gillin  Printing  Co.  16  Misc.  558,  74  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  132,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  327,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  784.  .  36 
V.  Gillen  Printing  Co.  15  Misc.  464,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  669,  37  N. 

Y.  Supp.   198    22 

Pugsley  V.  Kisselburgh,   10  N.  Y.  420,  7  How.   Pr.   402 281 

Pulver  V.  Harris,  52  N.  Y.  73 38 

Purcell  V.  Purcell,  3  E.lw.  Ch.  194 175 

Purdy  V.  Morgan,  2  How.  Pr.   149 482 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  CXI 

Purdy  V.  Peters,  23  How.  Pr.  328,  15  Abb.  Pr.  100 475. 

V.  Purdy,  5  Cow.  14    81,  231 

V.  Stewart,  1 6  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  284 48 

Pursley  v.  Rodgers,  44  App.  Div.  139,  01  y.  Y.  Supp.  1015.314,  315,  333,  334 

Pustet  V.  Flannelly,  60  How.  Pr.  67 404 

Putney  v.  Tyng,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  700 491 

Pyne  v.  National  S.  S.  Co.  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  71)1,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  166 49a 

Q. 

Query  v.  Cooney,  34  Misc.  161,  68  N.  Y".  Supp.  800 505 

Quick  V.  Wixon,  27  Hun,  592 303 

Quin  V.  Bowe,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  115,  10  Daly,  505 393,  402 

Quinby  v.  Claflin,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  793,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  508 39a 

Quinlan  v.  Birge,  43  Hun.  483.  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  161,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

147 15,  22,  38,     39 

V.  Utica,  11  Hun,  217,  Affirmed  74  N.  Y^  603 171 

(,)uinn  V.  Quinn,  69  App.  Div.  598,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  83 370' 

V.  Winter,  22  Abb.  X.  C.  462.  25  X.  Y.  S.  R.  85.1,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 

865 112,  118 

Quinnan  v.  Clapp,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  394,  note 2.S 

R. 

Raab,  Re,  47  App.  Div.  33,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  332 25? 

Raby,  Re,  25  Misc.  240,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  87 51 

Race  V.  Gilbert,   102  N.  Y\  298,   10  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  1,   1  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  661,  6  N.  E.  592 503,  504 

Raet  v.  Duviard-Dime,  21  X.  Y'.  S.  R.  736,  4  X.  Y.  Supp.  156 365 

Radley  v.  Brice,  6  Wend.  539 112 

V.  Fisher,  24  How.   Pr.   404 253 

Radway  v.  Graham,  4  Abb.  Pr.  468 450 

Railway  Advertising  Co.  v.  Posner,  31  Misc.  783,  65  X.  Y^.  Supp.  226.  . .   293 
Ramsden  v.  Ramsden,  28  Hun,  285,  2  X.  Y''.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.   (Browne) 
416,  2  X.  Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (McCarty)   408,  15  X.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  481 183 

Randall  v.  Albany  City  Xat.  Bank,  1  X.  Y.  S.  R.  592 94 

V.  Carpenter,  88  X.  Y.  294 415- 

V.  Dusenbury,  7  Jones  &  S.  174,  Affirmed  in  63  X.  Y.  645 32 

V.  Morning  Journal  Asso.  22  Misc.  715,  49  X.  Y.  Supp.  1064 482 

V.  Van  Wagenen,  22  Jones  &  S.  483,  Affirmed  in  115  X.  Y.  527, 
22  X.  E.  361,  12  Am.  St.  Rep.  828,  22  X.  E.  366,  17  N.  Y. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  403,  20  X.  Y.  S.  R.  43 14,     24 


CXll  TABI-E  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Kandals  v.  Thonton,  4  Alb.  L.  J.  76 116 

Kandell  v.  Abrisqueta,  20  Abb.  N.  C.  292,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  303 433 

li<indoir  V.  Foster,  3  E.  D.  Smith,  648,  4  Abb.  Pr.  262 159 

Randolph  v.  Foster,  3  E.  D.  Smith,  648,  4  Abb.  i'r.  262 351.  387 

Rank  v.  Grotc,  18  Jones  &  S.  275,  Aliirmed  110  X.  Y.  12,  17  N.  E.  665.  .  370 

Ranney  v.  Peyser,  20  Hun,  11,5  Abb.  N.  C.  246 145 

V.  Russell,  3   Duer,   689 283 

V.  Stringer,   4   Bosw.   663    322,  335 

Rapid  Safety  Filter  Co.  v.  WyekolV,  20  Misc.  429,  45  N,  Y.  Supp.  1028.  .  121 
Rasch,  Re,  26  Misc.  459,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  98,  55  N.  Y.  Supp. 

434 313,  320 

Rasquin  v.  Knickerbocker  Stage  Co.  21  How.  Pr.  293,  12  Abb.  Pr.  324. ,  38 

liathbone  v.  McConnell,  20  Barb.  311,  Affirmed  in  21  N.  Y.  466 109 

V.  MeConnell,  21  N.  Y.  466 113 

V,  Warren,   10  Johns.  580 412 

Eauth,  Re,  10  Daly,  52    224 

Rawlinson  v.  Brainerd  &  A.  Co.  53  App.  Div.  147,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  762. .  365 

Rawson  v.  Van  Riper,  1  Thomp.  &  C.  370 168 

Ray  V.  Van  Hook,  9  How.  Pr.  427 238 

Reade  v.  Waterhouse,  52  N.  Y.  587 225,  335 

Real  Estate  Corporation  v.  Harper,  174  N.  Y.  123,  60  N.  E.  660 308 

Reavy  v,   Clark,   18   N.   Y,  Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   272,   30  N.  Y.   S.  R.   535, 

9  N.  Y.  Supp.  216 14,  34 

Redmond,  Re,  54  App.  Div.  454,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  309.  66  N.  Y.  Supp. 

782 49,  60 

Reed,  lie,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  139 265 

V.  Batten,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  69,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272,  6  N.  Y. 

Supp.  708 390,  392 

V.  Reed,  52  N.  Y.   G51 269 

Keeder  v.  Lockwood,  30  Misc.  531,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  713 431,  434 

V.  Seely,  4  Cow.   548 231 

Reeves,  Re,  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  291 273 

Regan,  Re,  167  N.  Y.  338,  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  125,  60  N.  E.  658 33 

Re,  29  Misc.  527,  7  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  165,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  1074, 

Affirmed  in  167  N.  Y.  338,  60  N.  E.  658 13 

Reichel  v.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  240, 

29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  841,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  414 130,  465,  496 

Reid  V.  Gaedeke,  38  App.  Div.  107,  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  212,  57 

N.  Y.  Supp.  414   95,  98 

Reilly  v.  Flynn,  10  Daly,  462 54 

V.  Lee,  85  Hun,  315,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  460,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  976 437 

V.  Lee,  33  App.  Div.  201,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  170,  6  N.  Y. 

Anno.  Cas.  136,  53  X.  Y.  Supp.  336 390 

V.  Tullis,  10  Daly,  283 54 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  CXIH 

Keimer  v.  Diedrick,  4  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  230 289,  294 

Remington  v.  Westermann,  21  Hun,  441,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  251 316 

Remington  Paper  Co.  v.  O'Dougherty,  18  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  190 374,  440 

V.  O'Doughterty,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  70 420 

Rensselaer  &  S.  R.  Co.  v.  Davis,  Re,  55  N.  Y.  145 144,  200 

Renwick  v.  New  York  Central  Coal  Co.  23  Jones  &  S.  444,   14  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  114,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  758 320 

Requard  v.  Theiss,  18  Misc.  563,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  460,  Affirmed,  19  Misc. 

480,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  1060 216 

Revere  Copper  Co.  v.  Dimmock,  29  Hun,  299 456 

Rewey  v.  Riley,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  573 406 

Reynolds,  Re,  30  Misc.  397,  62  X.  Y.  Supp.  515 220 

V.  ^tna  L.  Ins.  Co.  6  App.  Div.  254,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  885 133 

v.  Etna  L.  Ins.  Co.  30  Misc.  152,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  901 458 

V.  Hamil,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  230 157 

V.  Kaplan,  3  App.  Div.  420,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  764 28 

V.  Moore,  9  Wend.  35,  24  Am.  Dec.  116 161,  170 

Rhodes  v.  Linderman,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  028 218 

Rice  V.  Childs,  28  Hun,  303 128,  296 

V.  Whitlock,  16  Abb.  Pr.  225 419 

V.  Wright,  3  How.  Pr.  405 362 

Rich  V.  Husson,  1  Duer,  617,  11  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  119 3-5 

V.  Roberts,  18  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  205,  10  ^.  Y.  Supp.  915 284 

Richards  v.  Salter,  6  Johns.  Ch.  448 403 

V.  Sandford,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  349,  12  X.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  94 93 

Richardson  v.  Brookljni  City  &  X.  R.  Co.  7  Hvm,  09 14,     34 

V.  Richardson,  5  Paige,  58 344 

V.  Sun  Printing  &  Pub.  Asso.  20  App.  Div.  329,  46  X.  Y.  Supp. 

814 72 

V.  TJiedford,  5  App.  Div.  404,  39  X.  Y.  Supp.  307 79,     88 

V.  White,  27   How.  Pr.   155 428,  429 

Richmond  v.  Russell,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  85 75 

Richter  v.  Xew  York,  24  Misc.  613,  54  X.  Y.  Supp.  150 137 

Ridabock  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  8  App.  Div.  309,  75  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

336,  40  X.  Y.  Supp.  938 506 

Rider  v.  Bates,  60  How.  Pr.   129 61 

Ridgway  v.  Symons,  14  Misc.  78,  25  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  23,  69  X.  Y. 

S.  R.  552,  35  X.  Y.  Supp.  197 334 

Riegelman  v.  Brunnings,  36  App.  Div.  351,  56  X.  Y.  Supp.  755 93 

Rieger  v.  S^van,  2  Misc.  407,  51  X.  Y.  S.  R.  140,  21  X.  Y.  Supp.  1037. . .   443 

Rielly  v.  Rosenberg,  57  App.  Div.  408,  68  X.  Y.  Supp.  265 336 

Riggs  V.  Waydel],  17  Hjin,  515,  Affirmed  78  X.  Y.  586 279 

Riley  v.  Hulbert,  13  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  101 374 


CXIV  TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED. 

Ripley  v.  Gelston,  9  Johns.  201,  6  Ain.  Dec.  271 5ft 

Risley,  Re,  10  Daly,  44 221 

Ritch,  Re,  76  Hun,  36,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  023,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  016 267,  269 

Ritter  v.  Greason,  28  jVIise.  656,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  1053 215 

Rivenburgh  v.  Henness,  4  Lans.  208 305,  469 

Robbins  v.  Hudson  River  R.  Co.  7  Bosw.  1 94 

Roberson  v.   Rochester  Folding  Box  Co.   68  App.  Div.   528,  73   N,  Y. 

Supp.  898 450 

Roberti  v.  Carlton,  18  How.  Pr.  466 34* 

V.  Methodist  Book  Concern,  1  Daly,  3 327 

Roberts  v.  Aden,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  302 71 

V.  Clark,   10  How.  Pr.   451 103 

V.  Doty,  31  Hun,   128    24 

V.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  12  Misc.  345,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  386,  33 

N.  Y.  Supp.  685   372,  384,  408 

V.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  155  N.  Y.  31,  49  N.  E.  262 399 

V.  Union  Elev.  R.  Co.  84  Hun,  437,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  592,  32  N.  Y. 

Supp.  387 2a 

V.  Warren,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  524 67 

Robertson  v.  Barnum,  29  Hun,  657 314,  321 

V.  Robertson,  3   Paige,  387 338 

V.  Robertson,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  85 44 

Robins  v.  Gould,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  133 85,  352 

Robinson,  Re,  40  App.  Div.  30,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  523,  Affirmed  160  N.  Y. 

448,  55  N.  E.   11 271,  40a 

v.  Hall,  35  Hun,  214 101 

V.Klein,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  481,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  73,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

262 431,  433,  434 

V.  Plimpton,  25  N.  Y.  484   412 

v.  Wood,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  466,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  169 232 

Robitzek  v.  Hect,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  156 47S 

Rochester  &  H.  Valley  R.  Co.  v.  Rochester,  17  App.  Div.  257,  45  N.  Y. 

Supp.  687 368 

Rochester  City  Bank  v.  Rapelje,  12  How.  Pr.  26 10* 

Rochester  Distilling  Co.  v.  O'Brien,  72  Hun,  462,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  149, 

25  N.  Y.  Supp.  281 51 

Rockfort  V.  Metropolitan   Street  R.   Co.  50  App.   Div.  261,   30   N.   Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  285,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  1036 37 

Rockwell  V.  Carpenter,  25  Hun,  529 407 

Rodgers  v.  Clement,  58  App.  Div.  54,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  594 65 

Roe  V.  Boyle,  81  N.  Y.  305 242 

Roeber  v.  Dawson,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  354 511 

Rogers  v.  Degen,  4  Bosw.  669,  19  How.  Pr.  119,  10  Abb.  Pr.  313 351 


TABLE   OF    CASES    CITED.  CXV 

Rogers  v.  Hitchcock,  9  Wend.  4G2 328 

V.  Tvers,  23   Hun,   424    407 

V.  Rogers,  2  Paige,  458    440,  476,  482 

Rollins  V.  Barnes,  23  App.  Div.  240,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  153,  48  N.  Y. 

Supp.  779 143,  289 

Roome  v.  Jennings,  3  Misc.  413,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  507,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  666.  .    104 

Rooney  v.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  368 11,     38 

Roosevelt  v.  Bulls  Head  Bank,  45  Barb.  579 294 

V.  New  York  &  H.  R.  Co.  45  Barb.  554,  30  How.  Pr.  226 292,  293 

v.  Schermerhorn,  32  Misc.  287,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  366. 409 

Root  V.  Van  Duzen,  32  Hun,  63 24 

Rosa  V.  Jenkins,  31  Hun,  384 133,  143,  244,  373,  442 

V.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.  20  App.  Div.  334,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  807.  .341,  343 

Rosche  V.  Kosmowski,  61  App.  Div.  23,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  216 142 

Rose  V.  Post,  56  N.  Y.  603 416 

Rosso  V.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.  13  App.  Div.  375,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  216 338 

Roth  V.  Meads,  20  How.  Pr.  287 479 

Rothchild  v.  Werner,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  28 499 

Rothery  v.  New  York  Rubber  Co.  90  N.  Y.  30 370 

Rothschild  v.  Wilson,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  123,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  76, 

10  N.  Y.  Supp.  61   317 

Rousso  V.  Vontrin,  41  How.  Pr.  8 92,     98 

Row  V.  Sherwood,  6  Johns.  109 161 

Rowland,  Re,  55  App.  Div.  66,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  397,  66  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1121 13,     33 

Royee  v.  Jones,  23  Hun,  452 395,  396,  399 

Rudd  V.  Robinson,  54  Hun,  339,  27  N.  Y.  S.  R.  98,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  535, 
Reversed,  126  N.  Y.  113,  12  L.  R.  A.  473,  22  Am.  St.  Rep. 

816,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  500,  26  N.  E.  1046 407 

V.  Rudd,  28  N.  Y.  W^eek.  Dig.  229,  13  N.  Y.  S.  R.  904 178 

Ruger  V.  Fahy's  Watch  Case  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  204,  37  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  400,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  788 130 

Ruggles  v.  Fogg,  7  How.  Pr.  324 ' 281,  285,  286 

Rumsey  v.  New  York  &  N.  E.  R.  Co.  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  253,  21  N.  Y.  Supp. 

193 

Rimnell  v.  Griffin,  8  Abb.  Pr.  39 287,  437 

Ruppaner,  Re,  7  App.  Div.  11,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  763 271 

Russell,  Re,  1  How.  Pr.  149 18 

V.  Bardes,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  41,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  473 127 

V.  Lyth,  66  App.  Div.  290,   10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  287,  72  N.  Y. 

Supp.  615 500 

V.  Somerville,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  395,  note 35 

Rust  v.  Hausclt,  14  Jones  &  S.  38,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  148 453,  471 


CXVl  TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED. 

Ruth  V.  Davenport,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  121,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  926, 

18  N.  Y.  Supp.  721 250 

V.  Jones,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  61 159 

Rutherford  v.  Madrid,  77  Hun,  545,  GO  N.  Y.  S.  R.  391,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 

923 331,  333,  334 

Rutkowsky  v.  Cohen,  74  App.  Div.  415,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  546 342 

Rutty  V.  Person,  20  Jones  &  S.  329 136 

V.  Person,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  25 366 

Ryan,  Re,  6  Misc.  478,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  794,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  169 227 

Re,  70  Hun,  149,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  926,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  277,  Affirmed 

in  141  N.  Y.  550,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  865,  36  N.  E.  343 95 

V.  Doyle,  40  How.  Pr.  215 130 

V.  Farley,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  78 3 

V.  McEIroy,  15  App.  Div.  216,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  196 249 

V.Potter,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pro.  Rep.  80,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

(McCarty)   33 315,  333 

Ryers  v.  Hedges,  1  Hill,  646 420 

Rylance,  Re,  25  Misc.  283,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  433 273 

S. 

Sabater  v.  Sabater,  7  App.  Div.  70,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  958 133,  174,  442 

Sacket  v.  Ball,  4  How.  Pr.  71,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  47 354,  359,  360,  362 

Safety  Steam  Generator  Co.  v.  Dickson  Mfg.  Co.  61  Hun,  335,  21  N.  Y. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  329,  40  N,  Y.  S.  R.  681,   16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

32 288,  352 

Saffron  v.  Saffron,  11  N.  Y.  S.  R.  471 153,  349 

St.  John  V.  Denison,  9  How.  Pr.  343 231 

V.  Diefendorf,  12  Wend.  261    11 

V.  Hart,  16  How.  Pr.   192 80 

V.  West,  4  How.  Pr.  329,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  85 443 

St.  Johnsville  v.  Cronk,  55  App.  Div.  633,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  419,  Over- 
ruled  in  Brooklyn  Union  Elev.  R.  Co.   176  N.   Y.   213,   68 

N.  E.  249    197 

St.  Lawrence  &  A.  R.  Co.  v.  De  Camp,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.   10,  23  N.  Y. 

Supp.  544 198,  199 

Sails  V.  Sails,  28  Abb.  N.  C.  117,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  246 152,  154 

Salter  v.  Utica  &  B.  River  R.  Co.  86  N.  Y.  401 447,  494 

V.  Weiner,  6  Abb.  Pr.  191 319 

Salters  v.  Genin,  8  Abb.  Pr.  253,  3  Bosw.  639 64 

V.  Ralph,  15  Abb.  Pr.  273 427 

Saltzman  v.  Northrop,  18  Misc.  353,  41  N".  Y.  Supp.  547 340 

Sand  A .  Church,  32  App.  Div.   139,  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  405,  52 

N.  Y.   Supp.  854    425 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  CXVU 

Sander  v.  New  York  &  H.  E.  Co.  42  App.  Div.  618,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  127.  .   447 
V.  New  York  &  H.  R.  Co.  56  App.  Div.  273,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  809.  .    464 

Sanders  v.  Failing,  3  Thomp.  &  C.  64 481 

V.  Gillett,  8  Daly,  183 42 

V.  TowTisliend,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  217,  63  How.  Pr.  343 463 

Sandford,  Re,  61  Hun,  33,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 210 

V.  Granger,    12    Barb.    392 276.  332 

V.  Sandford,  40  Hun,  540,  44  Hun,  563 179 

Sandowitz  v.  Duane,  30  Misc.  630,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  744 305 

Sands  v.  Sands,  6  How.  Pr.  453 360,  361,  377 

V.  Sands,  30  Misc.  338,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  481 408 

Saratoga  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  McCoy,  7  How.  Pr.  190 64 

V.  McCoy,  8  How.  Pr.  526 161,  170 

V.  McCoy,  9  How.  Pr.  339 349,  354 

Sares  v.  Matthews,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  920,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  510.  .  .  .279,  281,  282 
Sargent  v.  Sargent  Granite  Co.  3  Misc.  325,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  517,  23 

N.  Y.  Supp.  886 102 

V.  Warren,  41  Hun,  103,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  160 478 

Satterlee  v.  Clermont,  N.  Y.  Daily  Reg.  May  26,  1883 64 

Saunders  v.  Goldthrite,  41  Hun,  242 116 

Savage  v.  Allen,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  474 364,  452 

v.  Darrow,  4  How.  Pr.  74,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  57 447 

V.  Gould,  60  How.  Pr.  255   268 

V.  Sherman,  87   N.   Y.   277 235 

Sawyer  v.  Thurber,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  204 394 

Scandinavian  American  Bank  v.  Lanty,  30  App.  Div.   485,   52   N.   Y. 

Supp.  350 321 

Schaller,  Re,  62  How.  Pr.  40 222,  224 

Re,  10  Daly,  57    220 

Schell,  Re,  58  Hun,  440,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  928,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  790,  Appeal 

dismissed  in  128  N.  Y.  67,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  442,  27  N.  E.  957. .     49 
V.  Hewitt,  1  Dem.  249,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  57,  65  How.  Pr. 

187 272,  275 

V.  Lowe,  75  Hun,  43,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  991 404 

v.  New  York,  128  N.  Y.  67,  27  N.  E.  957 49 

Schenck  v.  Fancher,  14  How.  Pr.  95 79 

V.  Rowell,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  18 101 

Schenke  v.  Howell,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  295 318 

Schermerhorn  v.  Van  Voast,  5  How.  Pr.  458 442 

Schierloh  v.  Schierloh,  22  Misc.  637,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1062 603 

V.  Schierloh,  14  Hun,  572   112 

Schildwachter  v.  Nxjw  York,  12  Misc.  52,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  390, 

66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  672,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  41 79 


CXVlll  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Schiller  v.  Maltbie,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  304 61 

Schloemer  v.  Schloemer,  49  N.  Y.  82 177 

Schmidt  v.  Brown,  80  Hun,  183,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  831,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  68.  .      94 

V.  Eiseman,  6  Misc.  264,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  133,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  766. .    331 

333 

V.  Mackie,  9  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  288 68,     90 

Schneider  v.  Jacobi,  1  Duer,  694,  11  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  220 281,  285,  286 

V.  Rochester,  50  App.  Div.  22,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  360 378,  379 

Schnitzler  v.  Andrews,  16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  74 21 

Schoen  v.  Schlessinger,  7  Abb.  N.  C.  399,  57  How.  Pr.  490 331 

Scholle,  Re,   14  Hun,   14 447 

Schoolcraft  v.  Lathrop,  5  Cow.  17 421 

Schoonmaker  v.  Bonnie,  51  Hun,  34,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  64,  20  N. 

Y.  S.  R.  428,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  492 462,  495 

Schreier  v.  Hogan,  70  App.  Div.  2,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  1051 336 

Schriever  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  30  Misc.  145,  30  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  67,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  644,  890 39 

Schulte  V.  Lestershire  Boot  &  Shoe  Co.  88  Hun,  226,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

258,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  663 158,  289 

Schultheis  v.    Mclnerny,  27  Abb.  N.  C.  193,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

157,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  537,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  685 448 

Schultze  v.  New  York,  1 1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  54 362 

Schum  V.  Rochester,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  218,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  547, 

3   N.   Y.   Supp.   512    439 

Schwager,  Re,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  534,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  384 195 

Schwartz  v.  Jenney,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  67 21 

V.  Poughkeepsie  Mut.  F.  Ins.  Co.  10  How.  Pr.  93 348,  360 

V.  Schendel,  23  Misc.  473,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  395 306 

V.  Scott,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  53,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.   380,  35 

N.  Y.  Supp.  607 314,  321 

Schwemmer  v.  Stratton,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  537,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  523 299 

Schwinger  v.  Hickox,  40  How.  Pr.  1 14 410 

Scofielu  v.  Adriance,  2  Dem.  486 264 

Scott,  Re,  53  How.  Pr,  441 220 

V.  Farley,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  29 163 

Scoville  V.  Kent,  8  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  17 286 

Scrantou  v.  Baxter,  4  Sandf.  8 95 

Scudder  v.  Cori,  28  How^  Pr.  155,  18  Abb.  Pr.  207,  3  Robt.  629 6 

Seaboard  &  R.  R.  Co.  v.  Ward,  18  Barb.  595,  1  Abb.  Pr.  46 78,     82 

Seagrist,  Re,  8  App.  Div.  298,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  940 269 

Re,  1  App.  Div.  615,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  88,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  496 

V.  Seagrist,  20  App.  Div.  336,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  949 384 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITED.  CXIX 

Seaman  v.  Glegner,  3  Hun,  119,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  273 113,  126 

V.  McReynolds,  50  How.  Pr.  421 412 

V.  Whitehead,  78  N.  Y.  306 264,  265 

■Seasongood  v.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  100,  46 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  775 505 

Sebley  v.  Nichols,  32  How.  Pr.  182 505,  506 

Segal  V.  Cauldwell,  22  App.  Div.  95,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  839 321,  322 

Seggerman  v.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  38  Misc.  374,  77  N.  Y.  Supp. 

905 95 

Seguine  v.  Seguine,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  442 268,  271 

Seidenbach  v.  Riley,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  104 467 

Seifter  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  53  App.  Div.  443,  65  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1123 485 

Seitz  V.  Berg,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  294 130 

^eligman  v.  Real  Estate  Trust  Co.  20  Abb.  N.  C.  210 71 

Selleck,  Re,  111  N.  Y.  284,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  601,  19  N.  E.  66 257 

•Selling,  Re,  6  Dem.  428,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  279,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

801,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  637 262 

Seneca  Nation  of  Indians  v.  Hawley,  32  Hun,  288 68 

Sentenis  v.  Ladew,  140  N.  Y.  463,  37  Am.  St.  Rep.  569,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

831,  35  N.  E.  650 368,  371 

Servan  v.  Lowerre,  3  Misc.  113,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  1052 215 

Sewell  V.  Lathrop,  67  Hun,  651,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  1154 93 

Seymour,  Re,  47  App.  Div.  320,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  25 189 

V.  Ashenden,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  255 68,     69 

v.  Billings,   12  Wend.  285 Ill 

Shackleton  v.  Hart,  20  How.  Pr.  39,  12  Abb.  Pr.  325,  note 17,     35 

Shaffer  v.  Bacon,  35  App.  Div.  248,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  796 55 

Shakespeare  v.  Markham,  72  N.  Y.  400 268 

Shank  v.  Shoemaker,  18  N.  Y.  489 24 

Shanks  v.  Rae,  19  How.  Pr.  540 90 

Shannon  v.  Brower,  2  Abb.  Pr.  377 351,  472,  484 

Sharkey  v.  Morgan,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  940 61 

Sharpiro  v.  Burns,  7  Misc.  418,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  144,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  365,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  980 338,  339,  341 

Shaunessy  v.  Traphagen,  13  N.  Y.  S.  R.  754 35-40 

Shaver  v.  Eldred,  80  Hun,  51,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  783,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  158.  .    163 

507 

Shaw  V.  Republic  L.  Ins.  Co.  69  N.  Y.  286 291 

V.  Shaw,  5  Misc.  497,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  715 175 

V.  Wellman,   13  N.  Y.  Supp.  527, 373 

Shearer  v.  Field,  6  Misc.  189,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  29 146 

;Shearman  v.  Pope,   106  N.  Y.  664,   12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  329,  27 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  1,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  710,  12  N.  E.  713 330 


CXX  TAULE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Slieehan  v.  Biiller,  24  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  16S 4 

V.  Huerstel,  1 4  Jones  &  S.  04 137 

Sheehy  v.  Kelly,  33  Hun,  543  380 

Sheldon  v.  Albro,  8  How.  Pr.  305 304 

V.  Mirick,  70  Hun,  41,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  500,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  1081 . .   239 
V.  Mott,  91  Hun,  637,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  894,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  1117. . .     25 

V,  Williams,   52   Barb.    183 269 

Shepard  v.  Hoit,  7  Hill,  198   160 

Sheridan  v.  Andrews,  SO  N.  Y.  648,  10  N.  Y".  Week.  Dig.  117 209,  453- 

V.  Genet,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  309 464 

V.  Genet,  12  Hun,  660   54 

V.  Smith,  2  Hill,  538 291,  292,  29^ 

Sherman  v.  Shisler,  6  Misc.  203,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  215 302,  30a 

Sherry  v.  Gary,  111  N.  Y.  517,  19  N.  E.  87 124,  125,  126 

Sherwood  v.  Travelers  Ins.  Co.  12  Daly,  137 299 

Shields  v.  Sullivan,  3  Dem.  296,  16  Abb.  N.  C.  194 230,  265 

Shiels  v.  Wortmann,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  173,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  199 351,  377 

V.  Wortmann,  126  N.  Y.  650,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  134,  27  N.  E.  379 364 

Shitelegge  v.  De  Witt,  12  Daly,  319 127 

Shook  V.  Shook,  19  Barb.  653 263 

Shorke  v.  Charles,  18  Wend.  616 122 

Shufelt  V.  Powers,  13  How.  Pr.  89 489 

v.  Sweet,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  1 110- 

Shull  V.  Green,  49  Barb.  311 110 

Shultz  V.  Whitney,  9  Abb.  Pr.  71,  17  How.  Pr.  471 441,  497,  499- 

Sibell  V.  Remsen,  30  Barb.  441,  Afiirmed  29  How.  Pr.  574 223 

Sibley  v.  Equitable  Life  Assur.  Soc.  24  Jones  &  S.  274,  15  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  316,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  834,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  8 403 

V.  Sibley,  66  App.  Div.  552,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  244 181 

Sickles  v.  Richardson,  14  Hun,  110 368 

Siefter  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.  53  App.  Div.  443,  65  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1123 376 

Siegrist  v.  Holloway,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  58 97 

Sigourney  v.  Waddle,  9  Paige,  381 320 

Silberstein  v.  Wm.  Wicke  Co.  29  Abb.  N.  C.  291,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  171 .. .    123 
Silverman  v.  Dry  Dock,  E.  B.  &  B.  R.  Co.  69  App.  Div.  22,  74  N.  Y. 

Supp.  481 94 

Simmons  v.  Fay,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  107 95,     99 

v.  Simmons,  32  Hun,  551    183,  404 

Simms  v.  Frier,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  97 216- 

Simon  v.  O'Brien,  87  Hun,  160,  67  N.  Y".  S.  R.  460,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  815. .   404 
Simpson,  Re,  36  App.  Div.  562,  55  N.  Y'.  Supp.  697,  Affirmed  without  " 

opinion  in  158  N.  Y.  720,  53  N.  E.  1132 32 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  CXXl 

Simpson,  Re,  26  Hun,  459 38& 

V.  Brewster,  9  Paige,  245 429 

V.  French,  25  How.  Pr.  404 291,  292,  293 

V.  Hornbeck,  3  Lans.  53    5 

V.  Rowan,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  20U 489,  492,  493 

Sims  V.  Bonner,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  355,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  10,  16 

N.  Y.  Supp.  800  823,  326,  327 

Singleton  v.  Home  Ins.  Co.  121  N.  Y.  644,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  900,  24  N.  E. 

1021 279,  286,  288. 

Sinn  V.  Sinn,  3  Misc.  598,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  855,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  339 182 

Sinne  v.  New  York,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  252,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  51.  .   376 

Sipperly  v.  Warner,  9  How.  Pr.  332 490,  491,  492 

Sirrett,  Re,  25  Misc.  89,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  006 509,  510- 

Sisters  of  Charity  v.  Kelly,  68  N.  Y.  628 451 

Ske«ls  V.  Bodine,  68  App.  Div.  217,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  1093 431 

Skinner  v.  Busse,  38  Misc.  205,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  500 22: 

V.  White,  69  Hun,  127,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  737,  23  N.  Y.  Supp. 384.  .68,   102 

Slade  v.  Warren,  1  N.  Y.  431 460^ 

Slater  Bank  v.  Sturdy,  15  Abb.  Pr.  75 396,  397 

Slauson  v.  Watkins,  95  N.  Y.  309 424,  425- 

V.  Watkins,  14  Jones  &  S.  172 421 

Slee  V.  Manhattan  Co.  1  Paige,  48   146 

Sleeman  v.  Hotchkiss,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  749,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  533 442 

Sleight  V.  Hancox,  4  Abb.  Pr.  245 122,  358 

Slingerland  v.  International  Contracting  Co.  43  App.  Div.  215,  GO  N.  Y. 

Supp.  12 114 

Sloane  v.  Higgins,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  11 217 

V.  McCawley,  33  Misc.  652,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  187 93- 

Slocum  V.  Barry,  38  N.  Y.  46,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  390 233,  239,  241 

V.  Watkins,  1  Denio,  631   91 

Small  V.  Ludlow,  1  Hilt.  307 103,  353 

Smalhvood  v.  Schweitering,  10  Misc.  103,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  504,  31  N.  Y. 

Supp.  149 375' 

Smith  V.  A.  D.  Fanner  Type  Founding  Co.  IS  Misc.  434,  41  N.  Y.  Supp. 

788 239 

V.  Baker,   42   Hun,    504    375 

V.  Baum,  C7  How.  Pr.  267    38- 

V.  Bowers,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  72,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  485. .   283 

v.  Britt,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  76 81 

V.  Bryant,  29  Misc.  564,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  943 126 

v.  Central  Trust  Co.  154  N.  Y.  333,  48  N.  E.  553 235 

V.  Chenoweth,  14  Daly,   166,   18  Abb.  N.  C.  349,  12  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  89,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  232 42: 


<;XX11  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Smith  V.  Coe,  7  Robt.  477 356 

V.  Cooper,  30  Hun,  395,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  490 160 

V.  Grouse,   24   Barb.    433 412 

V.  Dederiek,  18  Misc.  507,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  1119 304 

V.  Duffy,  37  Hun,  506,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  191   511 

V.  Ferris,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.   163 

V.  Fleischman,  17  App.  Div.  532,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  553 59 

V.  Frankfield,  13  Hun,  489,  Affirmed  in  77  N.  Y.  414 93,     96 

V.  Green,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  163 376 

\.  Kerr,  49  Hun,  29,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  126,  28  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  516,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  351,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  454.  .  .279,  280,  441 

V.  Lansing,  24  Misc.  566,  53  K  Y.  Supp.  633 156 

V.  Lehigh  Valley  R.  Co.  77  App.  Div.  47,  80  N.  Y.  Supp.  390.  ..  .    362 
V.  New  York,  55  App.  Div.  90,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  389,  66  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1046 94 

V.  Norval,  2  Sandf.  653,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  14 318 

V.  Patten,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  205 236,  238 

T.  Randall,  67  Barb.  377    242 

v.  Rockefeller,  5  Thonip.  &  C.  562,  3  Hun,  295 156 

v.  St.  Philips's  Church,  107  N.  Y.  610,  14  N.  E.  825 380 

v.  Savin,  69  Hun,  311,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  192,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  378, 

23  N.  Y.  Supp.  568 62,  447,  450 

V.  Schanck,  18  Barb.  344   95 

v.  Servis,  59  Hun,  552,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  917,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  941.  .  .   494 

V.  Skinner,  1  How.  Pr.  122   80 

V.  Smith,  2  Hill,  351,  25  Wend.  405 290 

V.  Smith,  35  Hun,  378,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  804 181 

V.  Smith,  22  App.  Div.  319,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  47,  47  N.  Y.  Supp. 

987 463 

V.  Syracuse  &  G.  R.  Co.  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  75 417 

v.  AVhite,  7  Hill.  520   79 

v.  White,  27  N.  Y.  S.  R.  227,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  373 221,  224 

V.Weston,  81  Hun,  87,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   141,  62  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  623,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  649 75 

V.  Woodruff,  6  Abb.  Pr.  65   230 

Smith  &  B.  Brass  Works  v.  Kahn,  18  Misc.  597,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  478 323 

Snyder  v.  Beyer,  3  E.  D.  Smith,  235 162 

V.  Collins,  12  Hun,  383   122,  463 

V.  Goodrich,  2  E.  D.  Smitli,  84 300 

V.  Young,  4  How.  Pr.  217 243,  247 

Society  of  New  York  Hospital  v.  Coe,  15  Hun,  440 85,     86 

Solomon  v.  Solomon,  3  Robt.  669,  28  How.  Pr.  218 180 

Southard  v.  Becker,  15  Misc.  430,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  927 287 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  CXXlll 

Soiitherland  v.  Tyler,  1 1  How.  Pr.  251 468 

South  Market  Street,  Re,  80  Hun,  24C,  Gl  N.  Y.  S.  R.  626,  29  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1030 201 

-Southwick  V.  Southwick,  49  N.  Y.  510 364 

Sparmann  v.  Keim,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  353 331 

Sparrowhawk  v.  Sparrowhawk,  11  Hun.  528 174 

*5paulding  v.  American  Wood  Board  Co.  58  App.  Div.  314,  68   N.  Y. 

Supp.  945 428,  430 

V.  Waverly,  12  App.  Div.  594,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  112 172 

Spelman  v.  Terry,  74  N.  Y.  448 409 

Spencer  v.  Strait,  40  Hun,  463,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  458 238 

V.  Tooker,  12  Abb.  Pr.  353,  21  How.  Pr.  333 76 

Sperry  v.  Hellnian,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  218,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  258, 

13   N.   Y.   Supp.   899 314,  414 

Spitz  V.  Tousey,  22  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  446 376 

Spofford  V.  Texas  Land  Co.  9  Jones  &  S.  228 380,  381 

Spors  V.  Shultheis,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  50,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  175 25 

Sprague  v.  Bartholdi  Hotel  Co.  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  828 363 

V.  Bartholdi  Hotel  Co.  68  Hun,  555,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  663,  22  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1090 427,  430 

V.  Engelbrecht,  29  Misc.  464,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  952 152 

V.  Richards,  30  Hun,  246   469 

Spring  V.  Day,  44  How.  Pr.  390 484,  485,  488,  507 

Spring  Valley  Shot  &  Lead  Co.  v.  Jackson,  2  Sandf.  622 125 

Sprong  v.  Snyder,  6  How.  Pr.  11,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  178 380,  387 

Sproull  v.  Star  Co.  27  Misc.  27,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  1001 315 

V.  Star  Co.  45  App.  Div.  575,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  404 501 

Squires  v.  Seward,   16  How.  Pr.  478 116 

Staats,  E.x  parte,  4  Cow.  76 47 

Stafford  v.  Azbell,  8  Misc.  316,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  733.  .      36 

v.  Mott,  3  Paige,  100   136,  446 

Stahl  V.  Wadsworth,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  32,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  228 38 

Staiger  v.  Schultz,  3  Keyes,  614,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  377 79,  80,  132 

Stallman  v.  Kimberly,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  813,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  518 83,  85,  352 

Stanswood  v.  Benson  Chemung  Co.  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  39 491 

Stanton  v.  King,  76  N.  Y.  585 61,  449 

V.  Swan,  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  382 63 

V.  Taylor,  64  Hun,  633,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  906,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  43 172 

Stanton's  Estate,  1  Connoly,   108,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  807,  2  N.  Y.   Supp. 

342 262,  266 

Starin  v.  New  York,  106  N.  Y.  82,  12  N.  E.  643 19 

Starkweather  v.  Starkweather,  29  Him,  488 175 


CXXIV  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Starr  Cash  Car  Co.  v.  Reinhart,  3  Misc.  625,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  733 485 

V.  Keinhardt,  6  ]Misc.  3G5,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  404,  26  N.  Y.  Sunp.  746,  464 
State  Bank  v.  Smith,  85  Hun,  200,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  483,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

999 356 

Steam  Navigation  Co.  v.  Weed,  8  How.  Pr.  50 , .     60> 

Steele  v.  McDonald,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  227 125 

Steeuburgli  v.  Miller,  11  App.  Div.  286,  42  N.  Y.  Snpp.  333 27 

St«encken,  Re,  58  App.  Div.  85,  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  413,  68  N.  Y.  Supp. 

444 270,  49& 

Steinberg  v.  Rosenthal,  17  Misc.  53,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132 339 

Steinbnrg  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  14  Jones  &  S.  216 330 

Steiner  v.  Ainsworth,  53  How.  Pr.  31 494 

Steinhart  v.  Doellner,  2  Jones  &  S.  218 

Stephenson  v.  Clark,  12  How.  Pr.  282 24» 

V.  Hanson,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  104 325,  327 

Stern  v.  Talbott,  89  Hun,  368,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  412 418 

Sternbach  v.  Friedman,  75  App.  Div.  418,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  318 136,  186 

Stevens  v.  Central  Nat.  Bank,  168  N.  Y.  560,  61  N.  E.  904 455 

V.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  26  Jones  &  S.  569,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  350,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  404,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  707 442,  506 

V.  Veriane,  2  Lans.  90   279 

v.  Weiss,  25  Misc.  457,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  562 133 

Stevenson  v.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  49  Hun,  109,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

787,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  670 321,  322 

v.  Pusch,  40  How.  Pr.  91   462 

Steward  v.  Lamoreaux,  5  Abb.  Pr.  14 & 

Stewart  v.  Elice,  2  Paige,  604 296 

v.  Hilton,  27  Misc.  239,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  415 430 

V.  J.  Harper  Bonnell  Co.  20  Misc.  174,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  735 92,     98 

v.  New  York  Common  Pleas,  10  Wend.  597 2 

V.  Paton,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  286,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  770 504 

V.  Schultz,  33  How.  Pr.   3,  Affirmed  34  How.  Pr.  31,  50  Barb. 

192,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  383 160,  162 

V.  Steck,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  524 27 

Btiles  V.  Fisher,  3  How.  Pr.  52 59,  61,     62 

Stilwell  V.  Armstrong,  28  Misc.  546,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  671 25 

V.  Staples,  5  Duer,  691,  3  Abb.  Pr.  305 125,  126 

Stimson  v.  Huggins,  16  Barb.  658,  9  How.  Pr.  86 440 

Stivers  v.  Wise,  18  App.  Div.  316,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  9 183 

Stoddard  v.  Clarke,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  310 119,  391 

V.  Whiting,  46  N.  Y.  627   146 

Stokes  V.  Stokes,  38  App.  Div.  215,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  637 94 

Stone,  Ex  parte,  3  Cow.  380 427,  42S 


TABLE  OF   CASES   CITED.  CKXV 

Stone  V.  Duffy,  3  Sandf.  761.  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  129 122,  395 

Stover  V.  Chasse,  9  Misc.  45,  59  K  Y.  S.  R.  G71,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 .  .219,  295 
Stowell,  Re,  15  Misc.  533,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  316,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

296,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  1127 276,  332 

Stransky  v.  Weichman,  24  Misc.  767,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  549 74 

Strassner  v.  Thompson,  40  App.  Div.  28,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  546 305,  300 

Straus  V.  Straus,  67  Hun,  491,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  845,  22  N.  Y.   Supp. 

567 179,  180 

Strauss  v.  Hellman,  58  How.  Pr.  377 504 

V.  Union  Cent.  L.  Ins.  Co.  33  Misc.  571,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  931 375 

Streep  v.  McLoughlin,  36  Misc.  165,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  1061 448 

Street  Opening,  Re,  33  App.  Div.  137,  53  N.  Y,  Supp.  354 363 

Re,  34  App.  Div.  500,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  516 462 

Strong  V.  Sproul,  53  N.  Y.  497 314 

V.  Strong,  1  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  358,  3  Robt.  675 175 

Struffman  v.  Muller,  74  N.  Y.  594 321 

Struppmann  v.  Muller,  55  How.  Pr.  427,  11  Jones  &  S.  38 53 

Struthers  v.  Christal,  3  Daly,  327 3,  376 

V.  Pearce,  51   N.  Y.   365 368 

Stubbs  V.  Ripley,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  478,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dij?.  508 495 

Studwell  V.  Baxter,  33  Hun,  331 483 

Sturdevant  v,  Riley,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  896,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  281 417 

Sturgis  V.  Spofford,  58  N.  Y.   103 287,  443 

Sturtevant  v.  Fairman,  4  Sandf.  674 68 

Sudlow  V.  Knox,  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  419 218,  512 

Sullivan  v.  New  York,  68  Hun,  544,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  557,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1041 34 

v.  Remington  Sewing  Macli.  Co.  27  Hun,  270,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  58 332 

Superintendents  of  Poor  v.  Moore,  12  Wend.  273 305,  469 

Supplee  V.  Sayre,  51  Hun,  30,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  554,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  627.  .246,  247 

Sutherland  v.  Carr,  85  N.  Y.  105 418 

Sutphen  v.  Lash,  10  Hun,  120 83,  483 

Sutorius  V.  Dunstan,  27  Jones  &  S.  166,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  601 414 

V.  North,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  162,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  873,  13 

N.   Y.   Supp.   557,  Further  Appeal,   1   Misc.  298,   48   N.   Y. 

S.  R.  694,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  726 314,  414 

Sutton  v.  Newton,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  452,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  56,  7  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  333    245,  253 

Swan  V.  Mathews,  3  Duer,   613 322 

Swart,  Re,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  585,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  88.  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  608.  .  .   261 

Swartwout  v.  Burr,   1   Barb.  495 149 

Sweeney  v.  White,   10  Misc.  29,  03  N.  Y.   S.  R.  242,   30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1051 339,  341 


CXXVl  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Sweet  V.  Bartlett,  4  Sandf.  6G1 4a 

X.  Chapman,  53  How.  Pr.  243 451 

V.  Mowry,  49  N,  Y.  S.  R.  262,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  2U4,  AlKimed  138 

N.  Y.  650,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  87,  34  N.  E.  388 398,  465 

V.  Mowry,  71  Hun,  381,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  32 416 

Sweetzer  v.  Smith,  27  N.  Y.  S.  R.  628,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  150 85 

Swift  V.  Prouty,  6  Hun,  94 43- 

V.  Wheeler,  46  Him,  580,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  343,  27  N.  Y, 

Week.  Dig.  512,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  737 314,  315,  334 

Syms  V.  New  York,  105  N.  Y.  153,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  830,  26  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  135,  11  N.  E.  369 448 

Syracuse  v.  Benedict,  86  Hun,  343,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  614,  33  N.  Y.  Supp, 

944 197 

V.  Stacy,  45  App.  Div.  260,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  1106 191 

Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  Co.  Re,  4  Him,  311 200 

Szerlip  v.  Baier,  22  Misc.  351,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  300 74 

V.  Baier,  21  Misc.  692,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  1081 305,  306. 

T. 

Taaks  v.  Schmidt,  25  How.  Pr.  341 162,  478,  481 

Tacke,  Re,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  805,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  198 258 

Talcott,  Re,  3  App.  Div.  578,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  809,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  338 221 

Tallmadge  v.  Wallis,  1  How.  Pr.  100 318 

Tallman  v.  Bernhard.  75  Hun,  30,  31  Abb.  N.  C.    84,  23  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Rep.  284,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  597,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  6 100 

V.  Hinman,  10  How.  Pr.  89 443 

Tanner  v.  Niles,  1  Barb.  560 152,  153 

Taussig  V.  Hart,  1  Jones  &  S.  157 450 

Tauton  v.  Groh,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  453 458 

Taylor  v.  Bolmer,  2  Denio,  193 425 

V.  Brooklyn  Elev.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  72,  27  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  447,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  625 29& 

V.  Cohoes,  105  N.  Y.  54,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  60,  6  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

461,  11  N.  E.  282 171 

V.  Gardner,  4  How.  Pr.  67,  2  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  47 4,  471 

V.  Long  Island  R.  Co.  25  Misc.  11,  53  X.  Y.  Supp.  830 1* 

V.  Long  Island  R.  Co.  38  App.  Div.  595,  56  X.  Y.  Supp.  665 50 

V.  Root,  48  X.  Y.  687 134,  458 

V.  Seeley,  4  How.  Pr.  314,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  84 304 

V.  Wright,  36  App.  Div.  568,  55  X.  Y.  Supp.  761 116 

Taylor's  Estate,  8  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  453 273 

Taylor  Iron  &  Steel  Co.  v.  Higgins,  66  Hun,  626,  49  X.  Y.  S.  R.  645,  20 

N.  Y.  Supp.  746    52. 


TABI-E  OF   CASES   CITED.  CXXVll 

Teator  v.  New  York  Mut.  Sav.  &  Loan  Asso.  32  Misc.  542,  67  N.  Y. 

Supp.  15 392 

Teese,  Re,  32  App.  Div.  46,  6  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  149,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  517. .   214 

Ten  Broeck  v.  De  Witt,  10  Wend.  617 17 

V.  Paige,  6  Hill,  267 268,  39& 

V.  Reynolds,   13  How.   Pr.  462 327,  328,  429 

Ten  Eyck  v.  Holmes,  3  Sandf.  Ch.  428 136 

V.  Warwick,  24  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  6,  63  X.  Y.  S.  R.  165, 

30  N.  Y.   Supp.   859 432 

Termansen  v.  Matthews,  49  App.  Div.  163,  63  X.  Y.  Supp.  115 504 

Terry  v.  Moore,  12  App.  Div.  396,  42  X.  Y.  Supp.  51 105 

Thalceimer  v.  Hays,  6  X.  Y.  S.  R.  125,  26  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  209 432 

Thames  Loan  &  T.  Co.  v.  Hagemeyer,  38  App.  Div.  449,  56  X.  Y.  Supp. 

689 34» 

Thaule  v.  Frost,  1  Abb.  X.  C.  298 426,  433 

Thayer  v.  Holland,  63  How.  Pr.   179 127 

Thiem  v.  Madden,  27  Hun,  371 404 

Thilemann  v.  Xew  York,  71  App.  Div.  595,  76  X.  Y.  Supp.  132 64 

Third  Xat.  Bank  v.  McKinsiry,  2  Hun,  443,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  52 484 

Thomas  v.  Evans,  50  Hun,  441,  20  X.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  3  X.  Y.  Supp.  297. .   451 

452,  454 

v.  Thomas,  18  Him,  481 298 

Thomasson  v.  Latourette,  63  App.  Div.  408,  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  559 47 

Thompkins  v.  Greene,  21  Hun,  257,  Affirmed  in  82  X.  Y.  619.  .124,  125,  12ft 

Thompson  v.  Burchell,  16  Jones  &  S.  537 427,  430 

V.  Crippen,  1  How.  Pr.  233,  234,  note 6 

V.  McCloskey,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.   19 42a 

V.  St.  Xicholas  Xat.  Bank,  54  Hun,  393,  27  X.  Y.  S.  R.   186,  7 

X.   Y.   Supp.   491 350 

V.  Stanley,  22  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  348,  22  X.  Y.  Supp.  897 103 

Thomson  v.  American  Surety  Co.  170  X.  Y.  109,  63  X.  E.  1073 413 

V.  Bank  of  British  X.  A.  13  Jones  &  S.  1,  Affirmed  in  82  X.  Y.  1,  44^ 

Thorn,  Re,  10  Daly,  71 224 

V.  Beard,  139  X.  Y.  482,  54  X.  Y.  S.  R.  807,  34  X.  E.  1100 421 

Thornall  v.  Crawford,  34  Misc.  714,  70  X.  Y.  Supp.  61 280,  283 

V.  Turner,  23  Misc.  363,  51  X.  Y.  Supp.  214 305 

Thornton  v.  Thornton,  66  How.  Pr.   119 50O 

Thurman  v.  Fiske,  30  How.  Pr.  397 497 

Tibbits  V.  Tibbits,  7  Paige,  204 152 

Tibbies  v.  O'Connor,  28  Barb.  538 415 

Tillman  v.  Powell,  13  How.  Pr.  117 348,  362 

Tilman  v.  Keane,  1  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  23 283 

Tindall  v.  Jones,  19  How.  Pr.  469,  11  Abb.  Pr.  258 244,  247,  332 


<>XXV111  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Tisdale  v.  Delaware  &  H.  Canal  Co.  116  N.  Y.  416,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  857, 

22   N.  E.   700 459 

T.  New  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Galway,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  239,  26  N.  Y. 

Supp.  950 374 

Tobias  v.  Broadway  &  S.  Ave.  R.  Co.  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  183,  14  N.  Y.  Supp. 

641 338 

Toch  V.  Toch,  9  App.  Div.  501,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  353 135,  351,  354 

Todd  V.  Marsily,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  247,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  872,  26 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  244 323,  335 

Tolan  V.  Carr,  12  Daly,  520,  19  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  484 378 

Tolman  v.  Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  Co.  92  N.  Y.  353,  17  N.  Y.  Week. 

Dig.  32 331,  333,  456 

Tompkins  v.  Ives,  36  N.  Y.  75,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  207,  Affirming  30  How. 

Pr.  13 280,  281,  285 

v.  Manner,  18  Jones  &  S.  511 17 

Tompkins  Coimty  v.  Bristol,  58  How.  Pr.  3 447,  456 

Tooker  v.  Arnoux,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  132,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  54 65 

Topliff  V.  Freeman,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  102,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  304 405 

Torry  v.  Hadley,  14  How.  Pr.  357 5 

Townsend  v.  Peyser,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  324,  45  How.  Pr.  211 497 

Tracy,  Re,  1  Paige,  580 209 

Re,   18  Abb.  N.  C.  242 259,  271 

Re,   1  App.  Div.   113,  72  K  Y.  S.  R.  219,  37  N.  Y.   Supp.   65, 

Affirmed  v/ithout  opinion  in  149  N.  Y.  608,  44  N.  E.  1129. .     47 

V.  Dolan,  31  App.  Div.  24,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  351 317,  333 

V.  Stone,  5  How.  Pr.  104 208 

Tradesmen's  Nat.  Bank  v.  Curtis,  63  App.  Div.  14,  71  N,  Y.  Supp.  414. .      65 

Train  v.  Davidson,  11  App.  Div.  627,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  1133 401 

Traver  v.  Nichols,  7  Wend,  434 169,  412 

Tredv/ell  v.  Brooklyn,  11  App.  Div.  224,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  458 137 

Tribune  Asso.  v.  Smith,  8  Jones  &  S.  99 67 

Trimble  v.  Kilgannon,  12  Misc.  459,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  400,  68 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  134,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  250 338 

Trimm  v.  Marsli,  2  Hun,  383,  4  Thomp.  &  C.  577 350 

Troy  &  B.  R.  Co.  v.  Tibbits,  11  How.  Pr.  168 64 

Truscutt  V.  King,  4  How.  Pr.  173 5 

Trust  V.  Pirson,  1  Hilt.  292,  Affirmed  in  3  Abb.  Pr.  84 128 

Tubbs  V.  Hall,  12  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  237 85 

Tuck  V.  Manning,  53  Hun,  455,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  175,  25  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  130,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  140 13,     28 

Tucker  v.  Ely,  37  Hun,  565,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  380 406 

V.  Gilman,  58  Hun,  167,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  962,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  555, 

Affirmed  in  125  N.  Y.  714,  26  N.  E.  756 421,  422 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED.  CXXIX 

Tucker  V.  Gilman,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  397,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  958,  14 

N.  Y.  Supp.  392    420 

V.  Utica,  35  App.  Div.  173,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  855 392 

Tullis  V.  Buslmell,  12  Daly,  217,  65  ^low.  Pr.  466 15,  36,     38 

Tully  V.  Eastburn,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  74 141 

Tunnicliir  v.  Lawj'er,  3   Cow.   382 112 

Timstall  V.  Winton,  31  Hun,  219,  Affirmed  without  opinion  in  96  N.  Y. 

660,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  42 20,  43,  319 

Turell  V.  Erie  R.  Co.  40  App.  Div.  296,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  308 321,  322 

Turner  v.  Van  Riper,  43  How.  Pr.  33 113 

Turno  v.  Parks,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  35 43 

Tyng,  Re,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  234 421,  422 

V.  American  Surety  Co.  69  App.  Div.  137,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  502.  .  .   415 
Tyroler  v.  Giunmersbach,  28  Misc.  151,  59  N.  Y,  Supp.  266,  319 307 

U. 

Uhlfelder  v.  Tamsen,  17  Misc.  296,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  372 313 

Uhlman  v.  Uhlman,  19  Jones  &  S.  361 176 

Ulster  Coimty  v.  Brodhead,  44  How.  Pr.  411 26 

Underhil)  v.  Dennis,  9  Paige,  202 272 

v.  Rushmore,  51  App.  Div.  204,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015 125 

Union  Bank  v.  Mott,  1 9  How.  Pr.  267,  1 1  Abb.  Pr.  42 63 

Union  Elev.  R.  Co.,  Re,  55  Hun,  163,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  386,  7  N.  Y.  Supp. 

853 200 

Union  Ins.  Co.  v.  Central  Trust  Co.  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  435,  13  N.  Y.  Supp. 
17,  Further  Appeal,  87   Hun.   140,  06  N.  Y.  S.  R.  876,    13 

N.   Supp.   1135    309 

v.  Van  Rennesselaer,  4  Paige,  85 154,  384,  408 

Union  Trust  Co.  v.  Whiton,  17  Hun,  594 358 

V.  Whiton,  78  N.  Y.  491 463 

United  Press  v.  New  York  Press  Co.  164  N.  Y.  406,  53  L.  R.  A.  288, 

58  N.  E.  527    364 

United  States  v.  Engeman,  27  Abb.  N.  C.  141 198,  199 

Upson  v.  Hesselson,  60  App.  Div.  615,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  684 334 

Ury  v.  Wilde,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  451,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  674,  3  N.  Y. 

Supp.   791   126,  391 

Utica  Waterworks  Co.  v.  Utica,  31  Hun,  426 171 

Utter  v.  Gifford,  25  How.  Pr.  289 108,  113,  119 

V. 

Vadney  v.  Thompson,  44  Hun,  1,  6  N.  Y.  S  .R.  395 Ill 

Vail  V.  Remsen,  7  Paige,  206 243 


CXXX  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Valentine,  Re,  100  N.  Y.  607,  22  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  175,  2  N.  E.  451 257 

V.  Jackson,  9  \\'cnd.  302 237 

Valentine's  Estate,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  313 26& 

Valiente  v.  Bryan,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  358,  6G  How.  Pr.  302.  .215,  21& 

510 

Valk  V.  McKeige,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  26,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  741 157 

Van  Alen  v.  American  Nat,  Bank,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  331 447 

Van  Allan  v.  Gordon.  02  Hun.  500,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  91,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

987 66- 

Van  Allen  v.  Glass,  60  Hun,  546,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  127,  39  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  676,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  261 282,  287 

V.  Scbernierhorn,  14  How.  Pr.  287 78 

Van  Bergen  v.  Ackless,  21  How.  Pr.  314 161 

Van  Broeklin  v.  Van  Broeklin,  17  App.  Div.  226,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  541. .   33^ 

Van  Brunt  v.  Van  Brunt,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  887 348 

Van  Buren  v.  Fort,  4  Wend.  209 80 

V.   Olmsted,  5  Paige,   9 146 

Van  Biissura  v.  Metropolitan  L.  Ins.  Co.  16  Misc.  40,  73  N.  Y".  S.  R.  285, 

37  N.  Y.  Supp.   665 463 

Van  Camp  v.  Ross,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  390 318 

Van  Cott.  Re,  1  Paige,  489 210 

Vandc.  .oort.  Re,   19  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep..  355.  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  644, 

11  N.  Y.  Supp.  764 262 

Vanderwerken  v.  Brown,  38  Hun,  234 302 

Vanderveer  v.  Vanderveer,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  648,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  897 359 

V.  Warren,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  319 490 

Van  Engen  v.  Hilton,  91  Hun,  373,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  682,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

752 74 

Van  Gelder  v.  Hallenbeck,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  333,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

19,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252 160,  162,  439,  487,  489,  495 

V.  Van  Gelder,  13  Hun,  118 468 

V.  Van  Gelder,  26  Hun,  350 496 

V.  Van  Gelder,  84  N.  Y.   65S 394,  458,  466 

Van  Gieson  v.  Van  Gieson,  26  App.  Div.  347,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  781 181 

Van  Horn.  Re,  10  Daly,  131 220,  222 

Van  Houten,  Re,  11  App.  Div.  208,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  919 268 

Van  Kirk  v.  Sedgwick,  87  N.  Y.  265 53 

Van  Loan  v.  Squires,  51  Hun.  360,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  526,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 

371 7a 

Van  Xostrand,  Re,  3  Misc.  396,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  850 265 

Van  Rensselaer  v.  Dole,  1  Johns.  Cas.  279,  and  note 94 

v.  Kidd,  5  How.  Pr.  242,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  294 349,  354,  364 

Van  Riper  v.  Popenhausen,  43  N.  Y.  68 131,  244 


TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED.  CXXXl 

Van  IScliaick  v.  Winne,  8  How.  Pr.  5 468 

Van  Slyck  v.  Bush,  24  Jones  &  S.  478,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  710 41!) 

Van  Valkcnbtrx-gh  v.  Doolittle,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  72 512 

V.  Van  Alen,  1  How.  Pr.  86 4 

V.  Van  Schaick,  8  How.  Pr.  271 62,  103 

Van  Vleck  v.  Clark,  38  Barb.  316,  24  How.  Pr.  190 328 

V.  Van  Vleck,  21  App.  Div.  272,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  470 44,  181,  382 

V.  Van  Vleck,  21  App.  Div.  631,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  472 472 

Van  Wert,  Re,  3  Misc.  563,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  719 265 

Van  Woert  v.  Ackley,  56  Hun,  375,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  673 434 

Van  Wormer  v.  Van  Wormer,  57  Hun,  496,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  247 17(i 

Van  Wyck  v.  Baker,  11  Hun,  309 85,  152 

V.  Reid,  10  How.  Pr.  366 437 

Varnum  v.  Wheeler,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  421 441,  497-499,  506 

Vaughn  v.  Strong,  66  Hun,  278,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  319,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  154,  248 

Vaupell  V.  Woodward,  2  Sandf.  Ch.  143 291 

Veeder  v.  Judson,  91  N.  Y.  374 495 

V.  Mudgett,  27  Hun,  519,  Modified,  95  N.  Y.  295 473 

Venanzio  v.  Weir,  64  App.  Div.  483,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  234 313 

Vence  v.  Speir,  18  How.  Pr.  168 476,  480,  481 

Verplank  v.  Kendall,  15  Jones  &  S.  513 431,  434 

v.  Mercantile  Ins.  Co.  1  Edw.  Ch.  46 2 

Vetterlein  v.  Barnes,  43  Hun,  437 429 

Vietor  v.  Halstead,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  407,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  516 353 

Vieu,  Re,  29  Misc.  161,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  175 224 

Vilas  V.  Butler,  9  L.  R.  A.  844,  20  Am.  St.  Rep.  771,  25  N.  E.  941 405 

V.  Plattsburgh  &  M.  R.  Co.  123  N.  Y.  450 405 

Vilmar  v.  Scliall,  61  N.  Y.  564 377 

Vogt  Mfg.  &  Coach  Lace  Co.  v.  Oettinger,  88  Hun,  52,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

549,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  731 101 

Volger  V.  Force,  63  App.  Div.  122,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  209 379 

Von  Keller  v.  Schulting,  45  How.  Pr.  139 398,  452,  458,  462,  466 

Voorhees  v.  McCartney,  51  N.  Y.  387 424 

Voorhees  v.  National  Citizens'  Bank,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  13 93 

Vooris  V.  French,  15  Jones  &  S.  364,  61  How.  Pr.  161 379 

Voullaire  v.  Wise,  19  Misc.  659,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  510 427 

Vowles  V.  Murray,  50  How.  Pr.  159 119 

Vroom  v.  Ditmas,  4  Paige,  526 146 

Vrooman  v.  Pickering,  25  Misc.  277,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  302,  54 

N.  Y.  Supp.  389 23 

W. 

Waberson  v.  Waberson,  27  Misc.  125,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  405 182 


CXXXll  TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED. 

Wadley  v.  Davis,  38  Hun,  186 444 

Waffle  V,  Dillenback,  38  N.  Y.  53,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  457 406 

Wagner  v.  Adams,  1  How.  Pr.  191 317 

Waite  V.  F.  J.  Kaldeuberg  Co.  68  Hun,  528,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  595,  22  N.  Y. 

Supp.  1006 403 

Walbridge  v.  James,  16  Hun,  8 504 

Waldheimer,  Re,  84  App.  Div.  336,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  916 186 

Wales  V.  Hart,  2  Cow.  426 161 

Walker  v.  Burnham,  7  How.  Pr,  55 164 

V.  Chilson,  65  Hun,  529,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  527 279 

V.  Gardener,  8  Misc.  468,  60  N.  Y.  S.  Pv.  599,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  669,  253 

V.  Johnson,  8  How.  Pr.  240 281,  282,  287 

V.  Porter,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  849,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  723 152 

V.  Russell,  7  Abb.  Pr.  452,  note,  16  How.  Pr.  91 82,  394 

V.  Walker,  82  N.  Y.  260 179 

Walkinshaw  v.  Perzel,  7  Robt.  606,  32  How.  Pr.  310 58 

Wallace  v.  American  Linen  Thread  Co.  16  Hun,  404 135 

Wallis  V.  Markhara,  1  Denio,  671 246 

Walp  V.  Boyd,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Ill,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  735 125 

Walsh  V.  Van  Allen,  36  Hun,  629 270 

V.  Bowery  Sav.  Bank,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  177 58 

V.  Walsh,  33  App.  Div.  579,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  881 82 

V.  Weidenfeld,  3  Daly,  334 349 

Walter  v.  F.  E.  McAlister  Co.  21  Misc.  747,  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  33, 

48  K  Y.  Supp.  26 136 

Walton  V.  Collins,  38  App.  Div.  439,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  244 234 

V.  Howard,  1   Dem.   103   260,  264,  266 

V.  Mather,  10  Misc.  216,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  Ill 64,     66 

V.  Meeks,   41    Hun,    311 150 

Ward  V.  Craig,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  55 10 

V.  Craig,  87  N.  Y.  550 11,     21 

V.  James,  8  Hun,  526   3,  496,  504 

V.  Roy,  69  N.  Y.   96 423 

V.  Sands,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  60 60 

V.  Syme,  9  How.  Pr.  16,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  598 10 

V.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  450 29,     48 

V.  Woodburn,  27  Barb.  354 93 

V.  Wordsworth,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  598,  9  How.  Pr.  16 10 

Warden  v.  Frost,  35  Hun,  141 287 

Wardlaw  v.  New  York,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  129,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  669 66 

Warfield  v.  Watkins,  30  Barb.  395 296 

Waring  v.  Barret,  2  Cow.  400 320,  424 

Warner  v.   Babcock,   9  App.   Div.   398,  75  N.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  41   N.   Y. 

Supp.  493 279,  282 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  CXXXlll 

Warner  v.  Ford,  17  How.  Pr,  54 399 

V.  Lessler,  33  N.   Y.  296 459 

V.  Ross,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  385 318 

Warren  v.  Buckley,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  323 371 

V.  Chase,  8  Misc.  520,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  765.  .   472 
\Va8hburn  v.  Mott,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  439.  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  145, 

12  N.  Y.  Supp.   Ill 38 

Washburne  v.  Oliver,  62  How.  Pr.  482 488 

Wassinger  v.  Fennell,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  286 333 

Waterman  v.  Shipman,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  418,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  976 377 

V.  Van  Benschotten,  13  Johns.  425 3 

Waterbury  v.  Tucker  &  C.  Cordage  Co.  152  N.  Y.  610,  46  N.  E.  959.  . .    143 

144 
Waterbury  Leather  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Krause,  I  Hilt.  560,  9  Abb.  Pr.  175, 

note 81 

Waters  v.  Shepherd,  14  Hun,  223 500 

Watson  v.  Depeyster,  1  Cai.  66 296 

v.  Gardiner,  50  N.  Y.  671 : 391,  440 

^Vatt,  Re,  10  Daly,  11 224 

Waverly  Water  Works  Co.,  Re,  85  N.  Y.  478 86 

Wead  V,  Cantwell,  36  Hun,  528 156 

Weaver  v.  Ely,  83  N.  Y.  89 382 

Webb  V.  Bulger,  4  Hill,  588. 396 

V.  Crosby,   11   Paige,   193 441 

V.  Daggett,   2   Barb.    9 221 

V.  Norton,  10  How.  Pr.  1 17 458,  4G0 

Webber  v.  Hobbie,  13  How.  Pr.  382 215 

Weber  v.  Moog,  12  Abb.  N.  C.  108 323 

Webster  v.  Nichols,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  566 249 

Weed  V.  Bergstresser,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  55 284 

v.  Paine,  31  Hun,  10,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  200 152,  154,  372,  384 

Weehawken  Wharf  Co.  v.  I^ickerbocker  Coal  Co.  25  Misc.  309,  54 

N.  Y.  Supp.  566 432 

Weeks  v.  Comwell,  38  Hun,  577 472 

V.  Garvey,  24  Jones  &  S.  562,  4  N.  Y,  Supp.  891 240 

V.  Silver  Islet  Consol.  Min.  &  Lands  Co.  26  Jones  &  S.  247,  32 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  417,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  48 376 

V.  Southwick,  12  How.  Pr.  170 60,  370,  387 

Wehle  V.  Bowery  Sav.  Bank,  8  Jones  &  S.  161 69 

V.  Conner,  83  N.  Y.  231 12,     20 

Weigan  v.  Held,  3  Abb.  Pr.  462 79 

Weil  V.  Kempf,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  379 412 


CXXXIV  TAliI.E   OF   CASES    CITED. 

Weill  V.  Metropolitan  R.  Co.  10  Misc.  72,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  85, 
1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  40,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  170,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

833 63 

V.  Weill,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  241,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  627.  .  .44,  45 

513 
Weinberger  v.  Metropolitan  Traction  Co.  63  App.  Div.  240,  71  N.  Y. 

Supp.  280 75 

Weinstein  v.  Frank,  56  App.  Div.  275,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  746 339 

Weiss  v.  Morrell,  7  Misc.  541,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  319,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  61 .  .  .  486 

Welch  v.  Bogert,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  402 335 

V.  Fallihee,  75  Hun,  308,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  81.  .110 

118 

V.  Gaflfney,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  146 335,  336 

V.  Preston,  58  How.  Pr.  52 61 

Welling,  Re,  51  App.  Div.  355,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  1025 256,  261,  264 

V.  Ivoroyd  Mfg.  Co.  15  App.  Div.  116,  4  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  145,  44 

N.  Y.  Supp.  374 390 

Wellington  v.  Classon,  9  Abb.  Pr.  175,  18  How.  Pr.  10 80 

v.  Ulster  County  Ice  Co.  5  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  104 144 

Wellman  v.  Frost,   38   Hun,  389 431,  510 

Wells  V.  Tolman,  88  Hun,  438,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  840. .  148 
V.  Vanderwerker,  45  App.  Div.  155,  7  N.  Y'.  Anno.  Cas.  73,  60 

N.  Y.   Supp.  1089 151,  152,  153 

Wells  Ave.  Sewer,  Re,  46  Hun,  534,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  125 86 

Weltman  v.  Posenecker,  19  Misc.  592,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  406 343 

Wendell  v.  Wendell,  3  Paige,  509 137 

Wenstrom  Electric  Co.  v.  Bloomer,  85  Hun,  389,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  903 ...  404 

Wentworth  v.  Candee,  17  How.  Pr.  405 95 

Werner  v.  Franklin  Nat.  Bank,  49  App.  Div.  423,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  383, 

29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  107 381 

Wesley  v.  Bannett,  6  Abb.  Pr.  12 70 

Wessels  v.  Boettcher,  142  N.  Y.  212,  36  N.  E.  883 427 

V.  Carr,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  464,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  535 486,  487 

West  V.  Bacon,  164  N.  Y.  425,  58  N,  E.  522 13 

V.  Lynch,  1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  174 447 

V.  Place,  4  Misc.  19,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  1089 382 

V.  Utica,  71  Hun,  540,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  911,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  1075.  .  136 

392 

Westervelt  v.  Nelson,  8  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  173 161 

Weston  V.  Stoddard,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  51,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  76,  16 

N.  Y.  Supp.  1089   151,  152 

Wetmore  v.  Gale,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  408 141 

V.  Parker,  52  N.  Y.  466 155,  266,  382 


TABLE  OF  CASES  CITED.  CXXXV 

Wheatland  v.  Taylor,  20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  33 39G 

Wheaton  v.  Newcombe,  21  Jones  &  S.  178,  11  N.  V.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  90.  .        3 

Wheeler  v.  Heermans,  3  Sandf.  Ch.  597 394 

V.  Lozee,    12   How.    Pr.   446 476,  478 

V.  Mowers,  16  Misc.  331,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  731 302,  305 

V.  Ruckman,  5  Robt.  702    476,  479,  480,  481 

V.  Westgate,  4  How.  Pr.  269 3,  4,  471 

V.  Wright,  23  How.  Pr.  228,  14  Abb.  Pr.  3o3 423,  424 

Wheelock  v.  Hotchkiss,  18  How.  Pr.  468 161,  163 

V.  Tanner,  39  N.  Y.  481 294 

Whelan,  Re,  6  Dem.  425,  15  N.  Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  273,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

772,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  635 258 

V.  Whelan,  3  Cow.  537 342 

Whipple  V.  Williams,  4  How.  Pr.  28 (K),  441 

Whitbeck  v.  Billings,  3  Thomp.  &  C.  764,  1  Hun,  494 168 

V.  Patterson,  22  Barb.  83 275 

Whitcomb  v.  Whitcomb,  92  Hun,  443,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  661,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

607 253 

White,  Re,  82  App.  Div.  553,  81  N.   V.  Supp.  858 55 

V.  Anthony,  23  N.  Y.  164 458.  460 

V.  Brady,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  39 15 

V.  Rankin,  18  App.  Div.  293,  46  X.  Y.  Supp.  228 235 

V.  Sumner,  16  App.  Div.  70,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  692 18 

Whitehead  v.  O'Sullivau,  12  Misc.  577,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  801,  33  N.  Y. 

Supp.    1098   21 

Whiteman  v.  Leslie,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  50 489 

White  Plains,  Re,  65  App.  Div.  417,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  1026 86 

Whitesell  v.  New  Jersey  &  H.  River  &  Ferry  Co.  68  App.  Div.  82,  74 

N.  Y.  Supp.  217 12 

Whiteside  v.  Noyac  Cottage  Asso.  84  Hun,  555,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  724.  .415,  416 

Whitman  v.  Xicol,  49  How.  Pr.  88,  16  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  329 468 

Whitney  v.  Cooper,  1  Hill,  629 421,  423,  424 

V.  Daggett,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  434 130 

V.  Roe,  75  Hun,  508,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  683,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  511 507 

V.  Saxe,  15  N.  Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  450,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1020,  2  N.  Y. 

Supp.   653   95,     93 

V.  Whitney,  26  Jones  &  S.  335,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  265,  33 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  704,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  582 179 

Whittaker  v.  New  York  &  H.  R.  Co.  18  Abb.  N.  C.  11,  22  Jones  &  S.  8, 

11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  189 23,     24 

Wice  V.  Commercial  F.  Ins.  Co.  8  Daly,  70 330 

v.  Commercial  Ins.  Co.  7  Daly,  258,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  325 430 

Wicker  v.  Elmira  Heights,  42  App.  Div.  426,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.   130 314 

.S21.  .'?26 


CXXXVl  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Wiekham  v.  Seely,  18  Wend.  649 $ 

Wiggins  V.  Arkenburg,  4  Sandf.  688 48» 

V.  Tallmadge,  7  How.  Pr.  404 281 

Wilber  v.  Baker,  24  Hun,  24 35,  39 

V.  Williams,  4  App.  Div.  444,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  803 355 

Wilbur  V.  White,  56  How.  Pr.  321 335 

V.  Wiltsey,  13  How.  Pr.  506 396,  466 

Wilcox  V.  Daggett,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  208 92,  98 

V.  Quimby,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  423,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  5 235 

V.  Smith,   26   Barb.   316 18,  31,  261,  264,  419 

Wilcox's  Estate,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  115 276 

Wilder  v.  Seelyc,  8  Barb.  408 293 

V.  Wheeler,  1  How.  Pr.  130 441,  481 

Wilderraings  v.  Fowler,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  249,  Reargued  in  15  Abb.  Pr. 

N.  S.  86,  AtKrmed  in  55  N.  Y.  641 55 

Wildey  v.  Robinson,  85  Hun,  362,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  423,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1018 133 

Wilds,  Re,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  307 30 

Wiloy  V.  Arnoux,  60  How.  Pr.  137 326 

V.  Long  Island  R.  Co.  88  Hun,  177,  G8  N.  Y,  S.  R.  425,  34  N.  Y. 

Supp.  415 354 

Wilkins  v.  Batterman,  4  Barb.  47 IT 

V.  Williams,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  168,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  238, 

3  N.  Y.  Supp.  897 Ill,  120 

Wilkinson  v.  Tiffany,  4  Abb.  Pr.  98 366,  379 

Wilklow  V.  Bell,  18  How.  Pr.  397 398 

Willett  V.  Scovil,  4  Abb.  Pr.  405 416 

Willett's  Estate,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  284,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  665.  .261,  262 

Willey  V.  Shaver,  1  Thomp.  &  C.  324 169' 

Wm.  H.  Frank  Brewing  Co.  v.  New  York,  19  App.  Div.  628,  46  N.  Y. 

Supp.  24 401 

Williams  v.  Barkley,  165  N.  Y.  48,  58  N.  E.  765 12,  29,  34 

V.  Blumer,  49  How.  Pr.  12 394 

V.  Buffalo,  25  Hun,  301,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  142 171 

V.  Cassidy,  22  Hun,  180,  59  How.  Pr.  490 397,  439- 

V.  Fitch,  15  Barb.  654 460 

V.  Fitzhugh,  44  Barb.  321,  Modified  in  37  N.  Y.  444 446 

V.  Folsoni,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  635,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  712 71 

V.  Hernon,  13  Abb.  Pr.  297 387 

V.  Horgan,  13  How.  Pr.  138 394 

V.  Ingersoll,  89  N.  Y.  508 11 

V.  Kiernan,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  41 353 

V.  Montgomery,  148  N.  Y.  51 9,  43  N.  E.  57 133 


TABLE  OF  CASES   CITED.  CXXXVll 

Williams  v.  Western  U.  Teleg.  Co.  61  How.  Pr.  30o 349,  361,  370,  378 

V.  Wilkinson,  5  How.  Pr.  357 61 

V.  Williams,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  297,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  186, 

6  N.  Y.  Supp.  645 179 

V.  Williams,  130  N.  Y.  193,  14  L.  R.  A.  220,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  280, 

27  Am.  St.  Rep.  517,  29  N.  E.  98 180 

V.  Wilson,  18  Misc.  42,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132 38 

Williams  Estate,  1  Connoly,  99,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  270,  17  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  839,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  669 262,  263 

Williamson  v.  Hendricks,  10  Abb.  Pr.  98 157 

V.  Newhall,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  352 361 

Williard  v.  Strachan,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  452 390 

Willink  V.  Reekie,  19  Wend.  82 476,  481 

Willis  V.  Parker,  30  Misc.  750,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  1078 307 

Willmont  v.  Meserole,  48  How.  Pr.  430,  16  Abb.  Pr,  N.  S.  308 320,  321 

Willover  v.  First  Nat.  Bank,  40  Hun,  184,  10  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  80.  .   101 

Willson  V.  Eveline,  39  App.  Div.  129,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  632 322 

Wilson,  Re,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   (Browne)   343 11,     23 

Re,  103  N.  Y.  374,  8  N.  E.  731 267 

v.  Abbott,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  867 98 

V.  Doran,  110  N.  Y.  101,  17  N.  E.  688 291,  292,  295 

v.  Lester,  64  Barb.  431 93,  467 

V.  McGregor,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  36.  207,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

775,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  39 123 

Winans  v.  Mason,  33  Barb.  522,  21  How.  Pr.  153 14 

V.  Winans,  124  N,  Y.  140,  26  N.  E.  293 78,     82 

Winants  v.  Blanchard,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  384 422,  424 

Winchester  v.  Brown,  51  Hun.  284,  21  X.  Y.  8.  R.  864,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 

155 316 

V.  Brownie,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  361,  8  X.  Y.  Supp.  82 318 

Windecker  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  12  App.  Div.  73,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  358.. 403 

404 

Wing  V.  De  La  Rionda,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  119,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  533 353 

v.  De  La  Rionda,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  183,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

404,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  793 92 

V.  De  La  Rionda,  126  N.  Y.  680,  28  N.  E.  223 352 

V.  New  York  &  E.  R.  Co.  1  Hilt.  235 405 

Winkemeier  v.  Winkemeier,  No.  1,  11  App.  Div.  199,  42  N.  Y.  Supp. 

586 175 

V.  Winkemeier,  No.  2,  11  App.  Div.  201,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  583.  ...    177 

Winn  V.  Crosby,  52  How.  Pr.  174 220 

Winne  v.  l^anning,  19  Misc.  410,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  262 349,  353 

V.  Hills,  91  Hun,  89,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702,  .30  N.  Y.  Supp.  683.  .252,  253 


CXXXVIll  TABLE   OF   CASES   CITED. 

Winterson  v.  Hitchings,  1  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  193,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  360, 

38  N.  Y.  Siipp.    171 42 

Winton  v,  Winton,  31  llun,  290 180,  181 

V.  Winton,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  67,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  759 45 

Wisconsin  M.  &  F.  Ins.  Co.  Bank  v.  Hobbs,  22  How.  Pr.  494 415 

Wisner  v.  Bulkley,  15  Wend.  321 56 

Wither's  Estate,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Ro'^    ( Browne)    162 iGO,  264 

Witowski  V.  Maisner,  21  Misc.  487,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  599 306 

W^oelfle  V.  Schmenger,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  312,  9  N.  Y.  S.  R.  516. .  280 

Woennan  v.  Baas,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  922,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  469 85 

Wohltman  v.  GofT,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  39,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  210 83 

Wolcott  V.  Holcomb,  31  N.  Y.  125 420,  421 

Wolf,  Re,  51  Hun,  407,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  224,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  239 49,     52 

Re,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  273 224 

V.  Di  Lorenzo,  22  Misc.  323,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  191 396 

Wolfe  V.  Van  Nostrand,  2  N.  Y.  570 348,  364 

Wolff  V.  Horn,  9  Misc.  100,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  75 443 

497,  505,  506 
V.  Houston,  W.  Street  &  P.  R.  Co.  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  107, 

19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  762,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  787 321,  324 

V.  Moses,  26  Misc.  500,  6  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas,  163,  57  N.  Y.  Supp. 

696 120 

Wollf,  Re,  13  Daly,  481,  AfTirmed  in  102  N.  Y.  741 224 

Wood  V.  Blodgett,  49  Hun,  64,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  114,  17  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  295,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  304 314,  315,  321,  334 

V.  BrookljTi  F.  Ins.  Co.  10  How.  Pr.  154 102 

V.  BroAvn,  6  Daly,  428 300 

V.  Byington,  2  Barb.  Ch.  387 276,  332 

V.  Hitchcock,  20  Wend.  47 294 

V.  Illinois  C.  R.  Co.  20  How.  Pr.  285 351 

V.  Lary,  47  Hun,  550,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  209 374 

v.RandoIf,  9  Misc.  507,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  80,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  344..   162 

163,  189,  213 
v.  Richardson,  91  Hun,  332,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  103,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

1001 450 

Woodbridge  v.  First  Nat.  Bank,  45  App.  Div.  166,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  258.  .   366 

v.  First  Nat.  Bank,  166  N.  Y.  238,  59  N.  E.  836 364 

Woodford  v.  Bucklin,  14  Hun,  444 133,  244 

Woodruff  V.  Cook,  14  How.  Pr.  481 239,  241 

V.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  7,  10  N.  Y.  Supp. 

305    349 

V.  New  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  129  N.  Y.  27,  29  N.  E.  251,  41 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  193 235 


TABLE   OF   CASES    CITKD.  CXXXIX 

Woodnide  v.  Pender,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  390 301 

Woodward  v.  Grier,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  51,  2  N.  Y.  Code  fJep.  13 387 

V.  Stearnes,  11  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  445 314 

VVoodworth  v.  Brooklyn  Elev.  R.  Co.  22  App.  Div.  501,  48  N.  Y,  Supp. 

80 393 

Woolf  V.  Jacobs,  13  Jones  &  S.  oS'6 18 

Woolsey  v.  Ellenville,  84  Hun,  236.  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  746,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

546 68 

Woonsocket  Rubber  Co.  v.  Rubber  Clothing  Co.   62  How.  Pr.   180,   1 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  350,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  3 377 

Worden  v.  Bro^vn,  14  How.  Pr.  327 130 

Worman  v.  Frankish,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  235,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  S-l 315 

Wormer  v.  Canovan,  7  Lans.  36 30 

Wray  v.  Halliday,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  98 242 

Wright  V.  Fleming,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  450 23 

V.  Flemming,   18  Hun,   360 468 

V.  Nostrand,  21  Jones  «&  S.  381 55,  56 

V.  Reusens,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  802,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  504 159,  387,  492 

Wickham  v.  Seely,   18  Wend.   649 113 

Wyckoff  V.  Devlin,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  333. .  327 

Y. 

Yamato  Trading  Co.  v.  Hoexter,  44  Hun,  491 399 

Yellow  Pine  Co.  v.  Lehigh  Valley  Creosoting  Co.  32  App.  Div.  51,  52 

N.  Y.  Supp.  281 78 

Yorks  V.  Peck,  9  How.  Pr.  201 246 

Youker  v.  Johnson,  62  App.  Div.  584,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  178 124 

Youle  V.  Botherton,  10  Johns.  363 428 

Young  V.  Guy,  12  Hun,  325 428 

V.  Howell,  64  App.  Div.  246,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  5 39 

V.  Nassau  Electric  R.  Co.  34  App.  Div.  126,  54  N.  Y.  Supp,  600. .  340 

341 
V.  Stone,  77  Hun,  395,  60  N.  Y.  R.  S.  419,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  881 .  .93,     97 
V.  Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  Co.  35  Misc.  114,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  221. .  485 
Youngs  V.  McDonald,  56  App.  Div.  14,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  461,  67  N.  Y. 

Supp.  375,  Affirmed  in  166  N.  Y.  639,  60  N.  E.  1123 415,  416 

Yuengling  v.  Betz,  58  App.  Div.  8,  68  N'.  Y.  Supp.  574 27 


-Zabriskie  v.  Central  Vermont  R.  Co.  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  735 383 


exl  TAIJLB   OF  CASES   CITED. 

Zaitz  V.  Metroiwlitan  Street  R.  Co.  52  App.  Div.  iiJii,  65  N.  Y.  Supp. 

395 4a 

Zeisler  v.  Steinraan,  21  Jones  &  S.  184 394 

Zelmanovitz  v,  Manhattan  R.  Co.  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  402,  07  N.  Y. 

S.  R.  405,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  583 484,  507 

Zimmer  v.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  32  Misc.  262,  65  N.  Y.  Supp. 

977 36,     38 

Zimmerman  v.  Long  Island  R,  Co.  14  App.  Div.  562,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  883,  449 

Zink  V.  Attenburg,  18  How.  Pr.  108 398 

Zinsser  v.  Herrman,  24  Misc.  689,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  778 307 

Zogbaum  v.  Parker,  55  N.  Y.  120 43 

Zoller  V.  Smith,  45  Hun,  310,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  438 303 


STATUTES  CITED.  Cxli 


TABLE  OF  STATUTES  CITED. 


(References  are  to  sections.) 

Session    taws.                                    18,  §  204 143 

19,  §§  83-88,  92,  117, 

^^^-                        120 154 

1854,  chap.  270 159,  b  21  157 

1855,  chap.  327 298                21    §157 152 

1857,  chap.  723,  §  14 277  23^  art.    l',  'title'  15, 

1865,  chap.  615 277  »  3_8  j34 

1876,  chap.  431 299,  i                24 159,  b 

1877,  chap.  407 38  29,  §  28,  subd.  2.  . . .  147 

1877,  chap.  445,  §   17 152  29    §  29  147 

1880,  chap.  2C9 395,b;313  31,'  §§  186,'l89.' !  "  ! !  145 

1880,  chap.  2C9,  §§  6,  7 159.  b 

1882,  chap.  410,  §  861 155         General  Rules  of  Practice. 

1884,  chap.  181 371 

1885,  chap.  342 131.  a  Sec. 

1888,  chap.  345 152  ^^^^   ^0 22.  b 

1892,  chap.  399 195      27 25 

1892,  chap.  608,  8  2 335      32 414,  c 

1892,  chap.  685,  §  3 153      45 276;  231 ;  282;  285 

1893,  chap.  531 140      77 27 

1895,  chap.   185 414,  a  _    .        „„ 

lonr      T,         rnrr  A^A  Cottc  OX  Procedure. 

1895,  chap.  595 414,  a 

1896,  chap.  908,  §  259 161,  f  Sec. 

1896,  chap.  908,  §  254,  art.                    Sec.   172 48,  <? 

11 161,  f     307,  subd.  G 409 

1897,  chap.  378 152     309 130,  c;  277 

1897,  chap.  427 140     311 414,  d 

1897,  chap.  713 1^2     317 174,  h',q 

1898,  chap.  110 146      313 189 

1899,  chap.  299 129,  b     321 [,,[  348 

1900,  chap.  191 7,b      371 228 

1900,  chap.  181 149,  h 

General  Iiaws. 


Code  of  Crizainal  Procedure. 


Sec. 

Sec.  Sec.  308 140;  403, 1 

diap.  5.  §  55 335     719 144 

11,  §  17 419      8r)0-873 399 

16,  §  14 133     873 23] 


Cxlii  STATUTES    CITED. 

(References  are  to  sectlous.) 

Miscellaneous   Statutes.  73li 196;222,  a,  b 

733 196;  222,  a 

^^^-  734 196;  222,  a 

73.-. 196;  405 

73ii 196;  224 

737 196;  224 

738 196;  209;  120,  h 

739 196 

740 196 

768 235,  d 

769 282 

779.. 25;  38;  56,  b;  97;  164,  f; 
184;   259,  a;   361;   370; 
Civil  damage  act 318,  c;  322  371.    395^  b;    416;    419 


Statute 

of     Gloucester 

(6 

Edw. 

I.,  chap.  1 ) 

2 

Statute 

of  Marlbridge,  chap. 

6,  23 

(Henry  VIII.,  ch 

ap. 

15)   . 

2 

17  Richard  II.,  chap.  R .  . 

4 

2  Rev. 

Stat.  174,  §  40... 

38 

352,  §   18... 

38 

617,  §  20... 

316,  b 

619,  §  44... 

348 

Greater  Nemr  York  Charter. 

Sec. 

Sec.     400 152 

1367 232,  c 

1370 403,  f 


817 323 

820 325 

822 52 

829 40,  b 

872 409 

87(1 409 

87.S 409;  413,  a 

Code   of   Civil   Procedure.                      968 101,  e 

99r' 73 

Sec.             lOOr, 395,  b 

Articles  1,  2,  tit.  8.  chap.  19.   232,  c     1016 38 

Sec   15 184     1019 40,  b;  413,  e 

66 9,  c;  11;  13;  14;  15     1022 108;  174,  f 

19,  c;  22,  b;  32,  c;  35;  40,  a     1207 49,  d 

281) 414,  g     1240 137,6 

423 61;  131,  b     1275 224,  a 

452 237      1270 233,  288 

454 324     1280 233 

458 263 ;  264,  b     1281 233 

459 258 ;  263     1309 336 

460 263;  269     131G 391,  g 

461 263;  270;  271;  367     1323 47 

462 263     1380 191 

463 263     1381 191 

464 263;  267     1421 132,  b 

405 263     1422 132,  b 

466 263 ;  268     U2il 132,  b 

467 203;  269     1424 132,  b 

469 358;  267     1425 132,  b 

477 258     142e; 132,  b 

500 38     1501 348 

501 38     1525 74 ;  287 

511 324,  c     1531 16 

537 51,c;  94     1540 129,  a 

559 338     1559 129,  a 

577 238     1503 413,1 

723 49,  a     1568 413,1 

731 196;  222,  a     1570 413,1 


STATUTES   CITED. 


cxliii 


(References  are  to  sections.) 


1570 129,  a 

1580 129,  a 

1612 101,  e 

1634 222,  c 

1635 222,  c 

1640 101 

1645 101 

174* 13S,b 

1757 136,  a 

1773 136,  g 

1822 174,  e,p;  193 

1835.  .  .174,  a,  d,  e,g,  p,  q,  r;  193 
1836  .  .  .  .174,  a,  d,  e,  g,  n,  p,  q,  r 

193 

1839 339 

1902 28;  103,  e 

1903 23 

1904 306 

1985 145 

2007 149,  i;  167;  419 

2059 160 

2086 132,  b;  149,  a,  h 

2090 149,  i 

2100 ICi 

2143 159,  a,  b 

2163 171 

2193 171 

2250 163,  a 

2260 103,  c;  226 

2268 419 

2284 162,  a 

2289 102,  a 

2290 162,  a 

2309 171,  a 

2311 171, a 

2316 171,  a 

2323,  b 158,  b 

2333 158,  d 

2330 158,  a,  b 

2377 234 

2378 234 

2384 234 

2401 119 

2402 119 

2403 119 

2455 161,a,b,  c,  e 

2450 161,  a,b,  d,  e 

2546 191 

2547 194 

2555 184;  419 


2556 176 

2557 176;  183 

2558.176;  178;  192;  193;  414,  h 

2558,  subd.  3  178;  185 

2559 193 

2560 187;  189;  193 

2561  178;  182;  186;  190 

191;  193;  194 

2562 182;  191 

2503 , 194 

2589 187;  189 

2672 182 

2686 188 

2718 174,  e,q 

2749 259 

2756 259,  a 

2757 259,  a 

2793 194 

2803 104,  c 

2863,  subd.  4  104,  b 

2863,  subd.  5  174,  r 

2951 101,  1 

2952 101,  1 

2958 101,  m 

3047 225 

3049 22^ 

3060 225;  228 

3063 79 

3066 17,  226 

3006,  subd.  1  226 

3066,  subd.  2  226 

3066,  subd.  3  226 

3066,  subd.  4  103,  c;  226 

3066,  subd.  5  225 

3067 226;  232,  d,  e 

3070 17;  228 

3072 17;  227;  228 

3073  .  .  ..132,  d;  227;  228;  231 
408,  k 

3074 237 

3076,  .subd.  2  163,  b 

3129 225 

3160 252;  257 

3177 252 

3178 252 

3222 97 

3223 17;  100;  228;  321;  38^ 

391,  a;  392;  406 

3228,  subd.  1  101,  a,  b 

3228,  subd.  2  101,  a,  b 

3228,  subd.  3 103,  a;  146 


cxliv 


STATUTES  CITED. 


(References  are  to  sections.) 


3228,  subd.  4  7,  b;  104  a 

3229.. 7,  b;  17;  100;  104,  a,  f 

105;  145;  228;  318,  a;  321 

3230... 7,  b;  105;  149,  h;  130,  a 

3231 324,  b 

3232 89;  97;  98 

3233 90 ;  98 

3234..  101,  b;  102,  a;  316,a,b,  d 

3235 101,  1 

3236 48,  c;  72 

3238 381;  391,  a;  392 

3238,  subd.  2  390,  i 

3239..  159,  b;  383;  391,  a,  g; 

385,  a 

3239,  subd.  2  383 

3240 25;  129,  e;  132,  b;  147 

148;  149,  i;  150,  a; 
151,  a,  e,  d;  153;  15G 
157;  159,  a,  b;  160;  162 
163,  c;  189;  235,  d;  313 
395,  b 

3241 145 

3213 145;  146 

3244 134,  a,  b 

3245 135.  a,  b 

3246..  104,  b,  d;  172,  a;  174,  a 
259,  a 

3247 338;  348;  349;  352 

3243 132,  c;  159,  b;  174,  q 

3249 258 

3251.. 72;  90;  132,  b;  149,  h 

159,  h;  188;  232,  d;  384 

390,  j,  k;  398;  408,  k 

409;  413,  i 

3251,  subd.  3.87;  406,  f;  408,  a,  f 

3251,  subd.  4.. 48,  b;  87;  391,  g 

408,  a 

3251,  subd.  5 87;  408,  a 

3252.. 120,  i;  121;  130,  c;  131, e 

299,  i;  314;  315 

3252,  subd.  4 7,  a 

3253 120,  j;  129,  b;  130,  c 

131,  e;  159,  d;  274;  277 
282;  299,  h,  i;  312,  b 

3254 130,  c;  150,  b;  274 

3255 72 

3256.. 178;  188;  190;  400;  401 

400,  c;  413,  a;  414 

3258.. 132,  a,  b;  134,  e;  149,  h 

159,  b 

3258,  subd.  1 159,  a 

3269 132,  a 


3262 99;  374 

3203 374 

3204 374;  376 

3205 374 

3266 374;  378 

3267 374;  403,  a 

3208.. 236;  238;  245;  252;  200 

262 

3209 236;  238;  252 

3270 236;  238 

3271..  .236;  238;  259,  a,  d;  260 

3272 236 

3273 236 

3274 236 

3275 236 

3276 236;  239 

3277 230;  238 

3278 230;  ?45 

3279 230;  253 

3288 403,  c,  d 

3296 413,  a,  b 

3297 413,  k 

3298 402 

3299 40,401 

3300 402 

3301 402 

3302 402 

3304 402 

3307,  subd.  1 403,  a 

3307,  subd.  7 413,  k 

3307,  subd.  11 413,  k 

3313 158,  d 

3314 158,  d 

3316 158,  d 

3317 412 

3322 402 

3334 235,  d 

3347,  subd.  4 135,  d;  222,  a 

237;  245 

3347,  subd.  6 222,  a 

3347,  subd.  13 . . 135,  b ;  228 ;  237 

245 

3357-3384 150,  a 

3369 150,  a 

3372 150,  a,  b;  152;  313 

3374 150,  d 

3411 131, a 

3432 131, a 

3439 131,  a 


The  Law  of  Costs  iist  New  Yokk. 


CHAPTEE  I. 

GENEEALLY. 

1.  Definition  of  costs. 

2.  Costs  at  common  law. 

3.  Costs  in  actions  at  law. 

4.  Costs  in  actions  in  equity. 

5.  By  what  statute  governed. 

6.  Costs  determined  by  which  verdict. 

7.  Power  of  the  court  over  costs. 

a.  In  actions  at  law. 
6.  In  actions  in  equity. 

8.  Power  of  attorney's  over  costs. 

1.  Definition  of  costs. —  Costs  are  compensation  for  tlie  ex- 
pense incurred  or  paid  out  by  a  party  in  tlie  prosecution  of  an 
action  or  special  proceeding.^  They  are  not  a  punisliment  of  the 
party  who  has  to  pay  them,  nor  a  bonus  to  the  party  who  re- 
covers them.  They  were  formerly  given  to  a  party  for  the  ex- 
pense he  was  put  to  in  paying  fees  of  officers  of  the  court,  among 
which  were  those  of  his  attorney.  These  fees  had  to  be  taxed 
and  settled  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  court  before  the  attorney 
could  recover  them  of  his  client. 

2.  Costs  at  common  law. —  At  common  law  there  were  no  costs 
to  either  party,  but  a  practice  grew  up  in  the  courts  of  allowing 
the  plaintiff  compensation  for  the  expense  he  had  been  put  to  in 
carrying  on  his  suit,  and  of  assessing  it  as  a  part  of  the  damages, 
so  as  to  include  it  in  the  recovery.  When  the  judges  went  upon 
circuits  and  had  not  the  necessary  time  to  assess  costs,  the  statute 
of  Gloucester  (G  Edw.  I.  chap.  1)  was  passed,  which  allowed  the 
plaintiff  to  recover  costs  where  he  recovered  damages.     By  sub- 

^Fergvson  v.  Arnoic,  142  N.  Y.  580j 
60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  301,  37  N.  E.  626. 

COSTS   1.  1 


Z  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN   NEW  YOKK. 

sequent  statutes  (Marlbridge,  chap.  6 ;  23  Hen.  VIII.,  chap.  15) 
the  defendant,  if  the  plaintiff  was  defeated,  was  allowed  to  re- 
cover costs,  to  be  assessed  in  the  discretion  of  the  judge  or  judges 
of  the  court 

3.  Costs  in  actions  at  law.— The  Code  abolished  the  fee  bill 
leaving  the  attorney's  compensation  to  the  agreement  of  the  par- 
ties, express  or  implied,  and  allowed  the  prevailing  party  to  re- 
cover fixed  sums  as  costs.  Where  a  party,  not  an  attorney,  con- 
ducted a  suit  or  defense  in  person,  he  was  not  entitled  to  costs 
under  the  old  fee  bill,  which  made  provision  only  for  the  services 
enumerated  therein  when  rendered  by  officers  of  the  court ;"  nor 
\vi\]  he  be  allowed  costs  under  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,^  but 
he  will  be  allowed  his  necessary  disbursement?."* 

An  attorney  must  appear  formally  or  in  point  of  fact  in  a 
cause,  or  he  will  not  be  recognized  as  an  attorney  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  costs.  He  must  subject  himself  to  the  respon- 
sibilities of  that  character,  or  he  cannot  claim  its  advantages.  It 
is  not  sufficient  that  the  work  has  been  wholly  or  partly  done  by 
an  attorney.^ 

AVhere  an  attorney  is  a  party  to  a  suit,  and  conducts  the  case 
in  person,  he  is  entitled  to  costs  the  same  as  though  he  had  em- 
ployed another  attorney  to  conduct  the  case  for  him.® 

The  right  to  costs  is  not  an  inherent  right,  but  is  created  by 
statute,  and  can  only  be  obtained  by  bringing  one's  self  clearly 
Avithin  the  operation  of  existing  statutory  provisions.'^ 

-Steicart    v.    Neio    York    Common  ~Re  Grade  Cro.tsing,  20  App.  Div. 

fleas,    10    Wend.    597;    Verplank    v.  271,  46  N.  Y.  Siipp.  1070;  J/wxson  v. 

Mercantile  Ins.  Co.  1  Edw.  Ch.  40.  Curtis,  43  Hun,  214,  26  N.  Y.  Week. 

^Channard  v.   Fuller,  4  :Month.  L.  Dig.  236.  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  189;  Patter- 

Bnll.  20.  son  v.  Burnett.  1  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  166, 

*People  ex  rel.   White   v.    Steuben  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  116,  4  N.  Y. 

Common  Picas,   12  Wend.   200.  Supp.  921,  23   X.   Y.   S.  R.  363;   Re 

'People  ex  rel.   White  v.   Steuben  Brooklyn,   148   X.   Y.   107,  42   X.   E. 

Common  Pleas,  12  Wend.  200.  413;  Levene  v.  Hahner,  62  App.  Div. 

'Kopprr    V.    Willis,    9   Daly,    460;  195.   70  N.  Y.   Supp.  913;   Kraftt  v. 

Cromnieliu  v.  Diiismore,  1  X.  Y.  City  Wilson.  8  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  3.j9, 

a.  Rep.  60.  3   How.   Pr.   X.   S.   18;    Onondaga  v 


GENERALLY.  d 

When  the  amount  of  costs  is  limited  by  law,  this  includes 
costs  and  disbursements.  A  party  cannot  tax  costs  to  the  limit 
allowed  by  law,  and  then  add  disbursements.^ 

4.  Costs  in  actions  in  equity. —  There  are  two  distinct  lines  of 
opinions  on  the  question  whether  the  right  to  costs  in  equity 
actions  depends  upon  the  inherent  powers  of  an  equity  court,  or 
depends  upon  statutory  authority,  as  in  actions  at  law.  In  the 
first  class  it  has  been  decided  that  costs  in  equity  actions  do  not 
depend  upon  any  statute,  but  are  allowed  by  reason  of  the  inher- 
ent powers  of  the  court.® 

In  the  other  class  of  cases  it  has  been  held  that  a  court  of 
equity  has  no  inherent  power  to  award  costs  independent  of 
statutory  authority. ^^  In  this  class  of  cases  the  courts  hold  that 
as  the  common-law  courts  first  derived  their  authority  from  the 
Statute  of  Gloucester,  so  the  equity  courts  first  derived  their 
authority  to  allow  damages  (costs)  from  17  Rich.  II.,  chap.  6, 
which  authorized  the  chancellor  to  allow  damages  (costs)  ac- 
cording to  his  discretion  to  him  who  was  troubled  unduly. 

5.  By  what  statute  governed. — The  right  to  costs,  and  the  rate 
of  compensation,  are  governed  by  the  law  in  force  at  the 
time  the  right  to  costs  is  asserted  by  taxation,  or,  where  taxation 
is  suspended  by  order  of  the  court,  by  the  law  in  force  at  the 
lime  of  such  order.  ^^ 

Briggs,  3  Denio,  173;  Clark  v.  Dewey,  'Easthurn   v.    KirJc,    2    Johns.    Ch. 

5  Johns.  251:  Waterman  v.  Van  Ben-  317;  Belmont  v.  Ponvert,  6  Jones  & 

schotten,    13    Johns.    425;    Wickham  S.    425,   Reversed    in   63    N_    y.    547. 

V.   Seelif,    18   Wend.    649;    Crofut   v.  without  passing  on  the  question  of 

Brandt,  58   N.  Y.   106,   17  Am.  Rep.  costs. 

213;    Equitable  Life   Assur.   Soc.   v.  ^"Struthers    v.     Ghristal,    3    Daly, 

Hughes,  125  N.  Y.  106,  11  L.  R.  A.  327;  Downing  v.  Marshall,  37  N.  Y. 

280,  26  N.  E.   1;    McKuskie  v.   Hen-  380. 

drickson,    128   N.   Y.    555,   40   N.   Y.  "^Ackley    v.    Tarhox,    19    Abb.    Pr. 

S.  R.  619,  28  N.  E.  650;  Kilburn  v.  119;   Fargo  v.  Helmer,  43  Hun,   17; 

Lowe,  37  Hun,  237;  Ward  v.  James,  McMasters    v.    Vernon,    1    Abb.    Pr. 

8  Hun,  526;  Dowd  v.  Smith,  8  Misc.  179,  4  Duer,  625:   Wheaton  v.  New- 

619,  29  K  Y.  Supp.  821.  combe,  21  Jones  &  S.   178,  11  K  Y. 

^Wheeler  v.  Westgate,  4  How.  Pr.  Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   90;   Brooklyn  Bank 

269;    Ryan   v.    Farley,    3    Month.    L.  v.    WiUoughby,    1    Sandf.    669;    Rich 

Bull.  78.  V.  Eusson,   1    Duer,    617,    11    N.  Y. 


4  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IIs^  NEW  YOKK. 

The  legislature  may,  during  the  progress  of  an  action,  create 
an  allowance  for  service  not  hefore  provided  for,  or  wholly 
abolish  such  allowance  as  existed  at  the  time  of  the  commence- 
ment of  the  action.^^  There  is  no  vested  right  in  costs  during 
the  pendency  of  an  action.^ ^  Where  a  defendant  appealed  from 
a  judgment,  and,  six  months  after  the  appeal  was  taken,  the  law 
in  relation  to  costs  was  amended  by  requiring  the  appellant  to 
serve  an  offer  within  fifteen  days  after  the  appeal  should  betaken, 
and  on  default  thereof  the  plaintiff  would  be  entitled  to  costs  if 
he  recovered  a  verdict,  it  was  held  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled 
to  costs,  although  if  the  law  had  remained  unchanged  after  the 
appeal  had  been  taken  the  defendant  would  have  been  entitled 
to  costs.^^  The  right  of  the  legislature  thus  to  change  the  rights 
of  the  parties  to  the  costs  of  a  pending  action  is  undoubted. 
Such  a  law  does  not  violate  the  prohibition  of  the  United  States 
Constitution  forbidding  the  passage  by  the  several  states  of  ex 
post  facto  laws,  or  laws  that  impair  the  obligation  of  contracts, 
because  ex  post  facto  laws  are  retrospective  laws  in  relation  to 
criminal  matters,  and  there  is  certainly  no  contract  relation  be- 
tween the  parties  to  an  action  in  relation  to  costs  that  may  there- 
after be  awarded  in  that  action.  It  is  true  that  the  injury 
caused  by  the  passage  of  a  law  granting  or  withholding  costs  in 
a  pending  action  is  the  same  as  that  caused  by  an  ex  post  facto 
law,  the  difference  being  one  of  degree  merely.  But  the  same  is 
true  of  the  changes  made  in  the  amount  of  costs  in  a  pending 
action,  by  a  law  passed  before  the  right  to  costs  become  fixed. 
Yet  nothine;  is  more  firmlv  established  than  that  the  leo-islaturo 

Legal  Obs.  119;  Onondaga  v.  Briggs,  Van  Alen,  1  How.  Pr.  86;  Goodenoio 

3  Denio,  173;   Hunt  v.  Middlehrook,  v.  Livingston,  1  How.  Pr.  232;  Cur 

MB-OW-Pi.  300;  People  ex  rcl.  Barry  tis   v.    Leavitt,    1    Abb.   Pr.    118,    19 

V.  Herkimer  Common  Pleas,  4  Wend.  Barb.    530;    McCann  v.   Bradley,    15 

210;  Holmes  v.  ^t.  John,  4  How.  Pr.  How.  Pr.  79. 

66,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  46;  Taylor  v.  ^-Onondaga  v.  Briggs,  3  Denio,  173. 

Gardner,  4  How.  Pr.  67,  2  N.  Y.  Code  ^^Pich  v.  Husson,  1  Duer,  617. 

Rep.    47;     Wheeler    v.    Westgate,    4  "-S7iee/ian  v.  iJuZZcr,  24  N.  Y.  Week. 

How.  Pr.  2G9;    Van  Valkenburgh  v.  Dig.   168. 


GENERALLY.  O 

may,  pending  an  action,  change  the  amount  of  costs  to  be 
awarded  the  successful  party. 

The  courts,  however,  take  cognizance  of  the  fact  that  retro- 
active laws  are  oppressive,  and  they  will  construe  all  laws  as 
])rospective  rather  than  as  retroactive,  unless  the  plain  wording 
of  the  statute  forbids  such  a  construction  ;^^  and  the  courts  will, 
wherever  possible,  construe  the  law  so  that  the  right  to  costs  will 
be  governed  by  the  law  as  it  was  at  the  commencement  of  the 
action,  rather  than  by  the  law  as  changed  pending  the  action.^® 

The  rendition  of  a  general  verdict  for  a  party  does  not  alone 
entitle  him  to  a  judgment  for  costs.  He  is  entitled  to  costs  only 
upon  the  rendering  of  a  final  judgment  in  the  action. -^^ 

Costs  are  taxable  according  to  the  law  in  force  at  the  time  of 
the  recovery  of  the  judgment  i^*^  and  where  the  judgment  is  en- 
tered upon  the  report  of  a  referee,  the  costs  are  taxable  by  the 
law  in  force  at  the  time  of  the  report. ^^ 

The  report  does  not  become  a  judgment  of  the  court  upon  its 
delivery  to  the  successful  party,  but  only  when  it  is  filed  with  the 
clerk,  and  formal  judgment  entered  thereon.-'^ 

Where  judgment  is  entered  upon  failure  of  the  defendant  to 
answer,  costs  are  governed  by  the  law  at  the  time  of  the  tax- 
ation and  entry  of  the  judgment,  and  not  by  the  law  at  the  time 

'""Dash    V.    Van    Kleeck,    7    Johns.  M.  S.  R.  Co.  v.  Roach,  80  N.  Y.  339; 

477,  5  Am.  Dec.  291.  Engel  v.  Fischer,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  72; 

^«2?fc7i    V.    Eiisson,    1    Duer.    G17;  People   ex  rel.    Twenty-Third   Street 

Baker  v.  Bartlett,  9  Wend.   494,   40  R.  Co.  v.  New  York  Tax  Comrs.  95 

Am.  Dec.  387.  N.  Y.  559;  Atkin  v.  Pitcher,  31  Hun, 

"Overton  v.  National  Bank,  3  N.  352;  Munson  v.  Curtis,  43  Hun,  214. 
Y.  S.  R.  1G9.  '"Torry    v.    Hadley,    14    How.    Pr. 

"il/oore  V.  Westervelt,  14  How.  Pr.  357;  Bulcom  v.  Terwilliger,  42  Hun, 

279,  6  Duer,  684;   Fisher  v.  Hunter,  170:    Garling  v.  Ladd,  27  Hun,   112^ 

15   How.   Pr.    15G:    Rich  v.    Husson,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  5;   Lake  Shore 

1  Duer,  617,   11    N.    Y.    Legal    Obs.  d   M.  8.  R.  Co.  v.  Roach,  80  N.  Y. 

119;    Crary  v.   Nonvood,  5  Abb.  Pr.  339;  Engel  v.  Fischer,  15  Abb.  N.  C. 

219;    Truscutt  v.  King,  4  How.   Pr.  72;     People    ex    rel.    Twenty  -  Third 

l'^3-  Street    R.    Co.    v.    New    York    Tax 

'"Torry    v.    Hadley,    14    How.    Pr.  Comrs.    95    N.     Y.    559;     Atkin    v. 

357;  Balcom  v.  TertoiUiger,  42  Hun,  Pitcher,  31     Hun,    352;     Munson  v. 

170;    Garling  v.  Ladd,  27  Hun,   112,  Curtis,  43  Hun,  214,  26  N.  Y.  Week. 

15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  5;  Lake  Shore  &  Dig.  236,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  189. 


6  TIIH  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK, 

of  the  default.^^  Where  an  action  is  determined  before  a  chango 
in  the  law,  but  costs  are  not  taxed  till  after  the  new  law  goes  into 
effect,  costs  are  taxable  under  the  new  law.^^ 

6.  Costs  determined  by  which  verdict. —  ^Vhere  there  have  been 
several  verdicts,  costs  of  the  entire  action  are  taxed  according  to 
the  law  in  force  at  the  time  of  tlie  final  verdict.^^  And  this  is  so 
notwithstanding  proceedings  are  stayed  thereon  until  a  case  can 
be  made  and  settled,  and  a  motion  made  for  a  new  trial,  and  be- 
fore the  motion  is  decided  the  law  relating  to  costs  is  changed.^* 
It  has,  however,  been  held  that  costs  up  to  and  including  the  ver- 
dict should  be  taxed  under  the  new  law.-^  Where  a  demurrer  is 
interposed,  and  after  argument  and  before  decision  of  the  de- 
murrer the  law  is  changed,  costs  are  governed  by  the  law  at  the 
time  of  the  decision,  and  not  by  the  law  at  the  time  of  the  argu- 
ments^ 

7.  Power  of  court  over  costs,  a.  In  actions  at  laiv. — In  actions 
at  law,  the  court  has  no  power  to  grant  or  withhold  general  costs, 
where  the  party  brings  himself  clearly  within  the  provision  of 
some  statute;  and  the  addition  of  the  words  "with  costs"  or 
"without  costs"  does  not  change  the  party's  right  to  costs.^''^ 

Motion  costs,  however,  in  actions  at  law  and  in  equity,  are  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  they  may  be  given  or  withheld 
as  to  the  court  shall  seem  best.  They  may  be  of  any  amount  not 
exceeding  $10,  besides  necessary  disbursements  for  printing, 
and  referee's  fees.^^     Courts  have  discretion  in  awarding  costs 

^^Steward    v.    Larnoreaux,    5    Abb.  -^Moore  v.  Westervelt,  14  How.  Pr. 

Pr.  14.  279,  6  Duer,  684. 

"Thompson  v.  Crippen,  1  How.  Pr.  -"Crary  v.  Norwood,  5  Abb.  Pr.  219. 

233,  234,  note.  "'Jones    v.    Emery,    1    N.    Y.    Civ. 

'^^Jones  V.  Underwood,  18  How.  Pr.  Proc.  Rep.  338 ;   Norton  v.  Fancher, 

532;   Jackett  v.  Judd,   18  How.   Pr.  92  Hun,  463.  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  434,  36 

385.  N.  Y.  Supp.  1032. 

''*8cudder  v.  Gori,  28  How.  Pr.  155,  ^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3252,  subdiv.  4. 
18  Abb.  Pr.  207,  3  Robt.  629. 


GENEEALLY.  i 

upon  appeals  in  actions  at  law  in  certain  cases,  and  also  in  grant- 
ing additional  allowances. ^^ 

Costs,  as  a  general  rule,  upon  motions  and  appeals  and  in 
trials  of  equity  actions,  are  refused  to  both  parties  when  neither 
party  succeeds  fully,  or  where  the  question  is  novel,  or  the  law 
unsettled. 

The  court  has  no  power  to  order  a  judgment  to  be  entered 
nunc  pro  tunc  as  of  a  date  prior  to  the  actual  judgment,  to 
change  the  amount  of  costs.^^ 

b.  In  actions  in  equity. — All  costs  in  equity  actions,  except  an 
action  in  which  the  complaint  demands  judgment  for  a  sum  of 
money  only,  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^^  Under  sub- 
division 4  of  §  3228  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  costs  are 
granted  as  a  matter  of  right  to  the  plaintiff  if  he  succeeds  in  an 
action  wherein  the  complaint  demands  judgment  for  a  sum  of 
money  only.  Section  3229  gives  costs  as  a  matter  of  right  to  the 
defendant  in  such  an  action  in  case  he  succeeds.  It  makes 
no  difference  whether  the  action  be  legal  or  equitable.^^ 

\\niether  this  discretion  extended  to  the  amount  of  costs  al- 
lowed was  a  disputed  question  until  the  amendment  of  §  3230 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  (chap.  181,  Laws  1900).  The 
section  now  reads :  ''Except  as  prescribed  in  the  last  two  sections, 
the  court  may,  upon  the  rendering  of  a  final  judgment,  in  its 
discretion,  award  costs  to  any  party,  in  such  sum,  not  exceeding 
the  total  amount  authorized  by  statute,  as  to  the  court  shall  seem 
just."    This  seems  to  be  decisive  of  the  question. 

Courts  possess  no  general  and  arbitrary  power  to  give  to  any 
party  such  an  amount  as  they  may  think  will  compensate  him 
for  his  trouble  and  expense  in  prosecuting  or  defending  the 
litigation.     They  must  be  governed  by  the  law  in  force  on  that 

^'  See  chapters  xxiv.  and  xxx.  "  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  .3228.  subdiv.  4. 
post.  ^Hlurtha  v.  Curleij,  92  N.  Y.  359. 

■'"Moore  v.  Westervelt,  14  How.  Pr. 
270.  6  Duer,  684. 


8  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

subject  at  tlie  time  of  tlK^  decision,  with  power  to  grant  an  extra 
allowance  in  certain  cases."^ 

8.  Power  of  attorneys  over  costs. —  The  attorneys  in  an  action 
cannot  by  stipulation  increase  the  amount  of  costs  to  be  taxed 
by  the  successful  party.^^ 

The  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  hoAvever,  allows  them  to  stipu- 
late in  writing  as  to  the  amount  to  be  paid  a  referee.  Code  Civ. 
Proc.  §  3296. 

^^Atty.  Gen.  v.  Continental  L.  Tns.        ^^O'Keefe  v.  Shipherd,  23  Hiin,  171. 
Co.  27   Him,   195,   63  How.  Pr.   129, 
Appeal  Dismissed  in  90  N.  Y.  45. 


CHAPTER  II. 

ATTORNEY'S  LIEN. 

9.  Kinds  of  liens. 
a.  In  general. 
6.  Retaining  lien. 
c.  Charging  lien. 

10.  Who  entitled  to  a  lien. 

11.  In  what  courts. 

12.  Loss  of  lien. 

13.  Necessity  of  a  notice  to  protect  the  lien. 

14.  In  what  actions. 

15.  Lien  in  special  proceedings. 

16.  To  what  lien  attaches. 

17.  Title  to  costs. 

18.  Transfer  of  cause  of  action  pending  the  action. 

19.  Effect  of  settlement. 

a.  Upon  lien. 

6.  As  regards  the  parties. 

c.  In  actions  in  forma  pauperis. 

d.  When  the  client  is  irresponsible. 

e.  Intent. 

20.  Lien  of  attorney  before  the  adoption  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

21.  Relief  given  by  the  court. 

22.  Protection  of  lien  upon  substitution  of  attorneys. 

a.  Right  of  client  to  substitution  of  attorneys. 

ft.  Control  of  the  court  upon  substitution  of  attorneys. 

c.  Discontinuance  of  proceedings  for  substitution  of  attorneys. 

d.  How  the  extent  of  the  lien  is  determined. 

e.  Terms  upon  substitution  of  attorneys. 

23.  Substitution  of  attorneys  when  lien  has  been  waived. 

24.  Sulastitution  of  attorneys  when  attorney  has  been  guilty  of  misconduct. 

25.  Costs  of  proceedings  to  ascertain  amount  of  attorney's  lien. 

26.  Power  of  court  to  protect  attorney  when  he  has  no  lien. 

27.  Lien  in  supplementary  proceedings. 

28.  Lien  when  the  action  is  brought  in  a  representative  capacity. 

29.  Effect  of  statute  of  limitations  upon  lien. 

30.  Assignment  of  lien. 

31.  Right  to  enforce  lien  upon  securities. 


10  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

32.  How  lien  is  enforced. 

a.  Supplementary  proceedings. 

b.  After  settlement  by  the  parties. 

c.  By  summary  proceedings. 

d.  Foreclosure  of  lien. 

e.  Paid  out  of  fund. 

f.  Setting  aside  collusive  and  fraudulent  settlements. 

g.  By  continuing  action. 

(1)  Right  of  attorney  to  continue  action. 

(2)  Leave  to  prosecute  the  action;  when  granted. 

(3)  Proof  on  the  trial. 

33.  Right  of  defendant  to  set  up  settlement  in  his  answer. 

34.  Setting  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment  in  courts  of  record. 

35.  Power  of  justices'  courts  over  satisfaction  of  judgment. 

36.  Liability  of  third  party. 

37.  Lien  of  counsel. 

38.  Set-off. 

39.  Lien  in  matrimonial  actions. 

9.  Kinds  of  liens,  a.  In  general. — An  attorney  lias  two  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  liens  upon  his  client's  property  to  secure  the 
payment  of  his  services  rendered  to  his  client, — a  retaining  lien 
and  a  charging  lien.  They  both  existed  at  common  law,^  and 
still  exist  except  as  modified  by  statute.^ 

The  lien  is  based  on  the  same  principle  that  all  other  liens 
are  based  upon,  viz.,  that  the  party  who  has  by  his  skill  and  in- 
dustry increased  in  value  the  property  of  his  employer,  shall  be 
protected  by  a  lien  on  that  property  for  the  payment  of  his  serv- 
ices. 

b.  Retaining  lien. — A  retaining  lien  is  the  right  that  an  at- 
torney has  of  retaining  all  the  property  of  his  client,  which  has 
come  into  his  hands  as  the  attorney  for  his  client,  until  he  is 
paid  for  all  of  his  services.^  But  where  the  attorney  receives 
any  property  or  money  for  a  specific  purpose,  he  must  can*y  out 
the  agreement  made  with  his  client  when  he  received  it.     He 


^Ward  V.  Sywe,  9  How.  Pr.   IG,   1        'ffe    Eahn,    14    N.    Y.    Week.    Dig. 
E.  D.  Smith,  598.  259 :   ^yard  v.  Craig,  14  N.  Y.  Week. 

-Re  Laselle,  16  Misc.  515,  40  X.  Y.    Dig.  55. 
Supp.   343;    Ward  v.   Wordsivortli,   1 
E.  D.  Smith,  598,  9  How.  Pr.   16. 


attorney's  lien.  11 

cannot  claim  a  Hen  thereon,  as  he  has  waived  his  right  to  a  lien 
in  receiving  it  for  a  specific  purpose.^ 

c.  Charging  lien. — A  charging  lien  is  the  right  that  an  at- 
torney has  upon  his  client's  cause  of  action,  claim,  or  counter- 
claim for  security  for  the  payment  for  his  services  in  that  action 
or  proceeding.  This  lien  existed  at  common  law,^  but  is  now 
governed  by  §  06  of  the  Code  of  Ci^nl  Procedure.  The  lien  ex- 
ists not  only  to  the  extent  of  the  costs  entered  in  the  judgment, 
but  also  for  any  sum  which  the  client  has  agreed  that  his  attor- 
ney should  have  as  a  compensation  for  his  ser\dces.® 

Until  a  judgment  is  collected,  the  attorney  has  only  a  charg- 
ing lien  tliereon,  that  is,  for  his  services  in  that  action  or  pro- 
ceeding f  but  if  the  attorney  collects  the  judgment,  he  has  a  re- 
taining lien  upon  the  proceeds,  the  same  as  upon  any  other  of 
his  client's  property  that  may  come  into  his  possession  as  his  at- 
torney, and  the  attorney  may  retain  the  proceeds  of  the  judg- 
ment until  all  his  claims  are  paid.®  Money  paid  to  a  receiver  of 
the  client  is  not  constructively  in  the  hands  of  the  attorney,  and 
therefore  cannot  be  made  subject  to  a  general  lien.^  A  firm  of 
attorneys  cannot  retain  any  money  upon  a  judgment  collected  by 
them  to  satisfy  the  claim  of  a  member  of  the  firm  for  sei-vices 
rendered  by  him  before  the  formation  of  the  firm.-^^ 

10.  Who  entitled  to  a  lien.— Only  the  attorney  of  record  is  en- 
titled to  a  lien.  Counsel  employed  to  assist  the  attorney  have  no 
lien.^^     Where  counsel  are  employed  by  the  attorney  of  record, 

*Re  Lamer,  20   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.  545;  Re  Knapp,  85  N.  Y.  284;  Krotie 

73.  V.  Klotz,  3  App.  Div.  587,  38  N.  Y. 

'Rooney  v.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.   18  Supp.  225;  Re  H.  A.  87  K  Y.  521; 

N.  Y.  368.  Ward   v.    Craig,    87    N.   Y.    550;    Re 

"Marshall  v.  Meech,  51  N.  Y.  140.  Lorillard,  25  K  Y.  Week.  Dig.  469. 

10  Am.  Rep.  572.  "Anderson  v.  E.  de  Braekeleer  &  Co. 

'Williams   v.   Ingersoll,    89    N.    Y.  25  Misc.  343.  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

508:   Phillips  v.  Stagg,  2   Edw.   Ch.  306,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  721. 

108;     8t.     John     v.     Diefendorf,     12  ^"Bowling     Green     Sav.     Bank     v. 

Wend.  261 ;   Adams  v.  Fox,  40  Barb.  Todd,  52  N.  Y.  489. 

442:   Re  Wilsoii,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  ^^Eennedy  v.  Carrick,  18  Misc.  38, 

Rep.   (Browne)   343.  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  1127;  Dailey  v.  Well- 

^8t.  John  V.  Diefendorf,  12  Wend,  hrock,  65  App.  Div.  523,  72  N.  Y. 
201 ;    Lorillard  v.   Barnard,   42  Hun, 


12  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

under  an  agreement  witli  the  attorney  and  his  client  that  they 
are  to  share  witli  the  attorney  in  his  contingent  fee,  and  the  at- 
torney' loses  his  lien  through  negligence,  the  right  of  counsel  to 
a  lien  on  the  judgment  falls  with  that  of  the  attorney.^ ^  Where 
several  attorneys  have  been  employed  in  a  case  by  a  municipal 
corporation,  and  the  charter  provides  that  the  costs  shall  belong 
to  the  city  attorney,  each  attorney  will  be  entitled  to  the  costs  that 
were  earned  while  he  was  the  attorney  of  record.^ ^  An  attorney 
who  brings  an  action  without  authority  is  not  entitled  to  any 
compensation,  and  therefore  has  no  lien  which  the  court  can  pro- 
tect.^^  A  person  who  has  made  an  agreement  with  an  attorney 
to  procure  claims  for  the  attorney  to  collect  cannot  compel  the 
attorney  to  pay  his  share  of  the  compensation  received  by  the 
attorney  either  by  action,'^  or  by  summary  proceedings.^^  Where 
judgments  are  attached,  the  client  cannot  raise  the  question  that 
his  attorney  has  a  lien  thereon  for  his  services,  though  the  judg- 
ments are  for  costs.  Such  judgments  are  the  property  of  the 
client  till  the  attorney  asserts  his  lien.''" 

11.  In  what  courts. — A  lien  can  be  acquired  only  in  courts  of 
record.  Section  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  does  not 
apply  to  justices'  courts,^ ^  or  a  court  that  takes  its  place,  such 
as  the  municipal  court  of  the  city  of  Buffalo.-'^  It  is  a  question 
whether  there  is  such  a  thing  as  an  attorney's  lien  in  the  munici- 
pal court  of  the  city  of  New  York.^*^  Formerly  a  lien  could  not 
be  acquired  in  the  surrogate's  courts,^^  but  since  they  have  be- 

Supp.   848;    Broun  v.   ^^ew   York,   9  '"/Pe   Hirshbach,   72   App.   Div.   79, 

Hun.  587.  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  117. 

'-Williams  v.   Bnrkley,    105   N.   Y.  ^'Wehle  v.  Conner,  83  N.  Y.  231. 

48,  58  N.  E.  765.  '^Levis  v.  Burke,   51   Hun,   71,   20 

'Hjockport  V.   Fitts,   39  Hun,   221.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  789,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  386. 

^^Whiiesell    v.    l(ew    Jersei/    tC-    Jf.  ">Drago  v.  Smith,  92  Hun,  536,  72 

IHver  R.  d-  Ferry  Co.  68  App.  Div.  82,  N.  Y.  S.  R.  418.  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  975. 

74  N.  Y.  Supp.  217.  ^"People  ex  rel.  Jaffe  v.  Fitzpatrick, 

'"Birshhaeh    v.    Ketchum,    5    App.  35  Misc.  456.  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  191. 

Div.  324,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  291 ;  Irwin  "'Flint  v.  Van  Dusen,  26  Hun,  606. 
V.  Curie,  56  App.  Div.  514,  67  N.  Y. 
Supp.  380. 


ATTOKNEY^S   LIEN.  13 

come  courts  of  record  they  can  enforce  the  lien  of  the  attorneys 
npon  their  decrees,^-  or  upon  any  property  over  which  the  court 
ha^  jurisdiction.^" 

12.  Loss  of  lien. —  If  before  tlie  recovery  of  a  final  judgment 
the  attorney  refuses  to  proceed  with  the  action,  his  inchoate 
right  of  lien  is  lost.^^  It  makes  no  difference  what  his  reasons 
are,  whether  he  does  not  wish  to  proceed  with  the  action,  or  has 
not  been  paid  for  his  services,  or  his  disbursements.^^  Where 
the  attorney  refuses  to  proceed  with  the  action  until  he  is  paid 
for  his  services,  he  loses  his  lien  upon  the  papers,  and  may  be 
compelled  to  give  them  up.^^  Where  proceedings  are  brought 
to  compel  the  attorney  to  give  up  the  papers,  the  proceedings 
should  be  entitled  in  the  matter  of  the  attorney.^^  He  may  also 
lose  his  lien  by  a  failure  to  carry  out  a  contract  by  which  he  was 
to  have  a  part  of  the  recovery.-**  The  rule,  that  the  release  of 
one  joint  tort  feasor  will  release  all  other  joint  tort  feasors,  ap- 
plies to  attorneys'  liens.  If  tlie  attorney  releases  one  joint  tort 
feasor,  he  cannot  retain  any  lien  upon  the  claim  against  the 
other  joint  tort  feasor.  The  claim  is  gone  and  his  lien  falls  with 
the  claim."^ 

An  attorney  can  waive  his  lien.  He  does  this  when  he  does 
any  act  inconsistent  with  the  maintenance  of  his  lien.^*^  He 
waives  his  lien  upon  specific  chattels  when  he  consents  that  they 
be  delivered  to  the  owner,  making  no  claim  for  his  lien.^^     He 

-■Re  Regan,  29  Misc.  527,  7  N.  Y.  Pr.  413;  Fargo  v.  Paul,  35  Misc.  568, 

Anno.  Cas.  165,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  1074,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  21. 
Affiraied  in  167  N.  Y.  338,  60  N.  E.        ^'Cunningham    v.    Widing,    5    Abb. 

658.  Pr.  413. 

■'Re  Rowland,  55  App.  Div.   66,  8        -^Holmes  v.  Evans,  129  N.  Y.   140, 

N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  397,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  29  N.  E.  233,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  365. 
1121.  -^Johanson  v.   New  York,   71   App. 

"T«c/>;   V.   Manning,   53   Hun,   455,  Div.  561,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  119. 
6  K  Y.  Supp.  140:  Halbert  v.  Gihbs,       ^"West  v.  Bacon,  164  N.  Y.  425,  58 

16  App.  Div.  126,  4  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  N.  E.  522. 
232,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  113.  "/?e  King,  168  N.  Y.  53,  60  N.  E. 

'^Fargo  v.   Paul,  35  Misc.   568,  72  1054;   Goodrich  v.  McDonald,  112  N. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  21;  Re  H.  93  N.  Y.  381.  Y.   157,  19  N.  E.  649,   16  N.  Y.  Civ. 

"^Cunningham    v.    Widing,    5    Abb.  Proc.  Rep.  222,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  509. 


14  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

can  waive  it  by  keeping  silence  when  he  should  speak,"^  or  In 
allowing  the  court  to  make  an  order  based  upon  the  assumption 
that  the  client  is  the  absolute  owner  of  the  judgment,^^  or  he 
may  waive  it  by  refusing  to  pay  his  client  the  money  which  he 
has  received  without  claiming  a  lien,  and  in  a  suit  for  conver- 
sion does  not  set  up  his  lien/'^^  or  by  not  moving  promptly  to  set 
aside  a  settlement  fraudulent  as  to  him.^^  He  does  not  waive 
his  lien  when  he  delivers  up  property  with  a  notice  of  his 
lien.2^ 

When  an  attorney  of  record  refuses  in  the  middle  of  an  action 
to  i^roceed  either  to  judgment,  or  to  argue  an  appeal  taken,  and 
another  attorney  appears  in  the  matter,  although  not  formally 
substituted,  the  attorney  who  is  the  cause  of  procuring  the  final 
adjudication  in  favor  of  his  client  has  a  lien  upon  the  judgment 
for  his  sendees,  and  the  courts  will  order  a  substitution  of  at- 
torneys without  condition,  so  that  the  attorney  who  is  entitled  to 
the  lien  may  be  in  a  position  to  receive  the  amount  of  his  lien 
upon  the  settlement.^^ 

The  attorney  must  act  with  diligence  in  seeking  to  enforce  his 
lien.  Though  the  statute  of  limitations  does  not  apply  to  his 
lien,  yet  the  court  will  be  governed  by  analogy  to  it  whenever 
the  attorney  applies  to  it  for  aid  in  enforcing  his  lien."'' 

13.  Necessity  of  a  notice  to  protect  the  lien. —  The  lien  of  an 
attorney,  given  by  §  6G  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  as 
amended  in  1879,  is  a  statutory  lien  of  which  all  the  world  must 
take  notice ;  and  anyone  settling  \vith  a  party  without  the  knowl- 

"-Hoicitt  V.  Merrill,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^Corey  v.  Hat-te,  21   N.  Y.   Week. 

1007,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  894.  Dig.  247. 

^^McClare   v.    Lockard,    121    N.   Y.  ^"Fargo  v.  Paul,  35  ilisc.   .5G8,   72 

308,  24  N.  E.  463,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  69.  X.  Y.  Supp.  21. 

"^De  Fino  v.  Stern,  5  App.  Div.  56,  ^^Bucldey  v.  Buckley,  45  N.  Y.  S. 

74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  242.  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  R.  827,  18  X.  Y.  Supp.  607;  Richard- 

616.  son  V.  Brooklyn  City  &  N.  R.  Co.  7 

^^Randall    v.     Van     Wagenen,     22  Hun,  69;  Winans  v.  Mason,  33  Barb. 

Jones  &  S.  483,  Affirmed  in  115  N.  Y.  522,    21    How.    Pr.    156;    Reavy    v. 

527,  22  N.  E.  361 ;  Neill  v.  Van  Wag-  Clark,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272, 

enen,  22  Jones  &  S.  477;   Winans  v.  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  535,  9  X.  Y.  Supp.  216. 
Mason,   33   Barb.   522,   21    How.   Pr. 
153. 


attorney's  ijex.  15 

edge  of  the  attorney  does  so  at  his  own  risk.  The  attorney  is 
not  bound  at  his  peril  to  serve  a  notice  of  lien.'*'^  The  lien  is 
thus  protected  not  only  as  to  the  taxable  costs,  but  also  to  such 
additional  amount  as  he  may  be  able  to  establish  by  agreement 
expressed  or  implied.*^  Before  the  amendment  to  §  66  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  made  in  1879,  there  were  numerous 
cases  which  held  that  the  attorney  must  protect  his  lien  by  notice 
in  order  to  save  it  from  a  settlement  made  by  his  client  witli 
the  opposite  party.  This  amendment  so  enlarged  the  scope  of 
the  section  that  cases  which  arose  before  1879  are  now  inappli- 
cable upon  this  point.  For  several  years  after  the  passage  of 
this  amendment  there  was  a  lack  of  harmony  upon  this  point. 
The  majority  of  the  cases  held  that  the  attorney  was  not  bound 
at  his  peril  to  serve  a  notice  of  lien.^^  A  few  cases  held  other- 
wise.*^ The  case  of  Coster  v.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  146,  settled  that  question,  holding  that  the  serv- 
ice of  a  notice  was  not  necessary.  In  that  case  the  attorney  for 
the  plaintiff  entered  up  judgment  by  default  against  the  defend- 
ant, in  ignorance  of  the  fact  that  his  client  had  settled  the  action 
with  the  defendant  three  days  after  the  service  of  the  summons 
and  complaint  in  the  action,  and  before  any  notice  of  lien  had 
been  served.  The  attorney  for  the  plaintifF  applied  to  the  court 
for  a  reference  to  determine  the  amount  of  his  lien.  The  de- 
fendant asserted  that  the  attorney  for  the  plaintiff  had  no  lien, 
because  the  action  had  been  settled  before  any  notice  of  lien  had 

^''Coster    V.    Greenpoint    Ferry    Co.  49;   Tullis  v.  Buslinell,  12  Daly,  217, 

5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  146,  Affirmed  65   How.   Pr.   466;    Kehoe  v.   Miller, 

without    opinion    in    98    N.    Y.    660;  10  Abb.  N.  C.  393,  note;   Quinlan  v. 

Peri  V.  'New  York  C.  d  H.  R.  R.  Co.  Birge,   43   Hun,   483,   7   N.   Y.   S.   R. 

152  N.  Y.  521,  46  N.  E.  849.  147^;  Re  Bailey,  31  Hun,  608,  4  N.  Y. 

"Coster   V.    Greenpoint   Ferry    Co.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   140;   Albert  Palmer 

5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  146;  Peri  v.  Co.  v.  Van  Orden,  17  Jones  &  S.  89, 

New   York   C.   &   H.    R.   R.   Co.    152  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  44,  64  How. 

N.  Y.  521,  46  K  E.  849.  Pr.  79. 

*^Keeler  v.  Eeeler,  51  Hun,  505,  21  ^^Jenkim  v.  Adams,  22  Hun,  600 ; 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  666,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  580;  White  v.  Brady,  4  Month.   L.   Bull. 

Lercis  v.  Day,   10  N.  Y.  Week.   Dig.  39. 


16  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

been  served.  The  plaintiff's  attorney  was  allowed  to  establish 
liis  lien  not  only  for  the  amount  of  the  taxable  costs,  but  also  for 
the  ainount  of  his  contingent  fee.  No  opinion  was  written 
either  at  general  term  or  in  the  court  of  appeals.  But  there  was 
no  other  question  before  the  court  and  the  affirmance  by  the 
court  of  appeals  of  the  order  of  the  court  below  settled  the  ques- 
tion as  above  stated.  In  Peri  v.  Neiu  York  C.  &  II.  R.  B.  Co. 
152  Is^.  Y.  521,  46  I^.  E.  840,  the  court  distinctly  affirms  that 
an  attorney's  lien  is  a  statutory  lien  of  which  all  the  world  must 
take  notice,  and  cites  the  case  of  Coster  v.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co. 
as  authority  for  that  doctrine.  This  remark  was  ohiter,  as  the 
court  decided  the  question  upon  another  point,  yet  the  remark 
shows  that  the  court  of  appeals  considers  the  law  to  have  been 
settled  by  it  in  the  former  case. 

14.  In  what  actions. —  Since  the  amendment  of  §  66  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  an  attorney's  lien  attaches  to  actions 
in  courts  of  record  on  contract  and  tort  alike,  not  only  for  tax- 
able costs,  but  for  any  sum  in  addition  thereto,  that  the  client 
and  the  attorney  have  agreed  upon.^* 

The  attorney  for  a  defendant  has  no  lien  where  the  answer 
does  not  set  up  a  counterclaim.  His  client  may  settle  the  action 
without  his  knowledge,  as  he  has  only  a  common-law  lien,  which 
attaches  only  to  a  judgment.^^  An  attorney  has  no  lien  under 
§  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  until  an  action  has  been 
comnienced.  If  the  client  refuses  to  proceed  with  a  contem- 
plated action,  the  attorney  has  no  lien  which  the  courts  can  en- 
force.'^° 

The  cases  which  hold  that  an  attorney  can  have  no  lien  in  ac- 

**Peri  V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  789,   3   N.   Y.    Supp.   386;    Brewi   v. 

Co.    152   N.   Y.   521,   46   N.   E.    849;  Pfeiffcr,   10   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.   203; 

Asfrand  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.   Co.  Pomeranz   v.    Marcus,   40   Misc.   442, 

24  Misc.  92,  53  N.Y.  Supp.  294.  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  707. 

*^Lovgifcar  v.  Carter,  88  Hun,  513,  *^MUlis  v.   Pcntelow,   92  Hun,  284, 

2  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  192,  68  N.  Y.  S.  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

R.  583,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  785;  Levis  v.  906. 
Burke,  51   Hun,  71,  20  X.  Y.   S.  R. 


attoeney's  lien.  17 

tions  upon  a  nonassignable  cause  of  action  have  been  superseded 
bj  the  amendment  in  1879  to  §  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.^" 

Tliere  are  a  few  cases  decided  since  the  amendment  above 
nottxl  which  hold  that  the  attorney  does  not  have  a  lien  on  a  non- 
assignable cause  of  action  till  judgment,  but  these  decisions  must 
lia\'e  been  made  without  the  court's  attention  having  been  called 
to  the  change  made  in  1879.  In  such  a  case  it  was  held  that 
the  attorney  for  the  plaintiff  did  not  have  a  lien  upon  his  client's 
cause  of  action  brought  to  recover  damages  for  assault  and 
battery.^^ 

15.  Lien  in  special  proceedings.-Prior  to  September  1,  1899, 
§  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  did  not  apply  to  special  pro- 
ceedings, but,  by  an  amendment  which  went  into  effect  on  that 
date,  provisions  were  added,  so  that  now  it  does  apply  to  all  those 
proceedings.  The  lien  attaches  in  a  proceeding  to  disbar  an  at- 
torney which  has  been  dismissed  with  costs.'*^ 

16.  To  what  lien  attaches. —  Where  a  party  recovers  a  judg- 
ment for  costs  which  entitled  him  to  a  body  execution  against 
his  adversary,  the  attorney  is  entitled  to  issue  a  body  execution 
against  the  party  for  the  collection  of  the  costs,  and  his  client 
cannot  discharge  the  judgment  debtor  from  arrest,  without  the 
coil  sent  of  the  attorney.^** 

An  attorney  is  entitled  to  a  lien  upon  an  undertaking  given 
to  his  client  upon  the  issuing  of  an  attachment  against  him,^^ 
and  upon  an  undertaking  given  on  bail.°^ 

*'Pefi    V.  Xew  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Tompkins  v.  Manner,   18  Jones  &  S. 

Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  ]S\  E.  840.  511. 

^H'ahill    V.    Cahill,    9    N.    Y.    Civ.  '^Bamhcrrjer  v.   Oshinski/,  21   Mise. 

Proc.  Rep.  241.  716,  48  X.  Y.  Supp.  139;  Delaney  v. 

*'i?e    Ealiy\,    16   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.  Miller,  84  Hun,  244,  32  X.  Y.  Supp. 

357,  Affirmed  in  93  X.  Y^  381.  505;  Perry  v.  Chester,  53  X.  Y.  240; 

"■^Crouch   \.    Hoyt,    24   X.    Y.    Civ.  Dierist  v.   McCaffrey,  24   X.  Y.   Civ. 

Proc.  Eep.  60,  1  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  76,  Proc.  Rep.  238,  66  X.  Y.  S.  R.  200, 

62  X.  Y.  S.  R.  126,  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  818:  Ely  v.  Coolce,  28 

400;   Vrnicins  v.  Batterman,  4  Barb.  X.  Y.   365,   373;    Ennis  v.   Curry,  22 

47;    Finder   v.    Morris,    3    Cai.    105;  Hun,  584. 

Martin  v.  Hawks,  15  Johns.  405;  Ten  ^-^hackleton  v.  Hart,  20  How.  Pr. 

Broeck  v.   De   Witt,    10  Wend.   617;  39,  12  Abb.  Pr.  325.  note. 
COSTS    2. 


18  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

He  has  a  lien  for  liis  costs  and  allowances  in  supplementary 
proceedings  upon  a  warrant  of  attachment  issued  to  punish  the 
judgment  debtor  for  contempt.^^ 

An  attorney  has  a  lien  upon  the  papers  of  his  client  in  his 
hands  where  he  has  appeared  in  a  criminal  prosecution,^^  and 
upon  a  bond  and  mortgage  in  his  hands  for  foreclosure,  not  only 
for  costs  in  that  action,  but  also  for  a  general  balance  due  him.^^ 

An  attorney's  lien  does  not  attach  to  a  wife's  inchoate  right 
of  dower  because  she  has  no  vested  interest  in  the  property ;  nor 
does  it  attach  to  alimony  directed  to  be  paid  to  her  because  ali- 
m<3ny  is  awarded  for  the  support  of  the  wife  and  its  amount  is 
fixed  with  reference  to  her  necessities  and  the  courts  will  not 
countenance  its  appropriation  to  any  other  purpose.^^  He  has 
no  lien  upon  a  mere  defense  which  is  not  a  counterclaim,  and  his 
client  can  settle  the  action,  without  his  knowledge. ^"^  jN^or  has 
he  a  lien  in  an  action  for  ejectment  upon  a  claim  for  permanent 
improvements  under  §  1531  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  be- 
cause such  a  claim  cannot  be  made  the  subject  of  affirmative  re- 
lief, and  hence  is  not  a  counterclaim.^^ 

17.  Title  to  costs. —  The  law  governing  the  title  to  costs  is 
found  in  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  states  explicitly  that 
the  costs  are  granted  to  the  party.^^  It  has  been  held  in  many 
cases  where  the  court  has  had  a  discretion  in  the  allowance  of 
costs,  as  upon  an  accounting  by  an  executor,  or  administrator,  or 
by  an  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  etc.,  that  costs  cannot 
ho.  awarded  to  the  attorney  personally,  but  must  be  awarded  to 
the  party.^**     ISTevertheless  there  are  many  statements  in  the  re- 

^^Woolf  V.   Jacobs,    13   Jones  &   S.  ^Pierson  v.  Safford,  30  Hun,  521. 

583.  ^'Code   Civ.    Proc.    §§    3228,    3229, 

^Re  Russell,  1  How.  Pr.  149.  3066,  3070,  3072,  etc. 

''■Bovling     Green     Sav.     Bank     v.  ""Devin  v.  Patchin,  26  N.  Y.  441; 

Todd,  52  N.  Y.  489.  Wilcox  v.  Smith,  26  Barb.  316;   Re 

^Mooney  v.  Mooney,  29  Misc.  707,  Broicn,  65  How.  Pr.  461 ;   People  ex 

7   N.   Y.   Anno.   Cas.   257,   62   N.   Y.  rel.  Reynolds  v.  Buffalo,  9  Misc.  403, 
Supp.  769. 

'•''White   V.    Sumner,    16   App.    Div. 
70,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  692. 


attoeney's  lien.  19 

port?  which  sav  that  the  costs  belong  to  the  attorney,  and  not  to 
the  client.  These  statements  are  often  obiter,  and  have  been 
made  without  keeping  in  mind  the  distinction  between  a  lien 
which  can  be,  and  often  has  been,  foreclosed,  and  the  title  to  the 
property  itself.  It  is  obvious  that  a  man  cannot  have  a  lien 
upon  his  own  property.  If  a  judgment  for  costs  belong  to  the 
attorney,  and  not  to  the  client,  without  anything  being  done, 
then  in  that  case  costs  are  awarded  to  the  attorney,  and  not  to 
the  I>arty. 

The  incongruity  between  the  statutory  provision  that  the  costs 
are  granted  to  the  party  and  never  to  the  attorney,  and  the  re- 
marks scattered  through  the  books,  that  the  costs  belong  to  the 
attorney,  is  one  of  words,  and  not  of  substance.  Costs  always 
belong  to  the  party.  The  attorney  has  a  lien  upon  them  till  he 
has  been  paid  for  his  services  in  the  proceedings  in  which  the 
costs  were  granted.^^  He  never  has  title  to  them  until  his  lien 
has  ripened,  either  by  his  own  act  or  the  action  of  some  court, 
into  an  absolute  title. 

In  questions  arising  between  the  party  and  his  attorney  the 
courts  have  uniformly  held  this.  Difficulty  arises  only  when 
the  rights  of  the  attorney  and  a  third  party  conflict.  In  protect- 
ing tlie  rights  of  the  attorney  the  courts  have  done  substantial 
justice,  although  they  have  not  always  had  a  clear  perception 
of  the  principles  underlying  their  decisions. 

The  court  has  power  to  settle  the  amount  of  an  attorney's  com- 
pensation whenever  the  question  is  properly  brought  before  it 
either  in  an  action  or  upon  a  motion.  After  such  a  decision  the 
lien  upon  the  costs  is  gone.  The  court  either  holds  that  the  at- 
torney has  been  paid  and  he  therefore  has  no  lien,  or  else  that  the 
attorney  had  a  lien  and  by  virtue  of  its  decision  this  has  ripened 
into  an  absolute  title. 

61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  692,  29  X.  Y.  Supp.    Misc.  11.  .53  X.  Y.  Snpp.  8.30;  Starin 
10"1-  V.  Xew  York,  106  N.  Y.  82,  12  N.  E. 

'"Taylor  v.  Long  Islciid  R.   Co.  25    643. 


20  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

The  courts  also  recognize  tlie  riglit  of  an  attorney  to  reduce  a 
judgjnent  for  costs  to  possession  and  0A\aiersliip,  either  by  re- 
ceiving the  money  thereon,  or  by  assuming  dominion  over  the 
judgment  as  such.  In  either  case  he  has  received  the  amount 
of  the  costs  to  be  applied  upon  the  indebtedness  of  his  client  to 
him.  Until  the  attorney  has  assumed  dominion  over  a  judg- 
ment for  costs  it  belongs  to  his  client,^^  and  an  action  thereon 
must  be  maintained  in  the  client's  name.^^  If  the  attorney 
seeks  to  enforce  sucli  a  judgment  to  protect  his  own  lien,  he 
must  commence  the  action  in  his  own  name,  and  thus  become 
liable  for  costs  if  he  is  defeated.^'*  The  courts  call  an  attorney 
who  has  assumed  to  treat  a  judgment  for  costs  as  belonging  to 
him  "an  equitable  assignee"  thereof.  He  then  has  the  legal  title 
to  such  a  judgment  and  may  counterclaim  it  in  an  action 
brought  against  him  by  the  judgniient  debtor, *^^  or  he  may  assert 
his  rights  in  opposition  to  a  motion  to  compel  an  offset  of  the 
costs  awarded  upon  an  order  against  the  general  costs  in  the 
same  action,''''  or  upon  a  motion  to  compel  an  offset  of  the  costs 
in  one  action  against  the  costs  in  another  action  between  the 
same  parties,^^  or  at  any  time  that  anyone  lays  claim  to  the 
costs.®^'* 

The  attorney  has  a  right  as  such  equitable  assignee  to  enter  up 

'^Wehle  V.   Conner,  83  N.  Y.  231;  "Gihhs   v.    Prindle,    11    App.    Div. 

Foley   V.    Scharmann,   29   Misc.    521,  470,   76   N.   Y.   S.   R.   329,  42   N.  Y. 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  969;  Poole  v.  Belcha,  Supp.   329;    Husted  v.   Thomson,  26 

131  N.  Y.  200,  30  N.  E.  53.  Misc.   548,   91    N.   Y.   S.   R.   558,   57 

^Woley  V.  Scharmann,  29  Misc.  521,  N.  Y.  Supp.  558;  Delaney  v.  Miller, 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  969.  84   Hun,    244,    1    N.    Y.    Anno.    Cas. 

^'Kipp  V.  Rapp,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  266,   65   N.   Y.   S.   R.  834,   32   N.   Y. 

Rep.  385,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  169.  Supp.  505;  Bevins  v.  Alhro,  86  Hun, 

'^Adams  v.  Stillman,  4  Misc.  259,  590,   67   N.  Y.   S.  R.   783,   33   N.   Y. 

53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  180,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  Supp.  1079. 

810.  '^Re  Bailey,  31  Hun,  608,  5  N.  Y. 

'■■'Tunstall  v.  ^Yinton,  31  Hun,  219,  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  253;  Adams  v.  'Niag- 

Affirmed  without  opinion  in  96  N.  Y.  ara  Cycle  FUtinys  Co.  10  N.  Y.  Anno. 

660.  Cas.  401,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  485. 


ATTORNEY'S   LIEN.  21 

a  judgment  or  an  order  for  costs  only,  after  the  death  of  his 
client,  and  to  enforce  payment  thereof  by  issuing  an  execution.®* 

In  Re  Barnes,  1-10  IST.  Y.  468,  35  N.  E.  653,  the  court,  in  con- 
struing an  allo^vance  made  to  an  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  cred- 
itors for  the  services  of  his  attorney  in  an  action,  held  that  the 
allowance  was  to  be  considered  as  in  addition  to  the  taxable  cost? 
tliat  the  attorney  had  already  collected.  The  court  says :  "These 
(•osts  belong  to  the  attorney,  and  not  to  the  estate.  Wherever 
the  legal  title  to  costs  may  be  as  between  attorney  and  client  be- 
fore collection,  after  they  have  been  collected  by  the  attorney  his 
lien  upon  them  has  been  reduced  to  possession,  and  the  client 
cannot  insist  upon  their  payment  to  him  in  the  absence  of  a  spe- 
cial agreement  entitling  him  to  receive  them."  This  remark  is 
ohitcr.  The  court,  in  effect,  says  that  the  collection  by  the  at- 
torney of  these  costs  was  a  payment  pro  tanto  upon  liis  bill,  and 
could  not  be  recovered  back,  in  the  absence  of  an  agreement  to 
that  effect,  any  more  than  any  other  payment  could  be  recovered 
back.  If  the  court  below  had  considered  that  the  value  of  the 
attorney's  services  was  only  the  amount  of  the  allowance  made, 
it  would  have  reduced  the  allowance  by  the  amount  of  the  costs 
that  the  attorney  had  already  collected  and  applied  upon  his  bill 
for  services. 

18.  Transfer  of  cause  of  action  pending  the  action. —  Where, 
pending  an  action,  the  cause  of  action  is  assigned,  the  assignee 
takes  it  subject  to  the  attorney's  lien  not  only  for  taxable  costs, 
but  for  such  further  sum  as  tlie  attorney  and  his  client  have 
agreed  upon.^*^ 

Where  a  client  makes  a  general  assignment,  which  includes  a 
judgment,  the  assignee  takes  the  title  to  the  judgment  subject  to 
the  lien  of  the  attorney.'^^ 

'^Peetsch  v.  Quinn,  6  Misc.  52,  5G  O'Siillivan,    12   Misc.    577,    07   N.   Y, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  607,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  729;  S.    R.    801,    33    N.    Y.    Supp.    1098 

Lachenmeyer  v.  Lachentneyer,  G5  Creigliton  v.  Ingersoll,  20  Barb.  541 
How.  Pr.  A2.2.  ''^Ward    v.    Craig,    87    N.    Y.    550 

'"'Boyle  V.  Boyle,  23   N.   Y.  Week.  Bchnitzler    v.    Andrews,     16    N.    Y 

Dig.  346:  Schwartz  v.  Jenney,  10  N.  Week.   Dig.    74;    McGregor   v.    Com 

Y.    Week.    Dig.     67:     Whitehead    v.  f^toclc,  28  N.  Y.  237. 


22  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

All  attorney  for  tlie  original  plaintiff  lias  a  lien  upon  the  prop- 
erty purchased  by  the  executor  of  the  original  plaintiff  who  has 
been  substituted  as  plaintiff'  in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  action, 
and  has  employed  another  attorney.  The  fact  that  the  attorney 
could  have  asserted  his  lien  upon  the  substitution  of  attorneys 
is  no  bar  to  his  claim  asserted  after  the  sale.'^^  x\nd  where  the 
client  sells  the  judgment  subject  to  the  lien  of  the  attorney,  the 
attc)mey  has  a  lien  on  the  proceeds  received  by  the  assignee.''^^ 

19.  Effect  of  settlement,  a.  Upon  lien. — Parties  may  settle 
their  differences  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  their  at- 
torneys, but  no  settlement  will  defeat  the  attorney's  lien.'^'*  And 
^i'here  the  attorney  has  no  notice  of  the  settlement,  he  may  enter 
up  judgment  which  the  courts  will  allow  him  to  retain  to  pro- 
tect his  lien,'^^  and  where  he  has  issued  execution  on  the  judg- 
ment, the  execution  and  the  judgment  will  not  be  set  aside  until 
the  costs,  disbursements,  and  sheriff's  fees  are  paid.'^^ 

6.  As  regards  tlie  parties. — The  settlement  as  between  the 
parties  is  good,  and  the  attorney  will  not  be  allowed  to  enforce 
his  lien,  until  it  appears  that  his  client  is  insolvent."^ 

Where  an  administrator  has  settled  an  action  brought  by  him 
and  he  has  not  been  discharged  as  such  administrator,  the  attor- 
ney must  pursue  the  fund  before  he  will  be  allowed  to  enforce 
his  lien.'^  And  where  the  plaintiff  has  stipulated  to  discon- 
tinue an  action  and  afterwards  moves  to  be  relieved  from  the 
stipulation  as  it  cuts  off  his  attorney's  claim  for  costs,  the  motion 

''-Skinner   v.   Busse,   38    IMisc.    265,  ''^Publishers'  Printing  Co.  v.  Gillen 

74  N.  Y.  Supp.  560.  Printing  Co.  15  Misc.  464,  74  N.  Y. 

"Ke   Gates,   51   App.   Div.   350,   64  S.  E.  669,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  198. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  1050.  ''^Pierson  v.  Safford,  30  Hun,  521 ; 

''^Peri  V.  New  York  G.  d  H.  R.  R.  Burpee  v.    Townsend,   29   Misc.    681, 

Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  X.  E.  849;  Cos-  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  467;  Poole  v.  Belcha, 

ter  V.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y.  131  N.  Y.  200,  30  N.  E.  53,  22  N.  Y. 

Civ.   Proc.  Eep.   146,  Affirmed  in  98  Civ.  Proc.   Rep.   67,   42   N.  Y.   S.   R. 

IST.  Y.  660.      See  also  Necessity  of  a  856;   Pitcher  v.  Hoople,  49  N.  Y.  S. 

Notice    to    Protect    the    Lien,    §    13,  R.  356,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  66. 

.tupra.  'Hjuinlan  v.  Birge,  43  Hun,  483,  26 

'^Coster  V.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  161,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   146.  147. 


attorney's  lien.  23 

will  be  denied/^     The  attorney  might  set  aside  the  settlement, 
but  he  must  be  the  moving  party.^" 

c.  In  actions  in  forma  pauperis. — Where  an  action  in  forma 
pauperis  has  been  brought  for  assault  and  battei-y,  the  attorney 
has  no  lien  that  can  be  protected  upon  settlement.  Section  66 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  was  intended  to  give  a  lien  for 
the  amount  of  an  agreement,  either  express  or  implied.  Here 
there  can  be  no  agreement.  The  attorney  for  the  plaintiff  is  not 
entitled  to  costs  until  they  are  allowed  by  the  court.^^ 

d.  When  the  client  is  irresponsible. — Where  an  action  has 
been  settled  fraudulently  and  collusively  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
priving the  attorney  of  his  costs,  and  the  client  is  financially  ir- 
responsible, the  settlement  will  be  set  aside,  not  only  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  taxable  costs,^^  but  also  to  the  extent  of  any  addi- 
tional sum  that  the  client  and  attorney  have  agreed  upon.^^  In 
some  cases  it  does  not  appear  that  the  client  was  insolvent,®'* — es- 
pecially where  the  judgment  was  for  costs  and  disbursements.®^ 

W^ere  a  judgment  is  for  costs  only,  or  costs  and  an  extra  al- 
lowance, and  the  judgment  is  settled  with  the  client,  who  is  in- 
solvent, the  courts  almost  invariably  set  aside  the  settlement 
upon  the  application  of  the  attx)niey,  upon  proof  that  he  has  not 
been  compensated  for  his  services.®® 

^Avery  v.  Avery,  5  Misc.  75,  23  N.  nack,   9   Misc.   562,   30   N.   Y.   Supp. 

Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    204,    24    N.    Y.  415;   BoJlar  v.   Schoemvirt,  30  Misc. 

Supp.  737.  224,  63   N.   Y.   Supp.   311;    Vrooman 

^"Murray  v.  Jibson,  22  Hun,  386;  v.  Pickering,  25  Misc.  277,  28  N.  Y. 

McBratney  v.  Rome,  W.  d-  0.  R.  Co.  civ.  Proc.  Rep.  302,  54  N.  Y.  Supp. 

87  N.  Y.  467.  389;   Whittaker  v.  New  York  &  H.  R. 

^'Quinnan  v.  Clapp,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  (j^    jg  j^^^    j^_  q    U^  22  Jones  &  S. 

394,  note.  8^  U  jg^   Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  189. 

^mitchell  V.  Piqua  Club  Asso^  15  s.^^berfs  v.  Union  Elev.  R.  Co.  84 
Misc.  366,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep 


139,   72   N.   Y.   S.   R.  470,   37   N.   Y. 


Hun,  437,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  592,  32  N. 
Y.  Supp.  387. 


Supp.  406.  ^     ,^ 

''Peri  V.  -New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  ''"^Vright    v.    Fleming,    10    N.    Y. 

Co.    152   N.   Y.    521,   46   N.   E.   849;  Week.  Dig.  450. 

Hommeyer  v.   Beere,    13   N.   Y.    Civ.  ^''Commercial      Telegram      Co.      v. 

Proc.    Rep.    169;    Guliano   v.    White-  Smith,   57   Hun,   176,   19  N.   Y.   Civ. 


24  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK, 

c.  Intent. — There  is  another  class  of  cases  Avhich  hold  that 
the  question  of  the  good  faith,  or  the  lack  of  it  on  the  part  of  the 
opposite  party,  is  an  important  item  npon  the  motion  to  set  aside 
the  settlement,®^  but  under  the  later  decisions,  which  have 
practically  overruled  the  former  cascs,®^  the  intent  of  the  parties 
makes  no  difference. 

20.  Lien  of  attorney  before  the  adoption  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure. —  Under  the  common  law  and  the  Code  of  Procedure, 
an  attorney's  lien  did  not  attach  till  judgment,^^  and  the  court 
could  only  insist  upon  the  payment  of  taxable  costs,  if  the  settle- 
ment was  made  for  the  purpose  of  defrauding  the  attorney,  when 
the  opposite  party  moved  for  an  order  of  discontinuance  or  for 
leave  to  set  up  a  settlement  in  a  supplemental  answer.^*^ 

By  the  amendment  in  1879  the  attorney  was  given  a  lien  from 
the  commencement  of  the  action.  Before  that  amendment  a  re- 
spondent could  settle  with  the  appellant  without  notice  to  the 
appellant's  attorney,  as  there  was  no  judgment  to  which  a  lien 
could  attach.^^ 

21.  Relief  given  by  the  court. —  Where  the  court  sets  aside  a 
satisfaction  of  judgment  made  in  fraud  of  the  attorney's  rights, 
it  will  be  set  aside  only  to  the  extent  of  taxable  costs,  until  the 
amount  due  the  attorney  in  excess  of  the  taxable  costs  has  been 
liquidated  in  some  proper  action. ^^ 

The  lien  of  an  attorney  attaches  not  only  to  the  original  judg- 

Proc.  Rep.  32,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  445,  10  York  C.  d  E.  R.  It.  Co.  71  N.  Y.  443. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  433;  McGregor  v.  Com-  27  Am.  Rep.  75. 

stock,  19  N.  Y.  581.  ""Dietz  v.   McCallum,  44  How.  Pr. 

"'Roberts    v.    Doty,    31    Hun,    128;  493;    Oicoi   v.    Mason,    18    How.    Pr. 

Root  V.  Vaji  Duzen,  32  Hun,  63.  150:  McBratneii  v.  Rome,  W.  &  0.  R. 

^Peri  V.  lYew  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  17  Hun,  385,  Affirmed  in  13  X.  Y. 

Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  N.  E.  849.  Week.  Dig.  535;  Keaite  v.  Keatw,  86 

^"Whif taker  v.  Ye!o  York  d-  H.  R.  Hun,  159,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  806.  33  N. 

Co.  22  .Tones  &  S.  8,   18  Abb.  N.  C.  Y.  Supp.  250. 

11.    n    X.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    189;  ^'Shank    v.    Shoemaker,    18    N.    Y. 

Randall  v.  Van  Warjcnen.  115  N.  Y.  489. 

.527,   12  Am.  St.  Rep.  828,  22  X.  E.  ^-Bailey  v.  Murphy,  136  N.  Y.  50, 

361,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  403,  26  32  N.  E.  627,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  82. 
N.   Y.   S.  R.   438:    Coughlin  v.   New 


ATTORNEY'S  LIEN.  25 

merit,  but  also  to  a  judgment  obtained  upon  notes  given  in  set- 
tleinent  of  the  original  judgment.^^  The  lien  is  upon  the  actual 
cause  of  action,  and  not  the  one  set  out  in  the  complaint;  and 
where  the  client  settles  the  action  before  answer,  nothing  being 
said  about  the  costs,  the  plaintiff's  attorney  cannot  enter  a  judg- 
ment for  the  amount  claimed  in  the  complaint  with  costs,  but 
must  enter  judgment  for  the  amount  of  settlement  and  costs. '^^ 

Although  a  client  may  settle  an  action,  where  the  attorney  has 
a  contingent  interest,  the  opposite  party  settles  at  his  peril,  and 
will  be  obliged  to  respond  to  the  attorney  for  his  full  claim. ^^ 

Where  an  attorney  for  the  plaintiff  is  to  have  a  contingent  fee, 
and  has  recovered  judgment,  an  appeal  from  that  judgment  vnW 
not  be  dismissed  upon  consent  of  the  parties,  until  the  attorney 
has  been  paid  the  amount  due  him  on  his  retainer.^^ 

22.  Protection  of  lien  upon  substitution  of  attorneys,  a.  Rigid 
of  client  to  substitution  of  attorneys.-^A  client  has  a  right 
to  change  his  attorney  at  any  time  without  assigning  any  cause,^'^ 
but  the  court  will  make  it  conditional  upon  the  payment  or  se- 
curiiig  of  his  attorney's  fees.®^ 

h.  Control  of  the  court  upon  suhstitution  of  attorneys. — The 
supreme  court,  at  special  term  or  in  the  appellate  division,  has 
pow^er  to  determine  upon  what  terms  an  attorney  may  be 
changed,  either  upon  motion  or  in  summary  proceedings  insti- 
tuted under  §  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^® 

»'»Sf?)ors  V.  Shidtheis,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ''7?e  Prospect  Ave.  85  Hun,  257,  1 

50.  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  175.  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  347,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

^Wlhert  Palmer  Co.  v.  Van   Orclen,  497,   32   N.  Y.   Supp.   1013. 

17  Jones  &  S.  89,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  "'Pe  Miteiiell,  57   App.   Div.  22,   9 

Rep.  44.  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  224,  67  N.  Y.  Supp. 

«'Peri  V.  Xeiv  York  C.  <€  H.  R.  R.  96 1. 

Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  N.  E.  849;  Cos-  "'Re  Barldexj,  42  App.  Div.  597.  59 

ter  V.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y.  N.    Y.    Supp.    742;    Rule   10    General 

Civ.   Proc.  Rep.    146.   Affirmed  with-  Rules  of  Practice;   Sheldon  v.  Mott, 

out   opinion   in   98   N.  Y.   660.       See  91  Hun,  637,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  894,  35 

also  Necessity  of  a  Notice  to  Protect  N.  Y.  Supp.  1117;  Ilinman  v.  Devlin, 

the  Lien,  §  13,  snpra.  40    App.   Div.   234,   57   N.    Y.   Supp. 

^^'?tihrcll    V.    Armstrong,    28    Misc.  1037. 
546,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  671. 


26  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

If  the  attorney  and  his  client  cannot  agree  upon  what  terms 
a  substitution  of  attorneys  shall  be  made,  the  matter  will  be  de- 
termined by  the  court  or  will  be  sent  to  a  referee  to  ascertain  the 
amount  due  the  attorney,  and  upon  the  coming  in  and  confirma- 
tion of  his  report,  and  the  payment  of  the  amount  found  due, 
iind  the  expenses  of  the  reference,  a  substitution  will  be 
ordered.  ^'^'^ 

The  attorney  of  course  is  entitled  to  hold  the  papers  in  the 
action,  and  upon  which  he  has  a  lien,  until  the  amount  due  him 
is  fixed  either  by  the  parties  or  by  the  court  upon  a  reference 
and  this  amount  is  paid  him.^*^^ 

The  attorney's  lien  upon  a  substitution  of  attorneys  will  be 
confined  to  tlie  jDapers  in  that  action,  and  mil  not  include  all  the 
property  of  his  client  involved  in  that  action.  ^"^ 

c.  Discontinuance  of  •proceedings  for  substitution  of  attor- 
neys.— A  client  may  be  allowed  to  abandon  his  application  for  a 
change  of  attorneys  upon  the  coming  in  of  the  referee's  report, 
and  may  be  ordered  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  reference,  but  he 
cannot  be  ordered  to  pay  the  attorney  the  amount  reported  to  be 
due  by  the  referee. ^^^ 

But  the  right  of  a  client  to  discontinue  a  reference  is  a  matter 
of  favor  resting  with  the  court,  and  the  decision  of  the  court 
upon  the  confirmation  of  the  referee's  report  cannot  be  attacked 
coUaterally.^*^^ 

d.  How  the  extent  of  the  lien  is  determined. — A  client  is  not 
entitled  to  a  substitution  of  attorneys  upon  his  giving  a  bond  to 
pay  the  attorneys  such  a  sum  as  they  may  be  able  to  recover  upon 
a  trial  before  a  jury.  ^Vhere  a  client  makes  such  a  motion,  the 
court  may  order  a  reference  to  ascertain  the  amount  due  the 

^'^Ogden  v.  Devlin,   13  Jones  &   S.        ^'"Einman  v.  Devlin,  40  App.  Div. 

631;   Vlster  County  v.  Brodhead,  44  234,  57  N.  Y.   Supp.   1037. 

How.  Pr.  411.  "^"Gardiner     v.    Tj/Jor,    36     How.    Pr. 

"''Ulster    County    v.    Brodhead,    44  63.  Affirmed  in  5  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  33. 
How.  Pr.  411;  Prentiss  v.  Livingston,       ''"Re  Davis,  7  Daly,  1. 
CO  How.  Pr.  380. 


ATTORNEY'S   LIEN.  27 

attorneys.  The  client,  having  submitted  himself  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  court,  must  be  deemed  to  have  waived  his  right  to 
a  jury  trial,  and  the  court  may  send  it  to  a  referee  to  fix  his  com- 
pensation. ^^^  If  a  client  would  be  embarrassed  because  the  ac- 
tion would  be  brought  to  trial  before  the  amount  due  the  attor- 
ney could  be  ascertained,  the  court  can  order  an  immediate  sub- 
stitution, upon  the  client's  executing  a  bond  to  pay  w^hatever 
sum  may  be  found  due  the  attorney  upon  a  reference.^ °® 

Upon  an  appeal  from  the  order  of  the  court  fixing  the  amount 
of  the  lien,  the  appellate  court  is  at  liberty  to  examine  the  rec- 
ord to  see  what  would  be  fair  and  reasonable  compensation  for 
the  attorney. •^'^'^ 

A  substitution  of  attorneys  wall  not  be  ordet*ed  where  the  cli- 
ent's interest  has  been  taken  by  a  receiver  in  supplementary  pro- 
ceedings, and  the  attorney's  interest  in  the  cause  of  action  by 
reason  of  a  contingent  fee  is  greater  than  that  of  the  assignee. ^*^'^ 

e.  Terms  upon  substitution  of  attorneys. — A  substituted  at- 
torney is  liable  personally  for  the  amount  of  fees,  mentioned  in 
an  order  of  substitution,  which  he  is  to  collect  and  pay  to  the 
former  attorney,  if  they  come  into  his  hands.  It  is  no  defense 
to  an  action  thereon  that  he  has  paid  this  money  to  his  client. ^'^■' 

An  order  retaining  an  attorney's  lien  upon  the  fund  is  proper, 
where  he  agreed  to  take  his  pay  out  of  the  recovery,  and  the 
client  changes  attorneys  without  alleging  any  misconduct  on  the 
part  of  his  former  attorney.^  ^^      The  court  will  order  a  substi- 

^'"^Philadelphia  v.  Postal  Tcleg.  Co.  Hinman  v.  Devlin,  40  App.  Div.  234, 

1  App.  Div.  387,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  617,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  1037. 

37    N.   Y.    Supp.    291;    AcJcerman   v.  ^"^Steenhurgh    v.    Miller,    11    App. 

Aclcerman,  14  Abb.  Pr.  229;  Dimick  Div.  286,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  333. 

■V.    Cooley,   3   N.   Y.    Civ.    Proc.   Rep.  ''^Bittincr    v.     Goldman,    19    Misc. 

141,  151.  146,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  389,  Second  Ap- 

^'^Yuengling  v.  Betz,  58  App.  Div.  peal   20  Misc.   330,   45   N.   Y.   Supp. 

•8,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  574.  953. 

''"''Dean  v.  Driggs,  82  Hun,  561,  64  ^^"Stewart  v.  Steck,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  183,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  548,  524;  Jeffards  v.  BrooJclijn  Heights  R. 

Affirmed  on  this  opinion  in  145  N.  Y.  Co.  49  App.  Div.  45,  63  N.  Y.  Sui)p. 

595.  40  N.  E.  163.  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  865;  530. 


28  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

tution  of  attoriioys  upon  payment  being  made  to  the  attorney  for 
se^rvices  in  that  action,  and  vnW  not  order  the  client  to  pay  for 
other  services  before  a  substitution  is  made.-'^^  A  client  will 
not  be  allowed  to  change  attorneys  until  his  attorney  is  paid,  al- 
though the  attorney  was  employed  by  a  third  person  in  whose 
interest  the  action  was  brought.^ ^^  A  new  attorney  will  not  be 
substituted  in  place  of  the  original  attorney,  until  the  client  has 
repaid  money  advanced  by  the  attorney  upon  faith  of  the  cause 
of  action,  or  until  he  has  assigned  enough  of  the  claim  to  repay 
the  attorney.^ ^^ 

23.  Substitution  of  attorneys  when  lien  has  been  waived. — 
The  court  will  order  a  substitution  where  the  attorney  refuses  to 
proceed  till  paid  for  his  services,  in  which  case  he  is  held  to  have 
discharged  himself,  and  therefore  has  destroyed  his  lien,^^'*  but 
when  the  court  goes  further  and  orders  the  attorney  to  dissolve 
all  his  relations  with  his  client  and  give  up  papers  in  other 
actions  upon  which  he  has  a  lien,  it  should  provide  for  a  settle- 
ment of  all  matters  between  the  attorney  and  his  client.^  ^^ 

24.  Substitution  of  attorneys  when  attorney  has  been  guilty  of 
misconduct. —  "Where  an  attorney  has  been  guilty  of  miscon- 
duct,^^^  or  his  services  have  been  valueless,^^"  the  court  may  or- 
der a  substitution  of  attorneys  unconditionally,  and  leave  the  at- 
torney to  his  remedy  by  action.  The  fact  that  an  attorney  has 
been  negligent,  and    therefore  has   lost  his   lien,  may  be   deter- 

"^Peoplc's    Bank   v.    Thompson,   24  27  N.  Y.  Siipp.  72.3;   Philadelphia  v. 

N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   62,   63  N.  Y.  Postal  Teleg.  Cable  Co.  1  App.  Div. 

S.  R.   165,  30  N.  Y.   Supp.   858;   Re  387,  72    N.    Y.    S.    R.  617,  37  N.  Y. 

Wilson,    2    N.    Y.    Civ.    Pioc.    Rep.  Siipp.  291. 

(Browne)   343;  Re  Davis,  7  Daly,  1.  "-^  Rule    10;    Barldey    v.    'Sew    York 

^^moffmnn  v.    Van     Nostrand,     14  (7.  d  H.  R.  R.  Co.  35  App.  Div.  167, 

Abb.  Pr.  336.  54    N.    Y.    Supp.    970;     Halbert    v. 

^^Boivland  v.   Taylor.  6  Hun,  237.  C.ihhs,    16    App.    Div.    126,  2  N.  Y. 

"^TwcA:    V.    Manning,    54  Hun,  455,  Anno.  Ca.s.  232.  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  113; 

17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  175,  25  N.  Pierce    v.    ^^atcrs,    10    N.    Y.  Week. 

Y.  S.  R.  130,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  140;  Re  Dig.  ^32. 

//.  93  X.  Y.  381.  "'Rrunolds  v.  Kaplan,  3  App.  Div- 

'^'McKihbin   v.    Nafis,    76   Hun,    344,  420,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  764. 


attoeney's  lien.  29 

mined  by  a  reference  upon  a  motion  to  substitute  attorneys,  and 
such  adjudication  is  conclusive  upon  him  and  all  claiming  un- 
der him,^^^ 

25.  Costs  of  proceeding's  to  ascertain  amount  of  attorney's  lien. — 
A  proceeding  brought  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  the  attorney's 
lien  in  order  that  a  substitution  of  attorneys  may  be  made  is  a 
special  proceeding/ ^^  and  the  costs  are  governed  by  §  3240  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^ ^° 

The  attorney  is  the  prevailing  party  where  there  is  found  to 
be  a  substantial  sum  due  him,  although  he  claimed  a  much 
larger  sum.  The  client,  to  put  the  attorney  in  default  for  re- 
fusing to  deliver  up  his  client's  papers,  should,  before  instituting 
the  proceedings,  have  offered  to  pay  the  amount  of  the  lien  or  the 
sum  to  which  the  attorney  was  fairly  entitled.^^^ 

A  judgment  may  be  entered  ujDon  the  confirmation  of  the  ref- 
eree's report.^  ^^  The  court  may  make  provisions  in  the  order 
for  the  payment  of  the  amount  of  the  attorney's  lien,  and  the 
costs,  and  disbursements  of  the  proceedings  as  provided  by 
law,^^^  without  the  entry  of  a  formal  judg-ment. 

The  court  has  power  to  j)rovide  in  the  order  for  an  execution 
to  issue  in  favor  of  the  person  to  whom  costs  are  awarded.^ ^^ 

26.  Power  of  court  to  protect  attorney  when  he  has  no  lien. — 
The  court  has  inherent  power  to  protect  its  own  officers  against 
collusion  and  fraud,  practised  by  the  parties  after  they  have 
come  before  it  for  trial.  It  may,  under  such  circumstances,  re- 
fuse to  enter  an  order  of  discontinuance  based  upon  a  stipulation 

^^VilUa7ns  v.  BarkJei/,   165   N.  Y.  155;   General  Rule  27;   Greenfield  v. 

48,  58  N.  E.  765.  New    York,     28   Hun,    320.     Cojitra, 

"'ITard  V.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  Ward  y.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  73 

73  K  Y.  Supp.  450.  N.  Y.  Supp.  450;  Myer  v.  Abbett,  20 

^-"Ward  V.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  App.  Div.  390,  46  X.  Y.   Supp.  822. 

73  N.  Y.  Supp.  450.  ^-'Ward  v.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121. 

''-'Ward  V.  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  73  ]Sr.  Y.  Supp.  450. 

73  K  Y.  Supp.  450.  "^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  779;  Ward  v. 

'--Griggs   v.   Brooks,    79  Hun,  394,  Ward,  67  App.    Div.    121,    73  N.  Y 

61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  499,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  Supp.  450. 
794;   Austin    v.    Raicdon,    42    N.  Y. 


30  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

of  the  parties  till  the  costs  of  the  defendant  are  paid,  although 
the  answer  did  not  set  np  a  connterclaini,  and  therefore  the  at- 
torney has  no  lien.-'^^ 

In  an  equity  action  where  both  parties  are  willing  to  settle, 
l)iit  the  attorney  for  the  defendant  objects  upon  the  ground  that 
be  would  have  a  lien  upon  the  money  coming  into  the  hands  of 
the  court,  although  the  answer  does  not  term  the  defense  a  coun- 
terclaim, the  action  will  be  discontinued  on  the  ground  that  the 
attomey  is  bound  by  his  answer,  and  the  further  ground  that 
neither  party  would  be  entitled  to  costs  in  an  equity  action  till 
they  were  allowed  by  the  court.^^® 

27.  Lien  in  supplementary  proceedings. —  The  court  will  not 
order  a  sale  by  the  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings  of  a 
cause  of  action  belonging  to  the  judgment  debtor,  then  in  litiga- 
tion, upon  which  an  attorney  has  a  lien  prior  to  and  larger  than 
that  of  the  receiver.^ ^^  The  receiver  may  be  substituted  as 
plaintiff  therein, ^^^  and  the  order  should  provide  that  the  re- 
ceiver should  have  the  same  attorney,  or,  if  he  desires  a  change 
of  attorneys,  he  must  apply  to  the  court  upon  notice  to  the  pres- 
ent attorney.^  ^^ 

The  court  has  power  to  decide  to  whom  money  in  the  hands- 
of  the  sheriff,  received  upon  execution,  should  be  paid,  where 
the  attorney  claims  a  lien  for  more  than  the  taxable  costs,  and 
the  client  has  assigned  his  interest  therein  ;^^*^  and  it  will  do  this 
although  it  involves  the  attorney's  lien  in  another  related 
action.^^^ 

^^Uational  Exhibition   Co.  v.   Crane,  ^lie  Wilds,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  307. 

167     N.    Y.     505,     60     N.     E.     768;  ^^"Marvin  v.  Marvin,  22  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Wormer  v.  Canovan,  7  Lans.  36.  Proc.  Eep.  274,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  259, 

^Brewi  v.  Pfeiffer,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  371 ;  Loaners'  Bank  v. 

Dig.  203.  yosfrand,  21  Jones  &  S.  525. 

*"i?e  Patterson,   12  App.  Div.   123.  ^""Loaners'    Bnuk    v.    Nostrand,  21 

42  N.  Y.  Supp.  495.  Jones  &  S.  525. 

^Re  Patterson,  12  App.  Div.  123, 
42  N.  Y.  Supp.  495;  Re  Wilds,  6 
Abb.  N.  C.  307. 


attorney's  lien.  si 

The  court  under  rule  77  will  not  allow  money  to  be  taken  out 
from  under  its  control,  until  the  claims  of  its  officers  are  paid, 
even  though  they  have  no  lien  upon  it.-*^^  The  state  court  will 
retain  control  of  the  fund  in  an  action  brought  by  a  receiver  ap- 
pointed by  the  state  court  until  the  liens  acquired  in  the  state 
court  are  paid,  altbough  an  assignee  in  bankruptcy  takes  control 
of  the  action.^  ^^ 

Upon  a  motion  to  dismiss  an  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals 
on  the  ground  that  the  parties  had  settled  their  differences,  the 
motion  was  granted  witb  costs  to  respondent  to  the  time  of  the 
motion,  and  the  costs  of  opposing  the  motion  with  permission  to 
test  the  validity  of  the  settlement  in  the  court  below.^^* 

28.  Lien  when  the  action  is  brought  in  a  representative  capacity. 
—  An  executor,  administrator,  or  a  trustee  who  employs  an  at- 
torney in  the  settlement  of  an  estate  is  liable  personally  for  the 
services  thus  rendered.  He  cannot  be  made  liable  in  his  repre- 
sentative capacity,^^^  unless  the  testator  made  the  expenses  of 
administration  a  charge  on  the  estate.^ ^^ 

The  allowance  made  to  an  executor  upon  an  accounting  is  not 
conclusive  between  the  attorney  and  client.  It  is  simply  an  al- 
lowance of  so  much  to  the  executor  in  exoneration  of  his  liability 
to  his  attorney.^ ^' 

An  attorney  has  no  lien  upon  any  property  coming  into  his 
hands  belonging  to  the  estate,  for  payment  of  his  services  ren- 
dered to  the  executor  or  trustee  in  the  matter  of  the  estate,^ ^^  un- 
less the  property  is  the  result  of  his  services;  in  which  case  he 

^^^Atlantic    Sav.    Bank    v.  Eiler.  3  ^^^Boynton  v.  Laddy,  50  Hun,  339, 

Hun,  209.  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  148,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  93. 

^^Clark  V.  Binmnger,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  "''Mygatt    v.    Wilcox,    1    Lans.  55, 

421.  Affirmed  in  45  N.  Y.  306.  6  Am.  Rep. 

"^Debhe  v.  Debbe,  50  N.  Y.  695.  90. 

^^Wilcox  V.  Smith,  26  Barb.  316;  ^^Dc  TAmiater  v.  McCaskie,  4  Dem. 

Mygatt    v.  ^yilcox,  1    Lans.    55,    Af-  549. 
firmed  in  45  N.  Y.  306,  6  Am.  Rep. 
90;  .Uistin  v.  Munro,  47  N.  Y.  360; 
Ferrin  v.  Hfyrick,  41  N.  Y.  315. 


32  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

lias  tliG  samn  Hen  as  he  would  had  he  performed  the  services  for 
his  client  in  his  personal  capacity.^^^  This  is  true  although  his 
client  is  a  foreign  executor.^ '^'^ 

An  execut/Or  or  administrator  is  aulhori/od  in  bringing  an  ac- 
tion under  §§  1902  and  1903  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,^^^ 
or  other^ase,  to  employ  an  attorney,  who  will  have  a  lien  upon 
the  judgment  for  his  services  to  the  amount  of  their  expressed  or 
implied  agreement.^ '^^  But  where  the  attorney  was  retained  by 
the  executor  for  his  own  individual  benefit,  the  attorney  can  ac- 
quire no  lien  upon  the  estate.^^^  The  attorney  can  recover  the 
amount  of  his  lien  without  waiting  to  have  the  question  of  rea- 
sonableness of  the  amount  passed  upon  by  the  surrogate  upon  a 
final  accounting.^ ^■^  But  where  the  executor  or  administrator  is 
an  attorney,  neither  he  nor  the  firm  of  which  he  is  a  member  can 
recover  for  legal  services  rendered  to  the  estate.' ^^  Conse- 
quently no  lien  can  be  acquired  for  such  services. 

The  rule  is  different  where  one  partner  of  a  firm  of  attorneys, 
as  an  executor,  employs  his  partner  to  perform  legal  seiwices  for 
him,  and  the  executor  does  not  share  in  the  amount  thus  re- 
ceived. Such  an  agreement  must  be  clearly  proved  and  is  al- 
ways open  to  suspicion. ■'■^^  A  client  can  make  an  agreement 
that  his  attorney  shall  have  a  certain  percentage  of  his  share  in 
the  estate,  just  as  he  can  employ  an  attorney  in  any  other  nn- 

^^Arkcnhiirgli    v.    Little,  64    N.  Y.  127.  29  Am.  Rep.    Ill;   Uarwood  v. 

Supp.    742;     Arkenlnircih    v.    Arken-  La   Granfje,  137  N.  Y.  538,  32  N.  E. 

hurgh,  27  IMisc.  760,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  1000;  Re  Knapp,  85  N.  Y.  284. 

612;  Gunning  v.  Quinn,  81  Hun.  522,  ^^Lawrence  v.  Toicnsend,  88  X.  Y. 

30  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015;  Re  Knapp,  85  24. 

X.   Y.  284.  ^**Kcnnedy  v.  Steele,  35  Misc.  105, 

'">Re  King,  108  N.  Y.  53,  60  X.  E.  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  237. 

1054.  ^*'^Parker  v.  Day,  12  Misc.  510,  67 

^"^Lee    V.    Van    Voorhin,    78     Hun,  X.  Y.  S.  R.  378,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  676: 

575,   61   X.   Y.   S.  R.   220,   29   X.   Y.  Collier    v.    Mnnn,    41    X.  Y.   143,   7 

Supp.  571.  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  193. 

"-Kennedy  v.  Steele,  35  :\Iisc.  105,  "«A'e  Simpson,  36  App.  Div.  562.5.", 

71  N.  Y.  Supp.  237;  Randall  v.  Dti-  X.    Y.    Supp.    697,  Anrnmed  without 

senhury,  7  Jonos  &  S.   174,  Affirmed  opinion  in   158  X.  Y.   720,  53  X.  E. 

in  63  X.  Y.  645;  Noyes  v.  Blakeman,  1132. 
6  X.  Y.  567 :  ^^ew  v.  Nicoll,  73  X.  Y. 


attorney's  lien.  33 

dertaking  upon  a  contingent  retainer.  The  rights  of  the  parties 
will  he  adjusted  according  to  their  contract.  If  the  attorney  is 
to  receive  his  fee  from  the  amount  that  his  client  chooses  to  take, 
and  the  client  reserves  the  right  to  settle  upon  such  terms  as  he 
chooses,  the  attorney  cannot  prosecute  the  proceedings  to  protect 
his  lien.^^''  The  result  would  be  different  if  the  client  had 
agreed  that  the  attorney  should  be  consulted  upon  any  settle- 
raent.^^^  Since  the  surrogate's  court  has  been  made  a  court  of 
record,  it  has  the  same  power  to  protect  an  attorney's  lien  that 
the  supreme  court  has.  It  can  set  aside  the  satisfaction  of  its 
decree  in  order  to  protect  such  a  lien,  independent  of  any  ques- 
tion of  actual  fraud  or  collusion.  Where  the  value  of  the  at- 
torney's services  has  been  liquidated  by  a  judgment  in  an  action 
brought  by  the  attorney  against  the  client,  the  surrogate  will  not 
be  required  to  determine  their  value. 

The  return  of  an  execution  unsatisfied,  issued  upon  such  a 
judgment,  is  prima  facie  evidence  that  the  client  is  financially 
irresponsible.-^  ^^ 

The  surrogate  has  power  to  make  an  order  for  the  safe  keep- 
ing of  the  money  upon  which  an  attorney  claims  a  lien,  until  the 
rights  of  the  parties  are  determined  ;^^^  but  he  has  no  general 
power  over  attorneys,  and  cannot  decide  a  question  of  lien  upon 
papers  in  the  hands  of  an  attorney  when  there  is  no  cause  before 
him,  although  both  |>arties  request  him  to  do  so.^^^ 

29.  Effect  of  statute  of  limitations  upon  lien. —  The  statute  of 
limitations  does  not  pay  an  indebtedness,  but  may  be  invoked  by 
the  defendant  in  any  action  as  an  affirmative  defense.  The  en- 
forcing of  a  lien  is  not  an  action,  and  the  statute  is  not  a  bar  to 

^"Re  Evans,  58  App.  Div.  502,  69  ^^^TJe  Rowland,  55  App.  Div.  66,  66 
N.  Y.  Supp.  482;  Re  Evans,  65  App.  K  Y.  Snpp.  1121;  Re  De  Oraindi,  31 
Div.  100,  72  K  Y.  Siipp.  495.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  744,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  873. 

"■'i?e  Fernlaclier,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  1;  ^'^Rc  Krakauer,  33  Misc.  674,  68 
Eisner  v.  Avery,  2  Dem.  466.  N.  Y.  Supp.  935. 

"'/?e  Regan,  167  N.  Y.  338,  10  N. 
Y.  Anno.  Cas.  125,  60  N.  E.  658. 
COSTS    3. 


34  Tin:  T.AW  Of  costs  in  new  yokk. 

f^iieli  procoodin2:s,  but  it  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  court 
\vhethcr  or  not  it  -will  ])o  governed  by  the  analooy  of  the  statute- 
of  limitations/''^  l)ut  the  lien  cannot  be  enforced  bv  an  action 
after  the  statute  has  run  aiiaiust  tlic  claim,  if  I  ho  statute  be 
pleaded. 

The  attorney,  however,  may  retain  money  that  has  come  into- 
his  hands  in  satisfaction  of  a  claim  for  services  against  which 
the  statute  of  limitations  has  run.'^^ 

The  statute  commences  to  run  from  the  time  that  the  attor- 
ney could  have  maintained  an  action  against  his  client.^^'* 

30.  Assignment  of  lien. —  An  attorney  may  assign  his  claim, 
but  he  cannot  deliver  to  the  assignee  his  client's  papers  upon 
^^■hic]l  he  has  a  lien,  as  the  relation  is  strictly  personal. -"^^ 

The  courts  will  recognize  such  an  assignment  eitiicr  in  an  ac- 
tion brought  by  the  assignee/^*'  or  in  the  distributimi  of  a  fimd 
in  court. ^"" 

An  assignee  or  any  other  person  who  derives  a  right  from  the 
attorney,  as  counsel  or  otherwise,  to  share  in  the  compensation  to 
be  paid  by  the  client,  will  lose  his  right  to  compensation  or  his 
lien  therefor  when  the  attorney,  by  his  act,  loses  his  right  to 
compensation  or  lien.  The  right  of  the  attorney  to  a  lien  may 
be  adjudicated  upon  a  motion  to  substitute  attorneys,  and  such 
determination  is  binding  on  those  claiming  under  the  attorney 
though  they  were  not  ]);n'ti(>s  to  the  proceed ings.^''"* 

31.  Right  to  enforce  lien  upon  securities. —  An  attorney  has 
authority  under  his  original  retainer  to  issue  an  execution  upon 
the  judgment  obtained  either  against  the  pr(^j)erty  or  the  per- 

"'Richardson    v.    Brooklyn    City  &  544,   52   N.   Y.   S.  R.   557,   22   N.   Y, 

A'.  R.  Co.  7  Hun,  69;  Reavy  v.  Clark,  Supp.  1041. 

18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272,  30  N.  '"^Sullivan    v.    \eiP    York,  68  Hun, 

Y.  S.  R.  .535,  9  X.  Y.  Supp.  216.  544,   52   N.   Y.   S.   R.   .557,  22   N.   Y. 

"M/rtj-ttfH  V.  Cottle,  72  Hun.  529,  Supp.   1041. 

55  X.  Y.  S.  R.   127,  25  N.  Y.   Supp.  '"Muller  v.   Xeic   York,   23   N.   Y. 

635.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  261,  29  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"^Adanis  V.  Ft.  Plain  Bank.  36  N.  1096. 

Y.  255.  "^Mn/haws  v.   Barkley,   165   N.   Y> 

^'^,SulUvan   v.    Xeic    York,   68   Hun,  48,  58  N.  E.  765. 


ATTORNEY  S   T^IEN. 


35 


soii.^'^'^  The.  client  cannot  discharge  the  jndgment  dehtor  from 
ai-rest  and  thus  destroy  the  attorney's  lien.  Nor  where  the  at- 
lorjjey  has  sued  the  sheriff  for  the  amount  of  an  execution,  can 
the  client  settle  with  the  sheriff  and  defeat  the  attorney's  lien.^*^** 

The  attorney  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  court,  maintain  an 
aelion  in  the  name  of  his  client  upon  the  securities  given  to  his 
client  pending  the  action,  such  as  undertakings,^ ^^  or  upon  an 
undertaking  given  upon  an  appeal.^  ^^ 

32.  How  lien  is  enforced,  a.  ISuppIementary  proceedings. — • 
An  attorney  may  enforce  his  lien  on  a  judgment  by  instituting 
supplementary  proceedings  thereon  although  the  client  has  exe- 
cuted a  satisfaction  of  judgment.^ ^^  He  may  do  this,  although 
his  client  has  transferred  the  judgment  to  a  third  person,'^*  who 
doch  not  wish  to  have  these  proceedings  instituted.^ ^^ 

The  affidavit  upon  which  the  order  of  examination  is  based 
should,  in  addition  to  the  usual  allegations,  show  that  the  pro- 
ceedings are  instituted  by  the  attorney  for  the  purpose  of  enforc- 
ing his  lien.^*''^  An  omission  in  the  affidavit  of  such  an  allega- 
tion is  sufficient  ground  for  vacating  the  order.^*'" 

It  has  been  held  that  the  attorney  must  procure  the  consent  of 
the  court  before  instituting  such  proceedings.^ ^^ 

h.  After  settlement  by  the  parties. — -Parties  have  a  right  to 
■settle  their  differences  in  spite  of  the  attorney's  lien,  and  when 
rhis  settlement  is  honestly  made,  and  not  fraudulently  or  col- 
hisively  for  the  purpose  of  cheating  the  attorney  out  of  the  pay 
for  his  services,  the  lien  attaches  to  the  settlement,  the  same  as 

^'^Parlcer    v.    Fipcar,    62    How.   Pr.  riUe.  10  Abb.  N.  C.  39,5,  note:  Moore 

.304.  V.  Taylor.  2  How.  Pr.  X.  s.  343. 

'""Wilher  v.  Balcer,  24  Hun,  24.  "''■RusseU  v.  Sowrrrille,  10  Abb.  N. 

'"^Shackeltov  v.  Hart,  20  How.  Pr.  C.  .31)5.  note. 

.39.  12  Abb.  Pr.  .32.5.  note.  ""'Aler chant    v.    ^^essions,    5    N.    Y. 

^'^'-Kipp  V.  Rapp,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  Civ.  Proo.  Rep.  24 ;   Russell  v.  Soiii- 

1R9,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  385.  vrrille,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  395,  note. 

^"^Shannessi/    v.    Traphagen,  13    N.  ^^''Russell  v.  Somerrillc.  10  Abb.  X. 

Y.  S.  R.  754.'  C.  395,  note. 

^"Merchant    v.    Sessiofis.    5    N.  Y.  ^'^Moore  v.  Taylor,  2  How.    Pr.   N. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  24:  Russell  v.  Somer-  S.  ?>AZ. 


36  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

it  would  to  a  judgment.  If  the  settlement  is  for  nothing,  the 
lien  is  extinct.  The  client  is  the  principal  debtor  and  the  op- 
posing party  is  the  surety.  The  surety  cannot  be  made  liable 
as  long  as  the  amount  can  be  recovered  of  the  principal.  If  the 
surety  pays  the  money  to  the  principal  who  is  insolvent,  and  al- 
lows him  to  dissipate  it,  then  the  settlement  will  be  set  aside. -^^^ 
The  attorney  need  not  show  that  the  settlement  was  fraudulent; 
it  it:  sufficient  to  show  that  he  is  injured  thereby.^ ^^ 

If  the  client  receives  money  in  the  settlement  of  an  action,  of 
which  the  attorney  was  to  receive  a  certain  share,  the  attorney 
cannot  bring  an  action  against  his  client  for  the  money,  because 
the  attorney  and  his  client  are  tenants  in  common  of  the  fund.-^"^^ 

c.  By  summary  proceedings. — Since  the  amendment  to§  66  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  in  1899,  the  court  upon  the  petition 
of  the  client  or  the  attorney  may  determine  and  enforce  the  lien 
of  the  attorney.  This  summary  method  can  only  be  used  when 
it  is  a  question  between  the  attorney  and  his  client,  or  if  other 
parties  are  concerned,  where  they  submit  themselves  to  that 
method  of  procedure. ^'^^  Neither  the  client  nor  the  attorney  is 
entitled  to  a  jury  trial.^^^  These  proceedings  may  be  enter- 
tained by  the  supreme  court  where  the  services  for  which  the 
lien  is  claimed  were  performed  in  the  surrogate's  court.^^^*  It 
is  probable  that  the  surrogate's  court  would  also  have  jurisdic- 
tion to  determine  the  lien. 

^"Zimmer   v.    Metropolitan    Street  63   N.   Y.   Supp.   311:    Eommeyer  v. 

R.  Co.  32  ]\risc.  262,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  Beere,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  169. 

977;     Dolliver    v.    American    Sioan-  ""Tullis  v.  BushneU,  12  Daly,  217. 

Boat     Co.     32     Misc.     264,     8     N.  ^'"Stafford  v.  Azhell,  8  Misc.   316, 

Y.   Anno.   Cas.    74,    31     N.    Y.    Civ.  59  X.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Proc.  Pep.  94,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  978;  733. 

Mitchell     V.    Piqua     Club     Asso.    15  "-Zimmer   v.    Metropolitan    Street 

Misc.  366,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  470,  25  N.  R.  Co.  32  :\Iisc.  262,  65  X.  Y.  Supp. 

Y.  Civ.   Proc.    Rep.    139,    37    X.  Y.  977. 

Supp.  406:   Pithlishers'  Printing  Co.  "^Canary  v.  Russell,  10  Misc.  597, 

V.   Gillin  Printing  Co.  16  IMisc.  558,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  109,  63  N. 

74    X.    Y.    S.    R.  132,  25  X.  Y.  Civ.  Y.  S.  R.  740,  31  X.  Y.  Supp.  291. 

Proc.  Rep.  327,  38  X.  Y.  Supp.  784;  "'a  J?e  Pieris,  82  App.  Div.  466,  81 

Bollar  V.   Schoenirirt,  30  Misc.   224,  X.  Y.  Supp.  927. 


ATTORNEY  S   LIEN.  37 

d.  Foreclosing,  of  lien. — Wliere  the  parties  to  an  action  have 
settled  it  before  judgment  the  attorney  may  bring  an  equitable 
action  to  enforce  his  lien,  making  both  parties  to  the  action  par- 
ties defendant.^ ^^  In  such  a  case  if  the  attorney  succeeds,  he 
will  obtain  a  judgment  against  his  client  for  the  amount  of  his 
lien,  and  an  alternative  judgment  against  the  opposing  party, 
that  he  pay  the  amount  of  the  lien  if  the  attorney  cannot  collect 
it  from  his  client.^ "^  The  attorney  cannot  by  motion  compel 
his  client's  adversary  to  pay  him  the  value  of  his  services,  even 
though  such  adversary  has  settled  vith  his  client  and  agreed  to 
pay  the  attorney,  because  the  party  agreeing  to  pay  is  entitled  to 
have  the  question  of  the  amount  settled  in  an  action.^ '^^ 

e.  Paid  out  of  fund. — The  court  will  not  determine  the 
amount  of  an  attorney's  lien  upon  a  fund  in  court  without  a 
notice  to  the  client  of  the  application.^"'''  Neither  can  the  lien 
of  an  attorney  upon  an  award  for  land  taken  in  opening  a  street 
be  enforced  by  a  petition  or  motion,^''^^  but  it  must  be  enforced 
in  an  equitable  action.^ '^^ 

/.  Setting  aside  collusive  and  fraudident  settlements. — A  set- 
tlement of  an  action  is  collusive  and  fraudulent,  when  it  is  made 
to  depri^'e  the  attorney  for  the  successful  party,  or  the  party  who 
wull  ultimately  be  successful,  of  the  fruits  of  his  labors. 

The  courts  will  set  aside  such  a  settlement  whether  made  be- 
fore or  after  judgment,  whenever  it  is  necessary  to  protect  the 
attorney's  lien.    The  attorneys  for  the  parties  should  be  notified 


"'Fischer-H  a  n  s  e  n     v.     BrooUjin  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  285,  63  N".  Y.  Supp. 

neifihts  R.  Co.  173  N.  Y.  492,  66  N.  1036;     Pilkingion    v.     Brooklyn 

E.  395.  Heights  R.  Co.  49  App.  Div.  22,  30 

"^Kennedy  v.  Steele,  35  Misc.  105,  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  276,  63  N.  Y. 

71     N.     Y.    Supp.     237;    Dolliver   v.  Supp.  211. 

American    Swan-Bant    Co.    32    Misc.  '"''Atty.  Gen.  v.  North  America  L. 

264,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  74,  31  N.  Y.  Ins.  Co.  17  K  Y.  Week.  Dig.  508. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   94,   65  N.  Y.   Supp.  ^''^Deering    v.     Schreyer,    58     App. 

978.  Div.  322,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.   1015. 

^""^Rochfort   V.   Metropolitan    Street  "^Re  Lexington  Ave.  30  App.  Div. 

R.   Co.   50  App.   Div.  261,   30   N.   Y.  602,  52  N.  Y.'  Supp.  203. 


38  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN   NEW  YOIJK. 

of  the  intended  settlomont.^^'^  The  settlement  is  good  as  be- 
tween the  parties,  and  will  stand  until  the  attorney  shows  to  the 
court  that  he  cannot  collect  the  value  of  his  services  from  his 
client.  This  he  must  show  affirmatively.  When  this  is  done 
the  settlement  will  be  set  aside  to  the  extent  of  his  lien.^^^ 

The  court  will  in  such  cases  set  aside  a  settlement  made  before 
judgment,  and  allow  the  attorney  to  proceed  with  the  action  to 
judgment  to  protect  his  lien,^^^ 

An  attorney  may  maintain  an  action  in  his  own  name  to  re- 
cover specific  property,  the  proceeds  of  an  action,  Avhich  he,  by 
agreement  with  his  client,  was  to  have  for  his  services  in  that  ac- 
tion, and  which  have  come  into  the  hands  of  a  third  party.^*^ 

g.  By  continuing  action.  (1)  Rigid  of  attorney  to  continue 
action. — There  is  a  conflict  of  decisions  whether  an  attorney 
after  the  settlement  of  the  action  hv  the  parties  before  judgment 
can  proceed  in  that  action  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  his  lien. 
The  weight  of  authority  is  undoubtedly  that  in  case  of  such  a 
settlement  he  must  apply  to  the  court  upon  notice  to  all  inter- 
ested parties  for  leave  to  continue  the  action  to  protect  his  lien, 
and  become  himself  responsible  for  costs  therein.^ ^* 

There  are  some  cases,  however,  which  hold  that  the  attorney 

"^"Eherhardl    v.    Schuster,  10    Abb.  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  115,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  99; 

N.  C.  374.  Smith    v.    Baum,    67    How.  Pr.  267: 

^''Pickard  v.  Yeticer.  21   Hun,  403,  Tnllift  v.  Bushncll,  65  How.  Pr.  465; 

10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  271:  Zimmer  v.  Murray    v.     Jibson,    22     Hun,    380; 

Metropolitan  mrrct  R.   Co.  32  Misc.  Stahl   v.    Wadsirorth,    13   N.   Y.   Civ. 

262.  65  N.  Y.  Sui)p.  977.  Proc.  Rep.   32,   10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  228; 

^'-Rasquin  v.   Knickerbocker  Stage  Coster  v.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N. 

Co.  21  How.  Pr.  293,  12  Abb.  Pr.  324.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.   Rep.   146,  Affirmed  in 

'^^Fairbanks  v.  Sargent,  104  N.  Y.  98  N.  Y.  660;   Lablache  v.  Kirkpat 

108.  58  Am.  Rep.  490,  9  N.  E.  870.  riek,   8   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   256: 

"^^Quinlan  v.  Birge,   43  Hun,   483;  Kipp  v.  Rapp,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  169, 

Martin    v.    Hax-ks,     15    Jolms.  405;  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  385;   Wash- 

Coughlin  v.  New  York  C.  &  E.  R.  R.  burn  v.  Mott,  19    N.    Y.    Civ.  Proc. 

Co.  71   N.   Y.  443,  27  Am.  Rep.  75;  Rep.  439,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  145.  12  N. 

Rnoney  v.  Second  Ave.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.   Supp.    Ill;    Williams  v.   Wilson. 

Y.  368;   Pulver  v.   Harris,  52  N.  Y.  18   Mi.sc.   42,  40   N.   Y.   Supp.   1132: 

73;   Dimick  v.   Cooley,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Eeeler  v.  Keeler,  51  Hun,  505,  21  N. 

Proc.    Rep.    141;    Oliwell  v.  Verden-  Y.  S.  R.  666,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  580;  Ad- 

halve)}.  17  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  362,  sit  v.  Hall.  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  373. 


ATTORNEY  S  LIEN. 


lias  a  riglit,  wltliont  an  application  to  the  court,  to  proceed  with 
ilif  action  where  it  lias  been  settled  by  the  parties  before  judg- 
niont.i'^^ 

(2)  Leave  to  prosecute  the  action;  when  granted. — Leave  to 
prosecute  an  action  will  be  refused  unless  the  attorney  can  show 
the  court  that  he  cannot  collect  of  his  client  the  value  of  hig 
services.-'*^  Leave  to  prosecute  an  action  is  always  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court.  The  courts  will  not  allow  an  attorney  to 
•continue  an  action  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  his  lien,  when 
the  action  is  brought  for  a  divorce  or  a  sejDaration.  See  Lien  in 
Matrimonial  xVctions,  §  39,  infra. 

In  one  case  the  court  refused  to  allow  the  plaintiff's  attorney 
to  proceed  with  the  action,  but  upon  proof  upon  the  motion  that 
the  plaintiff  was  irresjjonsible,  and  that  his  agreement  with  hi3 
attorney  was  that  he  should  have  a  certain  percentage  of  the  re- 
•covery,  directed  the  defendant  to  pay  to  the  plaintiff's  attorney 
the  amount  which  he  was  to  receive  from  his  client.^^" 

AVhere,  upon  a  contest  to  the  probate  of  a  will,  the  contestants 
assigned  to  their  attorney  a  certain  portion  of  the  recovery,  but 
retained  the  right  to  compromise  and  settle  the  contest,  the  at- 
torney was  not  allowed  to  continue  the  contest  to  protect  his  lien. 
His  remedy  was  confined  to  his  lien  upon  the  sum  received  by 
his  clients  in  settlement.^ ^^ 

(3)  Proof  on  the  trial. — An  attorney,  when  he  is  allowed  to 
proceed  w4th  the  action,  must  prove  his  client's  case.^^^ 

33.  Right  of  defendant  to  set  up  settlement  in  his  answer. — 

^^'^Minfo  V.  Bauer,  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  ^"Schriever  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R. 

332,  17  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  314,  25  Co.  30  Misc.  145,  30  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  559,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  444,  Rep.  67,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  644,  890. 

Modified  in  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  366,  8  N.  ^*i?e  Evans,  34  Misc.  37,  69  N.  Y. 

Y.    Siipp.    933;    Forslman   v.   Schult-  Supp.  487. 

mg,   35  Hun,  505;    WUber  v.  Baker,  ^^^Casucci  v.  Allegany  d-  K.  R.  Co. 

24  Hun,  24.  65  Hun,  452,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  252,  4S 

"""Quinlan    v.    Birge,    43  Hun,  483,  X.  Y.  S.  R.  52,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  343. 

20  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  161,  7  N.  Y.  S.  Contra,  Keeler    v.    Keeler,    51    Hun, 

R.  147;    Young    v.    Honell,  64  App.  505,   21    N.    Y.    S.    R.  666,  4  N.  Y. 

Div.  246,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  5.  Supp.  580. 


40  THE  I.A.W  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

The  defendant  Avill  ho  allowed  in  the  discrftion  of  the  court  to 
set  up  in  a  supplemental  answer  a  settlement  made  with  the 
plaintiff,  and  it  is  no  answer  to  such  an  application  that  the  at- 
torney for  the  plaintiff  has  a  lien  upon  the  cause  of  action.^ '^'^ 

34.  Setting  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment  in  courts  of  record. — 
Where  the  settlement  is  made  after  judgment,  and  the  judgment 
has  been  satisfied  of  record,  the  attorney  cannot  issue  an  execu- 
tion to  collect  the  amount  of  the  alleged  lien.  He  must  move  to 
set  aside  the  satisfaction  piece  ;-^^^  or  he  may  maintain  an  action 
for  that  purjDose.^^^ 

The  motion  to  set  aside  the  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  is 
not  a  motion  in  the  action,  hut  is  a  special  proceeding  instituted 
b}'  third  parties  upon  other  issues  than  those  framed  in  the  ac- 
tion and  relating  to  a  lien  arising  out  of  a  state  of  facts  wholly 
distinct  from  those  passed  upon  at  the  trial.  An  appeal,  there- 
fore, lies  from  the  order  entered  therein  to  the  court  of  ap- 
peals,^^^  which  will  review  the  merits  of  the  proceedings,  but 
not  the  discretion  of  the  court  below. 

The  court,  however,  will  upon  such  a  motion  set  aside  the  sat- 
isfaction of  judgment  to  the  extent  of  the  taxable  costs,  as  they 
are  presumptively  the  measure  of  the  attorney's  rights.  If  the 
attorney  claims  that  he  has  a  lien  upon  the  judgment  in  excess 
of  the  taxable  costs,  the  amount  must  be  liquidated  in  some 
proper  action  between  the  attorney  and  his  client.  It  cannot  be 
arbitrarily  determined  upon  a  motion  to  vacate  the  satisfaction 
entered.      The  client  has  the  same  right  to  defend  against  such 

^^"Znitz   V.  Metropoman    Street  K.  13  N.  Y.  S.  R.  754;  Peri  v.  New  York 

Co.  52  App.  Div.  626,  65  N.  Y.  Siipp.  C.  d  E.  R.  R.  Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  40 

395;   O'Brien  v.  Metropolitan  Street  X.  E.  849;   Foreman  v.  I-yiicards,  14 

R.  Co.  27  App.  Div.  1.  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dijr.  408;   Aclcerman  v. 

159.  Aclcerman,  14  Abb.  Pr.  229. 

^''Croltji  V.  McKenzie,  10  .Tones  &  ^"-Peri  v.  Yeio  York  C.  d  H.  R.  R. 

S.  192;  Albert  Palmer  Co.  v.  Van  Or-  Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  46  X.  E.  849. 

den,  17  Jones  &  S.  89.  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  '"'Peri  v.  Neto  York  C.  rf  H.  R.  R. 

Proc.  Eep.  44;   x^weet  v.  Bartlctt.  4  Co.  152  N.  Y.  521,  40  N.  E.  849. 
Sandf.  601 ;  Shaunessy  v.  Traphagen, 


ATTORNEY'S   LIEN.  41 

ail  asserted  liability  as  belongs  to  liim  when  any  other  claim  is 
alleged,  the  amount  of  which  he  disputes.^ ^^ 

It  is  within  the  discretion  of  the  court  where  the  lien  is  ob- 
tained, to  grant  or  deny  the  application  of  the  attorney  to  set 
aside  a  fraudulent  satisfaction,  or  to  compel  the  attorney  to 
bring  an  action  for  that  purpose.  This  discretion  is  subject  to 
no  interference  by  an  appellate  tribunal. ^'■'•^ 

35.  Power  of  justices'  courts  over  satisfaction  of  judgment. — 
Section  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  does  not  apply  to  jus- 
tices' courts.-'^'^  Courts  of  inferior  jurisdiction  being  in  many 
respects  enlarged  justices'  courts,  not  proceeding  according  to  the 
C(!urse  of  the  common  law,  but  of  statutory  creation,  taking  noth- 
ing by  implication,  even  if  a  lien  attaches  to  the  judgment,  have 
not  the  power  to  set  aside  a  satisfaction  of  judgment  to  protect 
the  lien.^^'^ 

36.  Liability  of  third  party. —  A  purchaser  of  real  estate  is  not 
liable  for  the  amount  of  an  attorney's  lien  in  a  condemnation 
proceeding  alfecting  the  land,  although  as  betw^een  the  attorney 
and  client  it  had  been  agreed  that  the  attorney  should  have  a 
lien  on  the  land  for  his  services.^^^ 

It  has  been  held  that  an  attorney  cannot  by  motion  compel  the 
opposite  party  against  whom  a  verdict  has  been  obtained  to  pay 
the  amount  of  his  taxed  costs  and  the  value  of  his  services,  but 
should  bring  an  action  against  him,  and  obtain  a  decree  declar- 
ing the  judgment  subject  to  the  amount  found  duo  the 
attomey.^^^ 

37.  Lien  of  counsel. —  Counsel  employed  by  an  attorney  in  the 
action  with  the  consent  of  the  clients,  upon  an  agreement  that 

^"'Baileij  v.  Mtirphy,  136  N.  Y.  50,        '"'People  ex  rel.  Jaffe  v.   Fitzpaf- 

32  N.  E.  627,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  82.  rick,   35   Misc.   456,   71   N.   Y.   Supp. 

^"'Hoioitt  V.  Merrill,  113  N.  Y.  630,  Ifll. 
2   Silv.  Ct.  App.   158,  20  N.  E.  868,        '"'Grir/fi  v.    McNtilty,   .t   :\ri  c.   334, 

16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  374,  22  N.  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  210,  25  N.  Y.  Siipp. 

Y.  S.  R.  619.  504. 
^'x'Flint  V.  Van  Dusen,  26  Hun,  606.        '^'>Fox  v.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  409. 


-12  THE  LAW  OV  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

tliev  sliall  ])(■  ));ii(l  out  of  the  ])i-()('oods,  have  an  equitable  lien 
upon  the  j)rocee(ls.  Where  no  rate  is  fixed,  tlie  counsel  must 
prove  the  value  of  his  services  by  evidence,  competent  not  only 
against  the  attorney,  but  also  against  the  client.^"" 

38.  Set-off. —  The  right  of  one  party  to  have  a  judgment  set-off 
aga,iiist  the  costs  awarded  against  him  was  regulated  by  2  Rev. 
Stat.  352,  §  18,  and  Id.  174,  §  40.  These  statutes  were  re- 
pealed by  chapter  407  of  the  Laws  of  1877,  and  the  right  of 
counterclaim  given  by  §5^  ^OO  and  501  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure took  their  place.  Under  the  Revised  Statutes  it  was 
held  that  the  lien  of  the  attorney  was  inferior  to  the  rights  of  the 
parties  when  these  rights  were  asserted  in  an  action,  but  if  it 
were  sought  to  enforce  a  set-off  by  motion,  the  court  could  pro- 
tect the  attorney's  lien.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  the  decisions  are  not  in  hannony,  but  it  may  be  stated 
as  a  general  rule  that  the  courts  will  hold  that  the  lien  of  the  at- 
torney is  superior  to  the  right  of  one  party  to  set  off  a  judgment 
in  one  action  against  costs  in  another  action ;  but  where  costs  are 
awarded  to  both  parties  in  the  same  action,  the  equities  of  the 
parties  are  superior  to  the  lien  of  the  attorney,  and  the  costs  ^vill 
be  set  off  one  against  the  other.^*^^ 

This  is  especially  true  of  interlocutory  costs,^^'^  but  not  costs 
of  special  proceedings  which  originated  out  of  the  former  ac- 
tions.""^    One  judgment  should  not  be  set  off  against  another 

■'^TJarvood   v.   La   Grange,    137    N.  824;    Hmith   v.    Chowweth,   14   Daly. 

Y.  .538.  32  N.  E.  1000.  .50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  166,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  349,  12  N.  Y.  CiV. 

30.  Proc.  Rep.  89,  6    N.    Y.    S.    R.  232: 

-"^Winterson  v.  Tlitchings,  1  N.  Y.  Garner  v.   Ghidwin,   12  N.  Y.  Week. 

Anno.  Cas.   193,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  300,  Dip;.   9;    .^atulcrs  v.    Gillett,   8   Daly. 

38    X.    Y.    Supp.     171;     Fromrne  v.  183;   Kaufman  v.  Keenan,  13  N.  Y'. 

Gray,    17   IMisc.    77,   39   N.   Y.    Supp.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  225;   Hoveij  v.  Rub- 

8.50;  Hopper  v.  Ersler,  1  N.  Y.  Anno,  hrr  Tip  Pencil  Co.  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

Cas.   192,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  804,  38  N.  60. 

Y.   Supp.    170;    TJoyt   v.    Godfrej/.   11  -"'Hoi/t   v.    Godfrey,    11    Daly,   278. 

Daly.  278;  Davidson  v.  Alfaro.  80  N.  3   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    118,    16  N. 

Y.    060;    Warden   v.   Frost,   3.5   Hun,  Y.  Week.  Die.  91;   Catlin  v.  Adiron- 

141 ;  Hayes  v.  Curr,  44  Hun,  372,  20  daeh  Co.  22  Hun,  493. 

X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  442,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  -"'Gibbs  v.  Frindle.    11    App.    Div. 


attorney's  lien,  43 

judgment  between  the  same  parties  where  one  is  for  costs 
only.-'^'*  The  court  will  not  entertain  such  a  motion  where  the 
costs  in  one  action  have  not  been  taxed.^*^^  The  courts  will  not 
set  off  against  a  judgment,  a  claim  not  reduced  to  judgment.^*^^ 
Pending  an  appeal  a  judgment  is  suspended  and  cannot  be  made 
subject  of  a  set-off.^''" 

It  has  been  held  that  where  the  defendant  obtained  costs  upon 
an  appeal  from  an  order  they  would  not  be  set  off  against 
a  judgment  for  damages  and  costs  recovered  by  plaintiff  in  the 
same  action.^^^ 

The  same  court  composed  of  the  same  judges,  however,  de- 
cided that  the  defendant's  costs  after  an  offer  of  judgment  were 
properly  set  off  against  the  general  verdict  for  the  plaintiff.^^'^ 

A  party  can  assig-n  to  his  attorney  costs  to  accrue,  and  the 
equities  of  the  attorney  will  be  superior  to  those  of  the  opposite 
party  to  have  these  costs  set  off  against  a  claim  not  arising  out 
of  the  same  transaction.^^  ^ 

The  right  of  the  attorney  thus  acquired  is  not  only  superior  to 
those  of  the  opposite  party,  but  also  to  those  of  his  surety.^^^ 

470,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  329;  Ee  Have-  in  31  Hun)  ;  Place  v.  Hayicard,  8  N. 
meyer,  27  App.  Div.  123.  50  N.  Y.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  352,  3  How.  Pr. 
Supp.  126.  N.  S.  59;   Marshall  v.  Meech,  51  N. 

"^Carletoii    v.    Goldman,    5    N.  Y.    Y.  140,  10  Am.  Rep.  572;   Naylor  v. 
Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    153;    Livderman  v.    Lane,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  149. 
Foote,  5  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   154,        '^^Garner     v.    Gladwin,    12    N.     Y. 
note;  Turno  v.  Parks,  2  How.  Pr.  X.    Week.  Dig.  9;    Bulkley    v.    Back,  22 
S.  35:   Xaylor  v.  Lane,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.    Jones  &  S.  300. 

Proc.  Rep.  149,  18  Jones  &  S.  97,  66  -'"Zoffhaum  v.  Parker,  55  N.  Y. 
How.  Pr.  400.  120;  Perry  v.  Chester,  53  X.  Y.  240; 

'^Moloiighney  v.  Kavanagh,  3  N.  Ely  v.  Cooke,  28  N.  Y.  365,  2  Abb. 
Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  253.  16  X.  Y.  App.  Dec.  14:  Firmenich  v.  Bovee,  1 
Week.  Dig.  253.  Hun,  532,  4  Thomp.  &  C.  98;   Hayes 

"^Husted  V.  Thomson,  26  Misc.  v.  Carr,  28  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  104.  12 
.j48,  57  X.  Y.  Supp.  558.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  584:  Davidson  v.  Alfaro. 

'^Hardt  v.  Schultinp,  12  X.  Y.  80  X.  Y.  660;  Palmer  v.  Palmer,  24 
Week.  Dig.  27.  Misc.  217,  53  X.  Y.  Supp.  538;  Swiff 

'-'"^Tunstall     v.     Winton,    31     Hun.    v.   Protity,   6  Hun,  94.    Contra,  Din- 
219,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  42    (this  case    <jee  v.  Shears,  29  Hun,  210. 
has    been    erroneously  said    to    have        "^Channiny  v.  Moore,  13  X.  Y.  Civ. 
been  affirmed  by  tlie  court  of  appeals.    Proc.  Rep.  349,   13  X.  Y.  S.  R.  715, 
That  court  affirmed  a  case  with  the    11  X.  Y.  S.  R.  670. 
same  title  reported  at  another  place 


44  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

If  the  attorney  takes  an  assignment  of  the  judgment,  he  takes 
it  subject  to  all  the  equities  that  existed  against  his  assignor.^^^ 

Motion  costs  which  are  not  collected  at  the  time  of  the  entry  of 
final  judgment  may  be  set  off  against  costs  awarded  to  an  ad- 
verse party.^^^  This  provision  relates  to  references  arising  un- 
der §  1015  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^* 

39.  Lien  in  matrimonial  actions. —  The  attorney's  lien  will  be 
protected  in  these  actions  as  well  as  in  any  other  action.^^^  But 
the  courts  will  not  allow  the  lien  of  the  attorney  to  stand  in  the 
v^ay  of  a  settlement  of  the  action  by  the  parties.  They  will  not 
allow  the  attorney  to  proceed  with  the  action  for  the  purpose  of 
protecting  his  lien.  He  will  be  remitted  to  the  ordinary  meth- 
ods of  collecting  whatever  costs  or  allowances  for  counsel  fees 
have  been  made  in  the  action. ^^^ 

ISTo  lien  will  attach  to  alimony  as  such,  but  only  to  costs  as 
such,  and  allowances  made  by  the  court.  An  agreement  by  the 
wife  to  pay  her  attorney  a  certain  portion  of  the  allowance  to  her 
of  alimony  is  void  as  against  public  policy,  and  an  order  author- 
izing a  partial  compliance  therewith  will  be  set  aside.^^" 

An  attorney  has  not  a  lien  upon  the  money  of  the  husband 
held  by  the  court  as  security  for  the  payment  of  future  alimony, 
although  it  represents  real  estate,  and  the  wife  has  an  inchoate 
right  of  dower  therein.^^^  Where  a  wife  has  settled  with  the 
husband,  and  has  consented  to  a  decree  vacating  a  warrant  of 

-'-Davidson    v.    Alfaro,    80    N.  Y.  Proc.  Eep.  28,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  979,  10 

660;    Eayden  v.   McDermott,   9  Abb.  N.  Y.  Supp.  6,38;   Weill  v.  Weill,  18 

Pr.  14;   MacWhinnie  v.  Cameron,  57  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eop.  241,  10  N.  Y. 

Hiin,  46.3,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Rupp.     627.     Contra,     Robertson    v. 

168,   32   N.  Y.   S.  R.   985,   11    X.   Y.  Robertson,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  85. 
Supp.   20.  ^'Va7i  Vleck  v.  Van  VlecJc,  21  App. 

"^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  770.  Div.  272,  47    N .   Y.    Supp.    470,  21 

'^Vones  v.    Easton,   11   Abb.   N.   C.  App.  Div.  631,  47  X.  Y.  Supp.  472; 

114.  Re  BoUes,  78  App.  Div.   180,   79  X. 

^'^Branth  v.  Brnnth,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Y.  Supp.  530. 
Proc.  Rep.  28,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  979,  10        =^^}fooney  v.  Mooney,  29  Misc.  707, 

X.  Y.  Supp.  638.  7    X.    Y.    Anno.    Cas.    257,  62  N.  Y. 

"^Kirby    v.    Kirby,    1   Paipo.   565;  Supp.  769. 
Branth    v.    Branlh,    19    X.     Y.     Civ. 


attokxey's  lien.  45 

commitment  to  enforce  the  collection  of  alimony  and  counsel  fees 
allowed  by  the  court,  the  attorney  cannot  maintain  the  commit- 
ment proceedings,  to  collect  costs  and  counsel  fees  exclusively.^  ^^ 

It  has  been  held  at  special  term  that  the  attoi'ney  cannot  collect 
costs  and  allowances  by  contempt  proceedings,  but  that  he  is 
confined  to  issuing  an  execution  to  collect  them.^^'^ 

The  wife  cannot  deprive  the  attorney  of  the  husband  of  costs 
that  have  been  awarded  against  the  wife  upon  her  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  collect  alimony,  by  offsetting  the  costs  against  the 
alimony  unpaid.^^^ 

"^^Branth  v.  Brantli,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  241,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  627. 
Proc.  Eep.  28,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  979,  10  ""^Winton  v.  Winton,  18  N.  Y.  Civ. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  638.  Proc.  Rep.  67,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  759. 

"^^Yeill  V.   ^ycm,   is  n.  y.  civ. 


CHAPTEK  III. 

LIABILITY  OF  ATTORNEY. 

40.  By  summary  proceeding  instituted  by  his  client, 

a.  In  general. 

b.  How  exercised. 

c.  Between  what  parties. 

d.  How  instituted. 

e.  In  what  cases. 

f.  EfTeet   upon    this    procecdinfj   of   an    action    brou^^ht    for    the    sam<' 

thing. 

g.  Answer  of  attorney  to  this  proceeding. 

41.  By  action  in  tort  brought  by  client. 

42.  Liability  for  interest  on  money  collected  by  attorney. 

43.  Eights  of  attorney  to  have  his  lien  determined. 

44.  Liability  for  misconduct. 

45.  Liability  of  attorney  for  sheriff's  fees. 
40.  Liability  for  other  fees. 

47.  Repayment  of  costs. 

40.  By  summary  proceeding^  instituted  by  his  client. — a.  In 
general. — Where  the  attorney  and  his  client  cannot  agree  upon 
the  amount  of  the  lien  of  the  attorney,  the  client  may  sue  his  at- 
torney if  he  claims  to  retain  money  collected  as  a  compensation 
for  his  services,  or  he  may  have  the  court  decide  in  a  summary 
proceeding  the  rights  of  the  parties  to  the  fund.  This  latter 
proceeding  can  also  be  instituted  to  determine  the  amount  of  tlu? 
attorney's  lien  at  any  time.  The  client  has  no  absolute  legal 
right  to  institute  this  proceeding.  It  rests  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court  to  decide  when  it  will  entertain  it.^ 

The  courts  have  power  over  the  conduct  of  attorneys  as  officers 
of  the  court  to  regulate  the  manner  in  which  the  attorneys  shall 
exercise  their  calling. 

^Keeney  v.  Tredwell,  71  A  pp.  Div. 
.521,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  1097. 

46 


Liability  of  Attorney.  47 

In  1895  it  wns  held  that  the  Xow  York  city  court,  fonnei-ly 
the  marine  court,  had  such  power.-  This  power  it  can  use  in  a 
summary  manner.^  AVhoro  an  attorney  has  received  money  of 
his  client  and  refuses  to  pay  it  over,  the  court  will  exercise  this 
power  and  ord(M-  him  to  pay  it  over,  allowiug  hiui  to  retain  the 
amount  due  from  the  clieut  to  him.  The  parties  are  not  en- 
titled to  a  jury  trial  to  detennine  the  amount  of  his  claim.'* 

Before  the  amendment  of  §  66  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
by  chapter  61,  Laws  of  1809,  it  had  been  uniformly  held  that 
the  amount  of  an  attorney's  lien  oc^uld  only  be  determined  upon 
aa  application  to  the  court  upon  the  part  of  the  client,  and  that 
an  attorney  could  not  enforce  his  lien  in  this  summary  manner.^ 

Since  the  amendment,  however,  the  court  can  determine  the 
amount  of  the  lion  ujxm  the  application  of  the  attorney  or  of  the 
client.^ 

The  client  is  entitled  to  settlements  from  time  to  time  as  pay- 
ments are  made,  where  the  attorney  is  receiving  money  in  instal- 
ments, and  may  invoke  summary  proceedings  to  compel  the  at- 
torney to  turn  over  the  money  then  due  the  client.^ 

h.  How  exercised. — The  court  may  institute  inquiries  itself 
upon  affidavits  or  upon  examination  of  witnesses,  or  may  order 
a  reference  to  ascertain  the  amount  due  the  attorney,  if  there  is 
any  dispute  as  to  the  amount,  or  a  dispute  as  to  any  other  mate- 
rial faet.^      Such  a  reference  cannot  be  teimiinated  by  notice  un- 

-Oillespie  v.   Mnlholland,   12  Misc.  387.    72   N.   Y.   S.   R.   G17,   37   N.   Y. 

40,  33  K  Y.  Supp.  33.  Supp.     201;     Ogden     v.     Devlin,     13 

'/?e  Knapp,  85  X.  V.  284;  Ex  parte  Jones  &   S.  631. 

Sfaats,  4  Cow.  70.  ^Re    Lexington    Ai-ie.    30  App.  Div. 

*Re  Fincke,  6  Daly.  HI;  Brown  v.  602,  52   N.   Y.   Supp.   203;    Grigf/s  v. 

\eic  York,  9  Hun,  587:  Ackcrman  v.  Brooks,  79  Hun,  394,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Ackerman,   14  Abb.   Pr.   229;    Coster  499,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  794. 

V.  Greenpoint  Ferry  Co.  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  '^Thomasson  v.  Lafourette,  63  App. 

Proc.  Rep.  146;   Porter  v.  ParmJy,  7  Div.  408,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  559. 

Jones  &    S.   219;    Canary  v.  Russell,  'Re  Tracy,  1  App.  Div.   113,  72  N. 

10  Misc.  597,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Y.  S.  R.  219,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  65.  Af- 

109,   63   N.   Y.   S.   R.   740,   31    N.   Y.  firmed  without  opinion  in  149  N.  Y. 

*    Supp.  291;  Amsdell  v.  Martin,  20  N.  608,  44  N.  E.  1129. 

Y.  Week.   Dig.   370;    Philadelphia,  v.  "Re  Fineke,  6  Daly,    111;   Bowling 

Postal  Teleg.  Cable  Co.   1   App.  Div.  Green  Sav.  Bank  v.   Todd,  52  N.  Y. 


48  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

der  §  1019  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.*  Wliere  it  appears 
just  what  tlie  attorney  has  done  and  what  he  has  retained  there 
is  no  need  of  a  reference.^ ^  "Where  all  the  facts  are  before  the 
court  and  it  passes  upon  the  questions  involved  at  the  invitation 
of  the  parties,  neither  can  claim  that  the  court  should  have  as- 
certained the  facts  by  a  reference  or  otherwise.^  ^  But  where 
there  is  a  dispute  as  to  material  facts,  or  where  the  attorney  al- 
leges that  he  has  a  lien  upon  the  matter  in  dispute,  or  denies  a 
material  allegation,  that  the  petitioner  has  alleged,  the  court 
cannot  make  an  order  on  the  papers,  but  must  make  inquiry  it- 
self, or  send  it  to  a  referee.-*^ 

Upon  the  determination  of  the  amount  due,  a  judgment  may 
be  awarded  to  the  successful  party. -^"^ 

In  such  a  proceeding  the  court  should  aim  to  do  justice,  and 
should  not  be  bound  by  technical  rules.  The  attorney  should  be 
allowed  to  give  evidence  which  in  an  action  would  be  prohibited 
by  §  829  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure;  also  either  party 
should  be  permitted  to  contradict  written  instruments  by  parol 
evidence.-^* 

c.  Between  ivhat  parties. — The  court  will  never  exercise  this 
power  where  the  client  has  assigned  his  cause  of  action,  or  judg- 
ment, because  the  relation  of  attorney  and  client  does  not  exist, 
and  only  a  contract  relation  exists  between  the  attorney  and  the 

489;   Re  E.  87   N.  Y.   521,  63  How.  "i2e  Borkstrom,  63  App.  Div.  7,71 

Pr.   152,   14  N.  Y.   Week.   Dig.   259;  N.  Y.  Supp.  451. 

Re  Ernst,  54  App.  Div.  363,  66  N.  Y.  '^Re  U.  87  K  Y.  521,  63  How.  Pr 

Supp.  620;  Porter  v.  Parmly,  7  Jones  152,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  259. 

&  S.  219;  Re  Peterson,  74  Hun,  93,  "Griggs  v.  Brooks,  79  Hun,  394,  61 

26  N.  Y.  Supp.  405.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  499,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  794; 

'Bennett  v.  Pittman,  48  Hun,  612,  Atistin    v.    Rawdon,    42    N.    Y.  155; 

21  Abb.  N.   C.  238,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Greenfield    v.    ^'elv    York,   28     Hun. 

Dig.  437,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  976,  1  N.  Y.  320;  General  Rule  27.    Contra,  Ward 

Supp.  27.  V-  Ward,  67  App.  Div.  121,  73  N.  Y. 

^"Ferdon  v.  Harrigan,  71  N.  Y.  S.  Supp.  450;  Mpcr  v.  Abbctt,  20  App. 

R.  671,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  741;  Re  Mer-  Div.  390,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  822. 

tian,    16   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.   554,   29  '*Pnrdy  v.  Stewart,  16  N.  Y.  Week. 

Hun,  459;   Re  Knapp,  85  N.  Y.  284,  Dig.  284. 
12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  391. 


LIABILITY  OF  ATTORNEY.  49 

An  attorney  has  been  ordered  to  pay  into  court  a 
Slim  of  money  which  he  had  received  for  a  deceased  client,  upon 
an  application  by  the  personal  representatives  of  such  client.-^® 

The  client  need  not  proceed  against  all  the  members  of  a  firm 
of  attorneys,  when  one  of  the  members  took  a  check  in  the  firm's 
name  and  misappropriated  the  funds,  but  he  may  proceed 
against  the  member  guilty  of  the  wrong.^''^ 

d.  IIoic  instituted. — This  proceeding  is  instituted  by  a  peti- 
tion which  should  be  verified  by  the  petitioner,  and  the  fact  that 
the  petitioner  is  a  resident  of  a  neighboring  state  and  is  absent 
from  the  state  of  '^ew  York  does  not  relieve  him  from  the  neces- 
sity of  verifying  the  petition,  nor  authorize  its  verification  by 
an  attorney.^ ^ 

e.  In  what  cases. — The  court  will  not  entertain  this  proceed- 
ing unless  the  money  or  property  has  come  into  the  hands  of 
the  attorney  as  an  attorney  at  law.  Where  it  has  come  into  his 
hands  under  an  agreement  for  services  which  a  lavman  mio-ht 
have  performed,  this  proceeding  will  not  be  entertained,  ^^  or 
where  the  client  has  loaned  money  to  the  attorney,  and  the  attor- 
ney has  obtained  a  discharge  of  a  mortgage  given  as  security  by 
promises  which  he  did  not  fulfil,-^  or  where  an  insurance  policy 
has  been  received  by  an  attorney,  not  in  his  professional  capac- 
ity', but  as  mere  agent,^^  or  where  an  attorney  not  in  active  prac- 

^^Re  Schell,  58  Hun,  440.  34  N.  Y.  ^'Baker  v.   Broum,   150  N.  Y.  567, 

S.  R.  928,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.   790,  Ap-  44  N.  E.  1120. 

pfeal  dismissed  in    128  N.   Y.   67.  38  ^'Re  Wolf,  51  Hun,  407.  21  N.  Y. 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  442,  27  N.  E.  957 ;  Hex-  S.  R.  224,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  239. 

ter  V.    Pennsylvania  R.   Co.   43  App.  ^^Re   Curtis,   51   App.   Div.   434,   64 

Div.   113,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  453;   Hess  N.  Y.  Supp.  691. 

V.  Joseph,  7    Robt.    609;    Boweyi  v.  "/("e  Curtis,  51   App.  Div.  434,   64 

Smidt,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  647,  20  N.  Y.  N.  Y.   Supp.  691 ;   Re  Dalcin,  4  Hill, 

Supp.  735.     Contra,  Gillespie  v.  Mul-  42 ;    Re    HiUehrandt,    33    App.  Div. 

holland,  12  Misc.  40,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  191,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  352. 

33,  citing  tichell  v.   Neiv   York,    128  -"Re  Husson,  26  Hun,  130,  62  How. 

N.  Y.  67,  27  N.  E.  957;  Re  Redmond,  Pr.  358. 

54  App.  Div.  454,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  782.  "^Re  H.  87  N.  Y.  521,  63  How.  Pr. 

Obiter,  same  court  that  decided  Hex-  152,   14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  259. 
icr  V.  Pennsylvania  R.  Co.  43  App. 
Div.  113,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  453. 
COSTS   4. 


50  Tin;  i-A\v  oi'  costs  in  nf.w  yoi;k. 

tiee  colloetofl  (ni  n  iifc  iii>nv;iiico  jxilifv  iiioncv  wliicli  lio  did  not 
turn  ovcr,"^  or  wlici'c  iiii  jittoriicv  has  collected  troiu  liis  cliont 
the  compensation  for  himself  juul  counsel,  and  refuses  to  pay  the- 
counsel  his  share.^'^ 

Where  an  attdi-iiev  has  ])aid  ])art  of  the  ciists  ovei"  to  counsel, 
and  the  court  has  sul)se(|ueutly  •M'd(M'e(l  tliat  rlie  attorney  return 
!he  costs  to  his  client,  the  attMniey  cannot  coiiijxd  the  counsel  to- 
refund  tlie  money  by  sunuiiary  procecdiiiiis.-^ 

/.  Effect  upon  tltis  procccdiiuj  of  (in  ochon  hroiKjhl  for  the 
same  tiling. — The  attorney  -will  not  he  ordered  to  |)ay  over  money 
received  in  his  official  capacity  from  his  client  where  there  is  an 
action  pending  between  them  in  relation  thereto,  and  the  client 
has  treated  with  the  atlorney  as  an  adverse  party.-''  If  the- 
brine:inff  of  an  action  is  nol  an  absolute  bar  it  is  a  matter  that, 
the  court  should  take  into  consideration  in  exercising  its  discre- 
tion f^  but  the  fact  that  the  client  has  reduced  his  claim  against 
his  attorney  to  judgment  is  not  a  bar  to  a  summary  proceeding 
to  com})el  th(>  attorn(\v  to  pay.-'  But  the  client's  accepting  the 
attorney's  note  for  the  amount  of  uKUiey  belonging  to  the  client, 
which  the  attorney  cannot  pay,  is  a  bar  to  summary  ]>roceedings 
instituted  by  the  client  u])*)n  the  nonpayment  of  the  note  at  its 
maturity."'^ 

g.  Ansicer  of  attoincii  lo  tJiis  proceeding. — An  attorney  who 
has  received  money  from  the  committee  of  a  lunatic  for  saft> 
keeping  will  nol  be  orderecl  to  |)ay  the  money  over  to  the  admin- 
istrator of  tlie  lunatic,  where  the  accounts  of  the  committee,  who 
is  dead,  have  not  been  settled.-"  It  is  no  answei"  to  these  pro- 
ceedings that  the  attorney  made  his  (daim  in  good  faith. '^"^ 

--Ue  Il\ll<ln<niil1.  .33  Aj.)..  Div.    I'.M.  U  X.  Y.  Anno.  (as.  1,  Tyl  X.  Y.  Supp. 

.53  X.  Y.  Siipi..  3.V2.  1 127. 

"Vi'c  Hd.shin,  IS  Hull.  42.  -""lie  .\cji7?c.  71   Apj).   Div.   102,  7^V 

■'Tiiiflor  V.   Lfmff  Ixlmid  /.'.   Co.   3S  X".  Y.  Snpp.  588. 

App.   Div.   .")!)■"),  56  N.  Y\   Supp.  ()(i5.  "'l.'e   Red w and,   54   App.    Div.   454, 

-^Harr'iH    v.    EUwtA.    19  A]*)).   Div.  S    X.    V.    Anno.    Cas.    309,    66    X\   Y- 

60,  45  X.  Y.  Supp.  fll6.  Snpp-    "'''-:    '<"''    Bleakley,    5     Paige^ 

'"lie  Moil,  36  Hun,  .")01).  -^W. 

-^(j'abricl  v.  SchilHiifier  Fire  Proof  "noulinft     (Ireen     Sav.     Bank     v. 

Cemevt  rf  Asjdxilt   Vo.  24  :Mi>c.  313,  Todd,  52  X.  Y.  48!). 


LIABILITY    OF   ATTOKA^EY.  51 

The  court  \Yill  not  allow  an  attorney  to  retain  his  client's 
money  for  what  seeni8  to  it  excessive  charges  where  there  is  no 
evidence  of  their  legal  value,  nor  necessity  thereof  except  the 
attorney's  testimony.  The  attorney  should  produce  experts 
upon  these  questions.*^^  Where  the  rate  of  compensation  is  not 
fixed,  the  attorney  must  establish  the  value  of  his  services  by  evi- 
dence that  would  be  competent  in  an  action  brought  by  tbe  attor- 
ney against  his  client  to  recover  the  value  of  such  services.^^  He 
must  show  in  detail  his  services  and  disbursements.^^ 

Attorneys  in  such  a  proceeding  cannot  set  up  the  fact  that  they 
never  actually-  i-eceived  the  money  of  their  client,  when  they 
have  assumed  control  of  it,  and  directed  the  custodian  to  pay  it 
to  a  credit(»r  of  the  attorneys.^* 

The  client  should  take  })roceedings  in  the  actions  in  which  the 
attorney  i-eceived  the  money  sought  to  be  recovered,  and  not  in 
an  action  in  which  judgment  has  been  taken  against  tlie 
attorneys.'' ■' 

41.  By  action  in  tort  brought  by  client. —  To  maintain  an  ac- 
tion for  conversion  against  an  attorney  for  money  that  has  right- 
fully come  into  his  possession  and  upon  wliich  he  has  a  lien  for 
liis  services,  the  client  must  prove  that  the  amount  due  the  at- 
torney has  been  actually  paid  or  tendered  to  him  before  the 
action  was  commenced.^*' 

In  such  an  action  the  allegation  that  the  attorney  claims  a  lien 
upon  the  money  received  is  not  a  counterclaim,  requiring  a 
i-eply,  but  is  a  defense  which  must  be  proved.  His  defense  is 
his  claim  for  services,  but  his  lien  is  something  different. '^^ 

42.  Liability  for  interest  on  money  collected  by  attorney. — 

"Re  Raby,  25  Misc.  240,  .55  N.  ^^  'Hlrangier  v.    Hughes,   24   Jonos   & 

Supp.  87.  S.  34G,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  828. 

^-flarwood  v.  I.(t  Grange,  137  N.  Y.  '^(iunniiig  v.   Qiiinn,   81   Hun,  522, 

538,  32  N.  E.  1000.           "^  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  200,  30  N.  Y.  Snpp. 

''Re  Ernst,  54  App.  Div.  363,  66  N.  1015. 

Y.  Supp.  620.  '"'Rochester       Distilling       Co.       v. 

''*Kent  V.  Rockwell  89  Hun,  88,  69  O'Brien,  72  Hun.  462.  25  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

V.  Y.  S.  R.  13.  34  X.  Y.  Supp.  1041.  149,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  281. 


52  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

In  an  action  brought  against  an  attorney  to  recover  the  arnoTint 
of  a  judgment  received  by  him,  and  which  he  claimed  to  hold  as 
payment  for  his  services  in  the  action,  it  was  held  that  the  attor- 
ney was  entitled  to  his  compensation  when  he  collected  the 
money  updn  the  judgment,  and  interest  should  be  charged  against 
the  attorney  from  the  date  of  the  receipt  of  the  money,  less  his 
charges,  and  that  the  attoi-ney  could  not  be  allowed  interest  upon 
the  taxable  costs  and  disbursements  until  his  employment  closed, 
/.  e.,  the  date  that  he  collected  the  money  on  the  judgment.^* 

Interest  cannot  be  allowed  u})on  the  amount  that  an  attorney 
has  received  after  deducting  the  amount  of  his  services,  where 
the  amount  due  the  attorney  was  not  liquidated,  as  it  is  as  much 
the  client's  business  to  settle  the  matter  as  the  attorney's.^^ 

43.  Eights  of  attorney  to  have  his  lien  determined. — Whenever 
the  client  or  any  person  claiming  under  him  seeks  to  obtain  the 
property  upon  which  the  attorney  claims  a  lien,  the  attorney  is 
entitled  to  have  his  lien  ascertained  and  paid  before  surrender- 
ing the  property.  It  makes  no  difference  in  what  form  of  pro- 
ceeding the  client  asserts  his  riglits.'*^ 

44.  Liability  for  misconduct. —  The  court  will  proceed  to  pun- 
ish an  attorney  for  contempt  where  he  has  paid  to  his  client  the 
money  received  upon  a  settlement  of  an  action,  in  violation  of 
the  order  of  the  court  made  upon  substituting  the  present  attor- 
ney for  tlie  original  attorney,  which  order  contained  a  provision 
that  the  original  attorney  should  have  a  lien  on  the  cause  of  ac- 
tion for  his  compensation.*^  An  attorney  will  be  compelled  to  pay 
the  costs  of  a  reference  ordered  to  ascertain  the  residence  of  his 

^^Hover    v.    Heath,  3    Hun,  283,  5  A'c  Holland  Trust  Co.  76  Hun,  325, 

Thomp.  &  C.  488.  59  N.  Y.   S.   R.   85,  27  N.   Y.   Supp. 

'■'Maxwell  v.   Cottle,  72   Hun,  529,  687. 
55  N.  Y.  S.  R.   127,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.        *''Re  Wolf,  51  Hun,  407.  21  N.  Y. 

635;  Re  Knapp,  85  X.  Y.  284;  Re  H.  S.  R.  224,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  239;  Hussey 

87  K  Y.  521 ;  McKihbiu  v.  yafis,  76  v.  Ctilvcr,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  830,  9  N.  Y. 

Hun,  344,  59  N.  Y.  S.  11.   101,  27  X.  Supp.  103,  AnTinned  in  1.30  X.  Y.  681, 

Y.  Supp.  723;   Taylor    Iron   d    Steel  20  X.  E.  103.j. 

Co.  V.   Hipgins,  66  Hun,  626,  49  X.        "Hammond    v.    Dean,  4  Hun,   131, 

Y.  S.  R.  645,    20    X.    Y.    Supp.  746;  6  Thomp.  &  C.  337. 


LIABILITY  OF  ATTORNEY.  5o 

client,  where  the  attomey  has  not  dealt  with  the  court  wnthoui 
reserve,  but  has  suppressed  important  facts  for  the  purpose  of 
screening  his  client.^^  An  attorney  will  be  compelled  to  pay 
costs  of  appeals,  which  he  takes  without  authority. '^'^ 

45.  Liability  of  attorney  for  sheriff's  fees. — The  liability  of  an 
attomey  for  disbursements  (with  the  exception  of  official  fees)  is 
the  same  as  that  of  any  other  agent  in  regard  to  disbursements 
made  in  his  principal's  business.  An  attorney  is  liable  to  clerks, 
sheriffs,  and  other  similar  officers  for  services  rendered  in  an 
action  at  the  request  of  the  attorney.'*^ 

An  attorney  is  also  liable  for  the  fees  of  the  sheriff  upon  an 
execution  issued  by  him  for  his  client.  This  was  decided  nearly 
a  century  ago.'*'^  The  courts  have  long  doubted  whether  this  rule 
could  be  maintained  upon  principle  or  is  consistent  with  the 
general  current  of  judicial  authority  elsewhere,  and  refuse  to 
extend  the  rule  by  analogy  to  other  matters,  such  as  referee's 
fees.**'  It  is  still  upheld  upon  the  groimd  that  it  has  been  the 
law  of  the  state  for  a  long  time  and  no  practical  injustice  results 
from  enforcing  it.  But  an  attorney  is  not  liable  to  the  sheriff 
for  his  fees  upon  an  execution  unless  he  or  his  client  has  hin- 
dered the  sheriff  in  the  collection  of  the  full  amount.  The  re- 
duction of  the  amount  of  the  judgment  by  the  court  is  no  fault 
of  the  attorney  and  he  is  not  liable  for  the  fees  of  the  sheriff 
upon  the  whole  amount  of  the  judgment.*'^  i^or  is  the  assign- 
ment of  the  jtidgment,  where  no  directions  are  given  not  to  col- 
lect the  judgment,  such  an  interference  with  the  execution  that 
the  attorney  will  be  liable  for  sheriff's  fees.  It  is  only  when 
the  judgment  itself  is  satisfied  or  discharged,  or  the  attorney 
has  countermanded  the  execution,  that  the  sheriff  may  look  to 
the  attorney  for  his  fees.''^ 

'-Baur  V.  Betz,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.        "^Judson  v.  Gray,  UN.  Y.  408. 
Rep.  23.3,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  344.  "Campbell    v.    Cothratu    56  N.  Y. 

"Struppmaun  v.    Muller,   55   How.    279. 
Pr.  427,  11  Jones  &  S.  38.  *^Van  Kirk  v.  Sedgwick,  87  N.  Y. 

**Bonynge  v.   Waterhury,    12   Hun,    265. 
534. 

"Adams  v.  Hopkins.  5  Johns.  252; 
Ousterhout  v.  Day,  9  Johns.  114. 


54  THE   T,A\V   or   COSTS    l.N    XKW    VOK'K. 

Il  is  no  dctViise  in  <m  action  l)n)u<>lit  by  a  shci-iif  for  his  fees 
against  the  attorney,  who  has  directed  him  not  to  sell  nnder  an 
execution,  to  show  that  the  ])roj)erty  would  not  have  brought  as 
much  as  the  execution  called  for.  I'lie  attorney  is  liable  for  the 
sheriff's  fees  upon  the  whole  aniounf*'* 

An  attorney  is  not  liable  to  the  sheriff  for  his  fees  on  a  body 
execution  while  the  debtor  is  still  in  custody.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  he  is  liable  until  the  money  is  collected.''" 

An  attorney  who  ])laccs  a  cause  on  the  calendar  is  liable  to 
the  sheriff  for  his  calendar  fees."*^  But  it  7nust  be  shown  by 
some  evidence  other  than  the  calendar  that  the  attorney  filed  the 
note  of  issue. ■"'- 

46.  Liability  for  other  fees. —  An  attorney  has  been  held  not 
liable  for  the  fees  of  a  stenographer  employed  by  him  to  take 
tlie  testimony  in  an  action,"^  nor  for  the  bill  for  a  copy  of  the 
testimony,^'*  nor  for  the  fees  of  a  commissioner  in  partition  as 
fixed  in  §  3299  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure/'"'  nor  for  the 
fees  of  an  expert  accountant  employed  to  examine  the  books  of 
account  in  preparation  for  tnal,^*"'  nor  for  ])rinting  a  brief. ■^' 
But  where  he  does  not  disclose  the  name  of  his  client  he  is  per- 
sonally liable. ^'^ 

The  attorney  can,  of  course,  make  himself  liable  for  any  oi- 
all  of  these  charges  when  he  contracts  them  in  his  own  name."''* 
lie  is  not  liable  for  referee's  fees,  ^^'  nor  for  the  fees  of  counsel."^ 

^Tarsons!  v.  Boicdoi)i,  17  Wend.  14.  '•''Good    v.    Rutnsci/,    50    App.   Div. 

"^Boice  V.   Campbell  2   N.  Y.   Civ.  280,  63  N.  Y.  Snpp.  981. 

Proc.  Kcp.  232.  03  How.  Pr.  167.  '''Gray  v.  Jotnual  of  Finance  Pub. 

'-'Heillij  V.  Tidlis,  10  Daly,  283.  Co.  2  Misc.  260,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  764, 

"■Reiliy  v.  Flymi,  10  Daly,  462.  21   N.  Y.  Supp.  1)67;  Press  Pub.  Co. 

=-y{onynge   v."  Watcrbury,    12   Hun,  v.  liaker,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  879,  13  N.  Y. 

534;  Bonynye  v.  Field,  81  N.  Y.  159.  Supp.  822. 

'•^Sheridan   v.   Genet,    12   Hun,  600.  ""Dinkcl   v.    ^VehU\    11    Abb.    N.   C. 

^Lamorcux  v.   Morris,  4  How.  Pr.  124. 

245.  "KMiieniffc  v.    Ludington,    13    Abb. 

'^Covell  V.  Hart.  14  Hun,  252.  N.   C.   407. 

^''hivingston-Middlcditch  Co.  v. 
Xew  York  College  of  Dentistry,  31 
Misc.  259,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  140. 


LIABILITY  OF  ATTORNEY.  55 

47.  Repayment  of  costs. — Where  a  party  has  collected  costs  of 
the  opposite  party  either  personally  or  by  his  attorney,  and  the 
money  thus  collected  has  been  turned  over  to  the  attorney,  either 
for  services  in  that  action  or  for  services  generally"^  ^  or  money 
has  been  received  under  an  order  and  a  like  disposition  has  been 
made  of  it,*'^  an  action  will  not  lie  against  the  attorney  to  re- 
t'over  the  money  thus  paid  upon  the  reversal  of  the  judgment  or 
<'rder.  But  where  the  money  has  been  obtained  by  the  attorney 
l)y  any  fraud  practised,  the  court  can  make  the  attorney  refund 
the  money  thus  collected,  unless  it  appears  that  he  has  paid  it  to 
liis  client. 

Money  paid  by  the  defendant  to  the  plaintiff's  attorney,  and 
aj)plied  by  the  latter  upon  the  indebtedness  due  him  from  his 
client,  may  be  recovered  from  the  attorney,  when  the  defendant 
has  been  induced  by  the  fraud  of  the  plaintiff  to  settle  the  ac- 
tion.^"^  If  the  money  had  been  paid  to  the  plaintiff  and  he  in 
turn  had  paid  the  money  to  his  attorney,  the  latter  could  not 
have  been  comjjelled  to  return  it.''^ 

The  attorney  will  be  compelled  to  return  costs  that  have  been 
improperly  allowed,^'"*^  unless  it  a^jpears  that  he  has  pnid  them 
to  his  client.*'''' 

An  attorney  who  has  rendered  services  for  an  executor,  and 
who  has  been  paid  for  his  services  from  the  funds  of  the  estate, 
will  not  be  compelled  to  refund  the  money  thus  received,  when  it 
is  subsequently  decided  that  the  will  is  invalid,  and  the  executor 
is  unable  to  refund  the  money  thus  expended  by  him.*'^ 

e^a-Langletf  v.  Warner,  3  N.  Y.  327  ;  Fowler,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  249,  Rear- 

Butcher  v.  Henmng,  90  Hun,  565,  35  gued  in   15  Abb.    Pr.    N.    S.  86,  Af- 

N.  Y.  Supp.   1006;  Simpson  v.  Horn-  firmed  on  appeal  in  55  N.  Y.  641. 

heck,    3    Lans.    53;    Wright    v.   Nos-  ^*Fischer  v.  Burns,  61  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

trand,  21  Jones  &  S.  381.  476,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  437. 

'-Re  White,   82   App.  Div.   553,  81  S4a.Ooopcr  v.  Cooper,  27  Misc.  595, 

N.  Y.  Supp.  858;   (Jrauer  v.   Graucr,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  86. 

2  Mi.sc.   98,  20   N.  Y.   Supp.   854.   49  dibForstman   v.   Schtilting,   108    N. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  354.  Y.  110,  15  N.  E.  366. 

'^Forstman  v.  Schulfing,  108  N.  Y.  '^"Shaffer    v.    Bacon,    35    App.  Div. 

110,    15   N.   E.   366;    Wilmerdings  v.  248,  54  X.  Y.  Supp.  796. 


56  TilE   LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

Where  a  party  to  an  action  settles  the  same  by  paying  the 
anittunt  of  the  damages  chiimed,  together  with  the  alleged  costs, 
and  it  is  discovered  that  he  has  paid  too  much  costs,  an  action 
will  lie  to  recover  back  the  amount  of  the  excess  costs  thus  paid, 
and  the  action  may  be  brought  in  a  court  other  than  the  one  in 
which  the  action  was  pending  in  which  the  excess  costs  were 
paid.*^*^ 

The  court  has  power  under  §  1323  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure to  compel  a  party  to  return  costs  that  have  been  j^aid  to 
his  attorney  under  a  judgment  which  has  been  reversed  or  modi- 
lied.  The  court  of  original  jurisdiction  has  this  power,  but  it 
is  doubtful  wdiether  the  appellate  court  has  such  power.^^ 

"^Britton  v.  Frinh,  3  How.  Pr.  102;        "'Wright  v.   Nostrand,  21  Jones  & 
Clinton     v.    Strong,    9     Johns.    370;    S.  381. 
Ripley    v.    Gelston,    9    Johns.  201,  6 
Am.  Dec.  271;  Wisner  v.  Bulklry,  15 
\Aeud.  321. 


CIIAPTED  IV. 

MOTIONS  AND  AMENDMENTS. 

48.  Motion  costs. 

a.  In  general. 

b.  Amount. 

c.  How  awarded. 

d.  When  awarded. 
€.  ^^'hen  refused. 

(1)  In  general. 

(2)  Both  succeed  in  part. 

(3)  Costs  balance. 

(4)  Unnecessary  motion. 

(5)  Ex  parte  motions. 

f.  Same  motion  in  several  cases. 

g.  Relief  asked  in  motion  granted  by  opposite  party  before  argument. 
h.  Order  granting  favor. 

49.  Costs  upon  allowing  amendment. 

a.  In  general. 

h.  Amendment  of  complaint  during  trial. 

c.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  judgment. 

d.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  appeal. 

e.  Amendment  of  artswer. 

f.  Serving  supplemental  answer. 

g.  Constriiction  of  order. 

h.  Retaxing  costs  paid  as  a  condition  of  amending. 
.50.  Costs  on  change  of  parties. 

51.  Motions  on  the  pleadings. 

a.  Striking  out  scandalous  pleadings. 

6.  Striking  out  pleadings  as  punishment. 

c.  Motion  for  judgment  on  frivolous  pleading. 

52.  Dismissal  for  neglect  to  prosecute. 

53.  Motion  for  bill  of  particulars. 

54.  Motion  for  bill  of  discovery. 

55.  Change  of  venue. 

a.  Convenience  of  witnesses, 
ft.  Venue  laid  in  Avrong  county. 

56.  Opening  defaults. 

a.  In  general. 
h.  On  the  trial. 

57 


OO  TilK  LAW   OI'  COSTS  li\   AKW    VOKK. 

c.  Waiver  of  costs  granted. 

d.  Costs  to  abide  tlie  event. 

e.  ("osts  to  moving  part}'. 
/.  Default  on  aj)peal. 

48.  Motion  costs.  a.  In  general. — A  iiotico  of  motion  cannot 
be  withdrawn  or  countermanded  before  arg-nmcnt.  The  party  op- 
posing' the  motion  may  attend  to  argue  the  motion  and  obtain  an 
order  denying  rho  motion  hy  default,  but  tlie  costs  of  such  motion 
are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  the  ]S[ew  York  superior 
court  The  rule  was  estaldished  that  a  notice  of  motion  could  not  be 
countermanded  or  withdrawn  without  the  payment  of  costs.  Bui 
where  the  motion  embraced  two  distinct  matters  one  could  hd 
M'ithdrawn  without  the  ]jayment  of  costs.^  Before  the  adoption 
of  the  C'ode  of  Procedure  costs  were  allowed  to  the  party  who 
attended  court  prepared  to  oppose  a  motion  and  the  moving 
}>arty  did  not  appear.- 

h.  Amount. — The  amount  of  costs  allowed  on  a  motion  is  reg- 
ulated by  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  fixes 
the  sum  at  "not  exceeding  ten  dollars  besides  necessary  disburse- 
ments for  printing  and  referee's  fees,"  except  a  motion  for  a  new 
trial  upon  a  case,  or  an  ap})lication  for  judgment  upon  a  special 
A^erdict  where  tlie  amount  is  the  same  as  u])on  an  ai)peal  as  pre- 
scribed, in  subdivision  4  of  that  section,  i.  e.  $00. •'  The  costs 
allowed  on  special  verdict  apply  only  to  actions  at  law.^ 

c.  IIoiv  aiuarded. — Costs  upon  a  motion,  unless  specially  reg- 
ulated by  statute,  may  be  awarded,  either  absolutely  or  to  abide 
the  event  of  the  action,  to  any  ])arty,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court  or  judge.'''  Motion  costs  are  discretionary.  This  discre- 
tion is  not  to  be  exercised  arbitrarily,  but  in  reference  to  the 

^Walkinfthav     v.     Pcrzel  ,  7    Robt.  lioicery  Sav.  Bank,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

606,  32  How.  Pr.  310.  Rep.   177;   lie  Otccns,  31   Abb.  N.  C. 

'Brelt  V.   Hood,    1    Cai.   343,   Cole-  480,   02   N.   Y.   S.   R.    107,   30   N.  Y. 

man  &    C.    Cas.    259;   Lownshurij  v.  Siipp.  348. 

h'athhope,  1  Wend.  283.  \irtcagc  v.  Lcc,  5  :\Ionth.  L.  Bull. 

^Kcnncy  v.  First   'Nat.  Bank,  8  N.  6.5. 

V.    Civ.     Proe.     Rep.    398;    Walsh   v.  ^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3236. 


MOTIONS   AND   AMKXDiMENTS.  59 

justice  of  the  case,  and  -what  has  been  tlie  nsage  of  the  conrts  in 
similar  cases/"' 

d.  When  aa-arded. — A  party  is  not  entitled  to  motion  costs 
unless  they  are  allowed  in  the  order  granted  upon  the  motion." 

Thev  are  not  allowed  unless  the  motion  is  necessary  for  the  at- 
tainment of  some  substantial  right  in  the  case,  except  where 
they  are  awarded  as  punishment  to  the  opposite  party. ^ 

Thus,  a  moving  ])arty  will  be  charged  with  the  costs  of  a  mo- 
tion, where  otherwise  he  would  not,  if  he  asks  in  his  moving 
papers  for  costs  against  his  opponent  without  any  foundation 
for  it.^  Costs  will  be  allowed  upon  a  motion  to  strike  out  im- 
proper costs  taxed  in  a  bill  of  costs.^** 

e.  ^Yhen  refused.  (1)  In  getieral. — Costs  will  be  refused  to 
the  party  who  succeeds  upon  the  motion,  when  his  actions  have 
induced  or  compelled  the  opposite  party  to  make  the  motion,^^  or 
when  he  has  refused  to  the  moving  party  the  relief  asked  in  the 
moving  papers,  upon  being  tendered  all  that  he  is  entitled  to.^^ 
Upon  a  default  a  party  cannot  insert  in  his  order  more  than  he 
has  asked  in  his  notice  of  motion.  If  he  has  not  asked  for  costs 
he  cannot  insert  them  in  the  order — payable  absolutely  to  the 
moving  party,^^  or  to  abide  the  event  of  the  action,  although  he 
asks  in  his  notice  of  motion  "for  such  other  and  further  rule  or 
order  in  the  premises  as  the  court  may  deem  proper  to  grant. "^"^ 
TjlU  motion  costs  may  be  granted  upon  a  contested  motion,  al- 
though no  costs  were  asked  in  the  notice  of  motion.^ -^  A  motion 
for  a  compulsory  reference  to  hear,  try,  and  determine  should  not 

''Stiles  V.  Fisher,  3  How.  Pr.  .52.  ^^Leonard  v.   Manard,   1   Hall,  200. 

'Chadicick  v.  Brother,  4  How.  Pr.  '-Gaul     v.     Miller,    3     Paige,    192; 

283,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  21;  Morrison  Kane  v.   Van   Vranken,  5  Paige,  62; 

V.  Ide,  4  How.  Pr.  304,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Bell  v.  Judson,  2  How.  Pr.  42. 

Rep.  27.  "Crippen     v.    Ingersoll,     10   Wend. 

'^Jacobs  V.  Hooker,  1  Barb.  71.  003;    Smith  v.   Fleischman,    17   App. 

^Burroughs  v.  Reiger,  12  How.  Pr.  Div.  532,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  553. 

170.  ^*Xorthrop  v.    Van   Dusen.   5   How. 

^"Boicjie  V.  Anthong,   13   How.   Pr.  Pr.   134,  3  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  140. 

301.  ''^Jones  v.  Cook,  11  Hun,  230. 


60  TJIK  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

l)e  granted  with  costs.  At  most  the  costs  should  be  made  to  abide 
the  event.  ^'^ 

(2)  Both  succeed  in  part. — It  is  a  general  rule  that  where  costs 
are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  they  will  not  be  allowed  where 
both  j)arties  succeed  in  part.  If  costs  depended  upon  the  success 
of  the  issue,  both  having  succeeded,  costs  should  be  granted  to 
both,  and  thus  they  would  balance.  This  rule  applies  to  motion 
costs. 

A  moving  party  will  not  be  allowed  costs  where  he  obtains 
less  than  what  he  asked  in  his  notice  of  motion.^ '^ 

If  the  moving  party  asks  for  the  costs  of  a  motion  when  he  is 
not  entitled  to  them,  and  upon  the  argument  he  obtains  all  that 
he  asks  for,  except  the  costs,  he  will  be  denied  costs.  The  oppo- 
site party  would  be  entitled  to  costs  if  he  had  limited  his  oppo- 
sition simply  to  the  allowance  of  costs,  as  in  that  event  he  would 
succeed  wholly,  but  where  he  argues  the  case  on  the  merits  and 
is  defeated  upon  that  part  of  the  motion,  he  cannot  be  allowed 
costs.  In  the  latter  event  neither  party  would  be  allowed  costs,, 
as  each  succeeds  in  part.^* 

(3)  Costs  balance. — Costs  will  not  be  allowed  to  either  party 
where  two  separate  motions  in  the  same  case  are  argued  at  the 
same  time,  and  each  party  succeeds  wholly  upon  one  motion^ 
because  the  costs  balance  each  other. ^'^ 

(4)  Unnecessary  motion. — Costs  will  be  refused  where  a  party 
lias  compelled  his  opponent  to  make  a  motion  after  he  is  offered 
all  that  he  is  entitled  to,  as  where  a  defendant  offers  motion  costs 
for  the  privilege  of  amending  his  answer.^**  Costs  Avill  be 
granted  to  the  party  moving  for  discovery  and  inspection  of 

^'Cvthbert     v.    Huichins,    7     App.  "Noxon    v.    Gregory,    5    How.   Pr. 

Div.  251,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  277.  3.39;    ^Yrel■s   v.    Southwick,    12   How. 

'\McKenzie    v.    Hadcstaff,  2    E.  D.  Pr.  171. 

Smith,    75;    Whipple    v.  Williams,  4  ''Ward  v.  Sands,    10    Abb.    N.    C. 

How.    Pr.    28;    Hates    v.  Loomis,    5  <'0. 

\\'end.  78;   Coriin  v.  George,  2  Abb.  '"Hell  v.  Judson,  2  How.  Pr.  42. 
Pr.    465;    Steam    Navigation    Co.  v. 
Weed,  8    How.    Pr.    50;    Penfield  v. 
White,  8  How.  Pr.  88. 


MOTIONS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  61 

papers  if  a  request  to  inspect  them  has  been  unreasonably  re- 
fused.-^ Or  where  pleadings,  not  having  been  properly  sub- 
scribed, have  been  returned  for  that  reason,  and  the  attorney  re- 
fuses to  receive  them  after  they  are  corrected,  together  with  the 
costs  of  a  motion.^^ 

Costs  were  held  to  abide  the  event  where  the  party  was  offered 
the  relief  asked  for  and  $5  for  drawing  the  papers,  which  was 
refused.  Motion  costs  are  intended  not  only  to  pay  for  arguing 
a  motion,  but  also  for  drawing  the  papers.^^ 

(5)  Ex  parte  motions. — Costs  will  not  be  granted  on  ex  'parte 
motions.^^ 

f.  Same  motion'  in  several  cases. — Costs  of  only  one  motion 
will  be  allowed  where  the  moving  party  could  have  united  the 
motions  in  all  cases  in  one  motion.-^  Cost  of  but  one  motion  can 
be  allowed,  where  there  has  been  a  series  of  orders  so  connected 
that  if  one  is  erroneous  all  are.^^ 

Costs  of  but  one  motion  can  be  allowed  although  separate  at- 
torneys appear  for  different  parties  upon  the  argument. ^'^ 

g.  Relief  ashed  in  motion  granted  by  opposite  party  before 
argument. — Costs  of  motion  were  allowed  under  the  Code  of 
Procedure  although,  after  the  service  of  a  notice  of  motion 
founded  on  an  irregularity  in  the  complaint,  an  amended  com- 
})laint  was  served  which  obviated  the  irregularity,  as  the  motion 
was  a  proceeding  already  had  under  §  172  of  the  Code  of  Pro- 
cedure.^^ 

The  contrary  has  been  held  under  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure.^* 

-^Breiioort  v.  Warner,  8  How.   Pr.  2  How.  Pr.  146;  Sharkey  v.  Morgan, 

321.  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  940. 

^-Schiller  v.  Maltbie,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  '"^Htanton  v.  King,  76  N.  Y.  585. 

Proc.  Rep.  304.  "Middletown  v.  Rondout  d   0.  R. 

-^Stiles  V.  Fisher,  3  How.  Pr.  52.  Co.  43  How.  Pr.  481. 

-^Edlefson  v.  Duryee,  21  Hun,  607,  "^Prudden    v.    Lochport,    40    How. 

59    How.    Pr.    326;     Boione    v.    An-  Pr.     46;    Williams    v.    Wilkinson,    5 

ihony,  13  How.  Pr.  301 ;  Brcvoort  v.  How.   Pr.   357 ;    Hall  v.   Huntley,  N. 

Warner,  8  How.  Pr.  321.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  21,  note. 

''^Fost  V.  Jenkins,  2  How.  Pr.  33;  -^Velch    v.    Preston,    58  How.  Pr. 

Cortland  Mut.  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Lathrop,  52;  Rider  v.  Bates,  66  How.  Pr.  129; 


02  TllK    1,A\V    OK  COSTS    IN    iNKW    YOI.'K. 

//.  Order  (jraii/lii;/  furor. — W'liciiovor  a  fuvov  is  <>i-aiited  upon 
a  iiuition,  the  court  in  granting  it  has  a  right  to  impose  any  terms 
or  c-oiiditions  whicli  are  in  conformity  with  the  usages  of  the 
courts  in  simihir  cases  and  which  tend  t<t  (U)  justice  in  the  ac- 
tion.''" If  the  moving  party  is  dissatistied  with  the  terms  im- 
posed, lie  need  not  accept  the  favor.  Where  an  order  is  made 
granting  a  privilege  to  the  moving  party,  and  costs  are  allowed 
to  tiie  opposing  party,  the  moving  party  nnist  pay  costs  whether 
lie  avails  liimself  of  the  privilege  or  not;  it  would  be  otherwise 
if  the  [)ri\ilege  were  granted  upon  the  condition  that  he  pay 
costs  of  the  motion.^ ^ 

Motion  costs  are  usually  imposed  upon  one  of  the  parties  to 
the  action,  but  sometimes  they  are  imposed  upon  the  attorney  as 
a  punishment  for  his  lack  of  good  faith  with  the  court  and  oppos- 
ing connsel.''"  Costi?  of  motion  and  disbursements  were  awarded 
against  an  attorney  who  moved  upon  insufficient  facts,  and  from 
impi-oper  motives  to  disbar  another  attorney. '"'■"' 

49.  Costs  upon  allowing-  amendment,  a.  In  general. — Costs  on 
l)ermitting  an  amendment  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.*** 

The  general  rule  is  that  in  all  cases  where  a  party  is  allowed 
to  amend,  he  shall  be  charged  with  the  costs  of  all  proceedings 
which  will  be  vacated  by  the  amendment.^'' 

The  terms  usually  imposed  upon  a  plaintiff  when  he  moves 
before  trial  for  ilie  privilege  of  serving  an  amended  complaint, 
where  the  amendment  is  substantial,  and  not  formal,  is  the  pay- 
ment of  the  defendant's  costs  to  date,  and  costs  of  opposing  the 
motion.'*® 

A>jc  York,  L.  E.  <(■  U'.  R.  Co.  v.  Car-  '"Ef/fjert    v.    Bnnnett,    4  :Moiitli.  L. 

hart,  M   Hun,  288.  Bull.  5:   Code  Civ.  Pioc.  §  723. 

^"Slilcs   V.   Fifiher,   .3    How.    Pi-,    'rl.  ^'T'o7i  Valkctiburgh  v.  Van  Schaick, 

''^Farmers'  Loan  &  T.  Co.  v.  Bonk-  8  How.  Pr.  271. 

ers'  d  M.   Tcleg.   Co.    109  N.  Y.  :',42,  •'"Smith  v.  Savir},  60  Hun,  311,  30 

16  N.  E.  539.  Al)l).  N.  C.   192,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  378, 

■'-Jorflan  v.  Xatioxul  ^7top  d-  Leath-  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  568;  Goiriug  v.  L-.rvy, 

rr  Bank,  13  Jones  &  S.  423.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  10.  43  N.  Y. 

"^lie  Kelly,  59  N.  Y.  595.  S.  R.  767,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  771. 


MOTIONS   AND   AMEM)AiE-\TS.  63 

AVlicrc  iho  aiiK'iKbneiil  is  formal,  motion  costs  and  such  addi 
tional  costs  as  will  reimburse  the  defendant  are  usually  imposed. 

h.  Amendment  of  complaint  during  trial. — Where  the  defend- 
ant moved  to  dismiss  the  complaint  because  some  formal  alle- 
gations wore  omitted,  plaintiff  Avas  allowed  to  amend  upon  pay- 
ing $30.^' 

A  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  amend  his  complaint  by  alleging 
that  he  claimed  as  assignee,  upon  paying  the  trial  fee  and  dis- 
bursements.^'* Where  the  plaintiff  was  compelled  to  pay  $50.50 
for  withdrawing  a  juror,  he  was  allowed  to  amend  his  complaint 
by  alleging  some  ])reliminary  steps,  which  did  not  change  the 
cause  of  action,  without  the  payment  of  any  more  costs  abso- 
lutely,^^ 

In  a  case  where  a  plaintiff  was  allowed  after  the  proof  was  all 
in,  to  amend  his  complaint  alleging  an  express  contract  so  as 
to  proceed  upon  quantum  meruit,  the  defendant  was  not  allowed 
any  costs,  but  was  allowed  to  amend  a  defective  offer  of  judg- 
ment nunc  pro  tunc.^^ 

But  where  the  plaintiff"  cannot  recover  upon  the  theory  con- 
tained in  his  complaint,  and  the  court,  instead  of  dismissing  the 
complaint  at  the  trial,  retains  the  case  in  order  to  allow  him  to 
apply  at  special  term  for  leave  to  amend  his  complaint,  the 
special  term  should  impose,  as  a  condition  of  allowing  him  to 
serve  an  amended  complaint,  the  payment  of  all  costs  and  dis- 
bursements subsequent  to  the  service  of  the  complaint.'*^ 

The  terms  to  be  imposed  upon  granting  an  order  on  a  motion 
made  at  special  term  jimst  be  fixed  by  that  court,  they  cannot  be 
sent  to  the  referee  who  is  trying  the  case  to  delenuine.'*^ 

"TTVi/Z  V.    Metropolitan   R.   Co.    10  *"Fhi)in   v.   Weffmctyer.     14    N.    Y. 

Misc.   72,   24   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.    130,  4  N.   Y.   Supp. 

85,  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  40,  63  N.  Y.  188;  Hare  v.  White.  3  How.  Pr.  296, 

S.  R.  170,  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  833.  1   N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  70. 

^Minton  v.    Eome   Benefit   8oc.    16  "Lindblad  v.   Li/nde.  81   App.  Div. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  1001,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  838.  003,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  351. 

^Union  Bank  v.  Matt,  19  How.  Pr.  "Stanton  v.  Su-ann,  23  N.  Y.  We«_^i<. 

267,   n    Abb.   Pr.   42.  Dig.  382. 


64  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS   IX  NEW  YOIJK. 

c.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  judgment. — The  terms  im- 
posed upon  the  plaintiff  who  desires  to  amend  his  complaint  so 
as  to  demand  damages  equal  to  the  verdict  should  be  the  costs  of 
the  trial,  the  relinquishing  of  the  verdict,  and  consenting  to  a 
new  trial."*^  Tlie  same  rule  obtains  under  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure,^^ notwithstanding  §  1207. 

d.  Amendment  of  complaint  after  appeal. — ^AVhere  after  an 
adjudication  in  the  appellate  court  that  he  cannot  recover  upon 
tlie  cause  of  action  contained  in  the  complaint,  the  plaintifl:' 
moves  for  leave  to  serve  an  amended  complaint  which  mil  in- 
volve other  issues  than  those  set  forth  in  the  original  complaint, 
such  permission  should  be  granted  only  on  condition  of  his  pay- 
ing the  defendant's  costs  up  to  date,  including  costs  in  the  ap- 
pellate court,  awarded  to  the  defendant  to  abide  the  event."*'^ 
Sometimes  costs  of  opposing  the  motion  in  addition  have  been 
granted.'*"  But  the  plaintiff  will  not  be  compelled  to  pay  the 
defendant  the  amount  of  an  extra  allowance  granted  to  the  plain- 
tiff.^^ Double  costs  will  not  be  charged  where  the  defendant  is 
a  public  officer,  unless  they  are  mentioned  in  the  order. '^^  Xor 
will  tlie  fact  that  the  plaintiff  is  suing  in  forma  pauperis  relieve 

*^Coulter   V.    American    Merchants'  Y.   S.   R.   603,  20  N.  Y.   Supp.   733; 

Union  Exp.  Co.  5  Lans.  67 ;   Corning  Salters  v.   Genin,  8  Abb.  Pr.  253,  3 

V.  Corning,  6  N.  Y.  97;  Dox  v.  Dey,  Bosw.   639;    Walton    v.    Mather,     10 

3   Wend.   356;    Curtiss  v.   Laicrence,  Misc.  216,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  Ill;  Ire- 

17  Johns.  111.  land  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  8 

**Pharis  v.   Gere,  31   Hun,  443.  N.  Y.   S.   R.   127;   Satterlee  v.   Cler- 

*'Bates  V.  Salt  Springs  Nat.  Bank,  mont,   N.    Y.    Daily    Reg.    May  26, 

43  App.  Div.    321,  60    N.    Y.   Supp.  1883;    Nanetty  v.   Naylor,   2  Month. 

313;   McEntyre    v.    Tucker,  40    App.  L.   Bull.   65,  66;    yicoll  v.  Lloyd,  33 

Div.   444,   29   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  Misc.  775,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  947 ;  Thile- 

185,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  146;  Fox  v.  Da-  mann    v.    New    York,   71   App.  Div. 

vidson,  40  App.  Div.   620,  58   N.  Y.  595,  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  132. 

Supp.   147;     Cramer    v.    Lovejoy,  41  *^Troy  &   B.   R.   Co.  v.   Tibbits,    11 

Hun,  581;   Brady  v.   Cassidy,  37   X.  How.  Pr.  168. 

Y.   S.  R.   501,   13   N.  Y.   Supp.   824;  "Troy  d-    B.    R.    Co.  v.  Tibbits,  11 

Frisbie  v.  Averell,  87   Hun,  217,   33  How.  Pr.  168. 

N.  Y.   Supp.   1021;   Eighmie  v.  Tay-  ^Saratoga  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  McCoy, 

lor,  23   N.   Y.   Week.   r)ig.   429;    Mc-  7  How.  Pr.  190. 

Grane  v.  New  York,  19  How.  Pr.  144; 

Bowen  v.  Sweeney,  66  Hun,  42,  49  N. 


MOTIONS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  65 

liim  from  the  general  rule.  In  such  a  case,  the  order  may  pro- 
vide that  the  defendant's  costs  shall  be  deducted  from  any  re- 
•covery  obtained  by  tlie  plaintiff.*^ 

Where  a  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  amend  his  complaint  to  ob- 
viate some  formal  defects  pointed  out  by  the  court  of  appeals, 
and  the  defendant  was  allowed  to  set  up  a  new  equitable  defense 
in  his  answer,  the  terms  imposed  upon  the  plaintiff  were  the  pay- 
ment of  the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals,  the  other  costs  were 
ordered  to  abide  the  event.^*^ 

Where  a  father  sued  the  defendant  for  harboring  his  son  and 
depriving  him  of  his  services,  and  the  verdict  was  set  aside,  he 
was  allowed  to  amend  his  complaint  so  as  to  sue  for  wages 
■earned,  upon  paying  trial  fee  $30  and  $10  costs  of  motion.^^ 

e.  Amendment  of  answer. — A  defendant  will  be  allowed  to 
amend  his  answer  after  a  reversal  by  the  appellate  court,  and  the 
direction  of  a  new  trial,  so  as  to  obviate  the  aefect  pointed  out  by 
tJje  appellate  court.  The  terms  usually  imposed  are  the  pay- 
ment of  all  costs  for  proceedings  which  will  be  rendered  nuga- 
toi-y  by  the  amendment-  which  is  all  the  costs  after  notice  of 
trial.  This  is  so  although  no  costs  were  awarded  upon  the  trial 
or  upon  appeal.     The  trial  has  been  had  and  the  appeal  taken, 

and  the  plaintiff  should  not  pay  for  the  mistake  of  the  defend- 
ant.^2 

In  a  proper  case  the  plaintiff  should  also  have  the  privilege  of 
discontinuing  without  costs,  after  the  amended  answer  is  served 
and  costs  therefor  are  paid.  Sometimes  all  tlie  costs  of  the  action 
are  required  to  be  paid  for  the  privilege  of  amending. '^^ 

*^Coyle    V.    Third    Ave.    R.  Co.   19  ^-Rodgers  v.  Clement,  58  App.  Div. 

Misc.  345,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  499.  54,   68  N.  Y.  Supp.  594;    GuUuno  v. 

^"Tookerv.  Arnoiix,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Whitenack,  3  Misc.  54,  51   N.  Y.   S. 

Dig.  132,  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  54.  E.  768,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  560. 

^^Hopff    V.    United    States    Baking  ^^Tradesmen's  Nat.  Bank  v.  Curtis, 

Co.  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  729,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  63  App.  Div.  14.  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  414. 
589. 

COSTS    5. 


66  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

The  court  sometimes  only  imposes  a  portion  of  the  costs  of 
the  appeal  and  the  costs  of  the  trial  court  and  costs  of  motion."^* 

The  city  court  of  jSTew  York  and  the  New  York  superior  court 
have  held  that,  where  the  reversal  was  with  costs  to  abide  the 
event,  the  defendant  should  be  allowed  to  sen^e  an  amended 
answer  upon  the  payment  of  all  costs  to  date,^^  but  where  the 
judgment  was  reversed  with  costs  to  the  appellant  to  abide  the 
event,  the  defendant  should  be  required  to  pay  as  a  condition  of 
serving  an  amended  answer  all  the  costs  awarded  to  the  appel- 
lant upon  the  appeal,  and  the  costs  of  the  motion.^^ 

Payment  of  an  additional  allowance  made  to  the  plaintiff  in 
the  trial  court  should  not  be  imposed  as  a  condition  of  amend- 
ment. The  judgment  upon  which  the  additional  allowance  was 
made  is  gone,  and  the  extra  allowance  falls  with  it.  If  an  addi- 
tional allowance  was  proper  on  the  first  trial,  it  would  probably 
be  proper  on  the  second  trial.  In  that  case  there  would  be  two 
additional  allowances  in  one  action.  The  additional  allowance 
is  supposed  to  be  granted  only  on  the  final  judgment.^'^ 

Where  the  defendant  was  the  appellant  and  succeeded  upon 
the  appeal,  and,  upon  the  new  trial,  facts  developed  which  made 
it  seem  best  to  the  defendant  to  serve  an  amended  answer,  the 
court  allowed  him  to  amend  upon  the  payment  of  a  lump  sum  to 
be  applied  upon  the  taxable  costs  and  the  disbursements  incurred 
by  the  plaintiff. ^^ 

A  defendant  was  allowed  to  serve  an  amended  answer  upon 
the  payment  of  motion  costs  only,  because  the  amendment  would 
not  change  the  issues,  and  would  not  benefit  the  defendant  or 
compel  the  plaintiff'  to  serve  an  amended  complaint."^ 

"Wardlaw  v.   New  York,  30  Abb.  ^^Wardlaio  v.   New   York,   30  Abb. 

N.  C.  129,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  669.  N.  C.  129,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  669. 

^^Alexandcr   Lumber   Co.   v.   Abra-  ^Va7i  Allati    v.    Gordon,  92    Hun, 

hams,  20  IMisc.   674,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  500,  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  91,  36  X.  Y.  Supp. 

538;  Walton  v.  Mather,  10  Misc.  216,  987. 

31  N.  Y.  Supp.  111.  ^"Broicn  v.  May,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  208, 

'^Alexander   Lumber   Co.   v.   Abra-  23  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  480. 
hams,  20  Misc.  674,  46  N.  Y.  Supp. 
538;    Ireland    v.    Metropolitan  Elev, 
R.  Co.  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  127. 


MOTIONS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  67 

The  attorney  for  the  defendant,  upon  preparing  his  case  for 
trial,  discovered  that  the  information  given  him  from  which  he 
drew  the  answer  was  incorrect.  The  defendant  was  allowed  to 
amend  upon  paying  costs  after  notice  and  before  trial  and  mo- 
tion costs.^° 

"\^Tiere  a  case  had  been  on  the  day  calendar  for  some  time  and 
the  defendant  has  delayed  the  trial  for  various  reasons,  the  de- 
fendant was  allowed  to  serve  an  amended  answer  changing  the 
defense  upon  paying  all  costs.®^ 

/.  Serving  supplemental  answer. — In  an  action  for  assault 
and  battery,  the  defendant  was  allowed  to  set  up  the  recovery 
and  satisfaction  of  judgment  against  another  for  the  same  cause 
of  action,  upon  the  payment  of  $10  costs  of  motion  and  any  tax- 
able disbursement  incurred  in  the  untried  action,  and  not  in- 
cluded in  the  other,  under  §  3231  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure.^^ 

In  an  equity  action,  relief  is  given  according  to  the  facts  as 
they  exist  at  the  time  of  the  trial.  The  defendant  in  such  an 
action  should  be  allowed  to  serve  a  suj^plemental  answer  setting 
up  facts  that  have  arisen  since  the  serving  of  his  answer,  but 
when  he  is  guilty  of  laches  in  not  moving  until  the  cause  is 
moved  for  trial,  he  should  pay  the  costs  of  the  trial.  The  further 
conditions  were  imposed  that  he  should  waive  all  costs  awarded 
on  the  former  proceedings  in  the  event  that  he  should  finally 
succeed,  and  that  the  plaintiff  might  discontinue  witliout  costs  if 
he  so  elected.^^  A  defendant  may  be  allowed  to  set  up  in  a  sup- 
plemental answer  facts  that  existed  at  tlie  time  that  the  original 
answer  was  served,  but  he  should  be  required  to  pay  costs  to  date 
and  to  stipulate  that  the  plaintiff  may  discontinue  vdthout 
costs.^* 

^"Peterson    v.    Felt,    61    App.  Div.  '^Uaffey    v.    Lynch,    46    App.    Div. 

176,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  440.  IGO,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  736. 

^^Trihune  Asso.  v.  Smith,  8  Jones  '^Preservaline  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Selling, 

&  S.  99.  75  App.  Div.  474,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  299. 

"'Roberts    v.  Warren,  3    How.    Pr. 
N.  S.  524. 


08  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

g.  Construction  of  order. — A  plaiiitilf  moved  that  tlie  defend- 
ant make  his  answer  more  definite  and  certain.  The  motion 
was  granted,  and  the  defendant  was  ordered  to  pay  $10  costs  of 
motion.  It  was  held  that  he  could  serve  his  answer  without  pay- 
ing the  costs  imposed  by  the  order,  as  that  was  not  a  condition 
precedent.  To  have  that  effect  the  order  must  provide  that  it 
be  "on  payment,  etc.,"  or  some  equivalent  expression.^^ 

Where  an  order  allows  the  defendant  to  serve  an  amended 
answer  upon  payiug  "costs  of  the  action  to  the  present  time/' 
this  means  such  costs  as  would  go  to  the  plaintiff  in  case  there 
had  been  a  termination  favorable  to  him  at  the  time  of  the  order 
giving  the  defendant  leave  to  amend.^'*"' 

h.  lietaxing  of  costs  paid  as  condition  of  amending. — There 
is  a  contradiction  of  decisions  on  the  question  of  the  right  of 
either  party  to  again  tax  the  costs  that  have  once  been  paid,  for 
Jhe  granting  of  some  privilege,  such  as  serving  an  amended 
pleading.  The  majority  of  cases,  however,  hold  that  the  costs 
once  paid  as  a  condition  of  amending  the  pleadings  cannot  be 
again  taxed  by  either  party,  that  the  order  permitting  the  amend- 
ment is  an  adjudication  that  the  items  covered  by  it  belong  to 
the  party  named  in  the  order.^'^ 

There  are  cases  which  hold  that  where  a  party  pays  costs  for 
the  privilege  of  amending,  and  he  is  defeated  upon  the  issue 

^Stiirtevant  v.  Fairman,  4  Sandf.  Schmidt   v.   Mackie,   9   N.   Y.   Week. 

(i74-    Re    Amsterdam    Water  Comrs.  Dig.  288;  Skinner  v.  White,  69  Ilun, 

30  Hun,  534.  127,   52   N.   Y.   S.   R.   737,  23   N.   Y. 

^^Dawson  v.  Burnham,  2  Month  L.  Supp.  384;  Seneca  Nation  of  Indians 

Bull.   32;    llavemeyer  v.  Havemeyer,  v.  llaicley,  32  Hun,  288;  Seymour  v. 

12  Jones  «Sc  S.  172.  Ashendcn,   13  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

''Woolsey    v.    Ellenville,    84    Hun,  255;    Provost    v.    Farrell,    13    Hun, 

236,   65  N.  Y.   S.  R.   746,   32  N.   Y.  303;    Cahill  v.   New   York,   50   App. 

Supp.   546;    Marar  v.   Gross,  2  Misc.  Div.  276,  7  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  320,  63 

500,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  97,  51  N,  Y.  Supp.   1006. 
N.  Y.  S.  R.  92,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  387; 


MOTIONS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  69 

raised  by  the  amended  peading,  his  adversary  can  again  tax  the 
costs  that  were  paid  for  the  privilege  of  amending.*^* 

There  are  cases  which  hold  that  where  a  party  pays  costs  for 
the  privilege  of  amending  and  wins  upon  the  issue  raised  by 
tPie  amended  pleading,  he  can  tax  the  costs  which  he  paid  for  the 
privilege  of  amending. "^^  There  doubtless  will  never  be  a  uni- 
formity of  decisions  on  this  point  because  every  court  has  a 
right  to  interpret  its  own  order/"  and  each  court  has  a  right  to 
say  what  it  means,  when  it  uses  certain  words. 

50.  Costs  on  change  of  parties. —  A  motion  to  revive  and  con- 
tinue an  action  in  the  name  of  the  administrator  of  the  deceased 
plaintiff,  should,  where  the  action  is  meritorious,  be  granted,  and 
the  plaintiff  should  not  be  required  to  give  security  for  costs.'^' 
'Nor  should  costs  of  the  motion  be  imposed  upon  the  defendant. "^^ 

Terms  should  not  be  imposed  upon  the  plaintiff  in  bringing 
in  a  new  defendant  by  amendment,  where  the  necessity  of  so 
doing  was  shown  by  an  amended  answer  the  right  to  serve  which 
was  granted  as  a  favor. '^^ 

Where  an  order  substitutes  another  defendant  in  place  of  the 
present  defendant,  with  costs  to  the  present  time,  the  question 
whether  such  costs  should  have  been  allowed  can  be  raised  only 
by  appeal  from  that  order.  It  cannot  be  raised  upon  an  appeal 
from  the  taxation  of  such  costs.'^^ 

51.  Motions  on  the  pleadings.  a.  Striking  out  scandalous 
pleadings. — No  costs  will  be  allowed  where  the  court  of  its  own 
motion  strikes  out  as  scandalous  allegations  contained  in  the 

^Bon-en   v.   Sweeney,   66   Hun,   42,  ^^Collins  v.  Jewell,  3  Misc.  341,  23 

49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  603,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  153,  51  N.  Y. 

733;  Cohn  v.  Husson,  13  Daly,  334;  S.  R.  927,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  716. 

Donovan   v.   Board   of  Education,    1  ''-MeeJcin   v.    Brooklyn    Heights   R. 

X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  311.  Co.  51  App.  Div.   1,  64  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"^Dovale  v.  Ackerman,  24  Abb.  N.  291. 

C.  214,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  5;  Havemeyer  ^^People  v.  Brooklyn,  6  App.  Div. 

V.  Havemeyer,  16  Jones  &  S.  104.  202,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  809. 

''°Seymour  v.  Ashenden,    13   N.   Y.  '^Wehle   v.    Bowery   Sav.   Bunk,    8 

Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   255;    Havemeyer  V.  Jones  &  S.  IGl. 
Havemeyer,  10  Jones  &  S.  104. 


TO  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

pleadings.  If  a  motion  should  be  made  for  that  purpose,  costs 
would  be  granted  against  the  attorney  personallj."^^ 

h.  Striking  out  pleadings  as  punishment. — The  court,  upon  a 
motion  to  strike  out  a  party's  pleadings  on  account  of  his  refusal 
to  answer  questions,  may  grant  less  than  is  asked  in  the  moving 
papers,  and  still  grant  costs  of  the  motion  to  the  moving  jjarty.'^'^' 

The  court  may  make  the  same  disposition  of  a  motion  to 
strike  out  matter  as  redundant.'^^ 

There  is  no  appeal  from  such  an  order  granting  costs,  as  the 
order  does  not  involve  the  merits  of  the  action,  nor  affect  a  sub- 
stantial right. '^^  Wliere  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  against  a  cor- 
poration receives  a  collusive  answer  from  a  part  of  the  trustees 
with  knowledge  that  they  have  been  removed,  such  answer  will 
be  stricken  out  upon  a  motion  of  the  remaining  trustees,  with 
costs  against  the  plaintiff. '^^  Upon  the  granting  of  an  order 
setting  aside  the  service  of  a  summons  and  complaint  for  want 
of  jurisdiction,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  motion  costs  only, 
and  not  costs  of  the  action. ^° 

c.  Motion  for  judgment  on  frivolous  pleading. — Costs  as  upon 
a  motion  may  be  awarded  upon  an  ajoplication  for  judgment,  on 
account  of  the  frivolousness  of  a  demurrer,  answer,  or  reply.®^ 
Where  tlie  defendant  admitted  that  the  plaintiff'  was  entitled  to 
the  relief  demanded  and  alleged  that  the  reason  why  he  posi- 
tively refused  to  execute  the  papers  when  presented  to  him  was 
that  he  did  not  understand  their  force,  he  is  properly  chargeable 
with  costs  on  a  motion  to  strike  out  his  answer  as  frivolous.^^ 

^^People  ex  rel.   Allen  v.   Murray,  ^"Bcrnhard  v.   Rice,   61    Hun,   184, 

23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.   Rep.  53,  22  X.  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  331,  40  N. 

Y.  Supp.  1051.  Y.   S.  R.  570,   15   N.  Y.   Supp.   936; 

'"Davibmann  v.  Butterfield,  2  Hun,  Ex  parte  Benson,  6  Cow.  592;  People 

284.  4  Thomp.  &  C.  542.  ex  rel.    Mallard  v.   Madison  County 

''U)ennison  v.  Dennison,  9  How.  Pr.  Judges,  7  Cow.  423. 

246.  -''  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  537 ;  Wesley  v. 

"jyennison  v.  Dennison,  9  How.  Pr.  Bennett,  6  Abb.  Pr.  12. 

246.  ""-Deerman  v.  Smith,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

'"'Holy      Trinity     Church     v.      St.  036,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  91. 
Stephen's  Church,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  120, 
15  N.  Y.  Supp.  117. 


MOTIOJSrS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  71 

The  plaintiff  is  entitled  upon  a  judgment  gi-anted  upon  sucK  an 
iipplication  to  costs  as  upon  default,  and  costs  allowed  upon  the 
application. 

52.  Dismissal  for  neglect  to  prosecute. —  Where  a  complaint  is 
-dismissed  under  §  822  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  for  fail- 
ure to  prosecute,  judgment  will  be  entered  for  the  de- 
fendant with  costs  up  to  that  time,  and  costs  of  the  motion  if 
granted.^"  The  defendant  is  not  entitled  to  costs  "after  notice 
of  trial"  unless  he  filed  a  note  of  issue ;  serving  a  notice  of  trial 
is  not  sufficient.^"*  The  complaint  of  an  infant  who  prosecutes  an 
action  without  having  a  guardian  appointed  should  be  dismissed 
without  costs,  and  the  plaintiff  allowed  to  file  the  necessary 
papers  nunc  pro  tunc.^^ 

Upon  a  motion  by  a  defendant  to  dismiss  the  plaintiff's  com- 
plaint because  he  had  not  served  other  defendants,  the  plaintiff 
will  not  be  compelled  to  pay  disbursements  which  he  did  not 
>cause  the  defendant,  as  a  condition  of  having  his  action  retained. 
He  can  be  compelled  to  paj^  motion  costs.^^ 

53.  Motion  for  bill  of  particulars. —  Upon  a  motion  for  a  bill 
of  particulars,  the  moving  party  is  usually  given  costs  in  case 
he  wholly  succeeds,  but  where  he  is  only  partly  successful,  the 
costs  should  be  made  to  abide  the  result  of  the  action.^''' 

54.  Motion  for  bill  of  discovery.— Usually  costs  upon  a  motion 
for  discovery  and  inspection  should,  if  the  order  is  granted,  be 
allowed  to  the  moving  party  to  abide  the  event.^^  But  where  the 
opposing  party  imreasonably  refuses  to  exhibit  a  document 
Avhich  his  adversary  is  entitled  to  see,  costs  will  be  imposed  ab- 
solutely.s^ 

^^Boicles  V.  Van  Home,  11  Abb.  Pr.  "Williams  v.  Folsom,  37  N.  Y.  S. 

84,  19  How.  Pr.  346.  K.  635,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  712. 

^'Gilrop  V.  Stampfer,  30  Misc.  830,  ''McGrath  v.  Alger.  40   App.   Div. 

•61  N.  Y.  Supp.  924.  Contra,  Roberts  010,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  519. 

V.  Aden,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  302.  ^"Seligman    v.    Beal    Estate    Trust 

^Hmlioff    V.    Wurtz,    9   N.   Y.    Civ.  Co.  20  Abb.  N.  C.  210. 
Proc.  Rep.  48. 

^"Geoghegan   v.    Lucliow,    75    App. 
Div.  581,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  278. 


72  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

55.  Change  of  venue.  a.  Convenience  of  witnesses. — Costs- 
of  motion  to  change  the  place  of  trial  for  the  convenience  of  wit- 
nesses is  usually  made  to  abide  the  event,  but  where  the  motion 
is  denied  owing  to  defects  in  the  moving  papers,  costs  are  usu- 
ally given  absolutely  against  the  moving  party,  especially  where 
leave  is  granted  to  renew  the  motion  on  other  papers.^" 

h.  Venue  laid  in  wrong  county. — It  is  the  duty  of  the  plaintiff 
to  change  the  place  of  trial  to  the  proper  county  by  amendment,, 
or  order  where  the  venue  has  been  laid  in  the  wrong  county,  and 
the  defendant  has  demanded  that  the  place  of  trial  be  changed 
to  the  proper  county.  If  the  plaintiff  does  not  make  the  change 
after  such  a  demand,  he  should  be  charged  with  costs  of  the 
motion  to  change  the  place  of  trial  to  the  proper  county.^^ 

The  plaintiff  will  be  allowed  costs  of  appearing  upon  a  motion 
to  change  the  place  of  trial,  where  the  defendant  demanded  costs 
in  his  notice  of  motion,  and  the  plaintiff  does  not  oppose  the 
change,  but  appears  so  that  costs  will  not  be  cliarged  against 
him.^" 

56.  Opening  defaults.  a.  In  general. — Costs  upon  a  motion 
to  open  a  default  should  not  be  granted  with  costs  to  abide  the- 
event,  as  it  holds  out  a  premium  to  the  defendant  in  case  he  wins 
on  the  trial. ^" 

Costs  of  only  one  motion  and  the  disbursements,  including-^ 
referee's  fees,  can  be  imposed  upon  granting  a  motion  by  the  de- 
fendant to  open  a  default,  when  the  question  of  the  time  of  serv- 
ing the  complaint  is  sent  to  a  referee  to  ascertain  facts.^^ 

It  is  proper  to  impose  as  a  condition  for  opening  a  judgment 
and  allowing  a  defendant  to  come  in  and  defend,  the  costs  of  the 

^McPhail  V.  Ridout,  83  Hun,  446,  ^"Richardson  v.  Sun  Printing  & 
64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  661,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  Pub.  Asso.  20  App.  Div.  329,  46  N. 
0.34.  Y.  Supp.  814. 

"^Huhhard    v.    yaiional    Protection        ^*Martin  v.  Hodges,  45  Hun,  38. 
7ns.  Co.  11  How.  Pr.  149. 

"-Phelps    V.    Wasson,    2    How.    Pr. 
126. 


MOTIONS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  Y3 

trial,  and  ''for  all  proceedings  after  notice  and  before  trial,"  as 
the  latter  costs  are  supposed  to  be  compensation  for  serving  sub- 
poenas as  well  as  for  counsel  for  preparing  brief.^^ 

The  payment  of  costs  which  cannot  be  charged  against  a  de- 
fendant or  his  property,  and  which  are  a  nullity,  should  not  be 
imposed  as  a  condition  for  allowing  a  defendant  to  come  in  and 
defend.^^ 

Where  the  plaintiff  obtained  an  order  permiting  him  to  serve 
a  reply,  but  instead  of  serving  it  he  noticed  the  case  for  trial, 
when  the  defendant  moved  for  judgment  for  failure  to  reply, 
the  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  serve  his  reply  upon  paying  the  $10 
costs  of  defendant's  motion,  first  ordered, — $10  temi  fees,  and 
$10  costs  of  second  motion.^" 

The  court  will  allow  a  defendant  in  default  to  answer  and  set 
up  a  settlement  of  the  claim  in  suit,  only  upon  j^ayment  of  the 
costs  and  with  the  privilege  to  the  plaintiff,  after  receiving  such 
payment,  to  discontinue  without  costs.'^^'' 

Sometimes  more  onerous  terms  are  imposed.  A  judgment  by 
default  taken  by  the  defendant  upon  a  counterclaim,  for  failure 
to  reply,  was  opened  upon  the  plaintiff  paying  motion  costs,  trial 
fee,  giving  bond  in  the  sum  of  $250  to  pay  costs,  if  defeated, 
and  the  judgment  on  the  counterclaim  was  allowed  to  stand  as 
security.®'"^  j\lore  onerous  terms  will  be  imposed  upon  opening 
a  default  where  the  court  seeks  to  discourage  a  custom  that  inter- 
feres with  the  business  of  the  court,  or  there  is  a  serious  question 
as  to  the  good  faith  of  the  attorney. 

h.  On  the  trial. — A  motion  to  open  a  default  taken  by  the 
plaintiff  was  granted  upon  the  payment  by  the  defendant  of  all 

^Wan    Loan    v.    Squires,    51    Hun,        '"^Gallison  v.   Buicalc,  24   N.   Y.   S. 
360,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  526,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.    R.  318,  3  N.  Y.  Rupp.  802. 
371.  ""Ponwrrs   v.    Duncan,   25   Abb.   N. 

^Buckingham    v.    Miiior,    18    How.    C.  58,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  380. 
Pr.  287. 

°''Montecarbole  v.  Mundel,  16  How. 
Pi.  141, 


74  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKE. 

the  costs  taxed  in  the  judgment,  where  both  parties  answered 
''ready"  on  tlie  call  of  the  calendar,  but  the  defendant  did  not 
attend  ready  for  trial,  because  it  had  been  informed  that  a  prior 
case  would  be  tried.^°° 

The  court  imposed  as  condition  of  opening  a  default,  the  pay- 
ment of  motion  costs,  trial  fee,  tenii  fee,  and  disbursements,  and 
a  stipulation  that  no  application  for  adjournment  should  be 
made  to  postpone  the  case  when  reached,  in  a  case  where  the  at- 
torney had  a  case  postponed  on  account  of  his  illness,  but  he  tried 
a  case  in  another  court  that  day,  and  on  the  next  day  was  engaged 
in  the  trial  of  still  another  case,  when  his  default  was  taken.  ^"^^ 

A  defendant  will  not  be  allowed  to  open  a  default  until  he  has 
paid  the  costs  incurred  by  his  opponent  up  to  that  time  in  op- 
posing his  unsuccessful  attempt  to  set  aside  the  judgment. •^'^^ 

Where  an  inquest  is  opened  upon  terms  and  an  amended 
pleading  is  allowed  to  be  served,  the  moving  party  has  a  right  to 
pay  the  costs  imj^osed  within  the  time  limited  by  the  statute 
(Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  779)  unless  the  order  provides  a  different 
time.^°^ 

It  lies  in  the  discretion  of  the  trial  judge  to  allow  a  default 
to  be  opened  without  the  payment  of  costs,  where  the  moving 
party  has  been  defeated  upon  a  previous  motion  to  open  the  de- 
fault but  was  allowed  to  renew  the  motion  upon  the  payment  of 
costs.^o* 

The  sum  of  $192.98  was  held  to  be  an  excessive  amount  to  be 
imposed  upon  the  opening  of  a  default,  and  was  reduced  to 
$85.85.1°^ 

In  another  case  where  a  default  had  been  taken  after  the  case 

'"^Goodness  v.  Metropolitan  Street  373,   71    N.  Y.   S.   R.   682,   36  N.  Y. 

K.  Co.  49    App.    Div.    76,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  752. 

Supp.  476.  ^"^Strntisly  v.  Weichman,  24  Misc. 

'"'MuUer  v.   Post,  33   N.  Y.   S.   R.  767,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  549. 

992,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  615.  ^"^Jones  v.  Tienken,  10  N.  Y.  Week 

^"■Hzerlip  v.  Bciier,  22  Misc.  351,  49  Dig.  219. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  300. 

^"Wan    Ingen    v.    Hilton,    91    Hun, 


MOTIOKS   AND  AMENDMENTS.  T5 

had  been  placed  on  the  day  calendar,  the  default  was  opened 
upon  the  payment  of  term  fees  and  costs  of  motion. ^^"^ 

Where  a  defendant  was  told  by  a  codefendant  that  a  part  of 
the  note  sued  on  had  been  paid  and  that  the  balance  would  be 
paid  before  judgment  could  be  taken,  the  default  was  opened,  but 
the  order  provided  that  if  the  defendant  should  recover  it  should 
be  without  costs  after  notice  of  trial,  and  further,  that  the  plain- 
tiff might  discontinue  without  paying  costs.^^'^ 

Where  upon  a  motion  by  the  plaintiff  to  substitute  a  new  de- 
fendant in  place  of  the  present  defendant,  a  reference  had  been 
ordered  to  ascertain  the  facts,  and  the  plaintiff  had  defaulted 
upon  the  reference,  whereupon  the  defendant  had  paid  the  ref- 
eree's fees  and  taken  up  his  report,  the  plaintiff  was  allowed  to 
open  the  default  upon  the  payment  to  the  defendant  of  the 
amount  he  had  paid  the  referee  ($10),  costs  of  motion,  and  $25 
in  addition  thereto.^°^ 

jSTo  costs  will  be  allowed  or  imposed  upon  the  opening  of  a  de- 
fault where  neither  party  is  at  fault,  as  in  a  case  where  the  an- 
swer was  mailed  at  11  p.  m.  on  the  last  day  to  answer,  and  the 
plaintiff  entered  up  judgment  at  noon  the  next  day,  no 
answer  having  been  then  received,-^ "^  or  where  the  defend- 
ant took  default,  not  knowdng  that  his  clerk  had  stipulated 
that  neither  party  should  take  a  default.^^*'  Where  the  plain- 
tiff took  judgment  by  default,  which  was  paid,  and  he  then  dis- 
covered that  he  had  not  demanded  the  amount  that  he  should, 
he  was  allowed  to  vacate  the  judgment  by  returning  the  amount 
received  and  paying  to  the  defendant  the  costs  of  trial  and  costs 
of  appeal  from  the  order  which  denied  him  relief.-^  ^^ 

^'^Anderson   v.    Jolwson,    1    Sandf.  ^""Gillespie   v.    Satterlee,    18    Misc. 

736,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  94;  Richmond  606,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  463. 

V.  Russell,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  8.5.  ^'"Brady  v.  Martin,  19  N.  Y.   Civ. 

""Smith  V.  Weston,  81  Hun,  87,  24  Proc.  Rep.   134,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  425, 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  141,  62  N.  Y.  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  424. 

S.  R.  623,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  649.  '^'McCredy  v.    Woodcocl;   41    App. 

^'^Weinherger  v.  Metropolitan  Trac-  Div.  526,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  656. 
lion  Co.  63  App.  Div.  240,  71  N.  Y. 
Supp.  289. 


76  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

c.  Waiver  of  costs  granted. — Where  a  party  is  granted  costs 
upon  a  motion  by  the  opjiosite  party  to  open  a  default,  and  ho 
refuses  them  when  they  are  tendered  to  him,  he  waives  them; 
he  cannot  offset  costs  nor  insist  upon  a  stay  of  proceedings  until 
they  are  paid.     He  can  collect  them  only  by  execution.^  ^^ 

d.  Costs  to  abide  event. — Where  costs  are  given  upon  the 
opening  of  a  default  to  one  party  to  abide  the  event,  neither 
Ijarty  is  entitled  to  them  unless,  upon  the  final  judgment,  he  be- 
comes entitled  to  the  general  costs  of  the  action.^  ^^. 

e.  Costs  to  moving  party. — Costs  of  motion  will  be  granted  to 
the  party  moving  to  open  a  default,  where  the  judgment  has  been 
entered  irregularly, ^^^  or  where  the  party  has  assumed  tO'  decide 
that  his  opponent  has  not  a  right  to  serve  a  certain  pleading,  and 
treats  it  as  a  nullity,  when  that  question  should  be  decided  by  the 
court. -'-^^ 

/.  Default  on  appeal. — A  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  open  a  de- 
fault upon  an  appeal  and  serve  a  case  upon  the  condition  that 
he  give  security  for  costs  on  appeal. '-^° 

^'■■Kiefer  v.    Grand   Trunk   R.    Co.,  ^^'Hpencer  v.   TooJcer,    12   Abb.   Pr. 

37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  306,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  353,  21  How.  Pr.  333. 

860.  ^^'^McGillivroy  v.  Standard  Oil  Co. 

^^''New  V.   Anthony,   4  Hun,   52,   6  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  108,  6  N.  Y.  S. 

Thomp.  &  C.  243.  R.  868. 

"*Gilniartin    v.    Smith,    4    Saiidf. 
ri84. 


CHAPTER  V. 

COSTS  UPON  A  DISCONTINUANCE. 

57.  In  general. 

5S.  Excuse  for  discontinuance. 

59.  How  order  obtained. 

60.  Two  bills  of  costs. 

61.  Eights  of  defendant. 

(52.  When  a  trial  fee  is  allowed. 

63.  Discontinuance  in  equity  actions. 

64.  Discontinuance  when  a   receiver  has  been  appointed   or  an  injunction 

granted. 

65.  Discontinuance  after  appeal. 

66.  Additional  allowance  upon  a  discontinuance. 

67.  Discontinuance  in  special  proceedings. 

68.  Refusal  of  plaintiff  to  accept  terms  of  discontinuance. 

69.  Protection  of  attorney  iiJ)on  a  discontinuance. 

70.  Order  to  be  entered  upon  discontinuance. 

57.  In  general. —  Ordinarily,  a  suitor  has  a  right  to  discon- 
tinue any  action  or  proceeding  commenced  bv  him,  and  his  rea- 
sons for  so  doing  are  of  no  concern  to  the  court.  He  has  the  same 
right  to  discontinue  that  he  has  of  submitting  to  a  noijsuit  at 
the  trial.^  Where  substantial  rights  of  other  parties  have  ac- 
crued or  injustice  will  be  done,  the  court  has  a  discretion  to  re- 
fuse to  allow  a  discontinuance,  but  where  there  are  no  such  facts, 
and  nothing  appears  to  show  a  violation  of  a  right  or  interest  of 
the  adverse  party,  the  plaintiff  may  discontinue,  and  a  refusal 
of  leave  to  discontinue  becomes  merely  arbitrary  and  without 
any  basis  upon  which  discretion  can  exist.^  The  same  rule 
applies  to  actions  in  equity  and  to  actions  at  law.^  The  order 
of  discontinuance  may  be  obtained  ex  parte,  but  the  court  will 

^Re  Butler,  101  N.  Y.  307,  4  N.  E.  375;  Re  Anthonij  Street,  20  Wend. 
518.  618,  32  Am.  Dec.  608. 

'Re  Butler,  101  N.  Y.  307,  4  N.  E.  ^Cuminings  v.  Bennett,  8  Faige,  81. 
518;    Carleton    v.    Darcy,    75    N.    Y. 

77 


78  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOliK. 

reopen  such  an  order  and  make  snch  an  order  as  the  facts  require 
upon  tlie  application  of  the  defendant.* 

An  order  of  discontinuance  is  properly  refused  where  a  coun- 
terclaim, set  up  by  the  defendant,  will  be  barred  by  the  statute 
of  limitations  if  the  action  is  discontinued,^  or  where  the  plain- 
tiff has  agreed  to  brini;,-  an  action  for  the  benefit  of  others  simi- 
larly situated  and  the  discontinuance  would  leave  the  other  per- 
sons without  redress,  because  their  claims  would  be  barred  by 
the  statute  of  limitations,^  or  where  the  defendant  has  examined 
witnesses  and  their  testimony  would  have  to  be  taken  again  in 
any  new  action.  In  the  last  case  the  plaintiff  would  be  allowed 
to  disci intinue  upon  stipulating  that  such  evidence  might  be  used 
in  any  action  subsequently  brought  upon  the  same  cause  of 
action."*  \  plaintiff  is  also  properly  refused  permission  to  dis- 
continue an  action  in  ejectment  where  he  has  recovered  judg- 
ment in  the  action  and  been  put  in  possession,  but  the  defendant 
has  paid  the  costs  and  taken  a  new  trial,^  or  where  the  plaintiff 
seeks  to  set  up  the  statute  of  limitations  to  the  counterclaim  set 
up  in  the  answer,  and  has  been  refused  that  privilege  at  special 
term,^  but  the  mere  fact  that  the  defendant  has  set  up  a  counter- 
claim is  not  sufficient  to  deprive  the  plaintiff  of  the  right  to  dis- 
continue. The  defendant  must  also  have  some  rights  in  the 
present  action  that  he  would  not  have  in  a  new  action,  in  order 
to  warrant  the  court  in  refusing  a  discontinuance.-^''  In  actions 
in  which  the  public  have  a  peculiar  interest,  such  as  actions  for 
divorce,^  ^  or  in  actions  relating  to  the  opening  or  closing  of 
highways,^ 2  public  policy  may  demand  that  the  plaintiff  try 

*Carleton  v.  Darcy,  75  N.  Y.  375.  ^Yelloio  Pine  Co.  v.  Lehigh  Valley 

'^Van    Alen    v.    Schermerhorn,    14  Creosoting   Co.   32   App.   Div.   51,  52 

How.  Pr.  287.  N.  Y.  Siipp.  281. 

'Ilirshfeld   v.    Bopp,    5    App.    Div.  ^"Seaboard  d   R.   R.   Co.   v.    Ward, 

202,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  24.  IS  Barb.  595,  1  Abb.  Pr.  46. 

''Cockle    V.     Undertcood,     3     Duer,  "Winnn/i  v.  Winans,  124  N.  Y.  140, 

676.     Contra,    Cooke    v.     Beach,    25  26  X.  E.  293. 

How.  Pr.  356.  "/sc/i?i  v.  Smith,  62  Hun,  221,  16 

*Carleton  v.  Darcy,  75  N.  Y.  375.  N.  Y.  Supp.  683. 


COSTS   UPON  A  DISCONTINUANCE.  79 

out  his  case,  altliongh  the  defendant  would  not  be  injured  by  a 
discontinuance. 

The  plaintiff  will  be  allowed  to  discontinue  without  the  pay- 
ment of  any  cost  to  the  defendant  if  he  enters  his  order  before 
the  defendant  appears  in  the  action.  It  makes  no  difference  that 
he  has  retained  an  attorney,  if  he  has  not  appeared  in  the 
action. ^^  Obtaining  the  order  and  ser^dng■  notice  thereof  are  not 
sufficient,  the  order  must  be  entered  before  appearance.-^^ 

A  defendant  upon  a  discontinuance  obtained  at  his  request  is 
sometimes  ordered  to  pay  the  costs  of  a  codefendant  whom  he 
has  had  unnecessarily  made  a  party  to  the  action.  ^^ 

In  an  action  at  law  the  plaintiff  cannot,  without  a  proper  ex- 
cuse, be  allowed  to  discontinue  upon  payment  of  motion  costs 
merely.  He  must  also  pay  all  the  costs  of  the  action  that  have 
accrued  up  to  the  time  when  he  wishes  to  discontinue.  Costs  in 
such  an  action  are  not  discretionary,  but  are  regulated  by  stat- 
ute.^« 

58.  Excuse  for  discontinuance. — A\Tiere  the  plaintiff  shows  a 
sufficient  excuse  in  the  instituting  of  the  action,  or  the  occurrence 
of  circumstances,  since  the  commencement  of  the  action,  which 
equitably  entitle  him  to  discontinue,  he  may  be  allowed  to  dis- 
continue without  costs,  or  only  costs  of  the  motion,  in  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court,^'  and  such  discretion  cannot  be  overruled 
upon  appeal,  unless  the  order  is  arbitrary  and  there  are  no  facts 
to  justify  it.^'^     It  has  been  held  a  sufficient  excuse  to  allow  the 

"Smith    V.    White,    7    Hill,    520;  ^%'laflin  v.  Robertson,  1  Silv.  Sup. 

Averill   v.    Patterson,    10   N.   Y.   500,  Ct.  176,  23  K  Y.  S.  R.  305,  6  N.  Y. 

10 'H.ow.  Vr.  85;  K  etui  a  y.  Atlas  S.  S.  Supp.    430;    Uimberg   v.   Rogers,    40 

Co.     19   Abb.   N.   C.   265;    Hallett  v.  Misc.  190,  81  K  Y.  Supp.  627. 

Ballett,  10  Misc.  304,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  "Staiger  v.  Sehultz,  3  Keyes,  614. 

Proc.  Rep.   102,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.   175,  "Pefi;/   v.    Metropolitan  Street   R. 

30  N.  Y.  Supp.  946.  Co.  33    Misc.    738,    68    N.  Y.  Supp. 

^^Schenck  v.  Fanclier,  14  How.  Pr.  730:  Schildwachter  \.  New  York,  12 

95;  Weigan  v.  Held,  3  Abb.  Pr.  462;  :Misc.   52,   24  N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep. 

Bedell  v.  Poicell,  13  Barb.  183.  390,   66   N.   Y.   S.   R.   672,   33   N.   Y. 

^''Richardson  v.    Thedford,   5   App.  Supp.  41. 
Div.  404,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  307. 


80  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

discontinuance  of  an  action  without  the  payment  of  full  costs, 
tliat  the  defendant  had  obtained  a  release  of  the  clain'/^  or  had 
obtained  a  discharge  under  the  insolvent  law,^*^  or  that,  pend- 
ing the  action,  had  obtained  a  discharge  in  bankruj)tcj.^^ 

But  where  the  plaintiff  knows  of  the  defendant's  discharge 
and  goes  on  with  the  action,  he  will  be  compelled  to  pay  the  de- 
fendant's costs  after  the  discharge.^-  But  if  it  appears  that  he 
never  had  a  case  against  the  bankrupt,  he  will  be  compelled  to 
pay  the  costs  upon  obtaining  an  order  of  discontinuance.^^  It 
is  a  sufficient  excuse  to  allow  the  plaintiff  to  discontinue  with- 
out the  payment  of  costs,  in  an  action  by  an  infant  by  her 
guardian  ad  litem,  that  he,  being  required  to  give  security  for 
costs,  is  unable  to  do  so,^'*  or  when  an  action  is  brought  to  recover 
penalties  given  by  statute,  and  the  statute  is  repealed  without 
any  saving  clause  f''  or  the  infancy  of  the  defendant  is  alleged  in 
the  answer;-*^  or  is  proved  on  the  trial ;^^  or  in  an  action  brought 
to  abate  a  nuisance,  prosecuted  in  good  faith  but  upon  doubtful 
grounds,  where  since  the  commencement  of  the  action  the  de- 
fendant has  voluntarily  abated  the  nuisance  in  part  f^  or  where 
the  cause  of  action  is  against  a  person  of  the  same  name  as  the 
defendant,  and  the  motion  to  discontinue  is  made  as  soon  as  the 
mistake  is  discovered  f^  or  where  a  person  is  alleged  to  be  a 

^^De  Barante  v.  Deyermand,  41  N.  "^Hoffman  v.  Ridley,  4  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Y.  355,  40  How.  Pr.  180.  Proc.  Rep.  41. 

^"Staiger  v.  Schultz,  3  Keyes,  614;  "'Cole  v.  Bose,   65  How.   Pr.   520; 

Hart  V.  Storey,  1   Johns.   143;   Her-  Gale  v.  Wells,  7  Hoav.  Pr.  191;  For- 

chants'  Bank  v.  Moore,  2  Johns.  294;  ter  v.  Jones,  7  How.  Pr.  192. 

Honeywell  v.  Burns,  8  Cow.  121.  "''Wellington  v.  Classon,  9  Abb.  Pr. 

-'Hart    V.    Storey,    1    Johns.    143;  175,-  18  How.  Pr>  10;  Ex  parte  IS'el- 

Merchants'  Bank  v.  Moore,  2  Johns,  son,  1  Cow.  417;   Van  Buren  v.  Fort, 

294;    Case  v.  Belknap,  5   Cow.  422;  4   Wend.    209;    Cuyler  v.    Coats,    10 

Jjafron  v.  Woram,  5  Kill,  373;  Park  How.   Pr.    141. 

V.  Moore,  4  Hill,  592.  ■''Butler  v.  Morris,  1  Bosw.  329. 

"^Ludloic    V.    Hackett,     18    Johns.  -'Lochlin    v.    Casler,    52   How.    Pr. 

252;   Merritt  v.  Arden,  1  Wend.  91;  228. 

St.  John  V.  Hart,  16  How.  Pr.  192;  -^National  Wall  Faper  Co.  v.  Sser- 

Smith  V.  Skinner,  1  How.  Pr.  122.  Up,  9  App.  Div.  206,  41   Supp.  376. 

^Ludington  v.  Bell,  13  Jones  &  S. 
513. 


COSTS  UPON  A  DISCONTINUANCE.  81 

member  of  a  firm  against  which  an  action  is  brought,  but  the 
mistake  is  discovered  before  the  papers  are  served  upon  him, 
but  he  appears  in  the  action  and  denies  that  he  is  a  member  of 
the  firm  f'^  or  where  an  executor  brings  a  wrong  action  by  mis- 
take 5"^^  or  where  the  defendant  is  sued  as  a  trustee  and  he  had 
resigned  the  day  before  the  service  of  the  summons  but  concealed 
that  fact.32 

A  plaintiff  has  been  allowed  to  discontinue  an  action  without 
■costs  when  he  had  commenced  the  action  under  the  mistaken 
impression  that  under  a  stipulation  between  the  parties  he  could 
introduce  upon  the  trial  as  evidence  certain  depositions  taken  in 
another  action. ^^ 

A  merely  formal  party  will  not  be  allowed  costs  upon  the 
discontinuance  of  an  action  by  the  real  parties  in  interest.^^  But 
the  mere  poverty  of  the  plaintiff',  or  the  removal  of  a  cause  to  a 
•court  where  costs  are  greater,  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse,  because 
the  plaintiff  knew  the  fact  of  his  poverty  and  the  liability  of  the 
removal  of  the  cause  when  the  action  was  commenced,  and  can 
continue  the  action  as  a  poor  person  if  necessary.^^  The 
plaintiff  who  has  been  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor  person  will  be 
-compelled  to  pay  costs  upon  obtaining  an  order  of  discontinu- 
ance.^*' It  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse  that  the  court  on  appeal  has 
declared  the  law  so  that  a  recovery  by  the  plaintiff  is  hopeless 
when  he  knew  all  the  facts  when  he  brought  the  action. ^'^ 
ISTor  is  it  a  sufficient  excuse  that  the  plaintiff  has  sold  the  prop- 
erty which  was  the  subject-matter  of  the  action,  since  the  service 

^°Walcrhvrjf   Leather    Mfg.    Co.    v.  ^^Beadlestton  v.  Alley,  28  N.  Y.   S. 

Krause,  1  Hilt.  560,  9  Abb.  Pr.  175  R.  89,  7  K  Y.  Siipp.  747. 

note.  ^^Petty   v.    Metropolitan   Street   R. 

^'Phoenix   v.    Hill,    3    Johns.    249;  Co.  33  Misc.  738,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  730. 

Arnoux  Y.  titeinhrenner,  1  Paige,  82;  ^^Parkinson  v.   Scott,  5  Misc.  261, 

Purdy  V.  Purdy,  5   Covr.   U;^ Morse  31  Abb.  N.  C.  44,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  102. 

V.  McCoy,  4  Cow.  551.  ^HJlossey    v.   Ayers,    63    Hun,    624, 

^-Smith  V.   Britt,    8    N.    Y.   Week.  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  278;  Agar  v.  Tihhets, 

Di.S.  70.  56  Hun,  272,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

'^mUhorne  v.  Kolle,  2  N.  Y.  Week.  338,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  456,  9  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Dig.  182.  591. 
COSTS  6. 


82  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

of  the  summons.^^  But  the  plaintiff  will  not  be  allowed  to  dis- 
continue without  the  payment  of  costs  where  he  does  not  show 
a  good  excuse  and  the  defendant  has  been  put  to  the  expense  of  a 
trial.^^  Nor  will  he  be  allowed  to  amend  his  complaint  and 
leave  out  a  defendant  who  has  answered  without  tlie  payment 
of  costs.^" 

59.  How  order  obtained. —  The  plaintiff  may  obtain  an  order 
of  discontinuance  ex  parte,  in  an  action  at  law,  where  the  answer 
does  not  set  up  a  counterclaim,  nor  an  affirmative  defense,  if  the 
order  provides  for  the  payment  of  costs  up  to  that  time  to  the  de- 
fendant;'^^ or  where  it  sets  up  a  counterclaim  and  the.  time  to 
reply  has  not  expired  and  that,  too,  whether  the  action  be  one  at 
law  or  in  equity.''^ 

The  defendant  may  by  an  order  granted  upon  notice  have 
leave  to  enter  judgment  of  discontinuance,  unless  the  plaintiff 
consent  to  withdraw  the  order  of  discontinuance.'*^ 

60.  Two  bills  of  costs. — The  plaintiff  will  be  ordered  to  pay- 
two  bills  of  costs  upon  an  order  of  discontinuance,  where  there 
are  two  defendants  and  the  summons  and  complaint  were  served 
upon  them  at  such  an  interval  of  time  that  it  necessitated  the 
serving  of  two  answers  f*  or  when  he  has  brought  two  actions 
when  he  could  have  obtained  the  relief  sought  in  one  action;*^ 
or  there  is  a  stipulation  in  three  actions  that  two  await  the  out- 

^^Lewis  V.  Germond,  1  Paige,  300.  smith  v.  Sutherland,  4  Abb.  Pr.   15,. 

^^Lat/man  v.  Neio  York  Bank  Note  1  Hilt.  265;  Cohn  v.  Anathan,  16  N. 

Co.  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  431.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   178,  24  N.  Y.  S. 

^"Chase  v.  Dunham,   1   Paige,  572.  R.  295,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  97. 

*^Angier  v.  Eager,  45  App.  Div.  32,  *Hh-ockett  v.  Smith,  14  Abb.  Pr.  62. 

60    N.    Y.    Supp.    811;     Carleton    v.  *^Mazet    v.    Crow,    18    N.    Y.    Civ. 

Darcy,  75  N.  Y.  375;  Re  Butler,  101  Proc.  Rep.  178,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  372,  31 

N.  Y.  307,  4  N.  E.  518;   ^Vinans  v.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  972,  10  X.  Y.  Supp.  743; 

Winans,  124  N.  Y.  140,  26  N.  E.  293;  Walker  v.   Russell,   7   Abb.   Pr.   452 

Walsh  V.   Walsh,  33  App.  Div.  579,  note,    16   How.    Pr.    91 ;    Lindslay  v. 

53  N.  Y.  Supp.  881 ;  Cooke  v.  Beach,  Dcafendorf,  43  How.  Pr.  90. 

25    How.    Pr.    356;     Harrington    v.  *^Lowerre  v.  Vail,  5  Abb.  Pr.  229. 
T.ihhy,   6   Daly,   259,   2G1 ;    Kenna  v. 
Atlas  S.  S.  Co.  19  Abb.  N.  C.  265. 

*"-Seahoard  d  R.  R.   Co.   v.   Ward, 
18   Barb.   595,   1   Abb.   Pr.   46;    Oak- 


COSTS  UPON  A  DISCONTINUANCE.  83 

come  of  tlie  third,  and  the  order  is  made  after  the  third  case  is 
decided.^** 

Only  one  bill  of  costs  will  be  imposed,  as  a  condition  of  dis- 
continuing an  action  brought  against  two  defendants  where  they 
needlessly  appeared  by  separate  attorneys,  and  it  appears  that  the 
debtor  was  a  corporation,  and  not  a  partnership,^'^  where  there 
were  many  defendants  who  appeared  by  two  attorneys,  and  the 
jjlaintiff  could  not  proceed  on  account  of  facts  disclosed  after 
the  commencement  of  the  action,  only  one  bill  of  costs  was  im- 
posed as  a  condition  of  discontinuance.'*'^  Costs  to  the  attorney 
of  the  common  council  of  a  city  will  not  be  allowed  upon  the  dis- 
continuance of  an  action  against  the  city  and  the  common  coun- 
cil, where  the  city  attorney  should  have  appeared  for  both ;  but 
costs  will  be  allowed  to  any  defendant,  where  his  interest  de- 
manded a  separate  attorney.'*'^ 

61.  Rig-hts  of  defendant. —  One  of  several  joint  defendants 
may  refuse  to  accept  a  discontinuance  without  costs  when  his 
codefendants  have  settled,  but  in  that  case  he  will  be  compelled 
to  try  the  case  on  the  issues  already  joined.^*^ 

A  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  upon  an  order  of  discontinu- 
ance where  the  complaint  states  that  no  personal  claim  is  made 
against  him,  but  no  notice  to  that  effect  as  provided  in  §  423  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  served.  The  court  sometimes  al- 
lows motion  costs  in  addition,  and  sometimes  refuses  them.^^ 

62.  When  a  trial  fee  is  allowed. — Although  the  case  is  on  the 
day  calendar  Avhen  the  plaintiff  is  allowed  to  discontinue  upon 
the  payment  of  costs,  the  defendant  cannot  tax  a  trial  fee.^^ 

'"Stallman  v.   Kimherhj,  33   N.   Y.  ''"Clark  v.  Wood,  9  Wend.  435. 

S.  R.  813,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  518.  '■"Woldtman  v.  Goff,  15  N.  Y.  Civ. 

"Ackroyd  v.  iS'ewton,  24  Misc.  424,  Proc.  Rep.  39,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  210. 

53  N.  Y.  Supp.  682.  '-"Oelherman    v.    Rosenhaum,  15  N. 

^^Exstein     v.     Eohertson,     1     Silv.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  389,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Sup.    Ct.    Rep.    169,    17    N.    Y.    Civ.  210;  Sutphcn  v.  Lash,  10  Hun,  120; 

Proc.  Rep.  23,  23   N.   Y..  S.   R.   1,   6  Lockioood  v.  Salmon  River  Paper  Co. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  429.  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302,  20  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^^nequeinhourg    v.    Bookstaver,    54  967. 
Hun,  88,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479,  7  N.  Y. 
Supp.  217. 


84  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

A  trial  fee  will  be  allowed  where  the  defendant  has  moved  for 
a  dismissal  of  the  complaint  when  the  case  is  reached.^^ 

A  trial  fee  will  not  be  allowed  where  the  defendant  has  settled 
the  case  unbeknoMm  to  his  attorney,  who  places  the  case  on  the 
calendar  and  takes  a  default.^^ 

63.  Discontinuance  in  equity  actions. — In  equity  actions  the 
same  rule  applies  as  in  actions  at  law,  in  regard  to  terms  of  dis- 
continuance."^ 

In  an  action  to  abate  a  nuisance  a  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  dis- 
continue uj)on  the  payment  of  motion  costs,  where  the  referee 
refused  to  send  in  his  report  on  the  ground  that  he  did  not  know 
how  to  decide  the  question,  and  the  defendant  had  abated  some  of 
the  nuisances  complained  of.°^  An  executor  who  is  appointed 
after  the  removal  of  a  former  executor  will  not  be  allowed  to 
discontinue  an  action  without  costs  when  the  order  removing  his 
predecessor  is  reversed,  if  the  action  could  have  been  brought 
in  his  own  name.^"^ 

Where  the  representatives  of  a  deceased  plaintiff  are  unwill 
ing  to  proceed  in  a  case,  an  order  of  discontinuance  Avith  costs 
against  the  representatives  in  their  representative  capacity 
should  be  entered.^^  An  order  of  discontinuance  will  be  set  aside 
where  a  mistake  has  been  made  by  one  party  in  omitting  the 
stenographer's  bill.^^ 

In  a  partition  action  where  the  owners  of  the  property  sold 
the  premises,  the  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  discontinue  upon  pay- 
ment of  motion  costs  to  a  defendant  who  had  been  made  a 
party  at  his  own  request,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  a  right  to 

'^^Lockwood  V.  Salmon  River  Paper  .53  N.  Y.  Supp.  682:  Cooke  v.  Beach, 

Co.   49  N.   Y.   S.   E.   302,   20   N.   Y.  25  How.  Pr.  350. 

Supp.   967;   Jones  v.   Case,  38  How.  ^Lochlin    v.    Caslcr,    52    How.    Pr. 

Pr.   349;   Ehlcrs  v.   ^yillis,  63  How.  228. 

Pr.  341.  "'Hood  v.  Hood,  12  Daly,  113. 

'^*PU(ier  V.   Core,   12   Abl).   Pr.   244,  ^'Banta  v.  Marcelhts,  2  Barb.  373. 

21  How.  Pr.  155.  ''"Adams  v.  Moore,  22  Misc.  451.  50 

^Ackroyd  v.  Hewton,  24  Misc.  424,  X.  Y.  Supp.  718. 


COSTS   UPON    A  DISCONTINUA^SICE.  85 

distribute  the  proceeds  of  the  sale.*''^  But  no  costs  upon  discon- 
tinuance will  be  allowed  to  a  defendant  when  it  was  not  neces- 
sary for  him  to  appear.*^ ^  A\Tiere  the  plaintiff  is  allowed  to  dis- 
continue upon  payment  of  costs,  he  will  be  obliged  to  pay  all 
costs  regularly  and  in  good  faith  incurred  by  the  defendant 
after  the  granting  of  the  order  of  discontinuance,  and  before 
the  order  is  served  on  the  defendant.^^ 

64.  Discontinuance  when  a  receiver  has  been  appointed  or  an 
injunction  granted. —  In  the  order  of  discontinuance  of  an  action 
in  which  a  receiver  of  tlie  property  in  question  has  been  ap- 
pointed, or  temporary  injunction  granted,  there  should  be  a  pro- 
vision that  the  plaintiff  was  not  entitled  to  the  receiver  or  the 
injunction,  and  a  reference  to  ascertain  the  damage  may  be  pro- 
vided in  the  order  ;^^  or  the  defendant  may  be  left  to  his  pro- 
ceedings to  fix  the  amount  of  liability.'^^ 

65.  Discontinuance  after  appeal.—  The  special  term  has  no 
power  to  allow  a  plaintiff'  to  discontinue  without  costs,  after  the 
appellate  court  has  reversed  a  judgment  in  favor  of  the  plaintiff 
with  costs  to  abide  the  event,  as  such  an  order  would  be  a  sub- 
stantial modification  of  the  order  of  reversal.  The  event  pro- 
vided for  in  the  order  of  reversal  meant  the  determination  of  the 
action  either  by  judgment  or  discontinuance.''^ 

66.  Additional  allowance  upon  a  discontinuance. —  Uj)on  the 
discontinuance  of  a  difficult  and  extraordinary  case,  it  is  proper 
to  grant  an  extra  allowance  in  addition  to  costs  as  a  condition  for 
such    leave.'''"     This    question   ^^dll    be    determined    upon    the 

""Woermnn  v.  Baas,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^"Robins   v.    Gould,    1    Abb.    N.    C. 

922,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  469.  133;    McComh   v.   Kellogg,    13   N.  Y. 

^'Gallagher  v.  Egan,  2  Sandf.  742;  Civ.  Pvoc.  Rep.   1.50.  28  N.  Y.  Week. 

Merchants'    Ins.    Co.    v.    Marvin,    1  Dig.  154;   Tubbs  v.  Hall,  12  Abb.  Pr. 

Paige,  557.  N.  S.  237;  Damhman  v.  Schulting,  G 

'-Hall  V.  Lindo,  8  Abb.  Pr.  341.  Him,  29,  51  How.  Pr.  357;   Coffln  v. 

^"Sioeetzer  v.  Smith,  27  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Coke,   4   Hun,   61G;    Society   of  Neio 

628,  8  K  Y.  Supp.  156.  York  Hospital  v.  Coe,  15  Hun,  440; 

"'Peet    V.    Kimball,    58    App.    Div.  Jaffray  v.  Goldstone,  62  Hun,  52,  41 

329,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1010.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  901,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  430; 

'"Tan  Wyck  v.  Baker,  11  Hun.  309.  Stallman  v.  Kimberly,  33  N,  Y.  S.  R. 


86  TJIE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

situation  of  the  case  at  the  time  of  the  order  of  discontinu- 
ance.'''' 

The  court  has  power  to  impose  an  additional  allowance  as  a 
condition  of  an  order  of  discontinuance,  even  if  the  defendant 
does  not  make  a  motion  for  an  extra  allowance.*^^  When  a  plain- 
tiff has  obtained  ex  ■parte  an  order  of  discontinuance,  the  de- 
fendant may,  before  taxation  of  costs,  move  for  an  additional 
allowance.''^  But  the  court  has  no  right  to  impose  a  condition 
that  the  plaintiff  sign  a  stipulation  not  to  bring  another  action 
for  the  same  cause.  ^*' 

'  67.  Discontinuance  in  special  proceedings. —  The  court  may 
grant  an  order  of  discontinuance  in  a  special  proceeding  and 
may  impose  as  a  condition  of  making  such  an  order  the  payment 
of  more  than  taxable  costs,'^-^  or  nothing  at  all.'^^ 

68.  Refusal  of  plaintiff  to  accept  terms  of  discontinuance. — 
The  plaintiff  is  not  bound  to  accept  a  discontinuance  upon  the 
conditions  imposed  by  the  court.  His  refusal  so  to  do  is  simply 
a  denial  of  the  motion  for  discontinuance;"^^  or  he  may  serve  a 
notice  that  he  elects  not  to  discontinue.'^* 

The  plaintiff  will  not  be  allowed  costs  of  motion  upon  the 
granting  of  his  motion  for  an  order  discontinuing  without  costs. 
When  such  an  order  is  made  it  will  be  considered  as  inadvert- 
ently made  and  should  be  resettled  ;"^  or  an  appeal  will  lie  from 
such  an  order.  "^^ 

813,   11  N.  Y.   Supp.  518;   Bright  v.  '^Re  Waverly  Water  Works  Co.  85 

Mihraul-ee  d   St.  P.   R.   Co.    1    Abb.  N.  Y.  478;  Re  White  Plains,  65  App. 

N.  C.  14;  FoUom  v.  Van  Wagner,  7  Div.  417,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  1026. 

Lans.    309,    14    Abb.    Pr.    N.    8.    44;  '-Re  Wells  Avenue  Seicer,  46  Hun, 

Brotcn  v.  Safeguard  Ins.  Co.  7  Abb.  534,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  125. 

Pr.  345.  "/?e   Waverly   Waterworks   Co.   85 

^''Angier   v.    Eager,    51    App.    Div.  N.  Y.  478. 

171.  C4  X.  Y.  Supp.  692.  '^Society  of  'Neio  York  Hospital  v. 

'^Jaffray  v.  Goldstone,  62  Hun,  52,  Coe,  15  Hun,  440. 

41   N.  Y.  S.  R.  901.  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  -"'Elliott    v.    Vermilyea,    28    Misc. 

430.  790,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  181. 

^"Aiigier   v.    Eager,    51    App.    Div.  '"^Elliott    v.    Vermilyea,    27    Misc. 

171,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  692.  189,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  218. 

'"Kilmer  v.  Evening  Eerald  Co.  70 
App.  Div.  291,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  243. 


COSTS  UPON  A  DISCO]SrTINUANCE. 


87 


Where  an  action  is  discontinued  without  costs,  the  order  en- 
tered is  a  kind  of  final  judgment,  and  all  costs  theretofore 
granted  in  that  action  are  merged  in  the  final  judgment.  There 
is  then  nothing  due  the  defendant  in  that  action.'^'^ 

69.  Protection  of  attorney  upon  a  discontinuance. —  The  court 
"will  not  allow  the  plaintiif  to  discontinue  where  the  parties  have 
settled  the  action  collusively  for  the  purpose  of  defrauding  the 
plaintiff's  attorney  out  of  his  costs,  except  upon  the  payment  of 
the  costs  to  the  attorney.''^* 

Where  the  plaintiff's  attorney  has  been  retained  upon  a  con- 
tingent fee,  the  court  will  not  allow  a  discontinuance  until  he  is 
paid,  and  in  a  proper  case  may  order  that  he  be  paid  taxable 
costs  and  an  extra  allowance. "^^  But  where  the  defendant's  at- 
torney served  an  answer  after  he  knew  that  his  client  had  settled 
the  action,  the  plaintiff  will  be  allowed  to  discontinue  without 
costs.^*^ 

70.  Order  to  be  entered  upon  discontinuance. —  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  defendant  to  have  his  costs  taxed  where  the  discontinu- 
ance was  upon  the  condition  that  the  plaintiff  pay  the  defend- 
ant's costs.^-^  Likewise  if  the  appellant  elects  to  discontinue  his 
appeal  he  must  enter  an  order  to  that  effect  and  pay  the  respond- 
ent his  costs.  The  entry  of  the  order  without  the  payment  of 
costs  may  be  treated  as  a  nullity.^^  The  defendant  may  move  to 
dismiss  the  complaint,  and  the  respondent  to  dismiss  the  appeal, 
when  the  costs  are  not  paid.^^  But  it  is  irregular  for  the  de- 
fendant to  enter  the  order  of  discontinuance  and  tax  his  costs  if 
the  costs  are  not  paid.^^ 

'"Michael  v.  Wenning,  1  X.  Y.  City  Tweed,   5   Hun,   382,   Affirmed  in   63 

Ct.  Rep.  479.                                           "  K  Y.  202. 

'^Filer  v.  Eorn,  3  Misc.  624,  52  N.  ^-Burnett  v.  Harl-ness,  4  How.  Pr. 

Y.  S.  R.  266,,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  115.  158,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  100:  Morrison 

'"Byron   v.   Durrie,    6   Abb.    N.    C.  v.  Ide,  4  How.  Pr.  304.  3  N.  Y.  Code 

136.  Rep.   27. 

^"Hoicard  v.  Rilcer,  11   Abb.  X.  C.  ''Buffalo  &  A.  R.  Co.  v.  Johnson, 

113.  42  N.  Y.  215. 

^Angier   v.    Eager,    51    App.    Div.  ^Hicls    v.    Brennan,    10    Abb.    Pr. 

171,  64  X.  Y.   Supp.  692;   People  v.  304. 


88  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

\\Tien  the  costs  arc  well  understood  there  is  no  need  of  having 
them  taxed  by  the  clerk,  but  the  order  may  recite  what  costs 
should  be  paid  as  tlio  price  of  the  granting  of  the  order  of  dis- 
continuance.^^ 

^Richardson    v.    Thedford,    5    App. 
Uiv.  404,  29  M.  V.  Supp.  307. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

DELAYING  TRIAL  AND  MOTION  FOR  A  NEW  TRJAL. 

71.  Withdrawing  a  juror. 

72.  Adjourning  trial. 

73.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  without  case. 

74.  New  trial  in  ejectment  actions. 

75.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  jury. 

76.  Waiver  of  right  to  costs. 

77.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  court. 

78.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  referee. 

79.  New  trial  in  justice's  court,  because  the  verdict  is  against  the  weiglit 

of  evidence. 

80.  New  trial  on  the  ground  of  newly  discovered  evidence. 

81.  What  is  included  in  "Costs  of  former  trial." 

82.  Additional  allowance  upon  the  first  trial. 

83.  What  items  are  taxable. 

84.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  on  two  grounds. 

85.  Correction  of  order. 

86.  What  courts  have  power  to  exercise  discretion  as  to  terms  of  a  new  trial. 

87.  Motion  for  a  new  trial  made  on  a  case. 

88.  Appeal  from  an  order  granting  new  trial. 

71.  Withdrawing'  a  juror.— The  terms  nsnally  imposed  npon 
the  party  asking  to  withdraw  a  juror  are  the  payment  of  all  costs 
to  date.  This  includes  not  only  disbursements,  but  also  a  trial 
fee.i 

Where  a  party  is  allowed  to  withdraw  a  juror  upon  the  pay- 
ment of  certain  costs  within  twenty  days,  and  the  costs  are  not 
paid  within  that  time,  the  opposite  party  can  have  the  clerk 
enter  up  judgment  in  his  favor,  upon  proof  of  the  noncompliance 
with  the  order.^ 

The  costs  thus  paid  cannot  be  taxed  again  by  either  party.^ 

^Byrne  v.  Brooldyn   City  <&   N.  R.  see    Hay  ward   v.    Manhaitan   It.    Co, 

Co.  6  Misc.  6,   58  N.  Y.   S.  R.   121,  52  Hun,  383.  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

26  N.  Y.  Supp.  65;  Dewey  v.  Steioart,  155,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  357,  5  N.  Y.  Supp. 

6  How.   Pr.   465;    Chandler  v.  Bick-  473. 

nell  5  Cow.  30.  ^Byrne  v.  Brooklyn   City  d   M.  R. 

"Hanna  v.  Dexter,  15  Abb.  Pr.  135; 


90  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

A  full  bill  of  costs  could  be  taxed  npon  a  final  determination 
if  the  order  allowing  the  withdrawal  of  a  juror  imposed  as  a 
condition  the  pa^anent  of  a  lump  sum  or  an  amount  measured 
by  the  amount  of  the  costs  and  disbursements  to  date.'* 

72.  Adjourning  trial. —  The  amount  of  costs  that  can  be  im- 
posed upon  the  granting-  of  an  application  to  adjourn  a  trial  i.3 
fixed  by  §  3255  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  at  a  sum  not  ex- 
ceeding $10,  or  in  the  city  court  of  the  city  of  ISTcw  York  a  sum 
not  exceeding  $5,  besides  the  fees  of  witnesses  and  other  taxable 
disbursements  already  made  and  incurred,  which  are  rendered 
ineffectual  by  the  adjournment.  This  applies  to  putting  the  case 
over  the  term,  as  well  as  adjourning  the  case  to  a  later  day  in  the 
term.^  If  the  parties  cannot  agree  upon  the  amount  of  dis- 
bursements that  must  be  adjusted  by  a  taxation  of  those 
amounts,  the  same  as  upon  a  final  determination  of  the  action.''' 
It  is  sufficient  to  show  that  the  party  has  become  obligated  to  pay 
the  different  disbursements  claimed,  although  the  payment  has 
not  been  actually  made.  It  is  no  answer  to  a  charge  for  witness 
fees  tliat  the  witnesses  have  not  attended  the  trial."  The  affi- 
davit used  upon  the  taxation  of  the  costs  must  show  that  the  ex- 
pense had  been  already  paid  or  incurred  when  the  order  to  post- 
pone was  granted.  The  affidavit  for  witness  fees  must  be  the 
same  as  upon  the  taxation  of  costs  upon  final  judgment,  and 
must  further  show  that  the  fees  thus  joaid  were  rendered  ineffec- 
tual by  reason  of  the  postponement.^ 

Co.  6  Misc.  6,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  26  Kennedy   v.   Wood,   54   Hun,    14,    17 

N.   Y.   Supp.   65;    Marx  v.   Gross,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  375,  26  N.  Y. 

Misc.  500,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  S.  R.  34,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  nO. 
97,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  92,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.        Underlied  v.  WJialey,  4  Silv.  Sup. 

387.  Ct.  29,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  377, 

*Schmidt  v.  Mactic,  9  N.  Y.  Week.  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  7,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  74. 
Dip.  288.  ^Law-son  v.   Hill,  66  Hun,  288,   49 

•'Laicson  v.  Hill  66  Hun,  288,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  251,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  904. 
N.  Y.  S.  R.  251,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  904. 

'Shanks  v.  liae,  19  How.  Pr.  540; 


DELAYING  TEIAL,  AND  MOTION  FOK  A  NEW   TKIAL.  91 

Disbursements  for  exemplification  of  records  and  official  cer- 
tificates cannot  be  taxed  because  the  postponement  of  the  trial 
has  not  rendered  these  useless.^ 

If  the  costs  are  not  paid  at  once  the  opposite  party  should  in- 
sist upon  the  trial  proceeding,  or  apply  for  an  order  directing 
the  payment  of  the  costs  imposed.  An  order  directing  the  plain- 
tiff to  pay  the  costs  cannot  be  entered  without  a  further  applica- 
tion to  the  court.  If  the  proper  order  is  not  made,  and  the 
costs  are  not  paid,  they  will  be  adjusted  upon  a  final  determina- 
tion of  the  action.^*'  A  party  may  pay  the  amount  imposed  by 
the  court  when  it  is  in  excess  of  the  amount  allowed  by  law,  and 
then  he  can  appeal  from  the  order  imposing  the  terms.  The  ex- 
cess will  be  ordered  refunded  by  the  opposite  party.-^-^  The  court 
has  not  power  to  dismiss  the  plaintiff's  complaint  because  he  has 
not  paid  the  costs  imposed  at  a  previous  term  of  court,  as  a  con- 
dition of  putting  the  case  over  the  term.^^ 

73.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  without  case. — All  motion  costs 
which  are  not  otherwise  specially  regulated  by  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  under  the  provisions 
of  §  3236  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  But  when  motion 
costs  are  awarded  the  amount  thereof  is  governed  by  §  3251  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Where  a  motion  for  a  new  trial 
is  made  without  a  case  the  amount  of  costs  is  $10 ;  where  a  mo- 
tion for  a  new  trial  is  made  upon  a  case,  or  a  motion  is  made 
for  judgment  upon  a  verdict  rendered  subject  to  the  opinion  of 
the  court,  or  where  exceptions  are  ordered  to  be  heard,  in  the 
first  instance,  at  a  term  of  the  appellate  division  of  the  supreme 
court, — the  amount  of  costs  is,  before  argument,  $20 ;  for  argu- 

'Morell  V.  Goiild,  5  Hill,  553.  ^^Kennedy   v.    Wood,    54    Hun,    14, 

^"Bulkeley    v.    Kcteltas,    2    Sandf.    17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  375,  26  N. 

735;   Gamble  v.  Taylor,  43  How.  Pr.    Y.  S.  R.  34,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  90. 

S75;    Jackson    ex    dcm.    Pinkney    v.        ^-Hewitt  v.  Coolc,  75  App.  Div.  239, 

Fell,  19  Johns.  270;  Kirhy  v.  Sisson,    78  N.  Y.  Supp.  2. 

1   Wend.   83;   Slocum  v.   Watkins,   1 

Denio,  G31;  Mix  v.  Brisban,  2  Wend. 

286. 


02  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK, 

iiioiit,  .$10.'''  When  a  motion  is  made  for  a  new  trial  upon  the 
judge's  minutes  under  §  999  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
without  a  case,  motion  costs,  and  not  costs  of  trial,  may  be  al- 
loAved.'"*  The  contrary  was  held  under  the  Code  of  Procedure, -^^^ 
This  was  on  the  ground  that  a  trial,  which  is  the  judicial  exami- 
nation of  the  issues  between  the  parties,  was  had  whether  a  mo- 
tion for  a  ncAv  trial  was  made  on  a  case  or  on  the  judge's  min- 
utes. Section  999  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  makes  a  mo- 
tion for  a  new  trial  upon  the  judge's  minutes  a  motion,  and  not 
a  trial. 

74.  New  trial  in  ejectment  actions.— The  defendant  in  an 
action  of  ejectment  must  pay  the  allowance  granted  by  the  trial 
court,  as  well  as  otlier  costs,  when  he  takes  a  new  trial  under  the 
provisions  of  §  1525  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.-'® 

75.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  jury. —  The  payment  of 
the  costs  of  the  former  trial  will  be  imposed  upon  the  granting 
of  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  on  account  of  the  error  of  the  jury,^'*" 
such  that  the  verdict  is  against  the  weight  of  evidence,'*  or  is 

"il/i7?er  V.  Bush,  29  App.  Div.  117,  plaintiff  to  abide  the  event.     Later 

51  N.  Y.  Supp.  486;   Kousso  v.  Von-  an    order    was   granted    striking   out 

irin,    41     How.    Pr.    8;     Perkins    v.  all  reference  to  costs,  and  the  plain- 

Brainard  Quarry   Co.    11    iMise.   337,  tiff  taxed  $60  costs  as  a  matter  of 

32  N.  Y.  Snpp.  236;  Wilcox  v.  Dag-  right.     The  special  term  and  the  ap- 

gett,   15  N.  Y.   Week.  Dig.   208 ;   At-  pellate    division     sustained    the    de- 

k-irisoii  V.   Truesdell,  28  N.  Y.   S.  R.  cision   of   the   clerk.      Stewart   v.   J. 

585,   7   N.   Y.  Snpp.   801 ;   Badley  v.  Harper  Bonnell  Co.  20  Misc.  174,  45 

Pethcal,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  216,  N.  Y.  Supp.  735,  follows  the  case  of 

24   X.    Y.    Supp.    803.      The   case   of  Davis  v.  Grand  Rapids  F.  Ins.  Co. 

Davis  V.   Grand  Rapids   F.  Ins.   Co.  ^*~Saugatuck  Cutlery  Co.  v.  Rowe, 

5  Aj)p.  Div.   36,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  71,  5  Abb.  N.  C.  142?  Neicman  v.  French, 

was  decided  by  the  same  court  con-  45  Hun.  65,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  33, 

sisting  of  the  same  judges  who  de-  9  N.  Y.  S.  R.  492. 

cided  Miller  v.  Bush,  and  is  not  in  ^^Muller  v.  Higgins,  13  Abb.  Pr.  X. 

harmony  with  the  other  eases  cited.  S.  297. 

This  case  does  not  discuss  the  ques-  ^^Ving  v.  De  La  Rionda,  20  X.  Y. 

tion  whether  motion  costs  are  in  the  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   183,  37  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

discretion    of    the    court    or   not.      A  404,  13  X.  Y.  Supp.  793. 

reference  to  the  printed  case  on  ap-  ^^Harrigan  v.  Uoosick  Falls.  16  X. 

l)eal    shows   that   the   motion    for    a  Y.  S.  R.  352,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  57;  Laic- 

new  trial  was  denied,  and  the  origi-  rence  v.  Wilson,  86  App.  Div.  472. 

nal  order   granted    $10   costs  to  the  ^^Kelly  v.  Frazier,  27  Hun,  314,  2 


DELAYING  TRIAL  AND  MOTION  FOIJ  A  NEW   TKIAL.  93 

not  sustained  by  siiiRcIent  evidence/^  or  is  for  inadequate^**  or 
excessive  damages.-^ 

The  imposition  of  the  costs  of  the  former  trial,  costs  of  oppos- 
ing the  motion  for  a  new  trial,  and  costs  of  the  appeal  from  the 
judgment  and  order  denying  a  new  trial,  is  proper  upon  the  re- 
versal of  such  judgment  and  granting  a  new  trial  by  the  appellate 
court,  where  the  new  trial  was  granted  because  of  the  reversal  of 
a  judgment  in  another  action  which  was  the  basis  of  recovery  in 
the  action  under  consideration.^^ 

In  the  first  and  third  departments  it  is  held  that  terms  im- 
posed upon  granting  a  new  trial  on  the  ground  that  the  verdict 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  322;  Lyons  v.  K  Y.   Supp.  454;   Helgers  v.  8taten 

Connor,  53  App.  Div.  475,  65  K.  Y.  Island  Midland  R.  Co.  69  App.  Div. 

Supp.   1085;  Bailey  v.  Park,  5  Hun,  570,  75  IST.  Y.  Supp.  34;  Faivdrey  v. 

41;    Fleischman   v.    Yagel,    16   Misc.  Brookhjn    Heights    R.    Co.    64    App. 

511,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  523;  O'Brien  v.  Div.  418,  72  X.  Y.  Supp.  283;  Cohen 

Long,  49  Hun,  80,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  695 ;  v.  BrooUyn  Heights  R.  Co.  73  N.  Y. 

O'Shea  v.  McLear,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Supp.  1132;  Harrington  v.  Brookh/n 

Rep.  69,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  482,  1  N.  Y.  Heights  R.  Co.  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  1136; 

Supp.  407 ;  East  River  Bank  v.  Hoyt,  Curry  v.   Neic  York  &  Q.  G.  R.  Co. 

22  How.  Pr.  478;  Benedict  v.  John-  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132;  Peck  v.  Fonda, 

son,  2  Lans.  97;   Sewell  v.  Lathrop,  J.  &  G.  R.  Co.  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  10,  25 

67  Hun,  651,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.   1154;  X.  Y.  S.  R.  95,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  379. 

Young  v.  Stone,  77  Hvm,  395,  28  N.  ^^Young  v.  Stone,  77  Hun,  395.  60 

Y.  Supp.  881;  Kennedy  v.  Harlem  R.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  419,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  881. 

Go.  3  Duer.  659;   Overing  v.  Russell,  ^"Sloane  v.  MeCawley,  33  Misc.  652, 

28  HoAV.   Pr.   151;   Brock  v.  Barnes,  68  X.  Y.  Supp.  187;  Brown  v.  Foster, 

40  Barb.  521;  Jackson  ex  dem.  Liv-  1  App.  Div.  578,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  94, 

ingston   v.    Thurston,    3    Cow.    342;  37  X.  Y.   Supp.  502;   O'Shea  v.  Mc- 

Goodyear    v.     Ogden,    4    Hill,     104;  Lear,   15   X.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   69, 

Broicn   v.    Bradshaw,    1    Duer,    199;  16  X.  Y.   S.  R.   482,   1   X.  Y.   Supp. 

Ward   V.    Woodbiirn,   27    Barb.    354;  407;     Riegehnan    v.    Brunnings,    36 

'North  V.  Sergeant,  33  Barb.  350,  14  App.  Div.  351,  56  X.  Y.  Supp.  755; 

Abb.  Pr.  223,  20  How.  Pr.  519;  Bar-  Richards  v.  Sandford,  2  E.  D.  Smith, 

ris  V.  Panama  R.   Co.   5  Bosw.  312;  349,  12  X.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  94. 

Voorhees  v.  National  Citizens'  Bank,  ^^Langley  v.  Sixth  Ave.  R.  Co.   16 

15  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  13;  Baldwin's  Bank  Jones  &  S.  542;   Mahar  v.  Simmons, 

V.  Butler,  38  X.  Y.  S.  R.  983,  14  X.  47   Hun,   479,    14   X.   Y.   S.   R.   443; 

Y.   Supp.   831 ;    Kummer  v.   Ghristo-  Buck  v.  Webb,  58  Hun,  185,  33  X.  Y. 

pher  d  E.   T.  Street  R.  Co.  3  Misc.  S.  R.  824,  11  X.  Y.  Supp.  617;  Har- 

100.   51   X.   Y.   S.  R.   770,   22   X.   Y.  ris  v.  Panama  R.  Co.  5  Bosw.  312. 

Supp.   698;    Murphy  v.   Hasioell,   65  "/Smff/i  A^  Fra«7.-/?e?r7.  13  Hun,  489, 

Barb.    380;     Wilson    v.     Lester,    64  Affirmed  in  77  X.  Y.  414. 
Barb.    431 ;    Landrigan    v.    Brooklyn 
Heights  R.  Co.  23  App.  Div.  43,  48 


94  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

is  against  the  weight  of  evidence  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court,  which  may  or  may  not  impose  the  payment  of  the  costs 
of  tlie  former  triaL^^ 

76.  Waiver  of  right  to  costs.— Where  a  party  intends  to  appeal 
from  an  order  granting  a  new  trial,  he  should  apply  for  a  stay. 
Still  where  he  does  not  do  so,  but  simply  refuses  to  accept  the 
costs  pending  his  appeal,  he  does  not  waive  the  payment  of  the 
costs  and  if  he  is  defeated  upon  his  appeal,  he  can  demand  the 
payment  of  the  costs  first  imposed.^^ 

AVhere  a  judge  of  his  own  motion  sets  aside  a  verdict  and  di- 
rects a  new  trial  and  makes  no  award  of  costs,  objection  to  the 
order  because  it  does  not  allow  costs  to  the  party  securing  the 
verdict  must  be  taken  at  the  time.  If  such  objection  is  not  then 
taken,  such  a  refusal  to  award  costs  is  not  ground  for  a  reversal 
upon  an  appeal  from  the  order.-"^ 

77.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  court. —  Where  a  verdict 
is  set  aside  because  it  is  against  the  weight  of  evidence,  and  con- 
trary to  tlie  lav/  as  contained  in  the  judge's  charge,  the  costs  of 
the  motion  and  of  tlie  foi-mer  trial  should  be  ordered  to  abide 
the  event.-®  The  moving  party  is  asking  for  a  right,  and  the 
court  cannot  impose  the  payment  of  costs  as  a  condition.-'^  The 
court  sometimes  compels  the  moving  party  to  stipulate  that  he 

'^Cohen    v.    Kriilewitch,    77    App.  Supp.  291 ;  Knapp  v.  Curtis,  9  Wend. 

Div.  126,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  1044;  Peo-  60;   Jacvhsohn  v.  Belmont,  7  Bosav. 

pie  V.  Glasgow,  .30  App.  Div.  94,  52  14;  Neicman.  v.  French,  4,5  Hun,  66. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  24 ;  Lashmoay  v.  Young,  9  N.  Y.   S.  R.   492,  27  N.  Y.  Week. 

76  App.  Div.  177,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  366.  Big.    33;    La  Farge  v.   Kneeland,   7 

-^Stokes   V.    Stakes,    38    App.    Div.  Cow.     461 ;     Lough    v.    Romaine,    4 

215,  56  X.  Y.  Supp.  637.  Jones  &  S.  332;  Jones  v.  Mefropoli- 

-'^fichmidt  V.  Brown,  80  Hun.  183,  tan    Elev.    R.    Co.    27    Jones    &    S. 

61  N.  Y.  S.  R.  831,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  437,    14    N.    Y.    Supp.    632;    Silver- 

68.  man    v.    Dry    Dock,    E.    B.    &    B. 

''Van  Rensselaer  v.  Dole,  1  Johns.  R.    Co.    69   App.   Div.   22,   74   N.   Y. 

Cas.   279,   and   note;    Smith  v.   A>m;  Supp.   481;    Randall  v.  Albany  City 

York,  55  App.  Div.  90,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Nat.  Bank,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  592;  A^ider- 

C'as.  389,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  1046;  Hen-  son  v.  Rome,  W.  d  0.  R.  Co.  54  N. 

derson   v.    Henderson,   2   Abb.   N.    C.  Y.  334. 

102;  Rohhins  v.  Hudson  River  R.  Co.  -''Anderson  v.  Rome,  W.  £  0.  R.  Co. 

7  Rosw.  1 ;  Brauer  v.  Oceanic  Steam  54  N.  Y.  334. 
War.  Co.  66  App.  Div.  605.  73  N.  Y. 


DELAYING  TRIAL  AND  jNIOTION  FOE  A  NEW  TRIAL.  95 

will  waive  all  costs  if  he  succeeds,  and  that  the  opposite  party 
may  tax  full  costs  if  he  succeeds.-^ 

78.  New  trial  on  account  of  error  of  referee. — Where  the  report 
of  a  referee  is  set  aside  as  against  the  weight  of  evidence,  costs 
are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  may  be  ordered  to  abide 
the  event.^^  But  costs  should  not  be  imposed  when  a  new  trial 
is  granted  on  account  of  the  misconduct  of  the  referee.^*' 

79.  New  trial  in  justice's  court,  because  the  verdict  is  against 
the  weight  of  evidence. — Upon  an  appeal  from  a  judgment  ren- 
dered in  a  justice's  court,  where  a  new  trial  is  not  demanded  in 
the  appellate  court,  the  judgment  may  be  reversed  and  a  new 
trial  ordered  in  the  court  below,  conditioned  upon  the  payment 
by  the  appellant  of  the  sum  of  $10.^^ 

80.  New  trial  on  the  ground  of  newly  discovered  evidence. — 
Payment  of  the  costs  of  the  former  trial  should  be  imposed  as  a 
condition  of  granting  a  new  trial  on  the  ground  of  newly  dis- 
covered evidence.^^ 

The  court,  however,  may  impose  the  payment  of  a  larger 
sum.^^ 

81.  What  is  included  in  "Costs  of  former  trial." — The  costs 
of  the  former  trial  do  not  include  all  the  costs  of  the  action,  but 
include  the  trial  fee,  witness  fees,  and  other  disbursements  of 
that  term,  to  be  ascertained  after  notice  of  taxation,  if  the  parties 

^^Seggerman  v.  Metropolitan  Street       ^"Comstoch  \.  Dye,    13   Hun,   113; 

R.  Co.  38  Misc.  374,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  Simmons  v.  Fay,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  107; 

905.  Whitney  v.  Saxe,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

-^Wentworth   \.    Candee,    17    How.  Rep.  450,   18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1020,  2  jST. 

Pr.  405;  Allardv.  Mouchon,  1  Johns.  Y.  Supp.  653;  Christ  v.  Chetwood,  8 

Cas.  280;  Smith  v.  Schanck,  18  Barb.  Misc.  81,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  815,  28  N.  Y. 

344;  Scranton  V.  Baxter,  4  Sandf.  8.  Supp.     1U8;  Reid    v.     Gaedeke,     38 

^O'Brien  v.  Long,  49  Hun,  80,  17  App.   Div.    107.  29  N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc. 

K  Y.  S.  R.  510,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  695.  Rep.  212,  -57  X.  Y.  Supp.  414. 

^Jacob  V.  Haefelien,  54  App.  Div.        ="/i'f;  Ryan,  70  Hun,  149,  53  N.  Y. 

570,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  1007;   Cunning-  S.  R.   926,   24  N.   Y.   Supp.  277,  Af- 

ham   V.    Nassau   Electric  R.    Co.    40  firmed   in    141   N.   Y.   550,   57   N.  Y. 

App.  Div.  211,   58  N.  Y.   Supp.  22;  S.  R.  865,  36  N.  E.  343. 
Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3063. 


96  THE  LAW   OF  CO.STS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

cannot  agree.      Costs  of  opposing  the  niotiun  are  usually  al- 
lowed.^"* 

82.  Additional  allowance  upon  the  first  trial. —  it  has  been  held 
that  the  costs  of  the  former  trial  do  not  include  an  additional 
allowance  where  the  report  of  a  referee  was  set  aside,  the  reason 
being  that  such  allowance  could  only  be  had  on  obtaining  a  judg- 
ment, and  here  a  judgment  had  not  been  obtained.^'' 

But  where  a  verdict  was  set  aside  upon  the  jJayrnent  of  costs 
subsequent  to  the  notice  of  trial,  it  was  held  that  this  included 
an  additional  allowance,  because  it  was  a  part  of  the  costs  of  the 
trial.36 

83.  What  items  are  taxable. — It  has  been  held  that  the  item 
for  proceedings  subsequent  to  notice,  and  before  trial  is  allowable 
under  an  order  granting  a  new  trial  upon  payment  of  costs 
"'after  notice  of  trial"  on  the  ground  that  this  item  is  compensa- 
tion for  preparing  for  trial,  subpoenaing  witnesses,  etc.^'^ 

Term  fees  for  terms  that  the  case  was  on  the  calendar,  but 
not  tried,  are  not  included  within  the  terms  "after  notice  of 
trial"^^  in  an  order  granting  a  new  trial. 

The  words  "after  notice  of  trial"  in  such  an  order  mean  from 
and  after  notice  of  trial,  excluding  that  item  and  commencing 
with  the  first  costs  acciniing  thereafter."^ 

Where  a  new  trial  is  granted  with  costs  to  the  moving  party 
to  abide  the  event,  and  upon  the  new  trial  a  verdict  is  rendered 
for  the  same  party  as  before,  the  successful  party  cannot  tax  the 

''*Buck  V.   Wehb,   58   Hun,   LS5,   33  '''Keil  v.   Rice,  24  How.   Pr.   228: 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  824,  11  N.  Y.  Siipp.  617;  Mitchell  v.   Westervelt,   6   How.   Pr. 

M'Quade  v.   .Yew  York  &  E.  R.   Co.  265,  Affirmed    in    6    How.    Pr.   311, 

5  Ducr,  613.  11  How.  Pr.  434;  Smith  note;  Jhtcklvgham  v.  Mitwr,  18  How. 

V.  Frankfield.  13  Hun,  489,  Affirmed  Pr.  287;   Dewey  v.  Stewart,  6  How. 

in  77  N.  Y.  414:  Ellsworth  v.  Good-  Pr.  465,    Doubted    in    Fleischman  v. 

inq.  8  How.  Pr.  1.  Yagel,  16  Misc.  511,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

'^Hicks  V.  Waltermire,  7  How.  Pr.  523. 

370.     Contra.  M'Quade  v.  Yew  York  ^Fleischman    v.    Yagel,    16    Misc. 

d  E.  R.  Co.  5  Duer.  613,  11  How.  Pr.  511.  38  X.  Y.  Supp.  523. 

434  ^^Fleischman    v.    Yagel,    16    Misc. 

"Ellsworth  V.  Gooding,  8  How.  Pr.  511,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  523. 
1. 


DELAYING  TRIAL  AND  MOTION   FOK  A  NEW  TRIAL.  97 

costs  of  motion ;  tlie  motion  costs  were  discretion  a  rv  and  the 
court  having  fairly  exercised  its  discretion,  the  order  is  final  as 
it  was  not  appealed  from.^" 

84.  Motion  for  new  trial  made  on  two  grounds. —  Where  a 
motion  for  a  new  trial  is  made  on  exceptions  taken  and  because 
of  the  insufSciency  of  the  evidence,  and  the  order  is  granted 
upon  the  payment  of  the  costs  of  the  former  trial,  but  is  silent  as 
to  the  grounds  of  the  order,  the  order  will  be  upheld  as  being 
made  on  the  ground  of  lack  of  evidence.^^  If  the  order  does  nor 
show  the  grounds  upon  which  the  new  trial  was  granted,  it  will 
be  presumed  that  it  was  granted  because  the  verdict  was  against 
the  weight  of  evidence,  or  tliat  in  the  opinion  of  the  trial  court 
substantial  justice  will  be  promoted  thereby.^^ 

85.  Correction  of  order. — Where  an  order  denying  a  motion 
for  a  new  trial  makes  no  award  of  costs,  and  the  successful  party 
enters  the  order  with  costs,  he  should  upon  discovering  his  mis- 
take move  for  permission  to  vacate  the  order  and  ask  the  court 
to  pass  upon  the  question  of  costs.  The  court  cannot  pass  upon 
the  question  of  costs  upon  deciding  a  motion  by  the  defeated 
party  to  correct  the  order,  as  the  party  successful  upon  the  mo- 
tion for  a  new  trial  is  not  before  the  court  asking  any  relief.'*^ 

86.  What  courts  have  power  to  exercise  discretion  as  to  terms 
of  a  new  trial. —  The  granting  or  denying  a  motion  for  a  new 
trial  is  to  a  certain  extent  discretionary,  and  the  appellate  di- 
vision of  the  same  court  in  which  the  motion  was  originally 
made  can  exercise  its  discretion,  when  the  order  of  the  trial 
court  is  brought  before  it  for  review,  and  it  may  modify  the  or- 
der.*^    But  the  appellate  court  could  only  review  such  an  order 

*^Hadley  v.  Petlical,  23  X.  Y.  Civ.  Hun,  9,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  612:   Young 

Proe.  Eep.  216,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  803.  v.  Stone,  77  Hun,  395,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 

*^Henderson   v.    Henderson,   2    Abb.  881 ;   Glassford  v.  Lewis,  82  Hun,  46. 

N.  C.  102.  31  N.  Y.  Supp.   162. 

*^Fleischman    v.     Yaqel,     16    INIisc.  "Siegrist  v.  Hollotvay,  7  N.  Y.  Civ. 

511,   74   N.   Y.    S.   E,.   43,   38   N.    Y.  Proe.  Pop.  58. 

Supp.    523;    Grening  v.   Malcom,   83  **Funk  v.   Evening  Post   Pub.   Co. 
COSTS    7. 


98  TIIK  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN   NKW  YORK. 

\ipon  an  appeal  from  another  court  in  those  cases  in  which  it  can 
review  any  other  discretionary  order,  as  where  there  is  a  palpa- 
ble abuse  of  discretion,  etc. 

87.  Motion  for  a  new  trial  made  on  a  case. —  The  costs  award- 
ed to  the  successful  party  upon  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  on.  a 
case  are  the  same  as  upon  an  appeal  as  prescribed  in  subd.  4^ 
§  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^  The  party  success- 
fully opposing  the  motion  is  entitled  to  those  costs.^*^ 

These  costs  are  chargeable  even  when  the  motion  is  made  pre- 
maturely, when  the  party  has  had  the  benefit  of  the  motion.^" 
The  moving  party  is  not  entitled  to  these  costs."*^ 

Only  motion  costs  can  be  allowed  upon  a  motion  for  a  new 
trial  upon  a  case  when  the  time  to  appeal  has  expired.^^ 

Two  fees  for  argument  can  be  taxed  where  the  motion  i< 
ai'gued  before  one  judge  who  does  not  decide  it,  but  sends  it  to 
another  judge,  who  denies  the  motion.^*'  The  successfid  party 
will  be  allowed  to  retax  his  costs  at  the  proper  amount,  where  he 
has  inadvertently  taxed  simple  motion  costs.^^ 

When  the  whole  office  of  a  case  is  to  enable  the  court  to  ascer- 

7G  Hun,  497,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  27  735;   Dacis  v.  Grand  Rapids  F.  Ins. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  1089.  Co.  5  App.  Div.  36,  39  X.  Y.  Supp. 

"Code  Civ.  Pioc.  §  3251,  subdiv.  3.  71:   Christ  v.  Chctwood,  8  Misc.  81, 

See  motion  for  new  trial  made  with-  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  815,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 

out  a  case,  §  73,  swpra.  1148;  WhitneTj  v.  Saxe,  15  N.  Y.  Civ. 

'"Reid    V.    (laedeke,    38    App.    Div.  Proc.  Rep.  450,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1020. 

107,   29   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   212,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 

57  N.  Y.  Supp.  414;  Garveyx.  United  -'lioiisso  v.  Vontrin,  41  How.  Pr.  8. 

i<tates  Horse  &  Cattle  Show  Soc.   1  '•'Wilsoti  v.  Ahhott,  68  N.  Y".  Supp. 

N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  406,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R.  867.     Contra,  Pilnrim  v.  Donnelly,  1 

360,  38  X.  Y.  Supp.  171;  Atldnson  v.  How.  Pr.   N.  S.   281,   15  Abb.   N.  C. 

Truesdell.  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  585,  7  N.  240. 

Y.  Supp.  801;  Wilcox  v.  Daggett,  15  *^Forstman   v.    Scluilfing,   38   Hun. 

N.    Y.    Week.    Dig.    208;    Perkins    v.  482. 

Brainard   Quarry   Co.    11    Misc.   337,  '"Guckenheimer    v.     Angevine,     IS 

65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  417,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  Hun,  453. 

236;   Fleischman  v.  Yagel,   16  ^lisc.  ''^Vi'hitney  v.   Saxe,    15  N.  Y.   Civ. 

511,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  43,  38  X.  Y.  Supp.  Proc.  Rep.  450.  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1020, 

523:    HIeirart   v.   J.    JJarper  Bonnell  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 
Co.    20   Misc.    174,    45    X.    Y.    Supp. 


DELAYING  TKIAI,  A^"D  MOTION  FOB  A  NEW  TRIAL.  99 

tain  whether  the  new  evidence  is  cumulative  merely,  only  mo- 
tion costs  are  ehargeable,^^ 

The  moving  party,  although  successful,  must,  as  a  condition 
of  obtaining  a  new  trial,  j)ay  the  costs  of  the  former  trial. ^^ 

Costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  upon  the  decision  oJ' 
a  motion  made  for  a  new  trial,  which  is  ordered  to  be  heard  at 
the  appellate  division  in  the  first  instance.  If  no  costs  are  award- 
ed none  can  be  taxed.^"* ' 

Whether  costs  that  a  party  has  paid  for  the  granting  of  a  new 
trial  as  a  favor  can  be  again  taxed  should  be  decided  upon  the 
same  j)rinciple  as  is  applied  in  similar  indulgences  in  opening 
defaults  and  allowing  amendments.^" 

88.  Appeal  from  an  order  granting  new  trial. — A  party  may 
pay  costs  that  have  been  improperly  granted  against  him,  and 
accept  the  provisions  of  the  order,  and  then  appeal  from  so  much 
of  the  order  as  imposes  costs.  ^^ 

Where  upon  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  because  the  verdict  is 
against  the  weight  of  evidence,  the  attention  of  the  court  is  not 
called  to  the  fact  that  such  motions  are  not  usually  granted  ex- 
cept upon  the  payment  of  the  costs  of  the  trial,  the  appellate 
court  will  not  listen  to  that  point  upon  an  appeal  from  an  order 
granting  a  new  trial  which  does  not  impose  the  payment  of  the 
costs  of  the  previous  trial.''' 

^^Hossley  v.   Colerick,   3   How.   Pr.  ^Kummer    v.     Christopher    &     T. 

N.  S.  169,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  43.  Street  R.  Co.  12  Misc.  387,  24  N.  Y. 

'•"^Eossley  v.   Colerick,   3   How.   Pr.  Civ.  Proc.  Kep.  404,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

N.  S.  169,  9  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  43;  404,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  581. 

Comstock  v.  Dye,  13  Hun,  113;  Sim-  ^O'Brien  v.  Ijong,  49  Hun,  80,  17 

mons  V.  Fay,    1   E.   D.   Smith,   107;  N.  Y.  S.  R.  510,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  695. 

Bonynge  v.  JVaterbury,  12  Him,  534,  "Feiher  v.  Lester,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

537;   May  v.  Strauss,  8  Abb.   N.  C.  986,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  339. 
274 ;  Peck  v.  Cohen,  8  -Jones  &  S.  142. 

""^Miller  v.  Bush,  29  App.  Div.  117, 
51  N.  Y.  Supp.  486. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

COSTS  UPON  THE  DECISION  OF  A  DE:\rURRER. 

89.  Absolute  right  to  costs  in  actions  at  law. 

90.  In  actions  which  involve  questions  of  law  and  fact. 
9).  Where  both  parties  are  successful. 

92.  Separate   bills  of  costs,   where   there  are  two   or  more  parties  on  the 

successful  side. 
9.3.  What  items  are  taxable. 

94.  Judgment  upon  frivolous  demurrer. 

95.  When  successful  party  cannot  tax  costs. 

96.  Amendment  of  pleading  to  obviate  defect  pointed  out  by  demurrer. 

97.  Judgment  entered  upon  decision  of  demurrer. 

98.  Final  or  interlocutory  judgment. 

99.  Costs  by  whom  taxed. 

89.  Absolute  right  to  costs  in  actions  at  law. —  The  right  of  the 
successful  party  to  the  costs  upon  tlie  decision  of  a  demurrer  to 
the  whole  complaint  in  an  action  at  law  is  absolute,  unless  the 
case  comes  within  the  exceptions  of  §  3232  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure,  which  provides  that  "where  an  issue  of  law  and  an 
issue  of  fact  are  joined,  between  the  same  parties  to  the  same 
action,  and  the  issue  of  fact  remains  undisposed  of,  when  an  in- 
terlocutory judgment  is  rendered  upon  the  issue  of  law,  tlie  in- 
terlocutory judgment  may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  deny 
costs  to  either  party,  or  award  costs  to  the  prevailing  party, 
either  absolutely,  or  to  abide  the  event  of  the  trial  of  the  issue 
of  fact."^  It  makes  no  difference  that  the  party  defeated  is  a 
public  official.^     Where  a  defendant  could  have  demurred  to  a 

Kidams  v.  Ward,  GO  How.  Pr.  288;  fiers  v.  Belmont,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Tallman  v.  Bernhard,  75  Hun,  30,  31  Rep.  408.  07  X.  Y.  S.  R.  329,  33  N.  Y. 

Abb.  N.   C.  84,  23   N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Supp.  023 ;  Childs  v.  Algie,  4  Month. 

Rep.    284,    58    N.    Y.    S.    R.    597,   27  L.  Bull.   17. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  6;  Marsh  v.  Chaham,  19        -Keller  v.  Rhrady,  30  Misc.  833,  61 

Misc.  263,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  253;   Oli-  X.  Y.  Supp.  1123. 

100 


COSTS  upo:n  the  decisiojn"  of  a  demukrer.  101 

complaint,  but  prefers  to  raise  the  question  upon  the  trial,  and 
succeeds,  he  should  be  allowed  no  more  discretionary  costs  than 
he  would  have  been  allowed  upon  a  demurrer.^ 

90.  In  actions  which  involve  questions  of  law  and  fact. —  The 
court,  having  discretion  to  award  costs  upon  the  decision  of  a  de- 
murrer in  an  action  at  law,  where  there  are  issues  of  law  to  be 
tried,  cannot,  after  it  has  decided  that  a  party  is  entitled  to 
costs,  limit  the  amount  of  costs.  The  successful  party  is  entitled 
to  the  statutory  costs  as  allowed  by  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.'* 

The  costs  awarded  in  such  a  case  cannot  be  entered  in  a  judg- 
ment and  collected,  until  iinal  judgment  is  rendered  upon  the 
issues  in  the  action  generally.^ 

There  are  special  term  decisions  which  hold  that  costs  may 
be  awarded  upon  the  determination  of  a  demurrer,  although 
other  issues  were  left  undetermined.^  The  law  is  better  deter- 
mined in  the  decisions  of  the  New  York  common  pleas  and  of  the 
general  term  of  the  fifth  department,  which  hold  that  the  costs 
upon  such  a  demurrer  must  aw^ait  the  trial  of  the  issues  of  fact, 
and  that  the  party  successful  upon  the  demurrer  must  also  be 
successful  upon  the  trial  of  the  issue  of  fact  to  recover  the  costs 
of  the  demurrer.^  The  history  of  these  costs  is  given  in  the  case 
last  cited,^  and  the  conclusion  there  arrived  at  by  the  editor,  that 
the  court  erred  in  this  decision  because  its  attention  was  nor 
called  to  the  provisions  of  the  present  Code  on  this  subject,  seems 
to  be  correct. 

^Barnes  v.  Seligman,  55  Hun,  339.  Hun,  570:  Fales  v.  Lawson,  4  N.  Y. 

29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  68,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  834.  Supp.  284 ;  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3233. 

Wogt    Mfg.   d    Coach   Lace   Co.   v.  Woelger  v.  O'Rourke,  18  Abb.  N.  C. 

Oettinger,  88  Hun,  52,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  457,   12^  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   254 : 

549,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  731.  Adamfi  v.  Ward,  60  How.  Pr.  288. 

^Biershenh  v.  Stokes,  46  N.  Y.  S.  'Schenck   v.   Rowell,   2   Month.   L. 

R.  179,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  854;   Oester-  Bull.     18;     Willover    v.    First    Nat. 

riches  v.  Jones,  45  Him,  246,  13  N.  Y.  Bank,   40   Hun,    184,   10   N.   Y.   Civ. 

Civ.  Proc.   Rep.   98,   10   N.   Y.   S.   R.  Proc.  Rep.  80. 

356:     Rohinson     v.     Hall,    35    Hun,  ^  Note   to    Willover   v.   First    Nat. 

214;     Armstrong    v.    Cummings,    22  Bank,  10  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  80. 


<^ 


102  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

91.  Where  both  parties  are  successful. —  Costs  are  not  award- 
ed to  either  party  where  a  demurrer  has  been  interposed  to  two 
or  more  causes  of  action,  or  counterclaims,  and  it  is  sustained 
in  part  and  overruled  in  part.** 

92.  Separate  bills  of  costs,  where  there  are  two  or  more  parties 
on  the  successful  side. — Separate  bills  of  costs  must  be  awarded 
tx3  the  different  defendants,  when  they  have  succeeded  upon  tlie 
decision  of  a  demurrer  if  they  are  not  united  in  interest  and 
have  appeared  by  different  attorneys.^" 

The  plaintiff,  upon  the  decision  of  a  demurrer  in  his  favor, 
is  not  entitled  to  tax  a  separate  bill  of  costs  against  defendants 
who  have  appeared  by  the  same  attorney,  but  have  answered 
separately.-' -^ 

93.  What  items  are  taxable. —  Upon  the  entry  of  a  final  judg- 
ment upon  the  decision  of  a  demurrer,  the  successful  party  in  an 
action  at  law  is  entitled  to  tax  a  full  bill  of  costs. 

Upon  the  entry  of  an  interlocutory  judgment,  where  the  de- 
feated party  is  given  leave  to  plead  over  upon  the  payment  of 
costs,  the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  tax  costs  after  notice 
and  before  trial,  $15,  trial  fee  $20,  and  disbursements.^^     The 

"Henner  v.  Benner,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Co.     10    How.    Pr.     1.54;     Miller    v. 

602,   12  N.  Y.  Supp.  472;   Petrakion  Coates,  2  Hun,  668,   5  Thomp.  &  C. 

V.  Arhcely,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pvcp.  690. 

183,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  731;  Sargent  v.  ''Buell    v.     Gay,     13    How.    Pr.    31. 

Sargent  Granite  Co.  3  Misc.  325,  52  Contra,     Comstock     v.     Eallech,     4 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  517,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  886;  Sandf.  671. 

Hollingshed  v.   Woodward,   35   Hun,       ^-Garrett    v.    Wood,    61    App.    Div. 

410.  294,   70   K   Y.   Supp.   359;   Jones  v. 

^"Olifiers  v.  Belmont,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Butler,  83  Hun,   91,   1   N.   Y.  Anno. 

Proc.  Rep.  408,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  329,  Cas.  278,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  814,  31  N.  Y. 

33  N.  Y.  Supp.  623:  Delaioare,  L.  <C-  Supp.  401,  Reversed  on  other  grounds 

IF.  R.  Co.  V.  Burkard,  40  Hun,  625 ;  in  146  X.  Y.  55,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  772, 

none  V.   Van  Orden,    11   Abb.   N.   C.  41  N.  E.  633;  Louis  v.  Emjnre  State 

228,  63  How.  Pr.  237;   'New  York  v.  Ins.  Co.  75  Hun,  364,  23  N.  Y.  .Civ. 

Brady,  25  Jones  &  S.   14,  25  N.  Y.  Proc.  Rep.  295,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  766. 

S.  R.  106,  5  X.  Y.  Supp.  179,  Affirmed  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  83;  Marsh  v.  Graham, 

in  115  N.  Y.  599,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  340,  19   Misc.   263,   44  N.   Y.   Supp.   253; 

22  N.  E.  237;    Collomh  v.   Caldwell,  Skinner  v.   White,   69  Hun,   127.   23 

5    How.    Pr.    336,    N.   Y.    Code   Rep.  N.  Y.  Supp.  384;   Edson  v.  Dillaye, 

N.  S.  41:   Wood  v.   Brooklyn  F.  In^.  8  How.  Pr.  273;  Phlpps  v.  \an  Cott, 


COSTS  UPON  THE  DECISION  OF  A  DEMURRIOE.  103 

disbursements  allowed  are  those  connected  with  the  argument 
of  the  demurrer  and  the  entry  of  the  judgment  thereon,  and  do 
not  include  costs  of  serving  the  summons  and  complaint,  and 
sheriff's  fees  on  execution. ^^ 

The  defeated  party  should  pay  the  costi^  of  such  proceedings 
as  by  the  overruling  of  the  demurrer  will  be  vacated,  entering 
judgment,  satisfaction  piece,  transcript,  and  filing. ^^ 

There  are  some  cases  which  hold  tliat  upon  tlie  sustaining  of 
a  demurrer,  the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  tax  costs  before 
notice  of  trial.-' ^  But  these  cases  do  not  seem  to  be  well  con- 
sidered and  seem  to  be  contrary  to  the  general  trend  of  the  de- 
cisions. 

In  the  New  York  city  court  only  $20  costs  are  allowed  upon 
sustaining  a  demurrer  to  one  of  several  defenses  set  up  in  the 
answer.-'^ 

94.  Judgment  upon  frivolous  demurrer. — Upon  an  application 
for  judgment  on  account  of  the  frivolousness  of  a  demurrer  only 
motion  costs  can  be  allowed.^^  Where,  however,  both  partie-- 
treat  a  notice  of  application  for  judgment  on  account  of  friv- 
olousness of  the  demurrer,  as  a  notice  of  argument,  and  the  court 
decides  the  question  upon  the  merits,  costs  as  upon  a  trial  of  an 
issue  of  law  can  be  taxed,  but  motion  costs  cannot.-'^ 

15  How.  Pr.  110;  Crary  v.  tiorioood,  Adams   v.    TTV/jtZ,   60   How.   Pr.   288; 

5  Abb.  Pr.  219;  Anon?/mO!<s,  3  Sandf.  Van  ValJcenhurgh  v.  Van  ScliaicJc,  8 

756;   Thotnpson  v.  Stanley,  22  N.  Y.  How.  Pr.  271;   Gollomb  v.  Caldwell, 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  348,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  5  How.  Pr.  336,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N. 

897;    yellis   v.    De   Forrest,    6   How.  S.   41;   Bendriclcs  v.  Bouck,  4  E.  D. 

Pr.    413;    Van    Valkenhurgh   v.    Van  Smitli,  461,  2  Abb.  Pr.  360;   Consid- 

Schaick,  8   How.  Pr.   271.      But  see  eratit   v.    Brisbane,    7    Abb.    Pr.    345 

Knecring  v.  Lennon,  3  Misc.  247,  51  note,     1     Bosw.     644;     Thompson    v. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  907,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  775.  Stanleij,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  348 

^^Louis   V.    Empire   State   Ins.    Co.  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  897. 

75  Hun,  364,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  ^^usso    v.    Basso,    19    Abb.    N.    ( '. 

295,   56   N.   Y.   S.   R.   766.   27   N.   Y.  173. 

Supp.  83.  ^•'Small    v.    Ludlow,    1    Hilt.    307: 

^'Thompson   v.    Stanley,   22    N.    Y.  Roberts  v.   Clark,   10  How.   Pr.  451: 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  348,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  Rochester  City  Bank  v.  Rapelje,   12 

897.  How.  Pr.  26;   Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  537. 

^'Doelger  v.  0'  Rotirke,  18  Abb.  N.  "MGWilliam   v.    Dayton,    27    Misc. 

C.  457,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  254;  828,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  819. 


104  TUK  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

95.  When  successful  party  cannot  tax  costs. —  ISTo  costs  upon 
tho  decision  of  a  demurrer  can  be  taxed  in  the  final  judgment, 
where  tliey  were  given  "to  abide  the  event"  and  the  party  to 
whom  they  were  thus  awarded  was  defeated  upon  the  other  is- 
sues, because  the  costs  were  given  only  on  the  condition  that  the 
party  successful  on  the  demurrer  should  finally  succeed.^^  Where 
the  plaintiff  had  a  technical  cause  of  action  to  which  the  de- 
fendant demurred,  the  demurrer  was  overruled  and  judgment 
rendered  for  the  plaintiff  for  6  cents,  with  costs  of  the  action  to 
the  defendant,  imder  §  3229  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^ ^ 

96.  Amendment  of  pleading  to  obviate  defect  pointed  out  by 
demurrer. — The  right  of  a  party  to  serve  an  amended  pleading  in 
the  place  of  the  one  which  has  given  rise  to  the  demurrer  is  un- 
doubted. The  right  of  the  party  demurring  to  costs  upon 
the  demurrer  is  subject  to  the  right  of  the  opposing  party  to 
amend. ^^  It  is  the  general  rule  that  a  party  may  by  amendment 
obviate  the  objection  to  his  pleading  whether  the  objection  be 
taken  by  motion  or  by  a  pleading,  provided,  of  course,  that  the 
time  within  which  he  may  amend  as  of  right  has  not  expired. 

There  is  one  case  to  the  contrary  rendered  upon  an  uncontested 
motion,  and  no  decision  was  written.^^ 

There  is  no  absolute  right  in  the  party  defeated  upon  the  trial 
of  a  demurrer,  to  serve  another  pleading  in  the  place  of  the  one 
disposed  of  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  demurrer.  It  rests  in  the 
sound  discretion  of  the  court  whether  or  not  a  party  will  be 
allowed  to  do  so.  The  terms  usually  imposed  are  the  payment 
of  the  costs  of  the  demurrer  Avithin  a  certain  time,  and  if  an  ap- 
peal has  been  taken  the  costs  of  the  appeal.  After  such  a  de- 
cision on  appeal  the  successful  party  cannot  obtain  an  extra  al- 

■"Murphy   v.    Gold  &   Stock   Teleg.  ^Branagan    v.    Palmer,    5    N.    Y. 

Co.  18  N.Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  43,  27  Week.  Dig.  521. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  39,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  28.  "-^Curry   v.   Blair,   4   N.   Y.    \Yeek. 

-^Uoomc  V.  Jennings,  3  Misc.  413,  Dig.  271. 
.52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  507,  23  N.  Y.  Supp. 
i>(j6. 


COSTS  UPOX  THE  DECISION  OF  A  DEMURRER,  105 

lowance  and  thus  make  it  a  part  of  the  costs  which  the  opposing 
party  must  pay  for  the  privilege  of  serving  an  amended  plead- 

When  the  decision  of  the  appellate  court  simply  gives  to  the 
defeated  party  permission  to  apply  to  the  court  below  for  leave 
to  withdraw  his  demurrer  and  answer,  the  court,  upon  such  ap- 
plication, may  impose  as  terms  for  this  favor  the  payment  of, 
not  only  the  regular  costs,  but  also  the  payment  of  an  extra  al- 
lowance granted.^^ 

97.  Judgment  entered  upon  decision  of  demurrer. —  Upon  the 
decision  of  a  demurrer  to  a  part  of  the  issues  raised,  an  interloc- 
utory judgment  should  be  entered.  If  the  demurrer  is  to  all 
the  issues  unless  leave  to  plead  over  be  granted,  a  final  judgment 
should  be  entered  when  an  entire  bill  of  costs  can  be  taxed.^^ 

If  the  defeated  party  appeals  from  the  interlocutory  judg- 
ment, instead  of  pleading  over,  and  does  not  stay  the  proceed- 
ings of  his  opponent  pending  the  appeal,  his  opponent  may  enter 
up  final  judgment  and  tax  his  costs  therein,  when  the  time  lim- 
ited for  pleading  over  has  expired.^'^ 

98.  Final  or  interlocutory  judgment.—  The  order  sustaining  or 
overruling  a  demurrer  to  a  pleading,  where  leave  is  not  granted 
to  plead  over,  or  when  permission  is  given  but  is  not  accepted, 
authorizes  a  final  judgment,  and  the  successful  party  is  entitled 
to  a  full  bill  of  costs.^^ 

An  interlocutory  judgment  is  entered  upon  the  decision  of  a 
demurrer,  when  permission  is  given  to  plead  over  upon  payment 

-^McDonald  v.  Mallory,  14  Jones  &        ^Eecla   Consol.    Gold   Min.    Co.   v. 

S.  58.  O'Neill  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  143, 

'^Terry  v.  Moore,  12  App.  Div.  396,  .51   N.  Y.  S.  R.  436,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

42  N.  Y.  Supp.  51.  130. 

-^Brassington    v.    RoJirs,    3    Misc.        ^Crasto  v.  White,  52  Hun,  473,  17 

258,   23   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.  Rep.    146,  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46,  23  N.  Y. 

52  N.  Y.  S.  R.   171,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  S.  R.  535,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  718;  Hoff- 

761 :    Adams  v.   Wood,  60  How.   Pr.  man  v.  Barry,  2  Hun,  52,  4  Tliomp. 

288:   Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§  3232,  3222,  &  C.  253. 
and  779. 


106  TUE  LAW  OF  COSTS  Ii!i  NEW   YOKli. 

of  costs,  but  if  such  privilege  is  not  accepted  within  the  time 
allowed,  a  final  judgment  is  entered.-'*  Before  the  adoption  of 
the  jDresent  Code,  it  was  held  that  the  costs  granted  upon  the  de- 
cision of  a  demurrer  to  a  part  of  the  issues  raised  by  the  plead- 
ings were  final,  not  interlocutory.^^  But  these  cases  on  this  point 
have  been  rendered  obsolete  by  the  adoption  of  the  present  Code. 
§§  3232  and  3233  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

99.  Costs  by  whom  taxed. —  The  order  should  expressly  pro- 
vide for  the  taxation  of  the  costs  before  the  clerk  of  the  county 
in  which  the  action  is  brought  or  before  a  judge,  designating 
him.^^ 

The  general  practice  seems  to  be  to  have  the  costs  taxed  by  the 
clerk  in  the  usual  way.^^ 

"^Castro  V.  White,  52  Hun,  473,  17  strong  v.    Cummings,  22   Hun,   570; 

X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46,  23  N.  Y.  S.  Palmer  v.  Smedley,  13  Abb.  Pr.  185. 

R.  535,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  718;  Bernheim-  ''Marsh  v.   Graham,   19  Misc.  263, 

cr  V.  Bartmayer,  34  Misc.  346,  69  N.  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  253 ;  Code  Civ.  Proc. 

Y.  Supp.  816.  §  3262. 

^"Mora    V.    Sun   Miit.    Ins.    (Jo.    22  '-Marsh  v.   Graham,   19  Misc.  263. 

How.  Pr.  GO,  13  Abb.  Pr.  304;  Ann-  44  N.  Y,  Supp.  253. 


CIIAPTEK  VIII. 

COSTS  AS  REGULATED  BY  THE  RELIEF  SOUGHT  AND  BY  THE 
JUDGMENT  RENDERED. 

100.  Generally. 

101.  Action  to  recover  real  property. 

a.  When  claim  of  title  arises  upon  the  pleadings. 

(1)  In  general. 

(2)  Unnecessary  allegations  of  title. 

( 3 )  United  with  another  cause  of  action. 
6.  Ejectment. 

c.  The  question  of  title  to  real  estate  must  be  involved. 

d.  Lack  of  jurisdiction. 

e.  Action  for  dower. 

f.  Trespass. 

g.  Plea  of  license. 

h.  Plea  that  the  land  is  a  highway. 
t.  Actions  in  relation  to  easements. 
j.  Actions  between  landlord  and  tenant. 
k.  Title  to  real  estate  proven  as  a  matter  of  evidence. 
I.  Action  commenced  in  a  justice's  court. 

m.  Power  of  the  justice's  court  before  removal  of  the  action. 
n.  Action  to  abate  a  nuisance, 
o.  Action  for  trespass  and  assault  and  battery. 
p.  Certificate  of  judge  that  question  of  title  arose  on  the  trial. 

102.  Action  to  recover  a  chattel. 

a.  In  general. 

ft.  The  value  of  the  chattels  as  fixed  by  the  verdict. 

c.  Action  by  finder  to  recover  lost  property  from  depositary. 

103.  Actions  of  which  a  justice  of  the  peace  has  not  jurisdiction. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Assault  and  battery. 

c.  Alienation  of  affections. 

d.  Malicious  prosecution. 

e.  Action  for  causing  death. 

104.  Other  actions  where  the  recovery  is  less  than  $50. 

a.  In  general. 

h.  Actions  where  the  sum  total  of  the  accounts  proved  exceed  $400. 

c.  How  the  amount  is  computed. 

d.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs. 

e.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. 

107 


108  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

f.  Where  the  accounts  do  not  exceed  $400. 

^f.  Recovery  reduced  below  $50  by  tlie  interposition  of  a  counterclaim 
by  the  defendant. 

h.  Recovery  reduced  below  $50  by  payments  made  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  action. 

i.  Recovery  increased  above  $50  by  the  addition  of  interest  which  has 
accrued  since  the  commencement  of  tlu;  action. 

j.  Miscellaneous  cases  where  the  recovery  was  less  than  $50. 

100.  Generally. —  The  cases  in  which  the  successful  pa^ty  is 
entitled  to  costs  upon  recovering  final  judgment  are  designated 
in  §?  8228-3229  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

101.  Action  to  recover  real  property. —  The  plaintiff  is  enti- 
tled to  costs,  of  course,  upon  the  rendering  of  a  final  judgment 
in  his  favor  in  "an  action  triable  by  a  jury  to  recover  real  prop- 
erty, or  an  interest  in  real  property ;  or  in  which  a  claim  of  title 
to  real  property  arises  upon  the  pleadings,  or  is  certified  to  have 
come  in  question  upon  the  trial."  Section  3228,  subd.  1.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  there  is  no  limitation  as  to  the  value  of  the 
property  or  amount  of  the  damages  recovered  to  entitle  tlie  suc- 
cessful party  to  costs.  In  may  cases  there  can  be  no  damages 
assessed.  If  any  are  assessed  they  have  no  bcai'ing  upon  the 
right  to  costs. ^ 

In  an  action  to  compel  the  determination  of  a  claim  to  real 
property  tlie  defendant,  if  ho  puts  in  issue  the  question  whether 
the  plaintiff  or  those  under  whom  he  claims  title  has  been  in  pos- 
session of  the  land  in  dispute  for  one  year  next  preceding  the 
commencement  of  the  action,  and  succeeds  upon  that  defense,  is 
entitled,  as  a  matter  of  right,  to  costs  in  the  final  judgment  dis- 
missing the  complaint.    Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  1640. 

If  the  defendant  does  not  join  issue  with  the  plaintiff,  no  costs 
can  be  awarded  to  either  party.     Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  1645. 

The  phrase  "a  claim  of  title  to  real  property  arises  upon  the 
pleading"  does  not  mean  tliat  a  claim  of  title  arises  from  a  mere 
assertion  of  title  in  the  complaint,  even  in  a  case  where,  if  the 

'Utter  V.  Gifford,  25  How.  Pr.  289. 


REGULATED   BY    RELIEF    AND    JUDGMENT.  109 

title  were  disputed,  it  would  be  incumbent  upon  the  plaintiff  to 
prove  it  at  the  trial.  A  claim  of  title  in  the  complaint  is  not  a 
claim  of  title  in  the  pleadings.  Tlie  phrase  has  reference  to  a 
case  where  both  parties  in  the  pleadings  claim  the  title,  or  when 
one  claims  it  and  the  other  disputes  it.^  The  prevailing  ])arty 
is  entitled  to  costs,  as  a  matter  of  right,  where  the  title  of  land 
comes  in  question,  only  in  actions  at  law,  not  in  actions  in 
equity.^ 

a.  When  claim  of  title  arises  upon  the  pleadings.  (1)  Ln  gen- 
eral.—It  is  sufficient  to  entitle  the  prevailing  party  to  costs,  if 
the  title  to  real  property  arises  on  the  pleadings,*  although  upon 
the  trial  the  opposite  party  admits  the  title  of  the  successful 
party,^  because  he  was  compelled  to  be  ready  to  prove  title  and 
had  incurred  all  the  trouble  and  expense  to  prove  that  fact,  and 
tlie  admission  only  saves  him  the  trouble  of  introducing  proof 
that  he  has  prepared.  The  claim  of  title  arises  on  the  pleadings 
\\'here  the  plaintiff  must  show  title  in  himself  to  recover,  and  the 
defendant  makes  a  general  denial^  or  denies  facts  relating  to 
title  which  the  plaintiff'  nuist  prove  upon  the  trial  in  order  to 
recover.''' 

(2)  Unnecessary  allegations  of  title. — The  title  to  real  estate 
does  not  arise  upon  the  pleadings,  when  the  pleader  makes  un- 
necessary allegations  as  to  ownership  of  real  estate,  although  his 
opponent  makes  a  general  denial  of  all  the  allegations  in  the 
pleadings.'^ 

-Lynk  V.   Weaver,   128   N.   Y.    171,  311,  Affirmed  in  21  N.  Y.  4fiG;   Mul- 

28  N.  E.  508.  Icr    v.    Bayard,     15    Abb.    Pr.    449; 

^Law  V.  McDonald,  9  Hun,  23.  Learn    v.   Currier,    15  Hun,    184,   Af- 

^ISliles  V.  Lindsley,  8  How.  Pr.  131,  firmed  in  76  N.  Y.  625. 

1    Duer,    610;    Dempsey    v.    Hall,    3  ^Moody    v.    Steele,    11    N.    Y.    Civ. 

Jones  &  S.  201.  Proc.   Eep.  205,   3   N.  Y.   S.  R.  269; 

'-Duncl-el  v.  Farley,  1  How.  Pr.  Learn  v.  Currier,  15  Hun,  184,  Af- 
180;  Euhlell  v.  Rochester,  8  Cow.  firmed  in  76  N.  Y.  625;  Blooming- 
US.  dale  V.  Stcubing,  14  Misc.  549,  36  N. 

^Crowell  V.    Smith,   35   Hun,    182;  Y.  Supp.  1074:   Rathhone  v.  McCon- 

Dunckel  v.  Farley,  1  How.  Pr.  180.  nell,  21  N.  Y.  466. 

''Rathhone  v.   McConnell,  20  Barb. 


110  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

This  has  been  held  in  actions  for  assault  and  battery,^  for 
damages  for  the  bite  of  a  dog,  and  the  answer  alleges  that  the 
plaintiff  was  a  trespasser  ;^^  in  an  action  for  conversion  because 
assessors  had  assessed  real  property  to  the  plaintiff  which  did 
not  belong  to  him,  and  the  plaintiff's  personal  property  had  been 
sold  to  satisfy  the  tax  thus  levied  ;^^  and  in  actions  by  a  landlord 
against  his  tenant  for  breach  of  covenant  of  the  ler.se,^^  and  for 
damages  caused  by  the  ten  ant.  ^^ 

(3)  United  with  another  cause  of  action. — The  plaintiff'  is 
not  entitled  to  costs  when  he  joins  with  a  personal  cause  of  action 
upon  which  lie  recovers  less  than  $50,  a  cause  of  action  in  which 
the  title  to  real  estate  arises,  and  he  is  defeated  on  the  latter.^ ^ 
A  claim  of  title  to  real  property  arises  upon  the  pleadings  only 
when  such  an  issue  is  essentially  or  legitimately  presented  by  the 
pleadings.-'^ 

h.  Ejectment. — The  successful  party  is  entitled  to  costs  in  an 
action  brought  to  recover  real  property,  upon  which  the  plaintitT 
claims  that  the  defendant  has  built,  where  the  defendant  admits 
that  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  the  property  described  in  the  com- 
plaint, but  denies  that  his  buildings  encroached  upon  the  land 
thus  described.^® 

Both  parties  are  entitled  to  costs  where  the  action  is  brought 
to  recover  two  parcels  of  land,  and  eacli  party  succeeds  as  to  one 
parcel,  as  this  is  a  case  directly  within  the  provision  of  §  3234 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^'     Title  to  real  estate  comes  in 

"Langdon   v.    Guy,   91    N.    Y.    660;  "Burhans   v.    Tibbits,   7    How.   Pr. 

Welsh  V.   Fallihee,   75  Hun.  308,   56  74;    l^hull   v.    Green,   49    Barb.    ,311; 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  81.  Hill  v.   Edie,   24   N.   Y.   Week.   Di":. 

^"Picrref  v.  Moller,  3  E.  D.  Smitli.  124:  Situ  felt  v.  f^weet,  15  N.  Y.  Week. 

574.  Dig.  1;  Alexander  v.  Hard,  42  How. 

^'Bailey   v.   Daigler,   50   Hun,   538,  vi.  131. 

20  N.  Y.   S.  R.  549,  3  N.   Y.   Supp.  "-Bailey  v.   Daigler,   50   Hun,   538, 

718.  20  X.  Y.  S.  R.  549,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  718. 

^-Aaron  v.   Foster,    11    N.   Y.    Civ.  '"Leprell  v.   Kleinschmidt ,    112   N. 

Proc.  Rep.  325.  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  270.  Y.  364.  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  30,   19  X.  K. 

^'Cleveland  v.  Wilder,  78  Hun,  591,  812. 

60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  764,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  "Coon    v.   Diefendorf,   2   How.   Pr. 

209.  N.   S.   389.   8   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.    Krp. 


EEGUT.ATED    BY    RELIEF   AXD    JUDGMENT.  Ill 

question  in  an  action  by  tlie  grantee  against  tlie  grantor  to  re- 
cover back  the  amount  of  the  purchase  price,  because  he  was 
evicted  by  paramount  title. -^^ 

c.  The  question  of  title  to  real  estate  tnust  he  involved. — It  is 
not  sufficient  that  the  question  relate  to  real  estate.  The  title 
must  be  in  question. ^^  The  title  to  real  estate  does  not  arise  in 
an  action  brought  on  a  land  contract,  for  damages  for  failure  to 
perform.^° 

d.  Lack  of  jurisdiction. — The  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  costs, 
although  the  court  decides  the  question  of  title  to  real  estate  in 
his  favor,  if  the  court  had  no  power  to  try  the  question.^^ 

e.  Action  for  doiver. —  In  an  action  for  dower  the  fees  and  ex- 
penses of  the  commissioners,  or  of  the  referee,  including  the  ex- 
pense of  a  survey,  when  it  is  made,  must  be  taxed  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  court,  and  the  amount  thereof  must  be  paid  to  the 
plaintiff  and  allowed  to  her  upon  the  taxation  of  her  costs.  Code 
Civ.  Proc.  §  1612.  She  is  also  entitled  upon  recovering  judg- 
ment, to  a  full  bill  of  costs.^^  Where  the  case  is  sent  to  a  ref- 
eree for  trial,  his  failure  to  award  costs  does  not  affect  the  plain- 
tiff's right  thereto,^'^  because  this  is  an  action  to  recover  real 
property,  and  is  triable  by  a  jury  under  §  968  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.^'^  It  was  decided  in  an  action  tried  before  the 
last  nine  chapters  of  tlie  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  took  effect,  that 
the  costs  in  such  an  action  were  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^' 
These  cases  have  been  rendered  obsolete  by  such  enactment. 

293;  Acl-crman  v.  DeLude,  20  N.  Y.  '^Everson    v.    McMnllen,    45    Hun, 

Week.  Dig.  544;  Seymour  v.  Billings,  578,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  627,  Reversed  on 

12  Wend.  285;   Martin  v.  Martin,  3  other  grounds  in   113  N.  Y.  293,  22 

How.  Pr.  203.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  787,  4  L.  R.  A.  118,  10 

^^Miimford  v.  Withey,  1  Wend.  279.  Am.  St.  Rep.  445,  21  N.  E.  52. 

^^Collins  V.  Adams,   15  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^Jones    v.    Emery,    1    N.    Y.    Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  384.  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  48,  4  Proc.  Rep.  338. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  217.  ^*Jones    v.    Emery,    1    N.    Y.    Civ. 

-"Altmun  v.  Tillson,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Proc.   Rep.   338;    Vadney  v.   Thomp- 

-^^^-  son,  44  Hun,   1,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  395; 

"■^Wilkins    v.    Williams,    15    N.    Y.  Kinne  v.  Kinne,  2  Thonip.  &  C.  393. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  168.  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  "^Aikman.  v.  Harsell,  31  Hun,  634, 
238,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  897. 


112  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN   NEW   YORK. 

/.  Trespass. — The  title  to  real  estate  arises  upon  the  plead- 
ings when  an  action  is  brought  for  trespass  and  the  defendant 
denies  the  plaintiff's  title,  whether  by  general  denial,-^  or  specif- 
ieallj, — as,  where  the  defendant  sets  up  adverse  possession,  or  pre- 
scriptive right  in  the  land  in  question,  as,  a  right  to  overflow  the 
plaintiff's  land;^^  or  the  defendant  seeks  to  justify  the  alleged 
trespass  by  proof  of  a  right  of  common  of  estovers  as  tenant,^^  or 
a  right  of  way,  either  by  grant  or  prescription.^^  It  also  arises 
whore  the  plaintiff  must  prove  title  in  order  to  maintain  his  ac- 
tion,— as,  where  the  land  is  wild  and  uncultivated  and  the  plain- 
tiff must  prove  constructive  possession,^"  or  where  the  payment 
of  rent  and  the  right  of  possession  is  in  dispute.^ ^  The  question 
of  title  to  real  estate  does  not  arise  where  the  question  involved 
is  whether  the  alleged  trespass  was  committed  within  the  admit- 
ted bounds  of  the  plaintiff's  land,^^  or  where  the  question  in- 
volved Avas  whether  the  plaintiff  had  suffered  any  damage  from 
the  alleged  trespass,^^  or  where  the  plaintiff  is  not  compelled  to 
prove  title  to  establish  constructive  possession. ^^ 

The  title  to  real  estate  arises  in  an  action  for  damages  to  the 
freehold,  but  does  not  arise  in  an  action  for  injury  to  posses- 
sion.^^ It  does  not  arise  in  an  action  for  a  nuisance,  where  the 
damage  is  not  a  permanent  injury,  but  only  to  the  right  of  pos- 
session. In  an  action  for  damages  to  the  freehold,  the  question 
would  only  arise  in  case  the  defendant  denied  the  plaintiff's 
title.36 

5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  93;   Schler-  ^-Heintz  v.  DeUinger,  28  How.  Pr. 

loh  V.  Schierloh,  14  Hun,  572.  39. 

'^Horlon  v.  Jordan,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^Dunster  v.  Kelly,  110  N.  Y.  558, 

920,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  2.  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  548,  18  N.  E.  361. 

"Tunnicliff  v.  Lawyer,  3  Cow.  382;  ^*Brown  v.  Majors,  7  Wend.  495. 

Eustace  v.  Tuthill,  2  Johns.  185.  ^Dean    v.    Metropolitan    Elev.    R. 

=^Radley  v.  Brice,  6   Wend.  539.  Co.   119  N.   Y.   540,  23  N.   E.   1054; 

^Heaton  v.  Ferris,  1  Johns.  146.  Kelly  v.  Manhattan  Beach  R.  Co.  81 

""'Hubbell  V.  Rochester,  8  Cow.  115.  X.  Y.  233;    Brven  v.   Manhattan  R. 

"^Powers  V.    Conroy,   47   How.   Pr.  Co.  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  127,  39 

84;  Dempsey  v.  Hall,  3  Jones  &  S.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  86,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  788. 

201.  ^Qtiinn  v.   Winter,  22  Abb.   N.  C. 


REGULATED    BY    RELIEF   AND    JUDGMENT.  113 

g.  Plea  of  license. — A  claim  of  license  does  not  necessarily  in- 
volve the  question  of  title.  If  the  license  is  alleged  to  be  from 
the  plaintiii",  it  does  not  arise.^"  If  the  validity  of  the  license 
from  another  is  in  question,  it  does  not  arise. "^^  It  does  not 
arise  although  the  right  of  the  licensor  to  give  the  license  is  de- 
nied by  the  reply.^^ 

The  question  does  not  arise  where  the  defendant  justifies,  by 
means  of  a  parol  license,  the  damage  to  the  plaintiff,  caused  by 
overflowing  the  plaintifl:"'s  land  ;^*^  nor  where  he  justifies  by  a 
parol  license  the  entry  upon  plaintiff's  land  for  the  purpose  of 
opening  a  drain,'*^  or  cutting  and  carrying  away  grass,^^  or 
where  he  pleads  a  like  justification  for  a  trespass  upon  imin- 
closed  land  covered  with  Avater,'*^  or  for  damages  for  a  diver- 
sion of  water  from  a  stream."*^  But  the  title  to  real  estate  does 
arise  in  an  action  against  a  municipal  corporation  brought  to  re- 
cover damages  for  causing  a  sewer  to  overflow  the  land  of  the 
plaintiff',  and  the  answer  is  that  the  alleged  sewer  is  a  water- 
course, and  defendant  claims  a  right  by  prescription  to  maintain 

i+  45 

li.  Plea  that  the  land  is  a  highway. — The  defendant  is  entitled 
to  costs  where  he  admits  title  in  the  plaintiff',  and  the  trespass  by 
himself,  the  damages  for  which  are  less  than  $50,  but  justifies 

462,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  851,  4  N.  Y.  Siipp.  ^Launitz  v.  Barnum,  4  Sandf.  637. 

865.  But    see    Mechl    v.    SchiciecJcart,    67 

^'Mechl   V.    Schirirrlart,    67    Barb.  Barb.  599,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  405. 

599,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  405;  Powers  ^"Mechl   v.    Schwieclcart,    67    Barb. 

V.    Gross,    6    Hun,    234;    Seaman   v.  599,  3  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  405. 

Glegner,    3    Hun,    119;    Yeic   v.    An-  *%liandler  v.  Duune,  10  Wend.  563, 

thonij,  4  I\un,  o3;  O'Reilhj  V.  Davies,  23    Am.    Dec.    578;    Otis   v.    Hall,    3 

4  Sandf.  722 ;  Poirell  v.  liiisf,  8  Barb.  Johns.   450. 

567,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  X.  S.  172;  Lau-  *^People  ex  rel.  Fryer  v.  'New  York 

nitz  V.  Barnum,  4  bandf.  637;  Craven  Common  Pleas,  18  Wend.  579. 

V.   Price,   37   How.   Pr.    15,   53   Barb.  "^Craven  v.  Price,  53  Barb.  442,  37 

442:    Turner   v.    VanRiper,   43   How.  How.  Pr.  15. 

Pr.    33;    Muller  v.   Bayard,    15   Abb.  "^Yickham  v.  Seely,  18  Wend.  649. 

Pr.  499;  Dunsier  v.  Kelly,  110  N.  Y.  ''liathbone  v.  McConnell,  21  K  Y. 

558,   18  N.  E.  361;  DoUttle  v.  Eddy,  466. 

7  Barb.  74;  Utter  v.  Gifford,  25  Rovf.  *''Grcen    v.    Canandaigxia,    30    Hun, 

Pr.  289.  306. 
COSTS   8. 


114  TJIE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  MEW  YORK. 

under  a  law  wliicli  provided  for  the  laying  out  of  a  highway, 
which  is  subsequently  declared  unconstitutional  ;^°  or  under  pro- 
ceedings instituted  to  lay  out  a  highway,  which  have  been  discon- 
tinued ;^'^  or  under  a  plea  that  the  land  where  the  alleged  tres- 
pass occurred  was  a  highway,  and  succeeds  upon  that  issue.^* 
But  a  plea  in  an  action  for  trespass,  of  a  right  reserved  between 
grantor  and  grantee  to  enter  and  carry  away  growing  vines  and 
shrubs,  raises  the  question  of  title.'*^ 

It  was  held  under  the  Revised  Statutes  that  w^here  the  dam- 
ages in  an  action  for  trespass  are  trebled  by  the  court,  so  that 
they  amount  to  more  than  $50,  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs.^*^ 
These  decisions  have  been  rendered  obsolete  by  a  change  in  the 
statute.^^ 

i.  Actions  in  'relation  to  easements. — The  question  of  title  to 
real  estate  comes  in  issue  when  it  relates  to  an  easement  of  one 
of  the  parties  over  land  belonging  to  the  state,  or  the  right  of  the 
state  to  an  easement  over  the  real  estate  of  the  plaintiff,^^  or  for 
damages  to  an  easement,  where  the  defendant  denies  any  knowl- 
edge of  ownership.^^  The  question  of  title  does  not  arise  in  an 
action  for  damages  resulting  from  the  obstruction  of  the  approach 
to  the  plaintiff's  upland  from  a  river.^*  But  it  arises  in  an  ac- 
tion to  recover  damages  caused  by  the  construction  and  mainte- 
nance of  an  elevated  railroad.^^ 

j.  Actions  l>etween  landlord  and  tenant. — The  question  of  title 

''Dexter  v.  Alfred,  74  Hun,  259,  56  tracting  Co.  43  App.  Div.  215,  60  N. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  264,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  592.  Y.  Siipp.  12. 

"Guernsey  v.  Davidson,  7   Alb.  L.  ^^Bruen  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  20  N. 

J.  204.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  127,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

*^Hcaih  V.  Barmour,  35  How.   Pr.  86,    14    N.    Y.    Supp.    788;    .Jones   v. 

1,  50  Barb.  444,  Affirmed  in  50  X.  Y.  Metropolitan  Elev.   R.  Co.  27   Jones 

302.  &  S.  437,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  632. 

"Powell  V.  Rust,  8  Barb.  567,  X.  Y.  "^Rumscy  v.  Xew  York  d-  N.  E.  R. 

Code  Rep.  N.  S.   172.  Co.   50   N.   Y.    S.   R.   253,   21    N.   Y. 

"^A'ejHt/ V. /n.7)«/iam,  66  Barb.  250;  Supp.   193. 

Jcrmain  v.  Booth,  1  Denio,  639.  '^'-I'ovcrs   v.    Manhattan   R.   Co.   20 

'■'Lijnk  V.  ^Ycaver,  128  X.  Y.   171,  X.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   78,   14   X.  Y. 

28  N.  E.  508.  Supp.  130. 

^'Slingerland  v.  International  Con- 


KEGUI.ATED   BY    BELIEF    AND    JUDGMENT.  115 

arises  in  an  action  by  the  landlord  against  a  tenant  for  dam- 
ages to  real  estate,  where  the  answer  is  a  general  denial  f^  or  in 
an  action  for  mesne  profits,  where  the  answer  is  a  general  de- 
nial f"^  or  in  an  action  for  damages  for  trespass  in  removing  fur- 
niture, where  the  question  is  whether  the  plaintiff  is  a  tenant  of 
the  defendant  or  a  trespasser  f^  or  in  an  action  for  damages  for 
the  destruction  of  furniture,  where  the  plaintiff  alleged  that  he 
was  lawfully  in  possession  of  a  house,  and  the  defendant  alleged 
that  the  title  was  in  a  tliird  person  ;^^  or  in  an  action  for  tres- 
pass, where  tlie  defendant  claimed  as  tenant.^^ 

k.  Title  to  real  estate  proven  as  a  matter  of  evidence. — 'A; 
party  in  an  action  where  his  title  is  not  denied  cannot,  by  prov- 
ing his  title,  in  order  to  make  his  case  more  sure,  bring  the  ques- 
tion of  title  of  real  estate  in  question,  and  thus  be  entitled  to 
costs  upon  a  recovery  of  less  tlian  $50.^^ 

The  defendant,  by  claiming  that  title  to  real  estate  comes  in 
question,  and  forcing  the  plaintiff  to  prove  his  title,  is  estopped 
from  afterwards  claiming  that  title  to  real  estate  does  not  come 
in  question.^2 

k.  Title  to  real  estate  proven  as  a  matter  of  evidence. — A 
menced  in  a  justice's  court,  where  a  plea  of  title  has  been  inter- 
posed under  §  2951  of  tlie  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  the  costs  in 
the  new  action,  brought  as  provided  by  §§  2952  et  seq.,  are  de- 
termined as  though  the  action  had  been  originally  brought  in  the 
supreme  court.  The  party  succeeding  on  the  question  of  title 
is  entitled  to  costs.  The  defendant  has  the  burden  of  proving, 
in  the  first  instance,  that  the  title  to  real  property  is  involved. 
In  case  of  his  failure  to  prove  this,  he  must  pay  costs  to  the 
plaintiff  to  compensate  him  for  the  added  expense  of  trying  hi;^ 

'^Dempsey  v.   Eall,   3   Jones   &   S.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  620,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  402. 

201.  ^Boxjle  V.  Lawton,  3  How.  Pr.  N. 

"Broadivay  v.  8cott,  31  Hun,  378;  S.  444. 

Ainslie  v.  New  York,  1  Barb.  168.  '^Burnet  v.  Kelly,  10  How.  Pr.  406. 

^Powers   V.    Conroy,   47   How.    Pr.  ^'-Foster  v.  Romer,  15  N.  Y.  Week. 

84.  Dig.  487. 

^^Farrell  v.   Eilh  69  Hun,  455,  52 


116  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

case  in  a  court  of  record.  The  defendant  must  also  prove,  not 
only  diat  the  title  to  real  estate  is  in  question,  but  he  must  suc- 
ceed upon  his  claim  of  title.  Unless  he  succeeds  in  both  re- 
spects, he  has  raised  a  question  upon  which  he  has  been  beaten, 
when  the  plaintiff  had  brought  an  action  to  decide  another  ques- 
tion, ill  a  court  where  the  expense  would  be  small,  and  has  been 
compelled  to  litigate  not  onlv  that  question,  but  the  question  of 
title  in  a  court  of  record. 

The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs,  though  he  recovers  less  than 
$50,  when  he  succeeds  as  to  any  part  of  the  title,  if  the  defend- 
ant has  justified  his  acts  thereunder.^^ 

To  entitle  the  defendant  to  costs,  although  he  obtains  final 
judgment  in  his  favor,  he  must  obtain  a  certificate  that  the  title 
to  real  property  came  in  question  on  the  trial.^'*  In  the  event  of 
his  failure  to  obtain  such  a  certificate,  the  plaintiff  can  tax  his 
costs.^^ 

The  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  where  the  plaintiff,  after 
commencing  an  action  in  the  supreme  court,  fails  to  establish  his 
title,  which  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  do  in  order  to  recover,^*' 
or  makes  default  upon  the  trial, "^^  or  does  not  attempt  to  prove 
the  trespass  alleged,^^  or  has  unnecessarily  alleged  title.^^  The 
defendant  is  also  entitled  to  costs  when  he  succeeds  in  the  su- 
preme court  upon  the  question  of  title,"*^  or  succeeds  upon  the 
question  of  title  to  that  portion  of  land  in  dispute,  and  the  plain- 
tiff recovers  less  than  $50  damages  for  trespass  upon  that  por- 
tion of  the  land  not  in  dispute."^ 

'"Heath  v.  Barmour,  53  Barb.  444,  "Gates  v.  Canfield,  28  Hun,  12,  64 

35  How.  Pr.   1 ;   Burhans  v.   Tibbits,  How.  Pr.  81,  2  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

7  How.  Pr.  74;  Hnll  v.  Hodskins,  30  (McCarty)   255. 

How.    Pr.    15:    Randals    v.  Thonton,  ^Falkel  v.  Moore,  32  Hun,  293. 

4  Alb.    L.  J.   76;   Locklin  v.   Casler,  "^Squires  v.   Seward,   16  How.   Pr. 

50  How.  Pr.  43.  478. 

^  Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  3235.  '"Morss  v.  SaUshuri/,  48  N.  Y.  636. 

'^Taylor   v.    Wright,   36   App.    Div.  "^Harding  v.  EUston,  19  N.  Y.  Civ. 

568,  55  N.  Y.   Supp.  761.  Proc.  Rep.  252,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  549. 

""Saunders  v.   Goldthrite,  41   Hun, 
•212. 


KEGDI.ATED    BY   BELIEF   AND    JUDGMENT.  117 

m.  Power  of  the  jv.stice's  court  before  removal  of  the  action. 
— A  justice  of  the  peace  has  jurisdiction  of  an  action  in  which  a 
plea  of  title  has  been  interposed,  until  the  undertaking  provided 
by  law  is  delivered  to  him.  There  is  no  provision  for  a  justifica- 
tion of  sureties  before  him,  but  he  doubtless  can  disapprove  of  the 
sureties  offered,  if  he  notes  in  his  record  his  reason  for  such  dis- 
approval, and  thus  retain  jurisdiction  of  the  ease^  in  which  case 
he  should  return  the  undertaking.  If  the  undertaking  is  not 
delivered,  the  justice  retains  jurisdiction,  but  upon  the  trial  the 
defendant  cannot  introduce  any  evidence  to  sustain  his  plea  of 
title.  Although  upon  a  new  trial  in  the  county  court  upon  ap- 
peal from  the  judgment  rendered  by  the  justice,  the  county 
court,  having  a  right  to  try  the  question  of  title  to  real  estate, 
must  hear  such  evidence  as  is  presented  to  it  upon  the  questions 
involved,  although  the  defendant  may  have  waived  some  of  his 
rights  in  the  trial  before  the  justice.''^ 

Under  §  2958  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  where  a  plea 
of  title  is  interposed  to  only  one  of  two  or  more  causes  of  action, 
and  there  are  other  causes  of  action  to  which  that  plea  is  not 
interposed,  the  justice  must  try  those  to  which  no  plea  of  title  is 
interposed.  Under  proper  practice  there  cannot  arise  a  case 
where  the  defendant  could  succeed  in  the  supreme  court  upon  a 
question  of  title,  and  the  plaintiff  still  have  an  affirmative  judg- 
ment. 

n.  Action  to  abate  a  nuisance. — Costs  are  not  allowed  as  a 
matter  of  right  in  an  action  to  abate  a  nuisance,'^^  but  rest  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  If  the  title  to  the  real  estate  is  dis- 
puted, then  the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  costs,  as  a  matter 
of  right  Where  a  plaintiff  founds  his  right  to  recover  for  a 
nuisance  upon  the  fact  that  he  is  the  owner  and  possessor  of  cer- 

'"'Gould  V.  Patterson,  63  Hun,  575,  "Le  Roy  v.  Broicne,  54  Hun,  584, 

28  Abb.  N.  C.  385,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   125.  28  N. 

Rep.  230.  45  X.  Y.  S.  R.  85,  18  N.  Y.  Y.  S.  R.  210,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  82. 
Supp.  332. 


118  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

tain  real  estate,  and  the  defendant  denies  such  i:)ossession  and 
ownership,  the  title  to  real  estate  comes  in  question.''''* 

0.  Action  for  trespass  and  assault  and  hattery. — The  plaintiff 
upon  a  recovery  of  less  than  $50  is  not  entitled  to  full  costs  in 
an  action  for  assault  and  battery,  although  he  alleges  that  he 
owned  certain  premises  and  the  defendant  entered  thereon  and 
commited  an  assault  upon  him,  and  the  defendant  alleges  that 
another  owned  tlie  premises  and  the  plaintiff  wrongfully  entered 
and  committed  an  assault  upon  the  owner.  It  is  an  action  for 
simple  assault,  and  no  injury  to  the  freehold  is  alleged.  The  al- 
legations of  ownership  are  mere  matters  of  description,  and  not 
facts  upon  which  the  right  of  either  party  depends.''^  But  if  in 
an  action  for  assault  and  battery  the  judge  certifies  that  the  title 
to  real  estate  comes  in  question,  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  a  full 
bill  of  costs,  although  he  recovers  less  than  $50."^® 

p.  Certificate  of  judge  that  question  of  title  arose  on  the  trial. 
— Although  a  claim  of  title  does  not  arise  upon  the  pleading,  yet 
the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  costs,  whatever  the  amount  of 
the  verdict,  if  a  certificate  of  the  trial  judge  or  referee  is  given, 
showing  that  a  question  of  title  arose  upon  the  trial.  Such  cer- 
tificate is  conclusive  upon  the  taxing  officer. '^'^  Under  such  a 
certificate  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs,  although  he  recovers 
less  than  $50,  where  he  fails  in  proving  title,  but  only  shows  pos- 
session.'^^ If  the  certificate  is  improperly  granted,  the  remedy 
of  the  party  aggrieved  is  by  motion  at  special  term,  not  by  ap- 
peal.'^'^     The  granting  of  such  a  certificate  is  such  an  interme- 

'^Quinn  v.  JVinter,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138;  Lillis  v.  O'Con- 

462,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  851,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  ncr,  8  Hun,  280;  Dinehart  v.  Wells, 

865.  2   Barb.   432,   Affirmed   by   Court   of 

"U'eZs/i  V.  FaUihee,  75  Hun,  308,  Appeals,    July    2,    1850,    no    opinion 

56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  81.  and  report;  New  York  v.  Hillsburgh, 

'•"lAllis  V.   O'Connor,  49   How.   Pr.  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  152. 
497,  Afiirmed  in  8  Hun,  280.  ''Norton  v.  Jordan,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

''''Cooley  V.  Cumminga,  24  Jones  &  920,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  2. 
S.  521,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  145,        '-"Cooley  v.  Cummings,  24  Jones  & 

24  N.  Y.  S.  R.   172.  4  N.  Y.   Supp.  S.  521,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  145, 

530;   Davies  v.   WilUams,    13   N.  Y.  24  N.   Y.   S.  R.   172,  4   N.  Y.   Supp. 


KEGULATED   BY    KELIEE   AND    JUDGMENT.  119 

diate  order  tliat  when  specified  in  the  notice  of  appeal,  it  will  be 
brought  up  for  review  by  an  appeal  from  the  final  judgment.^*' 
On  a  motion  to  vacate  the  certificate,  the  court  can  review  thr 
grounds  upon  which  the  certificate  was  granted.*^ 

Upon  a  motion  for  that  purpose  a  judge  may  correct  an  order 
made  by  him,  giving  costs  to  the  wrong  party.  He  has  no  power 
to  order  costs  to  a  party  when  the  statute  gives  them  otherwise.^^ 

Iso  certificate  is  needed  to  enable  the  plaintiff  to  tax  a  full  bill 
of  costs,  whatever  may  be  the  size  of  the  verdict  in  his  favor, 
where  the  title  to  real  estate  comes  in  question  upon  the  plead- 
ings.^^ 

102.  Action  to  recover  a  chattel,  a.  In  general. — In  an  ac- 
tion to  recover  several  articles  of  personal  property,  where  the 
complaint  contains  only  one  cause  of  action  and  the  plaintiff 
recovers  a  portion  of  the  property  and  the  defendant  the  balance, 
the  plaintiff  alone  is  entitled  to  costs.  ^'^  The  cases  that  held  that 
where  the  defendant  succeeded  as  to  a  part  of  the  goods,  and 
the  plaintiff  as  to  the  rest,  both  parties  were  entitled  to  costs, 
have  been  overruled,  and  it  has  been  held  that  cases  under  the 
Kevised  Statutes  are  not  applicable  to  cases  arising  under  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 

This  rule  can  work  no  injustice  to  the  defendant,  as,  by  an  of- 
fer of  judgment,  he  can  throw  upon  the  plaintiff  the  responsibil- 
ity for  costs  incurred  in  prosecuting  an  unsuccessful  litigation 

530;  Davies  v.  ^Yimams,  13  X.  Y.  ^^Neioell  Universal  Mill  Co.  v. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138;  Barney  v.  Muxloto,  115  N.  Y.  170.  17  N.  Y.  Civ. 
Keith,  6  Wend.  555;  Mumford  v.  Proc.  Rep.  238,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545; 
Witheif,  1  Wend.  279;  Burhans  v.  Mertens  v.  Fitzwater,  53  Hiin,  597, 
TibMts,  7  How.  Pr.  75:  Niles  v.  17  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  277,  25  N. 
Lindsley,  1  Eyer,  610;  Utter  v  aif-  Y.  S.  R.  305,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  797;  Kil- 
ford,  25  How.  Pr.  297.  hum  v.  Loioe,  37  Hun,  237;   Yowles 

^"Coolei/  v.  Cummings,  24  Jones  &  v.  Murray,  50  How.  Pr.  159;  Acker- 
S.  521,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  145,  man  v.  O'Gorman,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct. 
24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  172,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  109,  note,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 
530.  275,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  170,  6  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^^Barney  v.  Keith,  6  Wend.  555.        825:   Stoddard  v.  Clarke,  9  Abb.  Pr. 

^-Boardway  v.  Scott,  31  Him,  378.   N.  S.  310. 

"^KelJy  v.  New  York  d  M.  B.  R.  ^^Xeicell  Universal  Mill  Co.  v. 
Co.  1  Month.  L.  Bull.  43,  Affirmed  in  Miixloic.  115  N.  Y.  170,  17  N.  Y.  Civ. 
19  Hun,  363.  Proc.  Rep.  238.  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545. 


120  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

as  to  any  article  of  property  described  in  the  complaint.  The 
same  rule  applies  where  an  offer  of  judgment  for  the  return  of 
a  portion  of  the  goods  in  question,  together  with  a  certain  sum  for 
damages  for  detention,  is  accepted,  and  judgment  is  entered 
thereon.  Plaintiff's  costs  are  limited  by  the  amount  of  the 
value  of  the  chattel,  as  fixed  in  the  offer  of  judgment  plus  the 
amount  of  damages,  if  that  sum  is  less  than  $50.^^  In  an  ac- 
tion to  recover  several  articles  of  personal  property  where  the 
complaint  sets  forth  two  or  more  causes  of  action  upon  which  is- 
sues of  fact  are  joined,  if  the  plaintiff  succeeds  as  to  one  or  more, 
and  defendant  upon  the  other  or  others,  each  party  is  entitled  to 
costs  against  tlie  adverse  party,  unless  it  is  certified  that  the  sub- 
stantial cause  of  action  was  the  same  upon  each  issue,  in  which 
case  the  plaintiff  only  is  entitled  to  costs.^' 

b.  The  value  of  the  chattels  as  fixed  by  the  verdict. — The 
amount  of  costs  recoverable  by  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  in  re- 
plevin cannot  exceed  the  value  of  the  chattel  as  fixed  by  the  trial 
court,  together  with  the  damages,  where  such  sum  is  less  than 
$50.^^  If  such  sum  is  $50  or  more,  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  a 
full  bill  of  costs,  notwithstanding  the  defendant  recovers  prop- 
erty exceeding  that  sum.^^  The  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  costs 
Avhere  the  verdict  simply  awards  the  chattels  to  the  plaintiff", 
without  fixing  the  value  thereof.^"  If  tlie  action  is  tried  upon 
an  appeal  from  a  judgment  of  a  justice's  court,  the  plaintiff  can- 
not resort  to  the  judgment  of  the  justice's  court  to  aid  him  in 
fixing  the  value  of  the  chattels.^^ 

^HaTisaiier  v.  Machawicz,  54  App.  ^''Stoddard   v.    Clarke,    9   Abb.    Pr. 

Div.  23,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  340.  X.  S.  310. 

"'Code    Civ.    Proc.    §    3234;    Code  ^WoJff  v.   Moses,  26   Misc.   500,   6 

Civ.  Proc.  §  3228,  subdiv.  2;   Newell  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  163,  57  N.  Y.  Supp. 

f'niversnl   Mill   Co.   v.    Muxloio,    115  696;  Herman  v.  Girvin,  8  App.  Div. 

y.  Y.   170,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  418,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  845. 

238.  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545.  "Lockwood    v.    Waldorf,    91    Hun, 

^'Wilkins    v.    Williams,    15    N.    Y.  281,   70   N.   Y.   S.  R.   855,   36  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   168,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Supp.  199 
238.   3   N.   Y.   Supp.   897:    Code   Civ. 
IMoc.  §  3228,  subdiv.  2. 


KEGULATED    BY    BELIEF   AND    JUDGMENT.  121 

The  plaintiff  cannot  show  by  affidavit  the  vahie  of  the  goods 
recovered  bv  him,  where  he  has  failed  to  do  so  on  the  trial.^^  It 
has  been  held  that  where  the  plaintiff  has  the  goods  in  his  pos- 
session, and  he  recovers  a  judgment  that  he  is  entitled  to  retain 
ibem,  he  is  entitled  to  tax  a  full  bill  of  costs,  although  the  value 
of  the  goods  was  not  fixed,  and  no  damages  were  recovered  for 
the  detention  of  the  goods. ^'^  But  this  ruling  has  been  criti- 
cised, and,  doubtless,  would  not  now  be  followed. ^^ 

The  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  costs  when  he  recovers  a  judg- 
ment for  money  only,  of  less  than  $50  in  an  action  where  the 
complaint  could  be  either  for  conversion  or  replevin,'''^  because 
he  accepted  a  judgment  which  is  consistent  with  the  action  for 
conversion,  and  he  could  have  obtained  the  same  judgment  in  an 
inferior  court. ^"^ 

c.  Action  hy  finder  to  recover  lost  property  from  depositary. 
— Where  a  finder  of  lost  property  gives  it  to  a  third  party  to  be 
delivered  to  the  rightful  o^vner,  who  never  claims  it,  he  is  enti- 
tled to  costs  in  an  action  to  recover  it  from  the  depositary,  al- 
though after  such  verdict  the  rightful  owner  claims  the  property 
and  the  finder  is  enjoined  from  receiving  the  money  or  entering 
judgment  upon  the  verdict  recovered  by  him.^^ 

103.  Actions  of  which  a  justice  of  the  peace  has  not  jurisdic- 
tion, a.  In  general. — The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs  upon  the 
recovery  of  a  verdict  in  an  action  of  which  a  jiistice  of  the  peace 
has  not  jurisdiction,  as  enumerated  in  §  2863  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.  But  in  an  action  to  recover  damages  for  an 
assault,  battery,  false  imprisonment,  libel,  slander,  criminal  con- 

^'Rapid  Safety  Filter  Co.  v.  Wyck-  '^McLain  v.  MathusheJc  Piano  Mfg. 

off,    20    Misc.    429,    45    N.   Y.    Supp.  Co.  54  App.  Div.  126,  8  N.  Y.  Anno. 

1028.  Cas.  2.37,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  397. 

"^Claflin   V.   Davidson,   21    Jones   &  ^McLain  v.  Mathushek  Piano  Mfg. 

S.  122,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46.  Co.  54  App.  Div.  126,  8  N.  Y.  Anno. 

^^Herman    v.    Girr'm,    8    App.    Div.  Cas.  237,  66  X.  Y.  Supp.  397. 

418,    40    N.    Y.    Supp.    845;    Rapid  "New  York  d  H.  R.  Co.  v.  Haws, 

Safety    Filter    Co.    v.    Wyckoff,    20  56  N.  Y.   175. 
Misc.  429,  45  N.  Y.  Supn.  1028. 


122  TIIK  LAW  OK  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOUK. 

versation,  sccluction,  or  malicious  prosecution,  or  a  fine  or  pen- 
alty in  which  the  jicople  of  the  state  are  a  party,  the  plaintiff  is 
entitled  to  costs  only  to  the  amount  of  the  verdict,  unless  he  re- 
covers $50  or  more.'"**^ 

b.  Assault  and  battery. — Where  the  plaintiff  brings  an  action 
for  damages  for  an  assault  and  battery  against  two  defendants, 
who  appeared  by  the  same  attorney,  and  recovers  a  verdict  of  $25 
against  one  defendant,  and  the  other  has  a  verdict  of  no  cause  of 
action,  the  successful  defendant  is  entitled  to  a  full  bill  of  costs, 
and  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  $25  costs  against  the  other 
defendant.^^ 

The  plaintiff  can  only  tax  $10  in  all  for  his  costs  and  disburse- 
ments in  an  action  for  assault  and  batteiy,  where  he  was  non- 
suited on  the  first  trial,  and  the  general  term  reversed  this,  with 
costs  to  abide  the  event,  and  on  the  second  trial  he  recovers  a  ver- 
dict of  $10.^*^^  A  law  which  gives  jurisdiction  to  a  local  court 
in  actions  for  assault  and  battei-y,  and  provides  that  in  actions  in 
the  supreme  court  for  such  causes  within  the  territorial  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  local  court,  costs  cannot  exceed  the  recovery,  will  not 
bind  the  plaintiff,  where  the  case  was  originally  brought  outside 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  local  court,  but  was  removed  within  such 
jurisdiction  by  the  defendant.^ ^^ 

When  the  jjlaintiff  joins  with  an  action  for  assault  and  bat- 
ter^' another  cause  of  action  in  which  the  defendant  is  entitled  to 
costs,  unless  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  verdict  of  $50,  and  tlie  jury 
renders  a  general  verdict  for  less  than  $50,  the  defendant  is  en- 
titled to  costs  ;^'^^  or,  at  most,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  a  full 
bill  of  costs,  and  the  plaintiff  to  6  cents  costs.^^^ 

c.  Alienation  of  affections. — The  plaintiff  in  an  action  for 

""  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3228,  subdiv.  3.  "^Sleight    v.    Hancox,    4    Abb.    Pr. 

"^Stoiie  V.  Duff)/,  3  Sandf.  761,  X.  245. 

Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  129.  ^"-Chapin  v.  Cole,  38  How.  Pr.  481. 

"^Snyder  v.  Collins,   12  Hun,  383.  ^'^Shorke  v.  Charles,  18  Wend.  616. 


REGULATED   BY    RELIEF   AKD    JUDGMENT.  123 

alienation  of  affections  is  entitled  to  tlie  same  amount  of  costs  as 
•damages,  where  he  recovers  less  than  $50.^"* 

d.  Malicious  'prosecution. — An  action  for  malicious  prosecu- 
tion is  among  those  enumerated,  where  the  plaintiff's  costs  can- 
not exceed  the  amoiuit  of  tlie  damages,  if  the  damages  are  less 
than  $50.1^5 

e.  Action  for  causing  death. — In  an  action  brought  by  an  ex- 
ecutor or  administrator  for  damages  for  causing  the  death  of  his 
decedent,  as  provided  in  §  1902  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  a  full  bill  of  costs,  if  he  recovers  any 
amount.^  °^ 

104.  Other  actions  where  the  recovery  is  less  than  $50.  a.  In 
general. — The  laws  seeks  to  discourage  tlie  bringing  of  petty  ac- 
tions in  courts  of  record.  Therefore,  it  not  only  refuses  costs 
to  a  plaintiff  in  an  action  which  he  could  have  brought  in  an  in- 
ferior court,  if  he  recovers  less  than  $50,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
gives  costs  to  the  defendant  in  such  cases,^^'^  But  a  plaintiff  in 
an  action  upon  a  Lloyd  insurance  policy  is  entitled  to  a  full  bill 
of  costs,  although  the  recovery  against  the  several  underwriters 
is  less  than  $50,  provided  the  aggregate  recovery  on  the  policy  is 
over  $50.^ ^s 

h.  Actions  where  the  sinn  total  of  the  accounts  proved  exceed 
$J/00.—Bj  subd.  4  of  §  28G3  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  a 
justice  of  the  peace  has  not  jurisdiction  of  an  action  "wliere,  in 
a  matter  of  account,  the  sum  total  of  the  accounts  proved  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  justice  exceeds  $-100." 

The  adjudication  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  that  the  sum  of  the 

"^Wilson   V.    McGregor,    20    N.    Y.  Rep.  202,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  556,  13  N.  Y. 

Civ.   Proc.    Rep.    36,    207,    34   K    Y.  Supp.  653 ;  O'Connor  v.  Union  R.  Co. 

R.  R.  775,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  39.  33  Misc.  728,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.   1056; 

^"^Marsullo  v.  Billotto,  55  How.  Pr.  Silberstein  v.  Wm.  Wicke  Co.  29  Abb. 

375;    Peet   v.    Worth,    1    Bosw.    653;  N.  C.  291,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  171. 

BeJding  v.  ConJdin,  2  N.  Y.  Co.  Rep.  i°' Code   Civ.   Proc.   §§    3228,   3229, 

112,  4  How.  Pr.  196.  subdiv.  4. 

^'"Gorton    v.    United    States    d    B.  ^"""Huff  v.  Jewett,  20  Misc.  35,   44 

Mail  S.  8.   Go.  20  K   Y.  Civ.   Proc.  N.  Y.  Supp.  311. 


124  TlIK  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN   NEW  YORK. 

aocoimts  exceeds  $400  is  conclusive  upon  the  parties,  and  the 
plaintiff  is  entitled  to  full  costs  in  the  new  action  brought  in  the 
supreme  court,  if  he  recovers  any  amount.^ "^ 

It  is  not  necessary,  in  order  to  entitle  the  plaintiff  to  costs, 
where  the  total  of  the  accounts  on  both  sides  exceed  $400,  and  he 
recovers  a  verdict  of  less  than  $50,  tliat  he  first  bring  his  action 
in  the  justice's  court  and  discontinue  it  tliere.^^*^  He  may  bring 
his  action  in  the  first  instance  in  a  court  of  record,  but  in  such 
a  case  the  burden  is  on  him  to  show  that  the  amount  of  claims 
proved  exceeded  the  sum  of  $400.  It  is  not  sufficient  to  show 
that  the  sum  total  of  tlie  accounts  claimed  or  contested  exceeds 
that  sum.^^^  When  the  action  is  tried  before  a  court  or  referee, 
the  question  is  determined  by  the  facts  found,^^^  and  when  tried 
before  a  jury,  by  the  sum  total  of  the  accounts  shown  to  have 
been  proved  to  their  satisfaction.^ ^^  The  fact  that  the  court 
submits  to  the  jury  the  question  of  fact  whether  items,  the  sum 
of  which  exceed  $400  have  been  proven  to  their  satisfaction 
does  not  meet  the  requirement  of  the  statute.-^ ^^  But  where  the 
jury  specifically  find  that  the  sum  t/Otal  of  the  accounts  proved 
to  their  satisfaction  exceed  $400,  that  is  sufficient.  It  is  very 
doubtful  whether  anything  less  is  sufficient.  If  they  find  for 
the  plaintiff  in  various  amounts,  and  for  the  defendant  in  vari- 
ous amounts,  and  by  the  directions  of  the  court  render  a  verdict 
for  the  plaintiff  for  the  balance,  the  requirements  of  the  statute 

^'^Bailcy    v.    Sitonr,    41     TTow.    Pr.  Ynulcr  v.  Johnson.  62  App.  Div.  584, 

.•^46:  Glackin  v.  ZcJIcr.  .52  Barh.  147;  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  178. 

Kirk    V.    Blaahfield,    6    TliOTiip    &    C.  '^-Eemp  v.  Union  Gas  d  Oil  Stove 

.509;    Bradner  v.    Howard.   75   N.   Y.  Co.  22  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  190.  46 

417.  AfTinning  14  Hun.  420.  7  N.  Y.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  67.  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  959; 

Week.  Dip.  57.  Glackin  v.  Zeller.  52  Barb.  15.3;  Gil 

""Glackin  v.  Zeller,  52  Barb.   153;  liland  v.  Campbell,  18  How.  Pr.  177. 

Tompkins   v.    Greene,    21    Hun.    257;  ""Fuller   v.    Conde,    47    N.    Y.    89; 

Ton/.-er  V.  ./o/!H.so»i.  62  App.  Div.  584,  Sherry  v.   Cary,    111    X.   Y.   517,    19 

71  N.  Y.  Supp.  178.  N.    E.    87;     Youker    v.    Johnson,    62 

"'Tompkins    v.     Greene.    21    Hun,  App.  Div.  584.  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  178. 

257.  AfTirnu'd  in  82  X.  Y.  619;  Sherry  "*Youker  v.  Johnson,  62  App.  Div. 

T.  Gary,  111  X.  Y.  517.  19  X.  E.  87;  584,  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  178. 


REGULATED   BY   BELIEF   AND    JUDGMENT.  125 

are  fnlfilled.^^^  Where  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim  is 
admitted,  and  is  in  excess  of  $400,  and  the  amount  of  the  de- 
fendant's claim  is  decided  to  be  in  excess  of  $400,  the  statutory 
requirement  is  fulfilled.-'^® 

c.  How  the  am-ount  is  computed. — The  amount  involved  is  not 
the  sum  of  the  entire  amount  of  both  sides  of  an  account,  but 
the  balance  due  after  deducting  payments  made  thereon.^ ^" 
Payments  made  on  account  are  no  part  of  the  claim. ^^^  Where 
a  purchaser  retained  $500  of  the  purchase  price  of  a  house,  with 
which  to  complete  it,  the  amount  involved  in  an  action  by  the 
seller  is  the  amount  remaining  unexpended.^  ^^ 

In  an  action  for  services,  where  the  defendant  sets  up  a  coun- 
terclaim of  money  loaned,  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim^ 
must  be  reduced  by  payments  made  thereon,  and  the  counter- 
claim must  be  reduced  by  payments  made  thereon,  and  other 
charges  of  the  plaintiff  against  the  defendant.  Where  the  sum 
of  these  claims  as  thus  reduced  does  not  equal  $400,  and  the 
plaintiff"   recovers   less  than  $50,  the    defendant   is  entitled    to 

COStS.^20 

The  w^ord  "accounts"  in  §  2863  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure means  demands,  and  is  not  restricted  to  running  accounts. -^^^ 
Cases  under  the  Revised  Statutes,^ ^^  or  under  the  Code  of 
1848^^^,  are  not  now  applicable,  as  the  law  under  which  they 

^'"'■Sherry  v.   Cary,   111    N.   Y.   517,  "^Brady     v.     Diirbroio,     2     E.     D. 

19  N.  E.  87.  Smith,  78. 

^^"Stihcell  V.  Staples,  5  Duer,  691,  '^"Steele  v.  MacDonald,  4  N.  Y.  Civ. 

3  Abb.  Pr.  365.  Proc.  Rep.  227. 

"'TFaip  V.  Boyd,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^'^IJ vderhill  v.  Rnshm.ore,  51  App. 
Ill,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  735;  Tomplcins  v.  Div.  204,  64  K  Y.  Supp.  1015.  Con- 
Greene,  21  Hun,  257;  Nauman  v.  tra.  Crane  v.  Holcomh,  2  Hilt.  269, 
Rraun,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  77,  Affirmed  in  8  Abb.  Pr.  35,  note;  Lund 
14  N.  Y.  Supp.  139;  Crlm  v.  Crank-  v.  Broadhead,  41  How.  Pr.  146. 
hite,  15  How.  Pr.  250;  Burdick  v.  ^-"Spring  Valley  Shot  &  Lead  Co. 
Hale,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  60,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  v.  Jackson,  2  Sandf.  622. 
Proc.  Rep.  311.  ^-U<:alt   v.   Ligjiot,   3   Abb.   Pr.   33, 

"^S7ee?e  v.  MacDonald,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Affirmed  in  3  Abb.  Pr.  190. 
Proc.  Rep.  227 ;  Mander  v.  Bell,  4  N. 
Y.  Week.  Dig.  519. 


12G  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

were  decided  has  been  materially  modified  in  our  present 
Code.^^*  Only  the  amounts  in  dispute  will  be  considered  in 
making  up  the  sum  in  dispute.  Claims  on  either  side  that  are 
conceded  will  be  disregarded. ^^^ 

Tlio  plaintiff  cannot  entitle  himself  to  costs  when  he  recovers 
less  than  $50,  by  alleging  that  his  damages  exceed  $100.  It  is 
the  amount  proved,  not  the  amount  claimed,  that  determines  the 
question  of  costs.^^^ 

d.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs. — The  plaintiff  is  en- 
titled to  costs  if  he  recovers  a  verdict  for  any  amount,  where  the 
total  of  accounts  on  both  sides  exceed  $400.^^'''  In  an  action  on 
a  note  for  $186,  the  defendant  alleged  that  it  had  been  given  in 
settlement  of  a  partnership  account,  that  there  had  been  a  mis- 
take in  the  computation,  and  that  in  reality  the  plaintiff  owed 
the  defendant  $100.  The  referee  examined  accounts  in  excess 
of  $2,000,  and  gave  the  plaintiff'  judgment  for  $26.12.  It  was 
held  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  costs.^^^ 

e.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. — If  the  defendant 
obtains  a  verdict  for  any  amount,  he  is  entitled  to  costs  ;^^^  or  if 
it  is  determined  that  the  accounts  do  not  exceed  $100  and  the 
plaintiff  recovers  less  than  $50.^^'^ 

^""^Vry  V.  Wilde,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Silk  d-  Woolen.  Millfi  v.  Eidl,  6  Abb. 

Rep.  451,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  674,  3  N.  Y.  Pr.   N.   S.   319,   37   How.   Pr.   299,   1 

Supp.   791.  Sweeny,    359;    Lahlcche   v.   Kirkpat- 

^-■Floodless  V.  Brundngc,  8  How.  rick,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  340,  3 
Pr.  2G3 ;  Matteson  v.  Bloomfield,  10  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  61 ;  Ltmd  v.  Broad- 
Wend.  556.  head,   41   How.   Pr.    146;    Griffen  v. 

'■"Scajnan  v.   GJerfner  3  Hun,   119,  Broicn,   35   How.    Pr.   372,   53   Barb. 

5  Tliomp.  &  C.  273;  Brady  v.  Smith,  428;  Friedman  v.  Eisenberg,  24  N.  Y. 

1  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  175;  Tompkins  S.  R.  298,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  551;   Stil- 

v.  Greeve,  21  Hun.  257;   Glackin  v.  v.^eU  v.   Staples,   3   Abb.   Pr.    365,    5 

Zeller,  52  Barb.  147;  Lultgor  y.  Wal-  Duer,  691. 

ters,  64  Barb.  419;  Fuller  v,  Conde,  ^^Gilliland   v.   Campbell,    18   How. 

47  N.  Y.   89;   Blank  v.   Westcott,   7  Pr.  177. 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  225;  Finder  v.  Stoat-  ^'^Smith  v.   Bryant,  29  Misc.   564, 

hoff.  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  433;  Alexander  61  N.  Y.   Supp.  943;    Ury  v.   Wilde, 

V.  Hard.  42  How.  Pr.  131.  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  451,  19  N. 

'-'Sherry  v.  Gary,  111  N.  Y.  514,  19  Y.  S.  R.  674,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  791. 

N.  E.  87;  Hayes  v.  O'Reilly,  8  N.  Y.  '^Kemp  v.  Union  Gas  &  Oil  Stove 

Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    347,    note;    Boston  Co.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  190,  46 


REGULATED   BY    REEIEF   AND    JUDG]MENT.  127 

f.  Where  the  accounts  do  not  exceed  $400. — ^AVhere  the  ac- 
counts do  not  exceed  $400,  tlie  plaintiff  mnst  recover  $50  to  be 
entitled  to  costs;  otherwise  the  defendant  will  be  entitled  to 
costs.^^^  ISTor  can  the  plaintiii  tax  his  disbnrsements,  as  the 
right  to  tax  them  depends  upon  his  right  to  tax  the  general  costs 
in  the  action.^ ^^  If  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  in  which  the  com- 
plaint demands  judgment  for  a  sum  of  money  only,  whether  it  be 
an  action  at  law  or  in  equity/^^  cannot  bring  himself  within  one 
of  the  first  three  subdivisions  of  §  3228,  he  must  recover 
$50  to  be  entitled  to  costs.  If  he  does  not  recover  that  amount 
the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs,  by  §  3229  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.^^* 

(J.  Recovery  reduced  heloiv  $50  by  the  interposition  of  a  coun- 
terclaim by  the  defendant. — The  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs 
where  he  reduces  the  plaintiff's  recovery  below  $50  by  the  in- 
terposition of  a  counterclaim.^^^  The  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to 
costs  where  he  fails  to  recover  upon  the  cause  of  action  set  out 
in  his  complaint,  although  the  defendant  did  not  recover  upon 
liis  counterclaim. ^^^  In  such  a  case  the  defendant  is  entitled  t^) 
costs.  The  defendant  is  also  entitled  to  costs  in  an  action 
brought  to  recover  for  work  done  under  a  contract  between  the 
plaintiff  and  himself,  which  provided  that  the  compensation  for 
the  work  done  should  apply  upon  a  debt  owing  from  the  plain- 
tiff to  the  defendant,  and  thereafter,  unbeknoAvn  to  the  defend- 
ant, the  plaintiff  forms  a  partnership  and  performs  the  work, 
and  the  recovery  is  less  than  $50.^^'^ 

The  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  where  the  plaintiff  brings 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  67.  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  059;  72  X.  Y.  S.  R.  434,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Mander  v.  Bell,  4  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  1032. 

519;  Burdick  v.  Hale,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  "'Gregory  v.  McArdle,  1  How.  Pr. 

60.  N.  S.  187. 

"^Landsbergcr   v.    Magnetic    Teleg.  ^^^Thayer  v.  Holland,  63  How.  Pr. 

Co.  8  Abb.  Pr.  35;  Crane  v.  Holcomh,  179;  Shitelegge  v.  De  Witt,  12  Daly, 

8  Abb.  Pr.  35,  note.  319. 

^^Peet  V.  Warth,  1  Bosw.  653.  '^'Russell  v.  Bardes,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

''^Miirtha  v.  Ciifley,  92  N.  Y.  359.  41,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  473. 

^^'Norton  v.  Fancher,  92  Hun,  463, 


128  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

an  action  for  rent  and  to  foreclose  a  lien  on  personal  property, 
and  it  is  determined  that  he  has  no  lien  and  is  entitled  to  an 
amount  less  than  $50  for  rent.  This  is  nothing  but  an  action 
for  the  recovery  of  money.^^^  Where  the  defendant  has  made 
an  offer  of  judgnnent  for  the  whole  amount  claimed  by  the  plain- 
tiff, less  $150,  and  as  a  condition  of  having  the  case  put  over  the 
t«rm  has  been  compelled  by  the  court  to  stipulate  that  the  plain- 
tiff shall  enter  judgment  without  costs  for  the  amount  of  the  of- 
fer, and  the  cause  to  proceed  as  to  the  $150,  the  plaintiff  is  en- 
titled to  tax  his  full  bill  of  costs  if  he  recovers  any  amount  upon 
the  trial.^^''  In  this  case  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  entire  recov- 
ery exceeded  $50. 

h.  Recovery  reduced  beloiv  $50  hi/  payments  made  after  tlic 
commencement  of  the  actio7i. — It  is  tlie  amount  recovered  in  the 
judgment  that  fixes  the  right  to  costs.  The  court  or  referee  can- 
not make  any  valid  order  in  regard  thereto.  The  party  entitled 
to  costs  is  entitled  to  them  in  the  absence  of  an  order  giving  them 
to  him,  or  in  spite  of  an  order  giving  them  to  his  adversary.^*" 
If  the  plaintiff  accepts  payments  unconditionally,  which  reduce 
the  amount  due  to  less  than  $50,  and  the  defendant  sets  up  the 
payment  in  his  answer,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs.-^*^  A 
verbal  stipulation  that  the  payment  shall  not  affect  the  right  to 
costs  cannot  be  enforced  by  the  courts,  as  that  is  within  the  pro 
visions  of  Rule  11.^^^  There  are  obiter  remarks  that  the  plain- 
tiff can  protect  his  right  to  costs  by  accepting  the  money  on  con- 
dition that  it  should  not  affect  his  right  to  a  judgment  for  the 
full  amount,  but  that  he  will  credit  it  on  the  execution. ^^'^     Thi- 

""Trust  V.  Pirson,  1  Hilt.  292.  Af-  Y.   Week.  Dig.   186,   13   N.  Y.   S.  R. 

firmed  in  3  Abb.  Pr.  84.  302;    Bendit    v.    Annesley,   42    Barb. 

^"^Hoe  V.  Sanhorn,  36  N.  Y.  93,  3  192,  27  IIow.  Pr.  184;  Keller  v.  Van 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  189,  35  How.  Pr.  197.  ^Vie,  49  How.  Pr.  97. 

""Bates  V.   Xorris,  23   Jones  &   S.  ""Bates  v.   Norris,  23  Jones   &   S. 

269.  269,  13  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  395.  in 

"'Rice    V.    Childs,    28    Hun,    303:  X.  Y.  S.  R.  302,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Diu. 

Bates  V.  Norris,  23  Jones  &  S.  269,  IBf!. 

13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  395,  28  N.  '^'L'ice  v.  Childs,  28  Hun,  303. 


REGULATED   BY    RELIEF   AND    JUDGMENT.  129 

agreement  would  have  to  be  in  writing  to  escape  the  provisions 
of  Rule  11.  If  the  payment  is  made  after  the  defendant's  time 
to  answer  has  expired,  the  defendant  can  take  advantage  of  the 
payment  only  by  serving  a  supplemental  answer,  after  having 
obtained  leave  of  the  court.  Upon  such  an  application  the 
plaintiff  should  protect  his  right  to  costs.^'*"* 

i.  Recovery  increased  above  $50  by  the  addition  of  interest 
which  has  accrued  since  the  cojnmencement  of  the  action. — If 
the  amount  due  the  plaintiff  at  the  time  of  the  commencement  of 
the  action  is  less  than  $50,  but  at  the  time  of  the  verdict  the  ac- 
crued interest  makes  the  recovery  more  than  $50,  the  plaintiff  is 
entitled  to  costs.^^^ 

;'.  Miscellaneous  cases  where  the  recovery  was  less  than  $50. 
— In  case  of  a  default  of  pleading  upon  the  part  of  the  defend- 
ant, the  plaintiff  can  wait  before  entering  judgment  until  the 
accrued  interest  makes  the  entire  sum  due  more  than  $50,  and 
thus  he  would  be  entitled  to  costs.  In  such  a  case  the  defendant 
can  s.erve  an  offer  of  judgment.  There  is  a  lack  of  harmony  in 
the  cases  as  to  whether  the  defendant  is  or  is  not  entitled  to  costs 
where  the  plaintiff  accepts  an  offer  of  judgment  for  less  than 
$50  "with  costs." 

The  better  rule  is  that  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  in 
such  cases.^^®  It  has  been  held,  however,  that  the  offer  is  in 
effect  a  stipulation  that  the  plaintiff  may  have  costs,  and  thus 
the  defendant  has  waived  his  right  to  costs.  The  costs  to  which 
the  plaintiff  is  entitled  under  the  offer  are  his  legal  costs.  He 
has  no  legal  costs,  and  therefore  neither  party  is  entitled  to 
costs.^*^ 

^**Bates  V.   'Norris,   23   Jones  &   S.        ""Johnson  v.   Sagar,    10  How.   Pr. 
269,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  395,  28    552. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  186,  13  N.  Y.  S.  R.        '"Moffett   v.   Deom,   8    N.   Y.    Civ. 
302.  Proc.  Rep.  85. 

"■'Loving  v.  Morrison,  25  App.  Div. 
139,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  151,  48  N.  Y. 
Supj).  075. 

COSTS   9. 


loO  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IK  NEW  YORK. 

The  (lofondaiit  is  entitled  to  costs  where  the  phiintiff  recovers 
Jess  than  $50  in  an  action  for  breach  of  promise  to  marry,^'**  or 
for  conversion. '^^  It  was  decided  under  the  Code  of  Procedure 
that  the  defendant  was  entitled  to  costs  in  an  action  for  damages 
foi-  a  false  return  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  unless  the  plaintili 
recovers  $,"')().^^^ 

Tt  was  held  in  a  later  case  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  a 
full  bill  of  costs  if  he  recovered  any  amount  in  an  action  for 
damages  against  a  sheriff  for  making  a  false  return. ^^^  The 
wording  of  the  Code  of  Procedure  was  different  from  the  present 
Code,  and  these  cases  are,  doubtless,  not  now  applicable. 

The  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  in  an  action  against  him 
for  damages  for  injuries  received  through  his  negligence,  unless 
the  plaintiff  recovers  at  least  $50.^''^  There  is  a  special  term 
decision  of  the  superior  court,  made  in  1887,  which  holds  that  in 
such  actions  the  plaintiff"  is  entitled  to  costs  equal  to  the  amount 
of  the  verdict.-'''^  It  has  also  been  held  that  where  the  plaintiff 
recovers  any  amount,  he  is  entitled  to  a  full  bill  of  costs. -^^^ 
But  these  decisions  seem  to  have  been  made  \\dthout  due  consid- 
eration, and  have  been  criticised  by  the  later  decisions. 

^^Seitz  V.  Berg,  2   N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  315,   1.5  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Rep.  2!)4.  519;  Coidter  v.  American  Merchants' 

""A'.Va»i  V.  Dojjle,  40  How.  Pr.  215;  Union  Exp.  Co.  50  N.  Y.  585;  Gorton 

Powers  V.  Gross,  6G  N.  Y.  646.  v.  United  States  &  B.  Mail  S.  S.  Co. 

'^Worden  v.  Brown,    14   How.   Pr.  20  X.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.  202,  32  N. 

327.  Y.  S.  R.  556.  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 

'''^Whitney  v.  Daggett,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  ^''Hlarrahrant  v.  Sullivan,  13  N.  Y, 

434.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   196. 

'^-Ruger  v.  Falufs  ^Yatch  Case  Co.  ''"'Keichel  v.  Ye/r  York  C.  &  H.  R. 

20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  204.  37  X.  Y.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  240, 

R.  R.  400.  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  788;  Kal-  29   X.  Y.   S.  R.   843,   9  N.  Y.  Supp. 

iski  V.  I'clham  Park  R.  Co.  20  X.  Y.  414. 


CHAPTEE  IX. 

ACTIONS   m   WHICH   COSTS   ARE    IN    THE    DISCRETION   OF   THi: 

COURT. 

105.  In  general. 

106.  In  what  courts. 

107.  When  and  how  this  discretion  can  be  reviewed. 

108.  Costs;  how  awarded  and  reviewed  when  action  is  tried  before  referee. 

109.  Costs;  how  aw^arded  when  the  action  is  tried  by  tlie  court. 

110.  Costs;   how  awarded  when   part  of  the  issue  is  tiled  by  a  jury  and 

part  by  the  court. 

111.  Costs  where  the  cause  of  action  hiis  terminated  before  the  trial. 

112.  Costs  where  the  defendant  makes  an  offer  in  his  pleading. 

113.  Costs  where  both  parties  are  successful. 

114.  What  pleading  determines  tlie  fact  thai  costs  are  in  the  discretion  of 

the  court. 

115.  Costs  where  there  has  been  a  multiplicity  of  actions. 

116.  Contribution  of  costs  among  wrongdoers. 

117.  Liability  of  successor  in  interest  in  an  action  where  costs  are  discre- 

tionary. 

118.  Costs  where  the  question  involved  is  novel. 

105.  In  general. —  A  party  to  an  action  is  not  entitled,  npon 
its  successfnl  determination,  to  costs  as  a  matter  of  right,  unles.-^ 
he  can  bring  himself  within  one  of  the  provisions  of  §  3228  or  ^ 
8229  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procednre.  In  all  actions  not  ■within 
the  provisions  of  those  sections,  whether  costs  shall  be  awarded 
or  not,  and  if  so,  to  whom,  and  the  amonnt,  not  exceeding  the 
amount  authorized  by  statute,  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court,^  even  in  an  action  against  an  executor.^ 

106.  In  what  courts. —  The  discretion  extends  to  every  stage 

'Code   Civ.   Proc.    §    .3230.  Pr.   504;    Black  v.   O'Brien,   23  Hun. 

■Church    V.    K'ldd.    3    Hun.    254,    5  82;    Herrington  v.   Robertson,   71   N. 

Thonip.  &  C.  454;   Vaji  Riper  v.  Pop-  Y.  280;   McBride  v.  Chamherlain,  56 

penhausen,   43   N.   Y.   68;    Barker   v.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  431,  26  N.  Y.  8upp.  94: 

White,  3  Keyes,  617,  5  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  Knhn   v.    SchmidL    83   Hun,   541,    65 

124,   1   Abb.\\pp.   Dec.   05,   41   How.  X.  Y.  S.  R.   190,  .32  N.  Y.  Supp.  33. 

131 


132  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

of  the  cause,  including  an  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals.^  The 
court  of  appeals  in  such  actions  can  grant  the  costs  of  every 
court,*  when  it  reverses  or  modifios  a  judgment. 

107.  When  and  how  this  discretion  can  be  reviewed. — "The 
question  of  costs,  therefore,  in  an  equity  action  is  one  of  the  is- 
sues involved ;  it  is  primarily  presented  at  the  trial  court,  and 
while,  as  a  rule,  the  appellate  tribunals  will  not  interfere  with 
the  discretion  exercised  by  the  court  below,  yet,  as  it  furnishes 
one  of  tlie  issues  for  determination  by  appellate  tribunals,  it  is 
always  before  such  court  for  disposition,  together  with  the  other 
issues  which  the  case  presents."^  The  appellate  division  of  the 
supreme  court  can  modify  a  judgment  by  allowing  costs  where 
they  were  refused  below,  or  can  strike  them  out  when  granted  be- 
low.^ Such  discretion  is  not  reviewable  by  the  court  of  ap- 
peals,*^ even  if  there  has  been  an  abuse  of  discretion.^ 

The  trial  court  has  no  power  to  add  to  or  take  away  any  costs 
awarded  by  the  appellate  court.  It  must  enter  the  judgment  as 
directed  by  the  appellate  court,  and  it  has  no  power  to  do  any- 
thing else.^  It  is  only  in  exceptional  cases  that  costs  are  re- 
fused to  the  prevailing  party  in  equity  actions. ^"^  The  success- 
ful party  to  whom  costs  are  denied  has  a  right  to  appeal  from 
such  determination.  The  imposition  of  costs  in  equity  cases  is 
discretionaiy,  still  the  discretion  is  not  arbitrary.  The  appel- 
late court  will  not  reverse  the  discretion  of  the  court  below, 
where  there  is  a  reasonable  basis  for  its  exercise. ^^ 

^Chipman  v.  Montgomery,  63  X.  Y.  104,    52    N.    E.    645;    Herrington    v. 

221;  Herrington  V.  Robertson,  71  N.  Robertson,    71    N.    Y.    280;    Dill    v. 

Y.  280.          '  \Vis7icr,  88  N.  Y.  153. 

*Murtha  v.   Curley,  92  N.  Y.   359,  ^Siaiger  v.  Schultz,  3  Keyes,  614. 

65     How.  Pr.  68,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  377. 

Rep.  266;   Munro  v.  Tousey,   129  N.  'Hascall  v.  King,  5i  Ai)p.  Biv.  i-l\- 

Y.  38,  14  L.  R.  A.  245,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  444,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  1112. 

127,  29  N.  E.  9.  ^"Proctor   v.    Soulier,   8    App.    Div. 

^Hascall  v.  King,  54  App.  Div.  441-  69,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  459. 

444,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  1112.  ^^Husted  v.  Van  Ness,  1  App.  Div. 

"Hammond  v.  Slocum,  50  How.  Pr.  120,    72    N.   Y.    S.   R.   28,   36   N.   Y. 

415.  Supp.  1043. 

'Uusted  v.    Van    Ness,    158    N.   Y. 


ACTIONS  IN  WHICH  COSTS  ARE  IN  DISCRETION  OF  COURT.        133 

In  equity  actions  the  trial  justice  must  designate  tlie  party 
entitled  to  costs,  even  where  he  adopts  the  practice  of  stating  his 
decision  concisely.  ^^ 

108.  Costs;  how  awarded  and  reviewed  when  action  is  tried 
before  referee. —  In  equity  actions  tried  before  a  referee,  costs 
must  be  awarded  by  him.-*^  If  he  does  not  award  tliem,  none 
can  be  taxed.^*  The  judgment  entered  upon  the  report  of  the 
referee  should  contain  the  costs  awarded  in  the  action.^^  Where 
the  referee  has  simply  allowed  costs  to  the  defendants,  not  speci- 
fying that  costs  should  go  to  each  defendant,  the  special  term  has 
no  power  to  award  a  separate  bill  of  costs  to  each  defendant.*® 
His  discretion  cannot  be  reviewed  by  motion,  but  only  by  except- 
ing to  the  findings  and  appealing  from  the  judgment  entered  on 
the  report.  ■^''^ 

Although  a  referee  has  used  his  discretion  unwisely  in  the 
matter  of  granting  costs,  that  is  not  necessarily  an  adequate  rea- 
son for  reversing  the  judgment. -^^  His  discretion  will  be  re- 
versed only  in  cases  of  palpable  abuse.* ^  The  prevailing  party 
can  move  for  directions  for  the  referee  to  pass  upon  the  question 
of  costs^**  where  he  has  failed  to  make  any  decision  in  relation 
thereto. 

"Reynohlfi  v.   ^ina  L.  Ins.  Co.   6  "Woodford    v.    Bucklin,    14    Hun, 

App.  Div.  254,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  885.  444;   Rosa  v.  Jenkins,  31  Hun,  384; 

"Code   Civ.   Proc.    §    1022;    Wood-  McBride   v.    ChamberJain,    56    N.    Y. 

ford  V.  BucJclin,  14  Hun,  444.  S.  R.  431,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  94;  Graves 

^*Coddingfon  v.  Bowen,  2  Silv.  Sup.  v.  Blanchard,  4  How.  Pr.  300,  3  N. 

Ct.  417,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  6  N.  Y.  Y.    Code   Rep.    25;    Kennedy   v.    Mc- 

Supp.    355;    Sahafer    v.    Sabater,    7  None,    10    App.    Div.    97,    41    N.    Y. 

App.  Div.   70,   39  N.   Y.   Supp.   958;  Supp.   577;    Wihley  v.  Robinson,  85 

Stevens   v.   Weiss,   25   Misc.   457,   55  Hun,    362,   66   N.   Y.    S.   R.    423,   32 

N.   Y.    Supp.    562;    Graves   v.   Blan-  N.  Y.  Supp.  1018. 

chard,  4  How.  Pr.  300,  3  N.  Y.  Code  ^^Broum   v.  Britton,  41   App.   Div. 

Rep.   25;    Phelps   v.   Wood,   46  How.  57,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  353;  Williams  v. 

Pr.   1;    Ludington  v.   Taft,   10  Barb.  Montgomery,  148  N.  Y.  519,  43  N.  E. 

447.  57. 

^''Mason    v.    Corbin,    29    App.    Div.  ^^Barker  v.    White,   3   Keyes,   495, 

602,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  178.  5   Abb.   Pr.   N.   S.    127,   1   Abb.   App. 

^^Nassau   Bank  v.   National  Bank,  Dec.  98. 

32   App.   Div.   268,   52   N.   Y.    Supp.  "-"Phelps  v.  Wood,  46  How.  Pr.  1. 
1118. 


134  THE  LAW  OI!  COSTS  lA'  XEW   Y0I;K. 

The  referee  may  ordor  the  plaintiff  to  pay  a  part  of  the  costs 
and  the  defendant  the  balance.^^  Where  the  defendant  was  suc- 
cessful up  to  the  court  of  appeals,  which  reversed  the  courts  be- 
low and  granted  a  new  trial,  costs  to  abide  the  event,  upon  which 
both  parties  succeeded  in  part,  the  plaintiff  should  be  allowed 
costs  up  to  and  including  the  court  of  appeals,  as  he  was  com- 
pelled to  go  to  that  court  to  correct  the  error,  but  neither  should 
be  allowed  cost^  for  subsequent  proceedings.^^  The  appellate 
division  has  a  right  to  send  back  to  the  referee  who  tried  the  case 
:ind  once  passed  upon  it,  the  question  of  costs,  to  be  heard  de 
novo  upon  the  evidence  contained  in  the  printed  case,  l^o  ap- 
peal lies  to  the  court  of  appeals  from  such  an  order.  It  is  a 
matter  of  practice,  over  which  the  appellate  division  had  juris- 
diction.^^ 

109.  Costs ;  how  awarded  when  the  action  is  tried  by  the  court. — 
Costs  must  be  granted  by  the  court,  without  such  an  order  no 
costs  are  awarded.^*  The  court  may  upon  motion  pass  uj3on 
the  question  of  costs  where  it  has  neglected  to  do  so  upon  th<^ 
trial.  It  may  grant  costs  upon  a  motion  to  strike  out  costs 
which  have  been  taxed  without  authority.-^^  Costs  should  be 
granted  by  the  trial  judge.  The  appellate  division  has  no  power 
to  send  the  case  back  to  the  special  term  to  pass  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  costs,  when  tlie  trial  judge  has  made  no  direction  as  to 
costs.^^     Silence  upon  the  subject  of  costs  is  a  refusal  thereof.^'' 

Where  the  court  has  passed  upon  the  merits  of  the  case  and 
awarded  costs  in  an  interlocutory  judgment,  it  cannot  change 
the  allowance  of  costs  in  the  final  judgment  entered  upon  the 

-'Barker  v.  White,  3  Keyes,  617,  1  '*a.  Andrews    v.     Moller.   20   N.   Y. 

Abb.  App.  Dec.  95,  41  How.  Pr.  504,  Week.  Dig.  377. 

T)  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  124.  "^LeRoy  v.  Browne,  10  X.  Y.  Supp. 

"ManderiUe  v.  Avery,  44  N.  Y.  S.  328;    First    Nat.    Bank    v.  Levy,  41 

R.  1,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  429.  Hun,  461. 

-''Taylor  v.  Root.  48  N.  Y.  687.  '"Le  Roy  v.  Broicne,  10  N.  Y.  Supp. 

'*Hascall    v.    King,  54    App.  Div.  328;     Commissioners     of    Pilots    v. 

441,  31  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  207,  66  Spofford,  3  Hun,  55. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  1112;  Downing  v.  Mar- 
xhalL  37  X.  Y.  380;  Kreits  v.  Frost 
55  Barb.  474. 


ACTIOA.S  lA'   WHICH  COSTS  ARE  lA'  DISCRETION"  OF  COURT.        135 

report  of  a  referee,  who  has  been  appointed  to  take  proof  of  the 
accounts  between  the  parties.^^ 

110.  Costs;  how  awarded  when  part  of  the  issue  is  tried  by  a 
jury  and  part  by  the  court. —  In  an  action  for  an  injunction, 
where  the  jury  found  tliat  the  plaintiff  liad  suffered  no  damage, 
and  upon  the  trial  of  the  balance  of  the  case  before  the  court  it 
decided  that  the  plaintiff'  had  suffered  damages  large  enough  to 
carry  costs,  tlie  costs  were  determined  by  the  judgment,  and  not 
by  tlie  verdict.  ^^ 

111.  Costs  where  the  cause  of  action  has  terminated  before  the 
trial. —  xin  equity  case  will  be  heard,  although  before  the  trial 
the  subject-matter  has  ceased  to  exist,  in  order  that  the  question 
of  costs,  as  it  existed  at  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the 
action,  may  be  determined,"^  although  a  litigation  for  costs  in 
equity  courts  is  not  favored.^*^  Courts  will  refuse  to  examine 
into  tlie  merits  of  a  case  after  settlement,  to  see  who  is  entitled 
to  costs.^^  jSTeither  party  will  be  allowed  costs  where  the  plain- 
tiff brings  an  action  to  cancel  a  deed  and  a  mortgage,  and  for  an 
accounting  of  rents,  and  succeeds  in  the  action,  where  the  debt 
owing  by  the  plaintiff  to  the  defendant  had  been  paid  by  rents, 
and  the  last  instalment  was  paid  after  the  commencement  of  the 
action.^"  The  plaintiff'  will  not  be  obliged  to  pay  costs  upon  the 
dismissal  of  his  complaint  in  an  action  for  the  construction  of  a 
will  and  an  accounting,  where  after  the  commencement  of  the 
action  the  parties  practically  agreed  that  the  matters  should  be 
settled  in  the  surrogate's  court,  because  he  might  have  had  a  cause 
of  action  at  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the  action.^^ 
AVhere  a  complaint  is  dismissed  by  reason  of  events  occurring 

•''Foley  V.  Foley,  15  App.  Div.  276,  425,  Reversed  on  other  questions   in 

44  K  Y.  Supp.  588.  63  N.  Y.  547. 

^^VaUace       v.      American      Linen  ^^Eastburn    v.    Kirk,    2  Johns.  Ch. 

Thread    Co.     16    Hun,   404;    Toch  v.  317. 

Toch,  9  App.    Div.    501,    41    N.    Y.  ^-Cross  v.  Smith,  85  Hun,  49,  66  N. 

Supp.  353.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  671. 

^Kelley  v.  McMahon,  37  Hun,  212.  ^^Parler  v.  Murray,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

""Belmont  v.  Ponvcrt,  6  Jones  &  S.  949,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  79. 


136  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

since  the  commencement  of  the  action,  it  should  be  without 
costs. •'''* 

112.  Costs  where  the  defendant  makes  an  offer  in  his  pleading. 
—  The  defendant  ^\'ill  not  be  compelled  to  pay  costs  when,  in  his 
answer,  he  offers  the  plaintiff  all  the  relief  to  which  the  court 
decides  he  is  entitled.^^  The  defendant  will  be  compelled  to 
pay  costs  where  the  plaintiff  succeeds  only  as  to  part  of  the  re- 
lief sought,  and  tlie  defendant  makes  no  offer  of  judgment.'^* 
The  defendant  will  be  entitled  to  costs  where  the  complaint  does 
not  offer  to  do  equity,  and  he  is  compelled  to  come  into  the  court 
to  obtain  his  equitable  rights.'*'^ 

113.  Costs  where  both  parties  are  successful. —  Costs  will  be 
allowed  to  neither  party  in  an  action  for  two  causes  of  action, 
where  each  party  succeeds  on  one.^^  A  plaintiff  will  be  allowed 
costs  up  to  and  including  the  trial,  where  he  is  entitled  to  some 
relief,  but  not  to  as  much  as  he  claimed  in  his  complaint.  The 
defendant  will  be  allowed  costs  subsequent  to  the  trial,  where  he 
is  successful  upon  the  appeal.^^ 

114.  What  pleading  determines  the  fact  that  costs  are  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court. —  The  question  of  costs  is  determined  by 
the  complaint,  and  not  by  tlie  answer.  The  defendant  will  be 
entitled  to  costs,  as  a  matter  of  right,  and  not  as  a  matter  resting 
in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  where  he  succeeds  upon  an  equi- 
table defense  interposed  to  a  legal  action.^"     Costs  would  have 

'*CoIunihia    College   v.  Thacher,  87  Lciber,    7     Paig-e.     483;    Crippen    v. 

N.  Y.  311,  41  Am.  Es>p.  305,  10  Abb.  Heermance,  9  Paige,  211;   Barker  v. 

N.  C.  235.  Lanetj,   7    App.    Div.    352,   40   X.  Y. 

^^Bickford  v.  Searles,  9  App.  Div.  Supp.  66;  Stafford  v.  Xott,  3  Paige, 

158,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.   148.  100;    Ten   Eyclc  v.  Holmes,   3   Sanaf. 

'"'Rutty   V.   Person,   20   Jones  &   S.  Cli.  428;  West  v.  Utica,  71  Hun,  540. 

329.  51   X.  Y.  S.  R.  911,  24  X.  Y.  Supp. 

"Bissell  V.  KeUor/ff,  60  Barb.  617.  1075;  Cross  v.  S)ynt}t,  85  Hun.  49,  66 

'"Law  V.   McDonald,   9  Hun,  23.   3  X.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  671. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Diij.  544;  Couch  v.  Mil-  ''^Sterniacli    v.    Friedman,   75   App. 

lard,  41  Hun,  212,  4  X.  Y.  S.  R.  167;  Div.  418,  78  X.  Y.  Supp.  318. 

Walter    v.    F.    E.  McAlister  Co.  21  ^"Cythe    v.    La    Fontain,    51    Barb. 

Misc.  747,  27   N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  186;  Lanz  v.  Trout,  46  How.  Pr.  54; 
33,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  26;   Caldn-ell  v. 


ACTIO^fS  IN  WHICH  COSTS  ARE  IN  DISCKETION  OF  COURT.        137 

been  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  had  the  plaintiff  brought  an 
equitable  action  for  the  same  relief.^^  The  plaintiff  will  not  be 
compelled  to  pay  costs  where  the  defendant  sets  up  a  counter- 
claim, and  becomes  insolvent,  but  refuses  to  allow  the  plaintiff 
to  discontinue  without  costs,  and  on  the  trial  the  plaintiff  makes 
no  proof  of  his  cause  of  action,  but  the  defendant  attempts  to 
prove  his  counterclaim  and  fails.^-  Costs  out  of  a  fund  belong- 
ing to  the  plaintiff  will  not  be  allowed  to  the  unsuccessful  defend- 
ant, although  he  was  sued  as  administrator.'*^ 

115.  Costs  where  there  has  been  a  multiplicity  of  actions. — 
Costs  of  only  one  action  will  be  allowed,  when  the  plaintiff  could 
have  obtained  all  the  relief  to  which  he  was  entitled  in  one  ac- 
tion but  he  has  brought  two  or  more  actions.^^ 

116.  Contribution  of  costs  among  wrongdoers. —  A  defendant 
who  has  been  compelled  to  pay  costs  cannot  complain  that  his  co- 
defendant,  with  whom  he  has  entered  into  a  fraudulent  scheme  to 
set  aside  which  the  action  was  brought,  has  not  been  compelled  to 
pay  costs,  as  there  is  no  contribution  among  wrongdoers.^^ 

117.  Liability  of  successor  in  interest  in  an  action  where  costs 
are  discretionary. —  A  city  which  has  annexed  a  village  will  not 
be  liable  for  costs  in  a  successful  action  to  restrain  the  city  from 
collecting  the  tax,  and  to  set  aside  the  assessment  levied  by  the 
village,  because  the  city  was  not  responsible  for  the  acts  com- 
plained of.^^ 

118.  Costs  where  the  question  involved  is  novel. —  A  defendant 
may  be  exonerated  from  paying  costs,  although  defeated,  if  the 

Bradley  v.  Aldrich,  40  N.  Y.  509,  100  other  frronnds  in  129  N".  Y.  38,  41  N. 

Am.  Dec.  528.  Y.  S.  R.  127;  Wendell  v.  Wendell,  S 

*'Cijthe    V.    La  Fontain,  51    Barb.  Paip^e,  509;  Neicman  v.  Ogden,  6  Ch. 

186.  Sent.  40. 

*-McCulloch  V.    Vibbard,   14   N.  Y.        *^Holden  v.  Xeiv  York  d  E.  Bank 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  .388,   16  N".  Y.  S.  R.  72  N.  Y.  280. 
1012,  1  N.  Y.  Siipp.  610.  ^'Trcdirell    v.    Brookhjn,     11    App. 

*^Sheehan  v.  Huerstel,  14  Jones  &  Div.  224,  43  X.  Y.  Supp.  458.     Con- 

S-  <5^-  tra,   Richter  v.   .Yew;  York,  24  Misc. 

**Munro  v.  Tousey,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  613,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  150. 
622,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  81,  Reversed  on 


lOS  TIIK  LAW  OF  COSTS  LIS!  NEW  YORK. 

case  is  novel,  and  the  law  is  nnsettled.  A  liushand  was  not  al- 
lowed costs,  although  he  succeeded  in  an  action  to  have  advances 
made  by  him  declared  a  lien  on  his  wife's  property.^'^  Where 
a  husband  and  wife  each  had  a  will  dra\vn  up  at  the  same  time, 
and  by  mistake  each  signed  the  wrong  mil,  and  after  the  hus- 
band's death  the  wife  brought  an  action  to  correct  the  mistake, 
the  court  dismissed  the  complaint  because  of  lack  of  power  to 
correct  the  mistake,  but  without  costs,  for  the  reason  that  the 
question  was  novel. "^^ 

"Alward  v.  Alward,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  *'Xe/,so«  v.  McDonald,  61  Hun,  406, 
Proc.  Rop.  151,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  864,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  273. 
2  N.  Y.  Supp.  42. 


CHAPTER  X. 

COSTS  IN  REAL  ACTIONS. 

119.  Foreclosure  of  mortgage  by  advertisement. 

120.  Foreclosure  of  mortgage  by  action. 

a.  In  general. 

b.  Liability  of  defendant  by  ap^jearing  in  the  action. 

c.  Liability  of  defendant  by  serving  an  answer. 

d.  When  the  wife  of  the  mortgagor  is  entitled  to  costs. 

e.  Answer  setting  up  payment  since  the  commencement  of  the  action 

f.  Report  of  the  referee. 

g.  Costs  in  an  unnecessary  action, 
h.  Offer  of  judgment. 

i.  Commissions. 
j.  Additional  allowance. 

k.  Liability  of  party  who  has  assumed  the  mortgage  debt. 
I.  Surplus  proceedings. 
VI.  Allowance  to  receiver  of  rents. 
n.  Liability  of  referee. 

o.  Costs  upon  redemption  from  the  mortgagee. 
p.  How  the  discretion  of  the  trial  court  in  awarding  costs  can  be  re 

viewed. 
q.  Discretion  reviewed  by  the  court  of  appeals. 

121.  Foreclosure  of  a  land  contract. 

122.  Foreclosure  of  a  chattel  mortgage. 

123.  Action  to  have  a  deed  declared  a  mortgage. 

124.  Action  to  set  aside  fraudulent  conveyances. 

125.  Action  to  remove  a  cloud  on  the  title. 

126.  Action  to  compel  the  specific  performance  of  a  land  contract. 

127.  Power  of  court  to  relieve  purchaser  from  a  bid  upon  a  judicial  sale. 

128.  Liability  of  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale  in  protecting  his  bid. 

129.  Partition  action. 

o.  In  general. 

b.  Costs  to  the  defendant. 

c.  By  whom  costs  should  be  paid. 

d.  At  what  stage  in  the  proceedings  costs  are  allowed. 

e.  Costs  to  guardian  ad  litem. 

130.  Action  to  construe  a  will. 

o.  To  whom  costs  are  allowed. 
&.  Upon  what  principle  costs  are  allowed, 
c.  Amount  of  additional  allowances. 

139 


140  TTfK  T.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOT?K. 

d.  By  what  court  costs  are  awarded. 

e.  Payable  out  of  what  fund. 

131.  Action  to  foreclose  mechanic's  liens, 
o.  In  general. 
6.  Liability  of  the  owner  of  the  premises. 

c.  Offer  of  judgment. 

d.  Costs  allowed  to  a  subcontractor. 

e.  Additional  allowance. 

119.  Foreclosure  of  mortgage  by  advertisement. —  The  allow- 
ance or  refusal  of  costs  in  actions  of  foreclosure  bj  advertise- 
ment is  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^ 

In  a  foreclosure  by  advertisement  a  charge  for  a  copy  for  the 
printer  and  for  one  to  keep,  and  a  charge  for  publication  for 
thirteen  weeks,  are  allowable,  but  a  charge  cannot  be  made  for 
inserting  what  is  not  required  by  law  to  be  inserted,  nor  for  serv- 
ing persons  not  required  to  be  served,  although  it  may  be  pru- 
dent to  sen^e  them;  nor  can  a  charge  be  made  for  notices  at- 
tached to  affidavits  that  are  required  to  be  filed,  when  one  notice 
could  be  used.  Neither  can  a  charge  be  made  for  a  copy  of  no- 
tice of  sale,  served  upon  the  auctioneer,  when  he  is  the  attorney 
for  the  plaintiff,  and  a  charge  has  been  made  for  an  office  copy.^ 
These  items  must  be  taxed  on  notice.^  The  amount  of  costs  and 
disbursements  in  these  actions  is  regulated  by  §§  2-i01-2403  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

120.  Foreclosure  of  mortgage  by  action.  a.  In  general.  — 
Costs  in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  are  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court.^  Xo  costs  will  Ix^  allowed  where  both  parties  succeed  as 
to  a  ])art  of  the  matt^ers  litigated.^ 

6.  Liability  of  defendant  hi/  appearing  in  the  action. — A  de- 
fendant will  not  make  himself  liable  for  costs  simply  by  appear- 

'0'7/orc  V.  TJrop/it/,  24  How.  Pr.  .379.  *  Morris  v.  Wheeler.  45  X.  Y.  708; 

-FeryvKon  v.  ^yooley,  0  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pratt  v.  Ramsdell,   16  How.  Pr.  59; 

Proc.  kep.  2.3G:   Collins  v.  Standish,  Bartow    v.    Cleveland,    16    How.  Pr. 

6  How.  Pr.  493;   Hornbij  v.  Cramer,  364,  7  Abb.  Pr.  339. 

12  How.  Pr.  490.  ^Cross  v.  Smith,  85  Hun,  49,  66  N. 

'Re  Moss,  6  How.  Pr.  263.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  671. 


COSTS    liS"    KExVL    ACTIONS.  141 

ing  in  the  action,  and  demanding  that  all  papers  be  served  upon 
his  attorney.® 

c.  Liability  of  defendant  by  servmg  an  answer. — A  prior  as- 
signor of  the  mortgage  is  a  proper,  but  not  a  necessary,  party  de- 
fendant. His  answer  admitting  the  assignment  is  a  benefit  to 
the  plaintiff,  who  can  take  judgment  with  this  answer  in ;  and 
where  the  answer  is  stricken  out,  no  costs  should  be  allowed.' 

d.  When  the  wife  of  the  mortgagor  is  entitled  to  costs. — In 
foreclosing  a  mortgage  not  for  purchase  money,  given  by  a  mar- 
ried man  after  his  marriage,  the  wife  not  joining,  she  is  not  a 
necessary  party.  Where  made  a  party  and  notice  given  that 
judgment  should  not  affect  her  inchoate  dower  rights,  she  can- 
not recover  costs  against  the  plaintiff  by  defending  the  action,  as 
that  is  unnecessaiy  to  protect  her  rights.  On  the  other  hand,  in 
such  case  costs  will  not  be  allowed  against  her,  for  the  reason 
that  the  plaintiff  unnecessarily  made  her  a  party. ^  A  wife  of 
the  second  mortgagee  will  not  be  allowed  cost-s  against  the  plain- 
tiff, where  she  is  made  a  party  to  cut  off  her  inchoate  right  of 
dower,  and  the  action  is  continued  to  fix  the  liability  on  the 
land,  after  the  premises  have  been  sold  on  a  first  mortgage  and 
the  surplus  paid  upon  the  second  mortgage.^ 

e.  Answer  setting  up  payment  since  the  commencement  of  the 
action. — An  answer  setting  up  the  payment  of  the  bond  and 
mortgage  after  the  commencement  of  the  action  should  not  be 
stricken  out  as  sham  on  the  ground  that  the  defendant  had  not 
paid  costs.  Costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  it  is 
not  certain  that  the  plaintiff  will  be  allowed  any.^^ 

/.  Report  of  the  referee. — The  report  of  a  referee,  which 
awards  costs  to  the  plaintiff,  wdll  not  authorize  a  judgment  giv- 

'^Tully  V.    Eastburn,    1    Month.  L.  ^Barker  v.  Barton,  67  Barb.  458. 

Bull.  74.  ^McRoberts  v.  Pooley.  12  N.  Y.  S. 

'Merrill    v.    Bischoff,    3  App.  Div.  R.   107. 

361,   73   N.   Y.   S.   R.   685,   38   N.   Y.  '"Wetmore  v.  Gale,  2  N.  Y.  Week. 

Supp.  194.  Dig.  408. 


142  TllK  l.A\V   OF  COSTS  IN   NEW  YOKK. 

ing  costs  against  the  defendant  personally.  The  report  must 
provide  that  the  defendant  be  held  personally  for  costs  before 
snch  a  judgment  can  be  entered.^ ^  After  a  case  was  tried  be- 
fore a  judge,  wli<»  awarded  judgment  for  the  ])laintitf  without 
awarding  costs,  but  sent  it  to  a  referee  to  ascertain  the  amount 
due  and  whether  there  were  any  prior  liens,  upon  the  coming  in 
of  the  report  the  plaintiff,  without  notice  to  the  defendant,  was 
awarded  costs,  at  a  special  term  held  by  another  judge.^^ 

g.  Costs  in  an  unnecessary  action.— The  hdlder  of  a  first 
mortgage  will  not  be  allowed  costs  of  foreclosing  his  mortgage, 
where,  before  the  commencement  of  the  action,  the  holder  of  the 
second  mortgage  has  conunenced  his  action,  mailing  the  first 
mortgagee  a  party,  and  has  asked  that  the  amount  due  on  the 
first  mortgage  be  ascertained  and  paid.  The  second  action  is 
unnecessary.^*^  A  plaintiff  will  be  refused  costs  where  he  has 
caused  the  defendant  to  delay  paying  tlie  balance  of  interest  un- 
til the  time  has  expired,  so  that  the  plaintiff  can  elect  that  the 
whole  amount  secured  by  the  mortgage  become  due,  and  he  will 
be  allowed  to  foreclose  only  for  the  balance  of  interest.'^  But 
after  an  election  once  fairly  made,  that  the  entire  amount  should 
become  due  for  failure  to  pay  an  instalment  of  principal  or  in- 
terest, the  plainrifF  caimot  be  compelled  to  accept  the  unpaid  in- 
stalment and  costs  to  date.^'^ 

h.  Ojfer  of  jvdgment. — The  plaintiff  has  no  absolute  right  to 
costs  in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  mortgage,  until  they  are  granted 
by  the  court.  On  the  other  hand  a  defendant  in  such  an  action 
has  no  right  to  tender  the  amount  due.  and  stop  the  action.^"     If 

"Cnsr   V.    Mnrniis.     H)    N.     V.     Tiv.  Amniicrl    in    102    X.    V.    713.   7   N.   E. 

Proc.  Rop.  206.  .33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  44.  11  -128. 

X.  Y.  Su])|).  243.  ^'Rosrhe    v.     Kosinnirski,    01    App. 

'-Chamberlnin    v.    Dcmpsri/.    3(5    N.  Div.  23.  70  N.  Y.   Siipp.  216. 

Y.  144.  '".Vcr   Tori-    F.    d-    M.   Ins.   Co.  v. 

'^Guilfonl  V.  .facobie,  09  Hun.  420,  liurrell.   9   How.    Pr.    398,    12    N.   Y. 

.52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  837,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  Legal  Obs.  252. 
462. 

"House  V.   Eisenlord,   30   Hvin.   90, 


COSTS  IX  REAL  ACTIONS.  143 

ihe  defendant  wishes  to  settle  such  an  action  he  may  offer  to  pay 
the  plaintiff  the  amount  of  his  mortgage  and  such  costs  as  he 
thinks  pro]3er.  If  the  plaintiff'  refuses  to  accept  the  offer,  the 
defendant  may  apply  to  the  court  for  leave  to  pay  the  amount 
due,  and  such  costs  as  the  court  may  determine,  and  have  the 
case  discontinued.^^  An  offer  of  judgment  may  also  be  made 
under  the  provisions  of  §  738  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 
The  offer  should  not  only  authorize  a  judgment  for  foreclosure 
and  sale  of  the  mortgaged  premises  for  a  certain  amount,  but 
should  also  authorize  the  entry  of  a  deficiency  judgment  against 
the  party  liable  upon  the  bond,  ^vith  costs.^^  A  party  liable 
upon  the  bond,  who  purchases  the  bond  and  mortgage  pending 
suit,  and  pays  an  additional  allowance  under  protest,  cannot  re- 
cover back  the  sum  tlius  paid  under  protest,  as  such  sum  is  not 
paid  under  a  mistake  of  fact  or  of  law.^^ 

i.  Commissio7is. — The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  half  commis- 
sions under  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  as  upon  a 
settlement,  when,  after  the  commencement  of  an  action  to  fore- 
close a  mortgage,  he  assigns  it  to  one  of  the  defendants."" 

j.  Additional  alleivance. —  (See  also  §  302,  subd.  i,  infra.) 
An  additional  allowance  in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  action  is  lim- 
ited by  §  3253  of  tlie  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  to  $200,  although 
the  case  is  difficult  and  extraordinary,  and  a  defense  is  inter- 
posed."^ The  fact  that  the  action  is  brought  to  foreclose  a  chat- 
tel mortgage  as  well  as  a  mortgage  on  real  estate  will  not  entitle 
the  plaintiff'  to  an  allowance  in  excess  of  $200.^-     Nor  can  the 

"Bartow  v.   Cleveland,   7   Abb.   Pr.  ^Waterhury  v.  Tucker  &  C.  Cord- 

339,  16  How.  Pr.  3G4;  Pratt  v.  Rams-  age  Co.  152  N.  Y.  610.  46  N.  E.  959; 

dell,  7  Abb.  Pr.  340,  note.  Hunt  v.  Chapman,  62  N.  Y.  333,  338; 

^"Rollins   V.   Barnes,   23    App.   Div.  Ferris  v.  Hard,   15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

240,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  153.  48  N.  Y.  Rep.  171,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  364,  4  N.  y' 

Siipp.  779.  Supp.   9;    O'Neill  v.   Gray,   39  Hun, 

^^Bliss  V.  Wallis,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  566;  Rosa  v.  Jenkins,  31  Hun,  384. 

325.  "Waterbtiri/  v.  Tucker  &  C.  Cord- 

'"Cltevers  v.  Damnv,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  age  Co.  152  N.  Y,  610,  46  N.  E.  959. 
904,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  452. 


144  TirE  LAW  OF  C0ST5  IN  NKW  YORK. 

court  grant  an  allowance  in  excess  of  f$200,  even  when  the  actitm 
has  been  unrcasonaLly  defencled.^^ 

It  has  been  lield  in  the  supreme  court  that  in  an  action  to  fore- 
close a  chattel  mortgage  the  limitation  of  $200  did  not  apply.^* 
The  court  of  appeals  has  said,  obiter,  that  the  wording  of  the 
limitation  was  broad  enough  to  cover  all  kinds  of  mortgages.^^ 

k.  LiahilUy  of  party  who  has  assumed  the  mortgage  debt. — 
A  party  who  has  assumed  and  agreed  to  pay  a  mortgage  may  be 
compelled  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  foreclosure  action,  to  which 
he  was  not  a  party,  by  a  party  who  has  been  compelled  to  pay 
the  same.^^ 

I.  Surplus  proceedings. — The  only  costs  allowed  upon  surplus 
proceedings,  besides  the  fees  of  the  referee  and  other  disburse- 
ments, are  $10  costs  of  motion  for  appointment  of  a  referee,  if 
allowed  by  that  order,  and  $10  costs  of  motion  to  confirm  the  ref- 
eree's report,  if  allowed.^^  There  have  been  obiter  remarks  in 
old  cases,  that  a  successful  party  might  be  entitled  to  a  trial  fee, 
but  there  seems  to  be  no  warrant  for  such  a  fee.^^  The  holder 
of  a  second  mortgage  is  entitled  to  have  the  costs  of  the  action 
brought  to  foreclose  his  mortgage  paid  out  of  the  surplus  paid 
into  tlie  court  upon  the  foreclosure  of  the  first  mortgage,  al- 
though those  costs  were  not  awarded  until  after  a  sale  of  the 
premises  under  the  first  mortgage.^^  The  result  would  be  differ- 
ent if  the  action  related  to  the  rights  of  tlie  parties  in  the  land, 

"Bidwell  V.  Sullivan,  4  N.  Y.  Anno,  tcr    Comity    Ice    Co.    5  N.  Y.  Week. 

Cas.    IGl,   26   N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.   Eep.  Dig.     104;     German     Sav.    Bank    v. 

392.  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  530.  Sharer,   25  Hun,   409;    Re   Gibbs,   58 

■*Uuntington     v.    Moore,    59    Hun,  How.    Pr.    502;    Floyd    v.  Clark,  16 

351,  13  X.  Y.  Supp.  97.  Daly,  528,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  848;  Bor- 

'^Waterhuiy  v.  Tucker  d  C.  Cord-  land  v.  Alleond,  8  Daly,  126. 

age  Co.  152  X.  Y.  610,  46  N.  E.  959.  ^Borland  v.  Alleond,  8  Daly,  126; 

^Comstock  v.  Drohan,  8  Hun,  373,  Elwell  v.  Bobbins,  43  How.  Pr.  108; 
Affirmed  in  71  X.  Y.  9,  without  pass-  Xew  York  Life  Ins.  d  T.  Co.  v.  Van- 
in^  on  tliis  point.  derbilt,  12  Abb.  Pr.  458. 

'"•McDermolt    v.    Henncsy,  9    Hun,  ^^Bushwick    Sav.    Bank    v.  Traum, 

59;    Ehcell  v.  Bobbins,  43  How.  Pr.  26  App.  Div.  532,  50  N.  Y.  Supp.  542. 
108 ;    Rensselaer  d  S.  R.   Co.  v.  Da- 
vis, 55  N.  Y.  145;  Wellington  v.  Uls- 


COSTS  IN  REAL  ACTIONS.  145 

and  before  judgmont  Avas  obtained,  which  awarded  costs  against 
the  defendant  personalh',  and  not  on  the  land,  the  property  had 
loeen  sold  on  a  mortgage  foreclosure,  and  a  surplus  resulted.^'' 
The  costs  of  the  reference  may  be  ordered  paid  out  of  the  fund,^^ 
or  bv  the  unsuccessful  party  upon  the  reference.  This  rests  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  this  discretion  can  be  reyiewed 
by  the  same  court  in  appellate  term,  but  it  cannot  be  reviewed  by 
the  court  of  appeals. '^^  Unsuccessful  clainuints  may  be  made 
to  pay  the  extra  expense  to  which  the  successful  claimant  ha? 
been  put  by  reason  of  their  claims.^^  But  where  there  is  a  good 
reason  to  investigate  the  successful  party's  claim,  and  not  much 
work  is  necessitated  by  the  unsuccessful  claim,  no  cost-s  should 
be  charged  against  the  unsuccessful  claimant.^^  In  a  surplus 
proceeding  where  the  ^\'idow  and  heirs  are  the  claimants,  the 
widow,  who  has  agreed  to  accept  a  gross  sum  in  lieu  of  dower 
should  not  be  charged  with  any  expense  of  the  proceeding.^^ 

Liens  subsequent  to  an  easement  are  entitled  to  be  satisfied 
prior  to  the  costs  of  an  action  brought  to  establish  that  easement, 
altliough  they  are  recorded  after  the  filing  of  the  lis  pendens  in 
the  action  to  establish  the  easement.'^^ 

m.  AUoivance  to  receiver  of  rents. — A  receiver  of  rents  will 
not  be  allowed  counsel  fees,  when  his  attorney  advises  him  to 
disregard  his  duty  as  such  receiver,  and  act  for  his  own  personal 
gain.-' 

11.  Liability  of  referee. — A  referee  should  be  made  to  pay  the 
costs  of  an  appeal  from  an  order  which  requires  him  to  pay  into 

^Crocker  v.  Lewis,   144  X.  Y.   140,  Y.    Supp.   463;    Farmers'   Loan  d   T. 

39  X.  E.   1;  Bushwick  Sav.  Bank  v.  Co.  v.  Millard,  9  Paige,  620. 

Traum,  26  App.  Div.   532,   50  X.   Y.  ^*Dudqeon  v.  Hmith,  23  X.  Y.  Week. 

Supp.  542.  Dig.  400. 

^^Oppenheimer   v.    Walker,   3   Hun,  ^Campbell  v.  Erring.  43  How.  Pr. 

SO,  5  Tlionip.  &  C.  325.  258. 

'-Hyman  v.  Uauff,  138  X.  Y.  48.  51  "^Crocker  v.  Lewis,  79  Hun,  400.  01 

X.  Y."  S.  R.  731,  33  X.  E.  735.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  503,  29  X.  Y.  Supp.  798. 

^^Laicton   v.   Sager,   11    Barb.   349:  "Ranneij  v.  Peyser,  20  Hun,  11,  5 

Beniiis  V.  Thrall,  35  Misc.  137.  70  X.  Abb.  X.  C.  246. 

COSTS      10. 


146  TJIE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IX    .NEW   YOKK. 

court  the  surplus,  as  sIioaati  by  the  judgment  and  his  report  of 
sale,  when  he  claims  by  affidavit  that  the  terms  of  sale  provided 
that  he  should  Y>ay  the  first  mortgage  out  of  the  first  pro- 
ceeds of  sale,  the  owner  of  which  was  not  a  party  to  the 
action.  The  referee  not  having  made  a  proper  report,  and  not 
having  followed  the  provisions  of  the  judgment,  should  pay  the 
costs  incurred  in  correcting  his  error.^*^ 

0.  Costs  upon  redemption  from  the  mortgagee. — The  plaintiff 
in  an  action  to  redeem  from  the  moi'tgagee  in  possession  is  usu- 
nlly  required  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  action.^''  -^ny  unreasonable 
resistance  by  the  defendant,  or  any  unconscionable  defense,  will 
take  the  case  out  of  the  general  rule.^*^'  The  costs  of  an  unsuc- 
cessful appeal  by  the  defendant  may  be  ordered  paid  by  him."*^ 
If  the  plaintiff  wishes  to  exempt  himself  from  the  payment  of 
the  defendant's  costs,  he  should  tender  the  defendant  the  amount 
due  upon  the  mortgage  before  bringing  an  action.'*^  A  plaintiff 
in  an  action  to  redeem  will  not  be  required  to  pay  the  costs  of  a 
foreclosure,  ineffectual  as  to  him.*^  Costs  are  properly  refused 
to  the  successful  defendant,  where  he  succeeds  by  reason  of  the 
statute  of  limitations."*^ 

p.  Hoiv  the  discretion  of  the  trial  court  in  airarding  costs  can 
he  reviewed. — A  party  desiring  to  review  the  discretion  of  the 
trial  court  in  awarding  costs  must  himself  apjiealfrom  the  judg- 

'^Koch  V.  Fnircll.   1.3    .Tones    &    S.  Am.  Deo.  .538;  Stoddard  v.  ^Vhiting, 

162.  ^<5    X.    Y.    627;    Bclden   v.   Slade,   26 

'"A'l/i//    V.    Duntz\    11     Barb,     ini  ;  Hun.   635;    Slee  v.   Manhattan   Co.   1 

Shearer  v.  Field,  6  ^Mi.sc.   189.  27  N.  V-.ih^v.  48;    ^'an  Buren  v.  Olmsted,  5 

V.   Supp.     29;      Vroom     v.   Ditiiuis.   4  Paiire,   9. 

Paige.  526;   Parker  v.  Austin,  15  N.  *^Ben)iett    v.    Cook,    2  Hun,  .526,  5 

Y.  Week.  Dig.  474;  Brlden  v.  Sladr,  Tlionip.   &   C.   134. 

26  Hun,  635:    Brockiray  v.   ll>//.s,    I  '-Shearer  v.  Field,  6  Misc.  189,  27 

Paige,    617:     Benedict     v.    (lilman,   4  N.  Y'.  Supp.  29;   Benedict  v.  Gilman, 

Paige,   58;    Davis  v.   Dtiffie,    18   Abb.  4  Paige,  58;  Kincf  v.  Duntz,  11  Barb. 

Pr.  360.  191. 

*''Parker  V.  Austin,  \5  !>*.  Y.  Week.  "lielden    v.   Slade,    26    Ilun.   635; 

Dig.  474;  Yroom  v.  Ditmas,  4  Paige,  Benedict   v.   dilman,  4  Paige,  58. 

.526;    Va// /or  V.  Co/ n7?c,  20  App.  Div.  "Denitn  est    v.    Wi/nknop,    3    Johns. 

581,  47   N.   Y.   Supp.   267:    Brineker-  Cli.   129.  8   Am.  Dee.  467. 
hoff  V.    Lansing.   4   .Tohns.   Ch.   65,   8 


COSTS  IN   BEAT.  ACTIONS.  147 

ment.  The  appellate  court  will  not  review  tlie  discretion  of  the 
trial  court  in  refusing  costs  to  the  plaintiff  upon  the  appeal  of 
a  defendant.  ^^ 

q.  Discretion  reviewed  hy  the  court  of  appeals. — The  plaintiff 
is  not  entitled  to  costs  where  there  is  a  defect  of  parties  which 
is  set  up  by  answer,  and  the  defect  is  obviated  after  the  service 
of  answer  and  before  trial.  The  court  of  appeals  will  reverse 
an  allowance  of  costs  which  the  court  below  has  made  under  a 
mistaken  view  of  the  law,  although,  if  the  same  allowance  had 
been  made  under  a  coi*rect  view  of  the  law,  the  court  of  appeals 
would  not  have  reviewed  the  discretion  of  the  court  below,  al- 
though it  believed  that  the  allowance  was  unjust."*^  It  is  not  un- 
just to  compel  the  defendant,  who  did  not  pay  his  debt,  to  pay  an 
allowance  to  a  special  guardian  of  an  infant  who  is  properly 
made  a  party.'*'^ 

121.  Foreclosure  of  a  land  contract, —  It  is  usual  in  foreclos- 
ing a  land  contract  or  other  lien  upon  property,  to  charge  the 
funds  realized  from  the  sale  of  the  property  with  the  costs  of  the 
action  unless  some  good  reason  is  shown  why  the  lienor  should 
not  receive  the  protection  of  having  his  reasonable  costs  and  ex- 
penses paid,  so  that  he  may  realize  his  debt,  if  the  property  is 
sufficient  for  that  purpose.'*^ 

But  an  allowance  under  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure cannot  be  granted  in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  land  con- 
tract.^^ 

122.  Foreclosure  of  a  chattel  mortgage. —  A  defendant  in  an 
action  to  foreclose  a  chattel  mortgage  is  properly  chargeable 
with  costs  where  he  unsuccessfully  claims  a  portion  of  the  pro- 
perty.^° 

*'EweU  V.  Hubbard,  46  App.  DIv.  *^Burkhart  v.  Bahcock,  2  How.  Pr. 
383.  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  790.  N.  S.  512. 

".1/orris  V.  Wheeler,  45  N.  Y.  708.        '''McXeeley  v.   Welz,  20  App.  Div. 

^'Ewell  V.   Hubbard,  46  App.  Div.    566,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  310. 
383,  61  X.  Y.  Supp.  790. 

*'Burank  v.  Babcock,  3  N.  Y.  S.  E, 
458. 


148  THK  L.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   VOKK. 

A  mortgagor  has  a  right  to  redeem  property  covered  by  a 
chatt-el  mortgage,  after  a  default  made  in  the  payment  of  the 
money  secured  by  the  mortgage,  imbil  a  foreclosure  sale.  If 
the  mortgagee  unreasonably  refuses  to  allow  him  to  redeem,  the 
mortgagee  will  be  charged,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  with 
the  costs  of  an  action  brought  to  redeem  the  property.^^ 

123.  Action  to  have  a  deed  declared  a  mortgage. —  Costs  are 
properly  allowed  against  a  defendant  in  an  action  to  have  a  deed 
declared  a  mortgage,  where  the  plaintiff  succeeds. ^^  Costs  are 
properly  allowed  against  both  defendants,  a  husband  and  wife, 
where  the  husband  claims  that  the  instrument  is  a  deed,  and  his 
wife  claims  an  inchoate  right  of  dower  in  the  property.^^ 

124.  Action  to  set  aside  fraudulent  conveyances. —  In  an  action 
to  set  aside  a  deed  as  in  fraud  of  creditors  the  costs  are  in  tlie 
discretion  of  the  court. ^^  A  grantor  in  a  deed  is  liable  to  his 
grantee  for  the  costs  which  the  grantee  has  been  compelled  to 
pay  in  an  action  to  restrict  him  in  the  use  of  land  conveyed  with- 
out restrictions ;  and  also  for  a  reasonable  amount  for  the  attor- 
ney of  the  grantee,  provided  the  grantee  notified  the  grantor  of 
the  action,  and  requested  him  to  defend  it,  which  he  refused  to 
do.^^  The  notice  must  be  timely.  A  notice  served  after  the 
case  is  in  the  court  of  appeals  is  too  late.^° 

125.  Action  to  remove  a  cloud  on  the  title. — A  defendant  will 
be  compelled  to  pay  costs  whenever  his  actions  force  the  plaintiff 
into  court  to  protect  his  rights.  He  will  be  compelled  to  pay 
costs  where  he  denies  plaintiff's  claim  of  a  right  of  way  over  his 
land,  and  the  plaintiff  is  compelled  to  bring  an  action  to  settle 
that  question,  and  succeeds.^^     A  defendant  will  not  be  allowed 

^Pratt  V.  stiles,  9  Abb.  Pr.  150,  17  ^Charman  v.  Tatum,  54  App.  Div. 

How.  Pr.  211.  61,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  275. 

'--Foley  V.  Foletj,  15  App.  Div.  276,  "^Finton  v.  Egelston,  61  Hun,  246, 

44  N.  Y.  Supp.  588.  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  936,  16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^%'astleman  v.   Simpson,   16  N.  Y.  721. 

Weok.  Dig.  455.  "Wells  v.  Tolman,  88  Hun,  438,  68 

■■^Bl^ck  V.  O'Brien,  23  Hun,  82.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  777,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  840. 


COSTS  IN  REAL,  ACTIONS.  149 

costs,  altlioiig'li  lie  succeeds  in  an  action  brought  to  remove  a 
cloud  on  the  plaintiff's  title,  where,  by  erroneous  desci-iption,  the 
defendant's  deed  seems  to  cover  the  plaintiff's  land,  and  defend- 
ant has  given  a  mortgage,  which  had  been  paid  off,  covering  the 
plaintiff's  land.  In  such  a  case  the  defendant  should  have  re- 
leased the  plaintiff's  land,  to  which  he  had  no  right,  instead  of 
making  claim  to  it.''''''  A  wife  was  charged  with  the  costs  of  an 
action  against  her  to  have  her  inchoate  right  of  dower  in  certain 
land  declared  terminated,  when  her  husband's  title  failed 
through  breach  of  conditions  in  the  conveyance  to  him,  and  shc^ 
refused  to  join  with  her  husband  in  a  quitclaim  deed.^^ 

126.  Action  to  compel  the  specific  performance  of  a  land  con- 
tract.—  Costs  will  not  be  allowed  to  a  successful  plaintiff  in  an 
action  to  compel  a  specific  performance,  where  he  has  not,  before 
the  commencement  of  the  action,  demanded  a  conveyance  by  the 
defendant  The  same  rule  will  obtain,  even  where  a  demand 
and  refusal  are  impossible, — as,  in  case  the  defendant  is  a  luna- 
tic, who  has  received  the  property  by  inheritance.^**  ; 

Equity  will  also  refuse  costs  to  the  successful  party,  where  he 
has  not  acted  honestly  and  fairly  with  his  opponent.  The  court, 
will  not  aid  a  party  in  his  sharp  practices  by  mulcting  the  de- 
feated party  in  costs.  Costs  were  refused  to  a  successful  de 
fendant  in  an  action  for  specific  performance  which  could  not  be 
enforced  because  the  contract  was  incomplete,  but  the  plaintiff 
had  expended  a  large  sum  of  money  upon  the  faith  of  the  con- 
tract, and  the  defendant  had  sold  the  interest,  to  compel  the  con- 
veyance of  which  his  action  was  brought,  to  rivals  of  the  plain- 
tiff.6^ 

Costs  were  refused  to  a  successful  defendant,  because  the  re- 
fusal to  convey  was  not  decided  enough,  and  the  exact  grounds^ 

^CoxY.CUft,  3  Barb.  481,  Affirmed  ^Stcartivout  v.  Burr,  1  Barb.  495. 
in  2  N.  Y.  118.  '^Kayser  v.  Arnold,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

"GrecM  V.  Reynolds,  72  Hun,  565,    105,  IN.  Y.  Siipp.  412. 
64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  846,  25  N.  Y.  Supp. 
625. 


150  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YOJJK. 

of  the  objection  to  the  contract  were  not  stated.  Tlie  defendant 
had  been  undecided  and  not  candid  in  the  refusal  to  convey,  and 
thus  had  caused  tlie  plaintiff  much  trouble  and  expense.^^ 

In  the  trial  of  an  action  to  recover  back  part  of  the  purchase 
price  paid  upon  a  land  contract,  because  of  a  flaw  in  the  title, 
the  defendant  for  the  first  time  produced  a  discharge  of  an  old 
mortgage  which  made  the  title  perfect.  The  defendant  had 
judgment  in  his  favor,  but  was  denied  costs,  as  he  had  neglected 
to  show  the  discharge  of  mortgage  to  purchaser.^^ 

A  defendant  will  not  be  compelled  to  pay  costs  of  an  action 
for  specific  performance,  where  that  relief  is  denied,  but  the 
action  is  continued  so  that  the  plaintiff  may  recover  damages  for 
the  breach  of  the  contract.^^ 

Where  a  jjurchaser  by  a  land  contract  refused  to  complete  the 
purchase  on  account  of  a  defect  in  the  title,  and  the  owner  then 
sold  to  a  third  person,  and  the  contract  purchaser  brought  an 
action  for  specific  performance  against  the  original  owmer  and 
wife  and  the  grantee,  upon  a  decision  refusing  specific  per- 
formance on  account  of  the  flaw  in  the  title,  costs  were  granted 
to  the  grantee  as  he  was  a  necessary  party,  but  were  refused  to 
the  wife  of  the  original  owner,  because  there  was  no  reason  why 
she  should  defend.  She  was  made  a  party  so  that  she  could  be 
compelled  to  join  in  the  deed  if  the  title  should  be  held  good, 
but  she  had  no  interest  in  the  property,  as  she  had  already  con- 
veyed that.^^ 

A  creditor,  when  he  recovers  a  debt  in  an  equitable  action, 
should  recover  costs  also,  unless  there  are  special  and  strong 
reasons  to  tlie  contrary.*^^     A  defendant  has  been  compelled  to 

^'Cuff  V.  Borland,  50  Barb.  438.  ^Coiich   v.    MiUnrd,   41    Hun,   215; 

'^Pangburn  v.  Miles,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  Dilts  v.  Street,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  275, 
42.  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  57. 

^Fitzpatrick  v.   Borland,  27   Hun, 
291. 

'^Walton  V.  MeeJcs,  41  Hun,  311. 


COSTS  IN  KEAT.  ACTIONS.  151 

pay  costs  in  an  action  brought  to  compel  liini  to  give  a  mortgage, 
which  action  he  nnsuccessfullj  clefends.^^ 

127.  Power  of  court  to  relieve  purchaser  from  a  bid  upon  a  judi- 
cial sale. —  The  court  can,  upon  a  motion  made  in  tlie  action,  re- 
lieve a  purchaser  from  his  bid  when  there  is  a  defect  in  the  title 
as  to  a  portion  of  the  property  purchased,  and  upon  such  motion 
may  allow  him  the  costs  of  the  motion  and  a  sum  in  addition 
thereto  for  counsel  fee,  for  examining  the  title.  The  discretion 
of  the  court  in  allowing  such  counsel  fee  is  not  reviewable  by  the 
court  of  appeals. ^^ 

128.  Liability  of  purchaser  at  a  judicial  sale  in  protecting  his 
"bid. —  A  purchaser  upon  the  sale  of  land  for  the  non2)ajment  of 
an  assessment,  who  litigates  an  action  to  declare  void  and  vacate 
the  lien  of  sale  and  certificate  of  sale  under  such  assessment,  is 
properly  chargeable  with  costs  in  the  event  of  the  plaintiff  suc- 
ceeding.'^^ 

129.  Partition  action,  a.  In  general — Costs  in  partition  are 
regulated  by  §§  1540, 1555, 1559,  1579,  and  1580  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.  The  costs  in  an  action  for  partition  are  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court."^^  The  fact  that  an  issue  of  fact  in  such 
an  action  is  triable  by  a  jury  does  not  bring  the  action  watliin  § 
3228,  subd.  1,  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  thereby  entitling 
the  plaintiff  to  costs,  as  of  course. '^^  The  contrary  has  been  held 
in  a  special  term  deeision.'^^  This  decision  is  undoubtedly 
erroneous. 

h.  Costs  to  the  defendant. — In  proper  cases  costs  are  allowed 
to  the  defendant.  There  has  been  a  considerable  diversity  of 
opinion  as  to  the  power  of  the  court  to  allow  costs  and  an  extra 

"Dilts  V.  Sn^eet,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  275,  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  51,  42  K  Y.  S.  R.  76, 

21  N.  Y.  Supp.  57.  16  N.  Y.   Supp.   605;   Wells  v.   Van- 

'^S'/iriver  v.  Shriver,  86  X.  Y.  575.  dericerl-er,  45  App.  Div.  155,  7  N.  Y. 

^^Newell  V.  Wheeler,  48  N.  Y.  486.  Anno.  Cas.  73,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  1089; 

'"'Austin  V.   Ahearne,   61   N.   Y.   6;  Henderson  v.  Scott,  43  Hun,  22;  Aus- 

Eenderson  v.  Scott,  43  Hun,  22.  tin  v.  Ahearne,  61  N.  Y.  6. 

''^Weston    V.    Stoddard,    22    N.    Y.  "Z)arts  v.  Davis,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  163. 


152  TIIK  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN   NKW   YORK. 

allowance  to  a  defendnnf  under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, where  actual  ])artition  has  been  had.  The  later  cases 
hold  that  the  court  has  power  to  grant  costs  tx)  the  defendant 
under  such  circumstances/^  although  the  contrary  has  been  held 
in  earlier  cases,  which  avouM  not  now  he  followed.'*  It  has 
been  hold  that  costs  could  not  be  granted  to  a  defendant  when  no 
defense  was  interposed.^^  These  cases  were  decided  prior  to  the 
amendment  of  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  by  chapter 
299  of  the  laws  of  1899,  and  are  now  of  no  authority.  Costs 
can  bo  granted  to  the  defendant,  altliongh  he  has  not  interposed 
:;ny  answer.^  ^ 

c.  Bi/'irhom  costs  should  he  paid. — The  ])laiiititf  should  be 
charged  with  the  costs  of  persons  whom  lie  made  defendants, 
who  have  no  interest  in  the  subjcct-nuitter.'^'^  Costs  in  partition 
should  be  paid  out  of  the  fund,  where  there  has  been  only  the 
necessary  litigation.""^  In  actual  partition  the  costs  should  be 
paid  according  to  the  shares  of  the  respective  owners.*^  ^  Where 
one  defendant  puts  in  an  answer  and  is  defeated  upon  the  issues 
raised  thereby,  the  costs  and  ex])euses  of  the  proceedings,  except 
the  costs  and  expenses  of  the  trial,  should  come  out  of  the  whole 
proceeds.  The  costs  and  disbursements  of  the  trial  should  come 
out  of  the  share  represented  by  the  defendant  so  litigating.^" 

The  defendant  who  did  not  a|)pear,  and  who  did  not  receive 

'■HU-ofii^man    v.     Wi/ekoff,    G4   App.  v.  Snlls.  28  Ahh.  X.  C.  117.  in  N.  Y. 

Div.  554.  72  X.  Y.  Supp.  :i.37 ;   Chit-  Sujip.  240. 

lenden   v.    Gates,   25   App.    Div.   62.3,  ^Crossman    v.    Wi/choff,    04    App. 

49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1133;  Tihhils  v.  Tih-  Div.  554,  72  X^  Y.  Sup]).  3.37. 

bits,  7  Paio;e,  204.  '''Ifomerffleif  v.  JIanuiHlcii,  7  N.  Y. 

^'*^Vced    V.    I'oDte,    31    lliin.   10.   13  Lcsal   Obs.    127. 

Abb.  X*.  C.  200:  Davis  v.  Davis,  3  X.  '''Tanner  v.  AiVr.f.   1    Barb.  500. 

Y.    S.    R.     103;    Hprague    v.    Knf]cl-  ^"Weston  v.  Stoflrlavd,  22  'S.  Y.  Civ. 

hrecht,  29  Misc.  404,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  Proc.  Rep.  51.  42  X.  Y.  S.  R.  76,  10 

9,52;    MoILrr  v.  Porter,  49  X.  Y'.   S.  X.  Y".  Supp.  (505. 

R.  849,  21   X.  Y.  Supp.  723;  Allen  v.  '"Wells    v.  Yandenverher,  45    Apj). 

Allrn.  11  X.  Y.  S.  R.  470;  VanWyck  Div.  155,  7  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  73,  CO 

v.  BaI.ev,   11   Hun,  309.  X.  Y.  Supp.  1089. 

'^Drfrndorf  v.   Drfendorf,   42   App. 
Div.   107.  59  X.  Y.  Supp.   103;   Sails 


COSTS  IN  REAL  ACTI'  XS.  153 

any  part  of  the  land  partitioned,  should  not  be  charged  with 
costs.®^  ]^or  should  a  widow  be  charged  with  costs,  because  a 
sale  must  be  made,  and  her  dower  extends  to  the  entire  prop- 
erty.^^  In  actual  partition  she  is  neither  a  necessary  party, 
nor  is  she  chargeable  with  costs.^^ 

The  court  cannot  punish  a  defendant  for  unreasonably  refus- 
ing to  make  a  partition  by  deed,  by  imposing  costs  uj)on  him.^'* 
The  plaintiff  will  be  allowed  his  costs,  even  though  the  defendant 
who  purchases  the  property  is  entitled  to  a  smn  for  improve- 
ments greater  than  his  bid,  and  the  purchaser  will  be  required 
to  pay  the  costs.  The  same  result  would,  of  course,  be  reached 
if  the  purchaser  should  be  compelled  to  pay  the  amount  of  his 
bid  to  the  referee,  who  would  deduct  the  costs  of  the  sale  and  the 
plaintiff's  costs,  and  return  the  balance  to  the  purchaser.^^ 

d.  At  what  stage  in  the  proceedings  costs  are  allowed. — When 
there  is  no  issue  requiring  a  trial,  it  is  the  usual  practice  to  wait 
for  final  judgment  and  the  ascertainment  of  the  amount  of  the 
proceeds  of  sale  before  determining  what  costs  and  allowances 
shall  be  granted.^*'  But  where  an  issue  is  raised  it  is  one  of  the 
duties  of  the  trial  judge  to  determine  upon  whom  should  fall  the 
burden  of  the  unsuccessful  contention,  and  he  should  decide  that 
question  at  the  trial.**'  Where  the  issues  are  sent  to  a  referee 
for  determination,  the  question  of  costs  is  determined  by  the 
court  upon  the  confinnation  of  the  referee's  report.  He  has  no 
power  over  the  question  of  costs.^''^  AMiere  it  is  proposed  to  pay 
the  mortgage  upon  the  property,  the  mortgage  nuist  be  paid  be- 
fore the  costs  of  the  partition  action,^® 

^^Tanner  v.  Niles,  1   Barb.  560.  Saffron  v.  Saffron,   11    N.    Y.    R.  R. 

'^Tanner  v.  TSIiles,  1   Barb.  560.  471. 

^'Tanner  v.  Niles,  1  Barb.  560.  ^Johnson  v.  Weir,  36  Misc.  737.  74 

'*McGoican    v.    Morrow,    3    N.    Y.  N.  Y.  Supp.  358. 

Code  Rpp.  9.  ^^Vells    v.    Vanderiverlcer,  45  App. 

^''Henderson  v.  Scott.  43  Hun.  22;  Div.   155,  7  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  73,  60 

Ford   V.   Knapp,    102    N.    Y.    135.    55  X.  Y.  Supp.   1089. 

Am.  Rep.  782,  6  N.  E.  283;  Black,  v.  '•^Bellcr    v.    Antifidel,  84  Hun,  252, 

O'Brien,  23  Hun,  82.  65  X.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  32  X.  Y.  Supp. 

^Fhjnn  v.  Kennedii,  62  Hun,  26,  41  575. 
X.  Y.  S.  R.  359,  16  X.  Y.  Supp.  361; 


154  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

e.  Costs  to  guardian  ad  litem. — The  costs  of  a  guardian  ad 
iiiem  for  infant  defendants  are  allowed  under  the  general  equity 
power  of  the  court^*^  The  court  has  the  power  and  authority, 
independently  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  to  award  reason- 
able compensation  to  a  guardian  ad  litemP^ 

The  costs  of  the  guardian  are  payable  out  of  the  general  fund, 
but  anything  in  addition  thereto  must  be  made  payable  from  the 
infant's  share.^^  The  application  of  a  mortgagee  to  be  paid  the 
amount  of  his  mortgage  out  of  the  funds  is  a  special  proceeding, 
and  not  a  motion  in  the  action,  and  the  costs  of  the  application 
are  governed  by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 

But  a  motion  to  compel  a  referee  to  pay  to  a  sheriff  the  amount 
of  an  execution  that  he  has  in  his  hands  against  a  person  entitled 
to  share  in  the  money  in  the  referee's  hands  is  a  motion  in  the 
action,  and  not  a  special  proceeding.^* 

The  question  of  additional  allowances  is  discussed  in  §  299, 
subd.  h,  post. 

130.  Action  to  construe  a  will.  a.  To  icliom  costs  are  al- 
lowed.— In  an  action  for  the  construction  of  a  will,  costs  are  in 
the  discretion  of  the  couii",  and  it  may  allow  costs  to  all  parties.^"" 
A  person  made  a  defendant  in  an  action  to  construe  a  will  has  a 
right  to  come  into  court  and  protect  his  interest,  and  he,  as  well 
as  the  plaintiff  will  bo  allowed  his  costs,  payable  out  of  the  es- 
tate, although  the  court  decides  that  he  has  no  interest  in  the 
estate.^^ 

h.  Upon  ivliat  principle  costs  are  allowed. — Costs  in  such 
actions  are  allowed  upon  equitable  principles.     The  fact  that  the 

"oSnils  V.  Sails,  28  Abb.  N".  C.  117,  ^Byrnes  v.  Lahagh,  10  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

19  N.  Y.  Supp.  246.  728,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  417. 

"'Weed    V.    Paine,  31    Hun,  10.   13  ^Foicler  v.  Fowler,  147  N.  Y.  673, 

Abb.  N.  C.  200.  42  N.  E.  343. 

"^New  York  Life  Ins.  d  T.   Co.  v.  "''Leonard    v.    Davenport,  58  How. 

Sands,  26  Misc.  252,  56  N.  Y.  Siipp.  Pr.  384. 

741;    Union  Ins.   Co.  v.  Van  Rensse-  °".l/i7Zcr  v.  Ton  f^chicarzenstein,  51 

laer,  4  Paige,  85;    Gott    v.    Cook,  7  App.  Div.  18,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  475. 
Paige,  521.^ 


COSTS  IN  HEAL  ACTIONS.  155 

successful  parties  succeed  against  tlie  avowed  intention  of  tlic 
testator  -^all  have  an  important  bearing  in  making  the  costs 
allowed  to  all  parties  a  charge  upon  that  part  of  the  estate  as  to 
which  the  decedent  died  intestate,  and  which  devolves  upon  the 
successful  parties.^^  The  defeated  party  can  be  allowed  costs, 
but  where  he  has  been  defeated  at  special  term  and  at  the  appel- 
late division,  the  court  of  appeals  is  averse  to  allowing  him  costs 
for  his  third  defeat.^^ 

c.  A')nount  of  additional  allowances. — Plaintiffs  who  act  as 
trustees  may  be  granted  an  allowance  as  a  compensation  for  serv- 
ice of  counsel  in  the  litigation.  This  allowance  is  made  by  rea- 
son of  the  inlierent  power  of  the  court  and  does  not  rest  upon 
any  statutory  provision.^^  This  allowance  the  court  of  appeals 
has  the  power  to  review.^"*^ 

The  plaintiif  may  also  receive  an  extra  allowance  as  provided 
in  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

All  parties  to  an  action  to  construe  a  will  may,  where  a  de- 
fense has  been  interposed,  receive  an  extra  allowance  under  the 
provisions  of  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^"^  This 
has  been  denied  in  a  special  term  decision.^ "^^  But  this  was  de- 
cided upon  the  authority  of  cases  which  were  decided  before  an 
amendment  to  the  Code  of  Procedure  in  1870.  Previous  to 
that  time  an  action  to  construe  a  will  was  expressly  excepted 
from  the  provisions  of  §  309.  In  1870  that  exception  was  re- 
moved, and  the  limitation,  that  a  defense  must  be  interposed  in 
an  action,  to  bring  it  within  the  purview  of  that  section  was  in- 
serted. When  our  present  Code  was  adopted,  §  3253  took  the 
place  of  §  309  of  the  former  Code.  The  court  in  the  case  last 
cited  evidently  overlooked  the  change  made  in  1870. 

^Booih     V.     Baptist     Church     of  380;  Wetviore  v.    ParJcer,    .52    N.  Y. 

Christ,  126  N.  Y.  215,  28  N.  E.  238,  466. 

37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  79.  ^"'Allen  v.  Stevens,  161  N.  Y.  123, 

^McLean  v.  Freeman,  70  X.  Y.  81.  55  N.  E.  568. 

^Downing    v.    Marshall,  37    N.  Y.  ^""Hafner    v.    Hafner,  34    Misc.  99, 

SSO.  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  460. 

^""Downing  v.   MarshaU,   37   N.   Y. 


15G  TJIK  J.AW   OF  COSTS  IX  NEW   YORK. 

The  allowaucos  to  llic  plainliff  or  to  two  or  more  parties  on 
the  same  side,  made  under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, eaunot  exceed  the  sum  of  $2,000.' ^■''  But  where  several 
legatees  apjK'ar  hv  different  attorneys  the  allowances  to  the  sev- 
eral defenihints  may  exceed  the  sura  of  $2,000.^*^* 

d.  By  what  court  costs  are  awarded. — Costs,  when  awarded,, 
are  awarded  by  the  supreme  court  in  its  discretion  and  within 
the  b"mits  imposed  by  law.  This  discretion  the  court  of  appeals 
has  no  power  to  review,  unless  the  statutory  limit  has  been  ex- 
ceeded.^'^^ 

c.  Payable  out  of  uliai  [mid. — Where  the  question  affects  the 
entire  estate,  costs  should  be  made  payable  out  of  the  entire 
estat(\'''"  But  where  only  a  portion  of  the  will  is  involved,  the 
costs  of  the  plaintiff  should  be  paid  out  of  the  entire  estate,  and 
the  costs  of  the  defendants  should  be  made  payable  out  of  the 
shares  ('(tilling  to  them.^'^''  But  wbere  the  defendants  are  success- 
ful upon  the  questions  involved,  the  court  has  a  discretion 
whether  it  will  allow  them  costs  or  not,  but  it  cannot  allow  all 
the  costs  out  of  their  property.'^**  The  costs  are  g-enerally  charge- 
able upon  the  residuary  estate,  rather  than  upon  particular  be- 
quests. A  guardian  ad  litem  will  be  allowed  his  taxable  costs 
out  of  the  general  estate,  but  any  allowance  in  addition  thereto 
must  be  made  from  the  infant's  share.^^*^ 

The  plaintiff  will  be  charged  personally  with  costs  and  extra 
allowance,  where  the  action  is  brought  unnecessarily.^ ^"^ 

131.  Action  to  foreclose  mechanic's  lien.       a.   In   general.  — 

""Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  .32r,4.  ""Mills  v.  Mill.^.  50  App.  Div.  221, 

''>*AUen  V.  Stcveus,  IGl   X.  Y.  12.3.  63  X.  Y.  Supp.  771. 

55  N.  E.  508.  '""Smith  v.  Lnnsinfi,  24   Misc.  5156, 

^"^Prorost     V.    Provost,    70     N.    Y.  .')3    N.    Y.    Siipp.    633;    Doicmus  v. 

141;  Allen  v.  Stevens,  161  N.  Y.  123.  Doremvs,  66    Hun,    125,    20    N.    Y. 

55  N.  E.  568.  Snpp.     906:    Uafner   v.    Ilafner.     34 

^'>'CooJ:  V.  MuiuK  33    Ihin,    25.     19  Misc.  99,  69  X.  Y.  Supp.  460. 

X.  Y.  WiH'k.  Dip.  398;  Re  Maresi,  74  ''Hlarlork  v.    Vandevort,  128  X.  Y. 

App.  Div.  76,  77  X.  Y.  Supp.  76.  374,  28  X.  E.  599:   Smith  v.  Roeke- 

""Cook  V.  Muirn,  33  Hun,  25.  19  N.  feller,  5  Thomp.    &    C.    562,  3  Hun, 

Y.  Week.  Dip.  398.  295;  Wead  v.  Canticcll.  36  Hun,  528. 


COSTS  IN   REAL  ACTIOaSTS.  157 

Costs  upon  the  foreclosure  of  mechanic's  liens  are  now  governed 
by  the  provisions  of  §  3411  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
which  contains  practically  the  same  provisions  as  the  various 
laws  which  governed  the  question  before  the  enactment  of  this 
section,  except  that  now  the  law  provides  that  the  "costs  and  dis- 
bursements shall  rest  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  may  be 
awarded  to  the  prevailing  party,"  while  the  law  of  1885  pro- 
vided that  the  ''costs  and  disbursements  .  .  .  shall  rest  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  may  be  awarded  to  or  against 
the  plaintilf  or  the  plaintiffs,  defendant  or  defendants,  or  any  or 
either  of  them,  as  may  be  just  and  equitable."  Laws  1885, 
•chap,  342,  §  14.  The  costs  upon  foreclosure  of  a  lien  on  a  ves- 
sel are  governed  by  §§  3432  and  3439  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, ^o  costs  will  be  allowed  where  the  amount  of  the  lien 
is  paid  before  the  service  of  the  summons.^^^ 

Under  the  former  law,  costs  were  allowed  to  the  different  de- 
fendants who  succeeded  in  their  contention. -^^^  Doubtless  the 
court  would  do  so  now,  under  its  general  powers  to  award  costs 
in  equity  cases. 

It  is  no  objection  to  allowing  the  plaintiff  costs  that  he  re- 
covered less  than  he  claimed,  where  no  offer  of  judgment  was 
made.     The  same  rule  will  govern  as  in  actions  at  law.^^^ 

b.  Lidbility  of  the  owner  of  tJie  premises. — The  payment  of 
the  amount  of  the  claim  into  court  does  not  necessarily  relieve  the 
owner  from  liability  for  costs.^^^  Such  payment  must  be  made 
by  him  to  protect  himself  from  costs,  where  he  has  money  in  his 
hands  sufficient  to  pay  the  lien.^^®  If  he  defends  the  action  and 
the  plaintiff  has  judgment  the  owner  will  be  obliged  to  pay 
costs.^^® 

"^Rei/nolds  v.   Eamil,  N.   Y.   Code  "*Dunning  v.  Clark,  2  E.  D.  Smith, 

Rep.  N.  S.  230.  535. 

^'^-McCliesney  v.  Syracuse,  75  Hun,  ^^'Willianisori      v.      Hendriclcs,     10 

503,   57   N.  Y.   S.   R.   676,   27   N.   Y.  Abb.  Pr.  98. 

Supp.  508.  ""J/wZi  V.  Jones,  45    N.    Y.    S.  R. 

'^Walk  V.  McKeige,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  643,   18  X.   Y.  Supp.  359. 
26.  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  741. 


158  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

It  has  been  held,  however,  that  the  omission  to  pay  the 
money  into  court  is  not  sufficient  to  charge  the  owner  with  costs 
created  by  the  litigation  between  a  contractor  and  a  claimant.^ ^'^ 

The  neglect  of  a  subcontractor  to  serve  the  notice  provided  for 
in  §  423  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  will  deprive  him  of 
costs  against  the  owner,  who  defends  the  action,  although  the 
contractor  makes  default,  and  the  lien  is  held  valid  against  tho 
property.^  ^^  The  court  may  require  tlie  owner,  where  he  de- 
fends the  action,  to  pay  costs  in  addition  to  the  amount  actually 
due  the  contractor.^  ■'^ 

c.  Offer  of  judgment. — The  plaintiff  will  be  obliged  to  pay 
costs  to  the  owner  subsequent  to  tlie  offer  of  judgment,  where  the 
recovery  is  not  as  favorable  as  the  offer ;  but  he  will  be  entitled 
to  costs  up  to  the  time  of  the  offer.^^^ 

d.  Costs  allowed  to  a  subcontractor. — A  subcontractor  is  enti- 
tled to  costs  of  his  action,  if  there  is  enough  due  from  the  o^vners 
to  the  contractor  to  pay  him.  The  costs  of  an  appeal  by  the  con- 
tractor from  a  judgment  obtained  by  a  subcontractor  cannot  be 
collected  out  of  the  property.  The  plaintiff  should  have  de- 
manded security  upon  the  appeal,  or  else  proceeded  with  his 
judgment. ■'^^  A  subcontractor  will  be  allowed  his  costs  out  of 
the  fund,  where  the  contractor  has  made  a  general  assignment 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors.^ -^ 

e.  Additional  allowance. — In  actions  that  are  difficult  and 
extraordinary  an  additional  allowance  may  be  made  under 
§  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^s      g^^^^i^  ^^^  award  rests 

''^Eagleson  v.  Clark,  2  E.  D.  Smith,        ^-McMurray      v.      Eutcheson,      59 

*M4,  2  Abb.  Pr.  364.  How.  Pr.  210. 

"Wunbar  v.  Diem,  9  N.  Y.  Week.        ^-^Horr/an    v.    McKenzie,  43    N.  Y. 

Dig.  231.  S.  R.  131,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  174  {Hagan 

^^"Kenney  v.  Apgar,  93  X.  Y.  539.  v.  Arnerican  Baptist  Home  Mission- 

^-"Schulfe    V.    Lcatershire    Boot    d  ary  Soc.  14  Daly.  131,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

,s'/ioe  Co.  88  Hun,  22G,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  212,  was  decided  as  the  law  stood  be- 

(iG3.     See  Morgan  v.  Stevens,  6  Abb.  fore  1885)  ;  Laicson  v.  Reilhj,  13  N. 

X.  C.  356.  Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep.  290;   Carney  v. 

^^HoUer  v.  Apa,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  Reilly,   18  Misc.  11,  40  N.  Y.  Supp. 

IS  N.  Y.  Supp.  588.  1123. 


COSTS  ISr  REAL.  ACTIONS.  159 

ill  the  discretion  of  the  court  at  trial  terra,  and  the  final  discre- 
tion rests  ^v"ith  the  same  court,  as  it  sits  to  hear  appeals,  either  at 
general  term  or  in  the  appellate  division.  From  this  determi- 
nation within  the  limits  of  discretion  there  is  no  further  ap- 
peal.^-'* But  the  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  the  additional  allow- 
ances provided  for  in  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^^ 

'^^Carneij  v.  Reilbj,  18  Misc.  11,  40  '"nVright  v.  Reusens,  39  N.  Y.   S. 

N.  Y.  Supp.   1123;   Gorham  v.  Innis,  R.  802,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  504;  Rtith  v. 

115  N.  Y.  87,  21  N.  E.  722;  Hanover  Jones,  1  Month.  L.    Bull.    61;    Ran- 

F.  Ins.  Co.  V.   Germania  F.  Ins.  Co.  dolph  v.  Foster,  3  E.  D.  Smith,  648, 

138  N.  Y.  252,  33  N.  E.  10G5.  4  Abb.  Pr.  262. 


CHAPTER  XL 

INCREASED  COSTS. 

132.  Double  costs. 

a.  Who  are  entitled  to  double  costs. 
6.  Waiver  of  right  to  double  costs. 

c.  How  obtained. 

d.  When  they  are  refused. 

e.  Costs  on  appeals. 

133.  Treble  costs. 

132.  Double  costs,  a.  WJio  are  eniitled  to  double  costs. — 
By  §  3258  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  a  public  officer,  ap- 
pointed or  elected,  or  a  person  assisting  such  an  officer,  when 
sued  in  an  action  at  law^  for  an  official  act,  is  entitled,  in  case 
he  is  successful  in  his  defense,  to  regular  costs,  and,  in  addition 
thereto,  to  one-half  that  amount.  These  are  called  double  costs. 
Section  3259  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  expressly  provides 
that  the  increase  given  by  the  preceding  section  shall  not  apply  to 
disbursements  This  section  renders  obsolete  a  class  of  cases 
which  held  that  double  costs  included  disbursements.^ 

The  following  officers  have  been  held  to  be  entitled  to  double 
costs:  Overseer  of  the  poor,^  sheriff,^  (after  the  adoption  of  the 
Code  of  Procedure  the  decisions  were  irreconcilable  on  the 
question  whether  a  sheriff  was  entitled  to  double  costs  but  there 
seems  to  he  no  room  for  question  now),  policemen,^  overseers  of 

^Cooper  V.  Schultz,  33  How.  Pr.  5;  HJallup  v.  Bell,  20  Hun,  172. 

Stewart   v.   Schultz,   33   How.    Pr.   3,  *Van   Geldcr  v.   HaUenbeck,   15  N. 

Affirmed  in  34  How.  Pr.  31,  50  Barb.  Y.   Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  333,    18  N.  Y.  8. 

192.  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  383;  Davis  v.  R.   19,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252;   Stnith  v. 

Cooper,  50  P.arb.  376.  Cooper,  30  Hun,  395,  17  N.  Y.  W^eek. 

-KUnck  v.  KeUy,  15  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  Dig.    490;    Shepard    v.  Hoit,  7  Hill. 

135;  Jackson  v.  Li/nch,  32  How.  Pr.  198. 

93;  Bartle  v.  Gilman,  18  N.  Y.  2G2,  ^Enrir/ht  v.  Shalvey,   1  N.  Y.  City 

264,    265;    Chadwick    v.    Brother,    4  Ct.  Rep.  58. 
How.  Pr.  284. 

160 


INCREASED  COSTS.  161 

liigliway,*  and  laborers  workiiio-  out  their  tax,  -when  sued  for 
trespass;^  collector  of  a  school  district;^  constable;^  surrogate;^" 
and  trustees  of  a  school  district.^  ^  But  a  board  of  supervisors 
is  not.^^ 

b.  Waiver  of  right  to  double  costs. — This  right  to  double  costs 
is  waived  when  the  person  otherwise  entitled  thereto  unites  in 
his  answer  with  a  person  not  entitled  to  such  additional  costs.-^^ 
A  person  who  is  interested  in,  or  for  whose  benefit  a  process  is 
being  executed,  is  not  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute  so  as  to 
be  entitled  to  double  costs,  where  he  aids  the  ofiicer  in  the  execu- 
tion of  a  process.-^* 

The  personal  representatives  of  a  deceased  defendant  who  was 
■entitled  to  double  costs  are  also  entitled  to  double  costs.  ^'^ 

Indemnitors  substituted  as  defendants  in  place  of  a  sherifT 
under  the  provisions  of  §§  1421—1426  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure are  entitled  to  single  costs  in  contradistinction  to  doubl(3 
•costs,  as  provided  in  §  3258  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^® 

The  contrary  was  held  under  the  Revised  Statutes.^ ^ 

Where  public  officers  have  final  judgment  after  return  to  a 
writ  of  alternative  mandamus  the  costs  allowed  are  the  same  as 
in  an  action,  and  tliej  are  entitled  to  double  costs  ;^^  but  where 
the  cost  of  the  special  proceeding  ai'e  not  the  same  as  in  an 

^Whcelock    v.    Hotchkiss,  18    How.  296,  Affirmed  in  04  N.  Y.  626;  Brad- 

Pr.  468.  ley  v.  Baxter,  8  How.  Pr.  18;  Wales 

''Van   Bergen  v.   Ackless,   21   How.  v.  Hart,  2  Cow.  426;  Merrill  v.  TSIear, 

Pr.  314.  .5  Wend.  237;    Rote    v.    tiherwood,  6 

''Reynolds  v.  Moore,  9  Wend.  35,  24  Johns.  109. 

Am.  Dec.  116.  ^'Bradley  v.  Fay,  8  How.  Pr.  18. 

"Joyies    V.    Gray,    13    Wend.    280;  "Carpe^itier  v.  WiUet,  3  Hoht.  700. 

Piatt  V.  Sherry,  7  Wend.  238.  28  How.  Pr.  376. 

^"Burhans    v.    Blanchard,  1  Denio,  ^'^Isaacs  v.   Cohen,  86   Hun,   119,  2 

626.  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  98,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

^'Saratoga  cC-  W.  R.  Co.  v.  McCoy,  22,  33  X.  Y.  Supp.  188. 

8  How.  Pr.  526.  "M'Farland     v.     Crary,    6     Wend. 

^-Barber    v.    Crossett,    6  How.  Pr.  297;    Westervelt  v.   Nelson,  8  N.   Y. 

45;    People  ex  rel.  Lockport  v.   Xia-  Lec^al  Obs.    173. 

gara  County,  50  How.  Pr.  353.  ^"People  ex  rel.  Bates  v.  Speed,  73 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  5258;    Comins  Hun,  302.  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  295,  26  N. 

V.  Jefferson  County,  3  Thomp.  &  C.  Y.  Supp.  254. 

COSTS     11. 


1(12  TlIK  J.AW   OF  COSTS  IN  iS'EW   YOIMC. 

action,  as  specifiod  in  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
double  costs  cannot  he  allowed  to  the  officers  who  succeed.  The 
costs  of  certiorari  are  regulated  by  ^  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure,  an<l  therefore  officers  who  prevail  in  these  proceed- 
ings are  not  entitled  to  double  costs. ^•'  Where  an  application  for 
a  pereni])tory  writ  of  mandamus  is  denied  without  a  previous 
alternative  writ,  the  costs  are  governed  by  §  208(5  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  and  therefore  the  successful  officers  would  not 
bo  entitled  to  double  costs. 

c.  Noil-  ohhiined. — By  §  3248  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
"rhe  judge  presiding  at  the  trial,  or  the  referee,  must,  upon  the 
application  of  the  party  to  be  benefited  thereby,  either  before  or 
after  the  verdict,  report,  or  decision  is  rendered,  make  a  certifi- 
cate stating  the  fact.  Such  a  certificate  is  the  only  competent 
evidence  as  to  the  matter  before  the  taxing  officer."  This  section 
applies  to  actions,  and  not  to  special  proceedings,-'^  Such  a  cer- 
tificate is  conclusive  upon  the  taxing  officer,^^  and  may  be  made 
itu)ic  pro  tunc  even  after  appeal. ^^ 

d.  WJioi  tJicy  arc  refused. — The  defendant  is  not  entitled  to 
double  costs  in  an  action  brought  to  restrain  a  board  of  health 
from  interfering  with  the  plaintiff's  business.  Such  an  action 
is  not  brought  for  any  act  done  by  the  defendant  by  virtue  of  his 
otHce,  but  to  restrain  him  from  doing  what  the  plaintiff  claimed 
he  ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  do.  The  statute  has  no  application 
to  actions  in  equity.^^  The  defendants  in  an  action  by  a  sheriff 
against  the  sureties  upon  the  bond  of  an  under  sheriff  for  dam- 

^"People  ex  rel.  Sanders  v.  Col-  '-'Snyder  v.  Bexjer,  3  E.  D.  Smith, 
home,   20   How.    Pr.   378;    People  ex    235. 

rel.  Hall  V.  Hempstead  Toivn  Audi-  -^Cooper  v.  ScJwUz,  33  How.  Pr.  5; 
tors,  42  App.  Div.  250,  59  N.  Y.  Stewart  v.  Schultz,  33  How.  Pr.  3, 
Siipp.  10.  Affirinod   in   50    P>arb.    192,   34   How 

-"Wood  y.  h'andolph,\)  Misc.  507, Gl  Pr.  31.  3  .\bb.  Pr.  X.  S.  383;  Davu 
X.  Y.  S.  11.  80,  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  344.    v.    Cooper.   50    Barb.    376;    Taaks   v 

-'Lillis  V.   O'Connor,  8  Hun,   280;    Schmidt,  25  How.  Pr.  341. 
Van  Gelder  v.  Hallenbeck,  15  X.  Y. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  333,   18  X.  Y.  S.  R. 
19,  2  X.  Y.   Supp.  252. 


INCREASED  COSTS.  168 

ages  for  breach  of  the  hoiid  are  not  entitled  to  double  costs,  in 
case  they  are  successful.^'* 

e.  Costs  on  appeal. — Double  costs  on  appeal  under  the  fdniior 
statute  have  been  granted  to  the  defendant  when  he  was  a  re- 
spondent f""  but  he  was  denied  them  when  he  was  appellant.-^' 
The  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  has  made  no  change  in  tliis  re- 
sjject-' 

It  has  been  held  by  a  later  case  that  the  defendant  is  entitled 
to  double  costs  in  all  appeals  from  the  county  court  to  all  higher 
courts,  but  he  is  not  entitled  to  increased  costs  upon  an  appeal 
from  a  justice's  court  to  the  county  court,  because  the  costs  in 
such  cases  are  regulated  solely  by  §  3073  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.-^  > 

Double  costs  cannot  be  obtained  on  a  mere  reversal  which  is 
not  a  final  adjudication.  The  defendant  must  succeed  upon  the 
trial  or  obtain  a  final  judgment  in  his  favor  before  the  right  to 
double  costs  attaches ;  but  when  it  once  attaches  by  force  of  the 
statute,  it  applies  to  any  appeal  upon  which  he  succeeds  in  sus- 
taining the  judgment  originally  rendered  in  his  favor.^^ 

It  is  not  necessary  that  double  costs  be  awarded  by  the  appel- 
late court,  when  they  are  given  by  the  statute.^" 

133.  Treble  costs.—  Section  14  of  chapter  1 6  of  the  General 
Laws  is  as  follows: 

^'Members  of  the  militia  ordered  into  the  active  service  of  the 
state  by  any  proper  authority  shall  not  be  liable,  civilly  or  crim- 
inally, for  any  act  or  acts  done  by  them  while  on  duty.     When  a 

'"^Conner  v.  Kcese,  38  Hun,  124,  23  -'Scott  v.  Farley,  3  Montli.  L.  Bull. 

X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  478.  29. 

^Burkle    V.  Luce,    1    N.  Y.  239,  3  "^S  haver  v.  El  fired,  86  Hun,  51.  66 

How.  Pr.    236;    Porter    v.    Cohh,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  783,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  158; 

Hun,  184.  ^^ood  v.  Randolph,  9  Misc.   507,   61 

^Mlieelock    v.    Hotchkiss,  18  How.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  80,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  344. 

Pr.  468;   Dockstader  v.  Sammons,  4  ^Helmers   v.    Davidson,     2    N.   Y. 

Hill,     546;     Foster   v.    Cleveland,    6  City  Ct.  Rep.  308. 

How.   Pr.   253;    Estus  v.   Baldwin,   9  ^"Carpenticr  v.  Willet,  3  Robt.  700, 

How.   Pr.   80;    Bartle  v.    Gilman,   18  28  How.  Pr.  376. 
X.  Y.  260.  17  How.  Pr.  1. 


164  THE  LAW   OV  COSTS  IN   NEW  YOKK. 

suit  or  proceeding  shall  be  commenced  in  any  court  by  any  per- 
son against  any  officer  of  the  militia  for  any  act  done  by  such  offi- 
cer in  his  official  capacity  in  the  discharge  of  any  duty  under  this 
chapter,  or  against  any  person  acting  under  the  authority  or 
order  of  any  such  officer,  or  by  virtue  of  any  warrant  issued  by 
him  pursuant  to  law,  the  defendant  may  require  the  person  prose- 
cuting or  instituting  the  suit  or  proceeding  to  file  security  for 
the  payment  of  costs  that  may  be  awarded  to  the  defendant 
therein ;  and  the  defendant  in  all  cases  may  make  a  general  de- 
nial and  give  the  special  matter  in  evidence.  In  case  the  plain- 
tiff shall  be  nonsuited,  or  have  a  verdict  or  judgment  rendered 
against  him,  the  defendant  shall  recover  treble  costs." 

Wliere  a  constable  executes  a  warrant  for  military  fines,  is- 
sued to  him  by  the  colonel  of  a  regiment,  he  acts  under  the  com- 
mand of  an  officer  of  the  militia,  and  if  prosecuted  therefor,  ho 
is  entitled  to  treble  costs  if  ho  succeeds.  The  words  "trebh^ 
costs"  are  to  be  understood  literally. •''^ 

Where  the  supreme  court  reverses  a  judgment  of  a  court  mar- 
tial on  the  ground  that  the  court  martial  never  obtained  jurisdic- 
tion, costs  are  properly  imposed  upon  the  officer  assuming  to  hold 
the  court  martial.^- 

The  provision  of  §  1-i  of  chapter  16  of  the  General  Laws,  re- 
quiring security  for  costs  in  actions  brought  against  any  officer 
of  the  militia  for  any  act  done  by  him  in  his  official  capacity,  is 
constitutional.^^ 

^^Valker  v.  Burnham,  7  How.  Pr.  "McLaughlin  v.  Kipp,  82  App. 
55.  Div.  413,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  896. 

^-Re  Leary,  30  Hun,  394. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

COSTS  IN  ACTIONS  AGAINST  SCHOOL  OFFICERS  AND  MUNICIPAL 

CORPORATIONS. 

134.  Costs  in  actions  against  school  officers. 

a.  Statute. 

6.  Who  is  entitled  to  protection  of  the  statute. 

c.  Certificate. 

d.  How  costs  awarded  against  a  school  officer  are  collected. 

e.  Costs  awarded  to  school  officers. 

135.  Costs  in  actions  against  a  municipal  corporation. 

a.  In  general. 

b.  What  actions  are  within  the  statute. 

c.  To  whom  the  claim  must  be  presented. 

d.  How  the  claim  must  be  presented. 

e.  Effect  of  the  presentation  of  the  claim. 

134.  Costs  in  actions  against  school  officers.       a.  Statute. 

Section  324-i  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  as  follows: 

''Costs  cannot  be  awarded  to  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  against 
a  school  officer,  or  a  supervisor,  on  account  of  an  act  performed 
by  him  by  virtue  of,  or  under  color  of,  his  office,  or  on  account 
of  a  refusal  or  an  omission  to  perform  a  duty  enjoined  upon  him 
by  law,  where  his  act,  refusal,  or  omission  might  have  been  the 
subject  of  an  appeal  to  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, and  where  it  is  certified  that  it  appeared  upon  the  trial  that 
the  defendant  acted  in  good  faith.  But  this  section  does  not  ap- 
ply to  an  action  for  a  penalty ;  or  to  an  action  or  a  special  pro- 
ceeding to  enforce  a  decision  of  the  superintendent." 

Section  3  of  Article  1,  of  Title  15  of  Chapter  23  of  the  Gen- 
eral Laws  is  a  substantial  re-enactment  of  the  foregoing  section. 

Section  4  of  the  same  Article,  Title,  and  Chapter  provides 

that  "whenever  the  trustees  of  any  school  district,  or  any  school 

district  officer  or  officers,  have  been  or  shall  be  instructed  by  a 

165 


l(i()  TllK    LAW   OF   COSTS   IN   NEW    VOIiK. 

resolnlion  of  the  district,  at  a  meeting  called  for  that  purpose, 
to  defend  any  action  brought  against  them,  or  to  bring  or  defend 
an  action  or  proceeding  touching  any  district  property  or  claim 
of  the  district,  or  involving  its  rights  or  interests,  or  to  con- 
tinue any  such  action  of  (or)  defense,  all  their  costs  and  reason- 
able expenses,  as  well  as  all  costs  and  damages  adjudged  against 
them,  shall  be  a  district  charge  and  shall  be  levied  by  tax.  If 
the  amount  claimed  by  them  be  disputed  by  a  district  meeting, 
it  shall  be  adjusted  by  the  county  judge  of  any  county  in  which 
the  district  or  any  part  of  it  is  situated." 

Section  5  is  as  follows :  "W^ienever  such  trustees  or  any 
school  district  officer  shall  have  brought  or  defended  any  such 
action  or  proceeding,  without  any  such  resolution  of  the  district 
meeting,  and  after  the  final  determination  of  such  suit  or  pro- 
ceeding, shall  present  to  any  regTilar  meeting  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  district,  an  account,  in  writing,  of  all  costs,  charges,  and 
expenses  paid  by  him  or  them,  with  the  items  thereof,  and  veri- 
fied by  his  or  their  oath  or  affirmation,  and  a  majority  of  the 
voters  at  such  meeting  shall  so  direct,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
trustees  to  cause  the  same  to  be  assessed  upon  and  collected  of 
the  taxable  property  of  said  district,  in  the  same  manner  as 
other  taxes  are  by  law  assessed  and  collected ;  and,  when  so  col- 
lected, the  same  shall  be  paid  over,  by  an  order  upon  the  col- 
lector or  treasurer  to  the  officer  or  officers  entitled  to  receive 
the  same ;  but  this  provision  shall  not  extend  to  suits  for  penal- 
ties, nor  to  suits  or  proceedings  to  enforce  the  decisions  of  the 
superintendent  of  public  instruction." 

Section  6.  "Whenever  an  officer  or  officers  mentioned  in  the 
last  preceding  section  of  this  title  shall  have  complied  with  the 
provisions  of  said  section,  and  the  inhabitants  shall  have  refused 
to  direct  the  trustees  to  le\y  a  tax  for  the  pa\Tnent  of  the  costs, 
charges,  and  expenses  therein  mentioned,  it  shall  be  lawful  for 
him  or  them,  then  and  there,  to  give  notice  orally  and  publicly, 


ACTIONS  AGAINST  SCHOOL  OFFICERS^  ETC.       1G7 

that  lie  Avill  appeal  to  the  county  judge  of  the  county,  and  in 
case  of  his  disability  to  act  in  the  matter  by  reason  of  being- 
disqualified,  or  otherwise,  then  to  the  district  attorney  of  the 
county  in  a\  Inch  the  schoolhouse  of  said  district  is  located,  from 
the  refusal  of  said  meeting  to  vote  a  tax  for  the  payment  of 
said  claim,  and  the  inhabitants  may,  then  and  there,  or  at  any 
subsequent  district  meeting,  appoint  one  or  more  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  district  to  protect  the  rights  and  interests  of  the 
■district  upon  said  appeal.  And  the  officer  or  officers  before  men- 
tioned shall  thereupon,  within  ten  days,  serve  upon  the  clerk  of 
said  district  (or  if  there  be  no  such  clerk,  upon  the  toA\^i  clerk 
of  the  town)  a  copy  of  the  aforesaid  account,  so  sworn  to,  to- 
gether with  a  notice,  in  writing,  that  on  a  certain  day  therein 
specified  he  or  they  intend  to  present  such  account  to  the  county 
judge  or  to  the  district  attorney,  as  the  case  may  be,  for  settle- 
ment. And  the  clerk  shall  record  such  notice  together  with  a 
copy  of  the  account,  and  the  same  shall  be  subject  to  the  inspec- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  the  district.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  person  or  persons  ajipointed  by  any  district  meeting  for 
that  purpose,  to  appear  before  the  county  judge  or  the  district 
attorney,  as  the  case  may  be,  on  the  day  mentioned  in  the  notice 
aforesaid,  and  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  district  upon  such 
settlement;  and  the  expenses  incurred  in  the  performance  of 
this  duty  shall  be  a  charge  upon  said  district,  and  the  trustees, 
upon  presentation  of  the  account  of  such  expenses,  with  the 
proper  voucher  therefor,  may  levy  a  tax  therefor,  or  add  the 
same  to  any  other  tax  to  be  levied  by  them ;  and  their  refusal 
to  levy  said  tax  for  the  payment  of  said  expenses,  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  an  appeal  to  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction." 

Section  7.  "Upon  the  appearance  of  the  parties,  or  upon  due 
proof  of  service  of  the  notice  and  copy  of  the  account,  the  county 
judge  shall  examine  into  the  matter  and  hear  the  proofs  and 
allegations  presented  by  the  parties,  and  decide  by  order  whether 


168  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  KEW  YORK. 

or  not  the  account,  or  any  or  what  portion  thereof,  onght  ju.stlj 
be  charged  upon  the  district,  with  costs  and  disbursements  to 
such  officer  or  oihcers,  in  his  discretion,  which  costs  and  disburse- 
ments shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $30,  and  the  decision  of  the 
county  judge  shall  be  final ;  but  no  portion  of  such  account  shall 
be  so  ordered  to  be  paid  which  shall  appear  to  such  judge  to 
have  arisen  from  the  wilful  neglect  or  misconduct  of  the  claim- 
ant. The  account  with  the  oath  of  the  party  claiming  the  same 
shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  correctness  thereof.  The 
county  judge  may  adjourn  the  hearing  from  time  to  time,  as 
justice  shall  seem  to  i-equire." 

Section  8.  ''It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  trustees  of  any  school 
district,  within  thirty  (Inys  after  service  of  a  copy  of  such  order 
upon  them,  or  ii|)i)U  tlie  district  clerk,  and  notice  thereof  to 
them,  or  any  two  of  them,  to  cause  the  same  to  be  entered  at 
length  in  the  book  of  record  of  said  district,  and  to  raise  the 
amount  thereby  directed  to  be  paid,  by  a  tax  upon  the  district, 
to  be  by  them  assessed  and  levied  in  the  same  manner  as  a  tax 
voted  by  the  district." 

h.  Who  is  entitled  to  protection  of  the  statute. — The  plaintiff 
is  not  entitled  to  costs,  where  he  recovers  a  judgment  against  a 
school  collector  for  trespass,  in  seizing  and  selling  property  with- 
out.legal  notice.^  The  exemption  applies  to  costs  on  appeal,  as 
well  as  costs  in  the  trial  court.^  It  is  not  evidence  of  bad  faith 
for  the  defendant  to  accept  the  office  of  trustee,  and  levy  a  tax 
as  directed  by  law,  after  the  county  superintendent  had  at- 
tempted to  change  the  boundaries  of  adjoining  districts,  and  the 
plaintiff  had  stated  that  he  intended  to  contest  the  legality  of  the 
new  organization.  The  defendant  has  as  much  right  to  his 
opinion  as  the  plaintiff  has  to  his.^ 

A  supervisor  who  does  not  honor  a  draft  dra■\^'Tl  upon  him  by 

^Whitbeck  v.  Billings,  3  Thomp.  &        "Ex  parte  Bennett,  3  Denio,  175. 
C.  764,  1  Hjui,  494;  Clarke  v.  Tunni-        ^Rawaon  v.  Van  Riper,  1  Thomp.  & 
tlilf,  38  X.  Y.  58.  C.  370. 


ACTIONS    AGAINST    SCHOOL    OFFICEKS,    ETC.  169 

a  trustee  de  facto  is  liable  for  costs,  and  is  not  entitled  to  a  cer- 
tificate because  payment  to  a  de  facto  officer  would  have  protected 
him.*  A  tax  collector  who  refuses  to  pay  an  order  drawn  on 
him  by  the  trustee  to  pay  the  wages  of  a  teacher  is  not  entitled 
to  a  certificate  under  §  3244  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
because  an  appeal  does  not  lie  from  that  refusal  to  the  state  su- 
perintendent.^ Where  a  school  officer  makes  a  levy,  and  a  per- 
son feels  aggrieved,  he  should  appeal  to  the  superintendent  of 
public  instruction;  otherwise  if  he  obtains  a  judgment  and  the 
judge  certifies  that  the  defendant  acted  in  good  faith,  the  plain- 
tiff will  be  denied  costs.® 

c.  Certificate. — School  officers  are  entitled  to  the  protection 
of  this  section,  upon  receiving  a  certificate  that  they  acted  in 
good  faith.'^  But  one  certificate  is  necessary,  and  that  protects 
the  defendant  through  all  stages  of  the  litigation.  There  is  no 
provision  for  a  certificate  that  the  defendant  acted  in  bad  faith.* 
A  certificate  that  it  did  not  appear  that  the  defendant  acted  in 
good  faith  does  not  exonerate  the  defendant  from  paying  costs, 
as  that  is  not  equivalent  to  a  certificate  that  he  acted  in  good 
faith. ^  The  question  of  costs  is  decided  by  the  nature  of  the 
action,  and  not  by  the  certificate.  The  granting  of  a  certificate 
in  an  action  not  provided  for  by  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  will 
not  exempt  the  defendant  from  the  payment  of  costs.^^ 

d.  Hoiv  costs  awarded  against  a  school  officer  are  collected. — 
When  costs  are  awarded  against  a  school  officer  they  are  to  be  col- 
lected by  execution  from  him  individually.     A  mandamus  will 

*Barrctt  v.  Bayer,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Johnson    v.    Yeomans,    8    How.    Pr. 

325,  12  N.  Y.  Siipp.  170.  140;  Traver  v.  IS'ichols,  7  Wend.  434; 

'"Durfec  v.  McCall,  21  N.  Y.  Week.  Fenno    v.    Dickinson,    4    Denio,    84; 

Dig.  337.  Ayers  v.  Western  R.  Corp.  49  N.  Y. 

^Clarke  v.  Tunnicliff,  38  N.  Y.  58,  660;    Brock  way   v.   Jewett,    16   Barb. 

4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  451.  590. 

'Clarke  v.  Tunnicliff,  38  N.  Y.  58,  ''Biidd  v.  Allen,  09  Hun,  535,  53  N. 

4  Abb.  Pr.  K  S.  451.  Y.  S.  R.  290,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  5. 

^Willey  V.  Shaver,   1   Thomp.  &  C.  ^"Durfee  v.  McCall,  21  N.  Y.  Week. 

324;  Ex  parte  Bennett,  3  Denio,  175;  Dig.  337. 


170  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

not  lie  to  compel  liiiii  to  pav  tlK>  costs  out  of  the  money  in  his 
hands  belonging  to  the  school  district^^ 

Where  the  trustees  of  a  school  district,  without  the  authority 
of  the  district,  commence  an  action  to  recover  a  school  tax,  and 
they  are  defeated  with  costs,  the  plaintiff  can  collect  his  costs 
only  from  the  individual  property  of  the  trustees.  In  such  a 
case  the  trustees  have  no  claim  against  the  school  district  for  the 
rejmyment  of  the  costs  which  they  have  been  compelled  to  pay, 
until  such  claim  has  been  audited  and  allowed  as  provided  b}- 
statute. -^^^  If  new  trustees  are  elected  pending  the  action,  and 
they  prosecute  and  take  charge  of  the  litigation,  they  are  per- 
sonally liable  for  the  entire  costs  of  the  action,  although  they 
have  never  been  formally  substituted  as  plaintiffs  therein.^^^ 

e.  Costs  aivarded  to  school  officers. — Officers  of  a  school  dis- 
trict are  entitled  to  double  costs  when  they  succeed  in  their  de- 
fense in  an  action  brought  against  them  for  an  act  done  by  them 
by  virtue  of  their  office.  ^^ 

135.  Costs  in  actions  against  a  municipal  corporation,  a.  In 
general. — Under  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3245,  costs  cannot  be  award- 
ed to  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  against  a  municipal  corporation, 
in  which  the  complaint  demands  a  judgment  for  a  sum  of  money 
only,  unless  the  claim  on  which  the  action  is  founded  was,  before 
the  commencement  of  the  action,  presented  to  the  board  of  sucli 
corporation  having  the  power  to  audit  the  same,  or  to  its  chief 
fiscal  officer,  at  least  ten  days  before  the  commencement  of  said 
action. 

h.  Wit  at  actions  are  within  the  statute. — This  section  does  not 
apjdy  to  actions  ex  delicto,  —  only  to  actions  ex  contractu}^ 

^^People  ex  rel.  Wallace  v.  Abbott,  '^'^^  Beck  v.   Kerr,   87   App.   Div.    1, 

107  N.  Y.  225,   13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  83  N.  Y.  Siipp.  1057. 

Rep.   16.3.  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  27G,  '=  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3258;  Reynolds 

11  N.  Y.  S.  R.  387,  13  N.  E.  779.  v.   Moore,  9  Wend.  35,  24  Am.  Dec. 

iia/Vo/>ie   ex   rel.    Wallace   v.    Ab-  116;  Saratopa  d  W.  R.  Co.  \.  McCoy, 

bolt,   107  N.  Y.  225,   13  N.  E.  779;  8  How.  Pr.  526;  Barber  v.  Crossett, 

Bed-  V.  Kerr,  87  App.  Div.  1,  83  N.  6  How.  Pr.  45,  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  401. 

V.  Supp.  1057.  ^'Gage  v.  HornellsviUe,   106  N.  Y. 


ACTIONS    AGAINST    SCHOOL  .  OFF]  CEKS^    ETC.  171 

There  were  several  cases  at  general  terni  which  held  otherwise, 
but  they  have  been  overruled  by  the  court  of  ap]3eals  in  the  cases 
last  cited. ^*  This  section  does  not  apply  to  claims  to  be  re- 
lieved from  assessment/^  nor  to  costs  on  appeal.^ ^  A  claim  for 
damages  for  property  destroyed  by  a  mob  need  not  be  presented 
before  suit,  in  order  to  entitle  the  plaintiff  to  costs.^^ 

This  section  does  not  apply  to  actions  brought  in  a  justice'r, 
court,  because  subdivision  13  of  §  3347  says  that  §  3245  applies 
only  to  those  actions  specified  in  subdivision  4  of  §  3347,  which 
does  not  include  actions  brought  in  justice's  court.-^^ 

c.  To  whom  the  claim  must  he  presented. — -By  the  amend- 
ment of  1899  a  provision  was  added  that  the  claim  should  be 
presented  "to  the  board  of  such  corporation  having  the  power  tf) 
audit  the  same."  Before  that  the  claim  must  have  been  pre- 
sented "to  its  chief  fiscal  officer." 

Before  that  amendment  it  Avas  held  that  a  presentation  to  the 
treasurer  complied  with  the  requirements  of  this  section.^  ^  It 
was  held  that  a  presentation  to  the  common  council  of  a  city,^^ 
especially  where  the  charter  so  provides,^ ^  or  to  the  trustees  of 
a  village,  was  sufficients^ 

667,  8  N.    Y.    S.    R.    885,  27  N.  Y.  "McClure  v.    Niagara    County,     3 

Week.  Di,^.  8,  12  N.  E.  817;  Hunt  v.  Abb.  App.  Dec.  83,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

Oswego,   107   N.   Y.   629,   1    Silv.   Ct.  202,  4  Trans.  App.  275. 

App.  520.  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  237,  "Marsh  v.  Lansinghurgh,  31  Hun, 

11  N.  Y.  S.  E.  762,  14  N.  E.  97;  Toy-  514. 

lor  V.  Cohoes,  105  N.  Y.  54,  26  N.  Y.  ^Hiaine  v.  Rochester,  85  N.  Y.  525, 

Week.  Dig.  60,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  461,  11  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  419;   Fisher  v. 

N.  E.  282;   Childs  v.  West  Troy,  11  Cortland,    42    Hun,    173;    Judson   \. 

N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.    193;    McClure  v.  Olean,     40     Hun,     158;     Dressel     v. 

Niagara    County,    3    Abb.  App.  Dec.  Kingston,  32  Hun,  526;  Hunt  v.  Os- 

83,  4  Abb.  Pr.    N.    S.    202,  4  Trans,  wego,  45  Hun.  305. 

App.  275;   Hoioell  v.  Buffalo,   15  N.  -"Williams  v.  Buffalo,  25  Hun,  301, 

Y.  512;  McGaffin  v.  Cohoes,  74  N.  Y.  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.   142;  Butler  v. 

387,  30  Am.  Rep.  307.  Rochester,  4  Hun,  321,  6  Thomp.   & 

'*Hart  V.  Brooldyn,  36  Barb.  226;  C.  572. 

Dressel    v.    Kingston,  32    Hun,  526;  "^Grier  v.  Locl.port,  21  N.  Y.  Week. 

Judson  V.  Olean.  40  Hun,  158.  Dig.  444;  Quinlan  v.    Utica,  11  Hun, 

'''Re  .letter,  78  N.  Y.  601.  217,  Affirmed  in  74  N.  Y.  603. 

^^ULiea   Waterworks   Co.   v.    Utica.  "Gage  v.  Hornellsville.  41  Hun,  87. 

31  Hun,  426.  2  N.  Y.   S.  R.  345,   Affirmed  in  106 


172  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Since  the  amendment  a  presentation  to  either  the  treasurer 
of  a  city  or  its  common  council,  or  to  the  treasurer  of  a  village, 
•>r  its  board  of  trustees,  would  be  sufficients^ 

A  claim  against  the  water  commissioners  of  a  village  should 
he  presented  to  the  treasurer  of  the  village,  and  not  to  the  treas- 
urer of  the  water  commissioners-^"* 

A  claim  against  a  town  is  properly  presented  to  the  super- 
visor.S"'' 

d.  How  the  claim  must  he  presented. — The  claim  must  be  pre- 
-iented  by  the  claimant,  or  someone  who  claims  authority  to  act 
for  him,  and  in  such  a  form  as  will  afford  an  opportunity  and 
sufficient  information,  so  that,  when  presented  to  the  proper 
auditing  officers,  it  may  be  audited  and  paid.^^ 

e.  Effect  of  the  presentation  of  the  claim. — If  the  claim  is 
l)roperly  presented  and  rejected,  and  the  plaintiff  succeeds  in 
an  action  thereon,  he  is  entitled  to  costs;  but  if  the  claim  was 
not  presented,  neither  party  is  entitled  to  costs  when  the  plain- 
tiff succeeds.s'^ 

The  question  as  to  whether  the  claim  had  been  properly  pre- 
sented would  not  arise  upon  the  trial,  and  no  certificate  of  the 
court  is  required,^^  but  should  be  presented  in  the  first  instance 
to  the  taxing  officer.  His  decision  can  be  reviewed  only  by  a 
motion  for  that  purpose.  It  cannot  be  raised  on  an  appeal  from 
the  judgnient.^^ 

A  claim  presented  for  $10,000  damages  is  properly  presented, 
although  only  $5,000  damages  is  asked  in  the  action  brought 
upon  the  claim. ^° 

N.  Y.  667,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  8,  8  -\'^paulding    v.    Wavcrli/,   12    App. 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  12  N.  E.  817.  Div.  .504.  44  N.  Y.  Supp.   112. 

''Brewster  v.  Hornellsvillc,  35  App.  -''Baine  v.  Fochester,  85  N.  Y.  523. 

Div.  626,  88  N.  Y.  S.  R.  915,  54  N.  ^Baine  v.  Rochester,  85  N.  Y.  523. 

V.  Supp.  915.  -"^Stanton  v.   Taylor,  64  Hun,  633, 

"-*King  V.   Randolph,  28  App.   Div.  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  906,  19  N.  Y.  Supp. 

25.    50    N.    Y.     Supp.   902.     Contra,  43. 

HaUinan    v.    Ft.    Edward,  26    Misc.  ^MiuicJc  v.  Tro;/,  19  Hun,  253,  Af- 

422.  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  162.  firmed  in  83  N.  Y.  514. 

-'•F!ta)itoii    V.    Tajflor.   64  Hun,  633, 
45  X.   Y.   S.   11.  imo.   19  X.  Y.  Supp. 

r.i. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

LIATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS. 

136.  Action  for  absolute  divorce. 
a.  Costs. 
6.  Counsel  fees  allowed. 

(1)  In  general. 

(2)  Poverty  of  husband. 

c.  Counsel  fees  refused. 

d.  Keviewed  by  court  of  appeals. 

e.  Counsel  fees  upon  appeal. 

f.  Rights  of  the  attorney  upon  a  settlement. 

g.  How  the  payment  of  counsel  fees  may  be  enforced. 
lo7.  Action  for  separation. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Counsel  fees  denied. 

c.  Counsel  fees  upon  appeal, 

d.  Rights  of  the  attorney  upon  a  settlement. 

e.  How  the  payment  of  counsel  fees  may  be  enforced. 

138.  Action  to  annul  a  marriage. 

a.  Counsel  fees  allowed. 
6.  Counsel  fees  denied. 

139.  Costs  in  other  actions  between  husband  and  wife. 

136.  Action  for  absolute  divorce.  a.  Costs. — Costs  in  these 
actions  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  under  §  3230  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  When  allowed  they  are  only  the  regu- 
lar taxable  costs.  Costs  are  not  allowed  against  a  wife  when  she 
is  a  defendant,  unless  it  appears  that  she  has  property.^  By  the 
consent  of  the  husband  or  his  attorney  the  question  of  allowance 
and  counsel  fees  may  be  reserved  till  the  trial  of  the  action. 
Without  that  consent  the  court  can,  upon  the  entry  of  a  final 
judgment  in  favor  of  the  wife,  allow  only  taxable  costs.^     There 

We  Hose    V.    De    Rose,  Hopk.  Ch.    Div.  224,  .58  N.  Y.  Supp.  532;  Bent- 

100.  leij  V.  Bentley,  3  Month.  L.  Bull.  76; 

'^Lonsdale     v.    Lonsdale,    41     App.   Atherton  v.  Athcrton,  82  Hun,   179. 

173 


174  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IX  XEW  YOJJK. 

is  no  antliority  for  making  an  award  of  an  additional  allowance.* 
Where  ii  referee  hears  the  ease,  he  has  the  same  power  over  the 
allowance  (if  eosts  as  in  any  other  action,  and  the  special  term 
has  ni>  |)()\vei'  to  chaniic  his  decision  on  that  point.  Where  a 
judgmeiii  contains  a  lin<lini:'  as  to  costs  not  warranted  hv  the 
referee's  report,  the  remedy  is  by  a  motion  to  strike  out  the  part 
ihat  is  objectionable.'* 

Costs  will  be  denied  the  successful  party  wliere  there  is  reason 
to  believe  that  iie,  as  well  as  the  defeated  party,  obtained  false 
testimony.^  The  report  of  a  referee  is  not  a  special  verdict,  and 
costs,  as  such,  cannot  be  taxed  on  motion  for  judgment^  A  co- 
respondent who  appears  and  ser\'es  an  answer  and  defends  an 
action  is  properly  chargeable  with  costs,  if  his  defense  fails.  He 
is  not  called  a  defendant  by  the  amendment  to  §  1757  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure ( Laws  of  1899,  chap.  061).  He  is  not 
obliged  to  defend,  and  cannot  be  compelled  to  do  so,  but  if  he 
elects  to  do  so,  he  should  be  treated  as  a  party  defendant  from 
the  time  of  his  appearance.  Costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court,  l)ut  §  1757  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  modifies  this, 
in  that,  if  the  corespondent  is  successful,  he  is  entitled,  as  of 
right,  to  costs  against  the  person  naming  him  as  corespondent. '^ 

h.  Counsel  fees  allowed.  (1)  In  general. — Courts  have  a 
right  to  grant  counsel  fees  in  matrimonial  actions  as  incidental 
to  the  power  vested  in  the  court  to  try  such  actions,  and  no 
statutory  authority  is  necessary.^     Counsel   fees  are  never  al- 

G4  N.   Y.   S.    R.   708,   31    Supp.   977;  •■Sparrowhawk  v.  Sparroichawk,  11 

Beadleston  v.  Beadleston,  103  N.  Y.  Hun,  528. 

403,  8  N.   E.   735;    McCarthy  v.  Mc-  'Billings  v.  BiUirifjs,  73  App.  Div- 

Carthy,  137  N.  Y.  500,  33  N.  E.  550;  69,  76  X.  Y.   Supp.   G28. 

De  Meli  v.  De  Mcli,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  "Higgins  v.  Hliarp,  164  N.  Y.  4,  58 

Rep.  300.  67  How.  Pr.  20.  X.  E.  9;  North  v.  Xorih,  1  Barb.  Ch. 

'Beadleslo)}    v.   Beadleston,    103   X.  241;  Griffin  v.  (Iriffin,  47  X.  Y.  134; 

Y.  402,  8    X.    E.    735;    Pountncy  v.  Brinkley  v.  Brinkley,  50  X.  Y.   184, 

Pountney,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  334,  10  X.  10  Am.  Rop.  400:  O'Dea  v.  O'Dea,  31 

Y.  Supp.  192.  Hun,  441,  Atiirnied  in  101  N.  Y.  23, 

*Sabatcr    v.    Sabater,  7    App.  Div.  4  X.  E.  110. 
70,  39  X.  Y.  Supp.  958. 

'Beadleston    v.    Beadleston,  20    X. 
Y.  S.  R.  21.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  809. 


MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS.  175 

lowed  for  past  services,  but  for  services  to  be  rendered.^     Coun- 
sel fees  will  be  denied  when  the  husband  discontinues  his  action 
against  his  wife  for  divorce,^  *^  or  the  wife  abandons  her  defense 
to  her  husband's  action.^ ^    Tt^'liej  will  also  be  denied  where,  be- 
tween the  time  of  the  service  of  the  notice  of  motion  and  the 
hearing  thereon,  the  case  has  been  tried  and  judgment  entered. ^^ 
Counsel  fees  wall  be  allowed  the  Mdfe  where  she  denies  under 
oath  the  charges  of  adultery,^'^   or  sets  up   an   affirmative  de- 
fense, such  as  recrimination.^^     But  the  countercharges  must  be 
alleged  specifically,  and  not  in  general  terms. -^'^     Or  if  she  ad- 
mits tlie  charge  and  sets  up  the  affirmative  defense  of  forgive- 
ness.-'®    She  will  also  be  allowed  counsel  fees  when  she  is  the 
plaintiff^,  where,  if  the  allegations  of  her  complaint  are  true,  she 
is  entitled  to  a  divorce.^'^ 

(2)  Poverty  of  liashand. — The  poverty  of  the  husband  is  no 
answer  to  such  an  application,  wlien  he  is  the  plaintiff,  although 
that  may  be  taken  into  consideration  in  fixing  the  amount.  He 
must  conform  to  the  rule  or  abandon  the  suit.^^    But  that  reason 

^McCarthy  v.  McCarthy,  137  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  Siipp.  800;  Bucld  v.  Buclci,  70 
500,  33  K  E.  550,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Hiin,  598.  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  24  N. 
276;    Winkemeier  v.  Winkemeier,   11    Y.  Supp.  374. 

App.  Div.  201,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  583;  ^'Htrortfj  v.  Strong,  1  Abb.  Fr.  N. 
Beadleston  v.  Beadleston,  103  N.  Y.  S.  358,  3  Robt.  675;  Shaw  v.  Shaic, 
402,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Digr.  8,  3  N.  Y.  5  Misc.  497.  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  715; 
S.  R.  634,  8  ISr.  E.  735;  Poillon  v.  Miller  v.  Miller,  43  How.  Pr.  125; 
PoilloH,  75  App.  Div.  536,  78  X.  Y.  Starkweather  v.  Starkweather,  29 
Supp.  323;   Emerson  v.  Emerson,  26    Hun.  488. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  292.     The  contrary  was        ^^Clark  v.  Clark,  7  Robt.  284. 
lield  before  the  adoption  of  the  Code        ^^Starkweather  v.  Starkweather,  29 
of  Civil   Procedure.  Hun,  488 :  Frickel  v.  Frickel.  4  ]\risc. 

'"Moore  v.   Moore,   51   N.   Y.   S.  R.    382,  24  N.  Y.  Siipp.  483. 
911,  22  K  Y.  Supp.  451,  Appeal  Dis-        "Bucki  v.  Bucki,  70  Hun,  598.  54 
missed  in   138   N.   Y.  679,  53  N.  Y.    N.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  24  X.  Y.  Supp.  374 : 
S.  R.  301.  34  N.  E.  373.  Douglas  v.  Douglas,  13  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S. 

''aoldschniidt  v.  Goldschmidt,  1  291;  Bertschi/  v.  Berischy,  14  'N.  Y. 
^fonth.  L.  Bull.  74.  Week.  Dig.  Ill;  Br  owtie  v.  Browne,^ 

'-Winkemeier  v.  Winkemeier,  11  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  189;  Brennan 
App.  Div.  199,  42  X.  Y.  Supp.  586.        v.  Brennan.  19  X.  Y.  Week.  Di<j.  342. 

'^Frickel  v.  Frickel,  4  Misc.  382,  '^Frickel  v.  Frickel,  4  Misc.  382, 
24  X.  Y.  Supp.  483 ;  Strong  v.  24  X.  Y.  Supp.  483 :  Hallock  v.  Hal- 
S'j'ronsr,  1  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  358,  3  Robt.  lock,  4  How.  Pr.  160;  Piircell  v. 
675:  Israel  v.  Israel,  28  :Misc.  57.  59   PureelL   3   Edw.    Cli.    194;    Cohen  v. 


176  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

does  not  apply  where  the  wife  is  the  plaintiff  and  is  able  to  con- 
duct the  action.^ ^  Where  the  husband  has  paid  a  sum  in  gross 
in  full  for  services  of  the  attorney  in  an  action,  upon  a  disagree- 
ment by  tlie  jury  the  attorney  may  move  for  additional  counsel 
fees,  because  the  possibility  of  a  disagreement  was  not  within 
the  thought  of  the  parties. ^"^  Before  counsel  fees  will  be  allowed 
in  an  action  brought  by  the  wife,  she  must  present  proof  to  the 
court  sliomng  a  probable,  and  certainly  a  possible,  prospect  of 
establishing  her  marriage  to  the  defendant.^^ 

c.  Counsel  fees  refused. — Counsel  fees  will  be  refused  where 
it  appears  clearly  beyond  reasonable  doubt,  that  the  success  of 
the  husband  is  inevitable  f^  or  where  the  "wife  does  not  deny 
under  oath  the  charge  of  adultery  f^  or  if  she  denies  the  adultery 
she  does  not  deny  acts  that  are  incompatible  with  her  inno- 
cence f^  or  where  she  admits  the  acts  charged,  but  seeks  to  justify 
them  under  a  divorce  not  recognized  by  the  courts  of  this  state  ■?^' 
or  where  the  wife  is  the  plaintiff  and  all  her  allegations  of  her 
husband's  adultery  are  upon  infonnation  and  belief,  and  no 
proofs  of  the  source  of  her  information  or  the  grounds  of  her 
belief  are  presented  to  the  court  f^  or  where  the  \x\ie  has  prop- 
erty of  her  own^^  and  has  induced  the  act  complained  of,^^  or 
does  not  explain  suspicious  circumstances.^^ 

They  should  never  be  granted  to  punish  the  husband  because 

Cohen,  11  Misc.   704.  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  4  Misc.  382,  24  X.  Y.  Supp.  483. 

Cas.  226,  06  "NT.  Y.  S.  R.  336,  32  N.  '*Pe11ee  v.  Petlee,  45  N.  Y.   S.  R. 

Y.  Supp.  1082.  549,  19  X.  Y.  Supp.  311. 

^"Hoffman  v.  Hoffman,  7  Robt.  474.  '^Bailie  v.  Bailie.  30  App.  Div.  461. 

^Wan  ^Vo7■mer  v.  Van  Wormer,  57  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  228. 

Hun,  496,  11  X.  Y.  Supp.  247.  '"non-ninfi    v.    Downing,    23    App 

''Collins  V.  Collina,  71   N.  Y.  269,  Div.  559,  48  X.  Y.  Supp.  727;  Monk 

9  N.  Y.  Week.  Dip.  131,  573.  v.  Monk,  7  Robt.  153;  Ofifjood  v.  Os 

"TJhlman   v.    Uhlman,    19  Jones   &  good,    2     Pai_c:o,     021;     Moriarty    v 

S.  301 ;   Deslrouqh  v.  Desbrottgh,  29  Moriarfy,  26  Jones  &  S.  279,   10  X 

Hun,   592;   Koch  v.   Kock,  42   Barb.  Y.    Supp.   228. 

515;    Cohen  v.  Cohen,   11   Misc.  704,  "Chase  v.  Chase,  29  Hun.  527. 

1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  226,  06  X.  Y.  S.  "^Oher  v.  Oher,  5  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  37, 

R.  330.  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  1082.  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  843. 

^Miller  V.  Miller.  27  INIisc.  758,  59  "^Morrell  v.  Morrell,  2  Barb.  480. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  473;  Frickel  v.  Frickel, 


MATKIMONIAL  ACTIONS.  177 

he  does  not  consent  to  a  reference,^'^  The  court  has  a  right  to 
require  the  husband  to  pay  a  sura  to  be  used  for  a  specific  pur- 
pose, such  as  to  pay  referee's  fees.^^ 

d.  Reviewed  hy  court  of  aj) peals. — The  allowance  of  counsel 
fees  is  discretionary  with  the  court  of  original  jurisdiction,  and 
the  court  of  appeals  will  not  review  such  an  order  unless  the 
iimount  is  so  excessive  as  to  show  abuse  of  judicial  discretion.^^ 

e.  Counsel  fees  upon  appeal. — Where  a  wife  has  obtained  a 
judgment  in  her  favor,  and  the  husband  appeals,  the  court  has 
still  power  to  grant  her  alimony  and  counsel  fees  in  defending 
the  judgment.^^  If  it  should  appear  upon  such  application  that, 
in  previously  carrying  on  her  action,  she  had  incurred  expenses 
the  payment  of  which  was  essential  in  order  that  she  might 
further  maintain  her  rights  under  the  judginent,  the  past  ex- 
pense could  also  be  included  in  the  allowance  to  her.*^*  But  the 
court  may  refuse  to  include  the  past  expense  of  attorneys,  and 
assign  other  attorneys  to  defend  her.^^  An  allowance  will  be 
made  for  counsel  fees  upon  an  appeal  by  the  wife  from  a  judg- 
ment against  her,  where  it  appears  that  the  appeal  is  taken  in 
good  faith  and  upon  reasonable  cause.^*' 

The  court  is  reluctant  to  grant  counsel  fees  upon  an  appeal 
by  a  wife  from  a  judgment  in  her  favor,  and  upon  such  an  ap- 
plication she  must  present  a  meritorious  reason  for  such  an  ap- 
peal.^' A  Avife  cannot  move  for  alimony  and  counsel  fees  upon 
a  reversal  of  a  judgment  against  her,  until  the  order  of  reversal 
is  entered.^^ 

^"Patterson  v.  Patterson,  4  App.  "'^McCarthy  v.  McCarthy,  137  IST.  Y. 
Div.  140,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  502,  38  N.  500,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  276,  33  N.  E.  550. 
Y    Siujp    637  ^^Kmerson    v.    Emerson,    26    N.    Y. 

^'Schloemer  v.  ScMoemer.  49  N.  Y.    ^"PP-  2*^2- 
«2  ^^Halstead    v.    Halstead.    11    Misc. 

-De  Llamosas  v.  De  LJanwsas,  62  ^92,   1   N.  Y.  Anno.   Cas.  230,  66  N. 

^^  Y.  S.  R.  335,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.   lOSO; 

^  ■      "       .  '           ,,  „  . ,      .v.r    ,r  Oansz  V.  Gansz,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  955. 

-McBrrde  v.   McBr^de,    119   N.   Y.  sr^,,-,;,,,,,,-,/  ,.    winkemEr,    11 

519,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  78.  23  N.  E.  1065;  ^pp.  Div.  201,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  583. 

Donnelly  v.   Donnelly,    63   How.   Pr.  ^Halstead    v.     Halstead,    21    App. 

481.  Div.  589,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  814. 
COSTS    12. 


178  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

/.  Rights  of  the  (lUonipy  upon  a  settlmicnt. — (See  §  137,  subd. 
(/;,  infra.)  There  seeuis  to  be  uo  reason  why  a  husband  is  not 
liable  for  the  services  of  his  wife's  attorney  in  an  action  for  a 
divorce,  where  the  acti(»n  has  been  settled,  the  same  as  in  an 
action  for  sei3ar;iii(.n.  The  cases  that  hold  otherwise  are  doubt- 
less overruled. •^•' 

If  a  setth^nient  takes  place  after  an  allowance  of  counsel  fees 
to  the  attorney  for  the  wife,  a  proper  reduction  will  be  made,  as 
the  original  order  contemplated  services  which  Avill  not  be  ren- 
dered."*" If  the  settlement  is  made  before  the  motion  for  counsel 
fees  is  heard,  an  allowance  should  be  made,  and  if  the  order 
grantino-  the  allowance  is  set  aside  the  attorney  can  appeal  there- 
from, though  he  is  not  a  party  to  the  action."*^ 

g.  Iloir  the  payment  of  roimscl  fees  mfii/  he  enforced. —  (See 
§  137,  subd.  e,  infra.)  The  costs  awarded  in  the  final  judgment 
cannot  be  collected  by  proceedings  to  punish  for  contempt.  Jac- 
([vin  V.  .Jaccjuin.  36  ITun,  378,  is  not  in  conflict  with  ParTi-  v. 
Pari-,  SO  jST.  Y.  1.56,  as  in  the  latter  case  the  costs  for  which  the 
attacliment  was  issued  were  costs  of  the  proceeding  for  attach- 
ment.'*" Section  1773  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  requires 
that  it  must  appear  presumptively  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court 
that  payment  cannot  be  enforced  by  means  of  resorting  to  any 
secunty  given,  or  by  sequestration  proceedings,  or  by  issuing 
execution.'*""  Counsel  fees  awarded  in  a  final  judgment  upon  de- 
fault may  not  be  enforced  by  contempt  proceedings.^'*  But  coun- 
sel fees  ordered  to  be  paid  pendente  lite  may  be  enforced  by  con- 
tempt proceedings.^^      Although  there  is  a   provision  that  the 

^Phillips  V.  Simmons.  20  How.  Pr.  fair  v.  forlrfnir.  23  Abb.  X.  C.  219, 

342.  11  Abb.  Pr.  287.  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  170. 

'"Rudd   V.    Rtidd,   28    X.    Y.    ^Yeok.  "Co^krfair    v.    Cockefair.    23    Abb. 

nijr.  220.  13  X.  Y.  S.  R.  004.  X.  C.  210.  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  170. 

"Lovdov     V.     Loudon,     17     N.     Y.  "MiUcr    v.     Miller,     7     Hun,    208. 

Week.  Di^r-  477.  Contra,     Pritchord    v.    Priichard,    4 

*-Lansing  v.  Lansinci,  4  Lans.  377;  Abb.  X.  C.  298;   HoKe  v.  Hoivc,  5  X. 

r.ranth    \.    Brarifh,    20    X.    Y.    Civ.  Y.  ^Yeok.  Dig.  460. 

Proc.    Rep.   33.   36  X.   Y.   S.  R..   628,  '\Mercer  v.    Mercer,   73   Hun.    102. 

13  X.  Y.  Supp.  360.     Contra.  Cocke-  56  X.  Y.  S.  R.  117,  25  X.  Y.  Supp. 


MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS.  179 

amount  be  incliuled  in  the  judgment.  A  provision  for  the  col- 
lection of  counsel  fees  for  past  services  should  not  be  included 
in  the  judgment.^'^ 

When  the  action  temiinates,  either  by  settlement  or  death,  all 
intermediate  orders  fall.  After  such  termination  of  the  action 
counsel  fees  cannot  be  collected  bv  the  attorney  against  the  hus- 
band by  an  order'*"  nor  by  action. ^^ 

The  order  committing  the  husband  for  contempt  must  contain 
an  adjudication  that  he  has  refused  to  pay  the  coimsel  fees  or- 
dered by  the  court,  and  that  such  refusal  was  calculated  to,  and 
(lid  actually,  defeat,  impair,  or  prejudice  the  rights  of  the  party 
in  whose  favor  they  had  been  ordered.  It  must  also  appear  that 
payment  cannot  be  enforced  by  execution,  sequestration,  or  re- 
sorting to  any  security.^^  The  pleading  of  the  husband  may  be 
stricken  out  on  his  failure  to  pay  counsel  fees.^*^  Where  the  wife 
fails  in  her  proceeding  to  enforce  the  collection  of  alimony  and 
counsel  fees,  because  the  order  does  not  contain  recitals,  costs 
should  not  be  imposed  on  her.'^^ 

137.  Action  for  separation.  a.  In  general. — Costs  may  be 
awarded  in  separation  cases  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  upon 
final  judgment.'^"  The  same  rule  obtains  in  all  matrimonial 
actions,    that   the    court   can   only   allow   taxable   costs   in   the 

867;  Flor  v.  Flor,  73  App.  Div.  262,  ^^Whiiney  v.  Whitnetj,  26  Jones  & 

76  N.  Y.  Supp.  813.  S.  335,  19  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  265, 

"J/ercer   v.    Mcrcrr.    73    Hun.    192,  33  X.  Y.  S.  R.  704,   11   N.  Y.  Supp. 

56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  117,  25  X.  Y.  Supp.  582;  Mahon  v.  Mahon,  18  Jones  &  S. 

867;    Percival  v.   Percival,   28   X.  Y.  92;    Sandford   v.    Sandford,   40   Hun. 

Week.  Dig.  155,  14  X.  Y.  S.  R.  255;  540,  44  Hmi,  563. 

Williams  v.  Williams,  17  X.  Y.  Civ.  ^Clark    v.    Clark,    13    Daly,    497 ; 

Proc.  Rep.  297,  25   X.  Y.  S.  R.   186,  Brishane   v.    Brisbane,    67    How.    Pr. 

6  X.  Y.  Supp.  645:  Straus  v.  Straus,  184,  5  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  352,  Af- 

67  Hun.  491,  50  X.  Y.  S.  R.  845,  22  firmed   in   34  Hun,   339;    Walker   v. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  567.  Walker,  82  X.  Y.  260. 

*'Uopkius    V.    Hopkins,    21    X^.    Y.  "'Mendel  v.  Mendel,  25  X.  Y.  Week. 

Week.  Di!?.  174.  Dig.  314,  4  X.  Y.  S.  R.  556. 

^Millad]/  V.  Stein,  19  INIisc.  652,  44  '-Jacquin  v.  Jacqiiin,  36  Hun,  378. 

X.   Y.    Supp.    408.      Contra,   Kellogg  2  How.  Pr.  X.  S.  20:!,   7  X.  Y.  Civ. 

v.   Stoddard,  40  Misc.   92,   81   X.   Y.  Proc.  Rep.  327. 
Supp.  271. 


180  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

final  judgment,  and  cannot  grant  counsel  fees  therein.  They 
must  bo  granted  pending  the  action  for  services  to  be  rendered, 
and  upon  motion,^^  Costs  are  not  usually  allowed  igainst  the 
wife  when  she  fails,  but  they  can  be  allowed.^* 

Where  the  wife  is  plaintiff  and  presents  a  prima  facie  case, 
counsel  fees  will  be  allowed.^^ 

b.  Counsel  fees  denied. — Counsel  fees  will  be  denied  where 
it  appears  that  the  wife  has  sufficient  property  to  maintain  her 
action  f^  or  that  she  does  not  make  out  a  prima  facie  case  f  or 
that,  upon  a  disagreement  of  a  jury,  additional  counsel  fees  are 
demanded,  and  the  husband  is  poor  f^  or  where  the  wife  has  had 
a  judgment  against  her,  from  which  she  has  not  appealed,  but 
has  brought  a  new  action  before  another  court  to  escape  the  con- 
demnation of  her  acts  pronounced  by  the  first  court  ;^^  or  where 
the  wife  refuses  to  live  with  her  husband  in  suitable  apart- 
ments ;^''  or  where  the  wife  is  plaintiff  and  the  defendant  is  a 
bigamist,  and  therefore  she  was  not  the  wife  of  the  defendant 
and  did  not  need  to  bring  this  action  ;*^^  or  where  the  cause  of 
action  is  stale.^^ 

In  some  cases  counsel  fees  have  been  refused  and  the  wife  sent 
to  police  court  for  alimony.®^ 

c.  Counsel  fees  upon  appeal. — Counsel  fees  will  be  allowed 
when  the  husband  appeals  from  a  judgment  against  him."* 

"Donnerstag     v.      Donnerstag.      4  069.   28   How.   Pr.   218;    Bertschy  v. 

Month.  L.  Bull.  53.  Berlschy,   14  N.  Y.  Week.  T>\^.   111. 

''^Williams  v.  Williams,  130  N.  Y.  ^Kittle  v.  Kittle,  8  Daly,  72. 

193,  14  L.  R.  A.  220,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  '"'Deisler  v.   Deisler,   65   App.   Div. 

280,  27  Am.  St.  Rep.  517,  29  N.  E.  208,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  560. 

98;   Straus  v.  Straus,   67  Hun,  491.  ""Kirsch  v.  Kirsch,  45  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  845.  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  287,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  447. 

567;  Wiidon  v.  Winton,  31  Hun,  290.  "'Blinls  v.  Blinks,  5  Misc.  193.  25 

^^DoufiUis  V.  Douglas,  5  Hun,   140,  N.  Y.  Supp.  768. 

13    Abb.    Pr.    N.    S.    291;    Miers    v.  ^CmHis  v.  Cw/<is,  29  Misc.  257,  61 

Miers,  35  Misc.  476,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  N.  Y.  Supp.  59. 

1058;    Broune   v.    Broicne,    9    N.    Y.  ^Patton   v.    Fatton,   13   Misc.    726, 

Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    180;     Bertschy    v.  69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  567.  35  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Bertschy,  14   N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.    111.  250. 

'-^Maxicell  v.  Maxwell,  28  Hun,  566.  "Haddock    v.    Haddock,    75    App. 

■-'Solomon    V.     Solomon,     3     Robt.  Div.  565,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  304;  Anony- 


MATRIMONIAL  ACTIOJfS.  181 

It  is  against  public  policy  for  a  Avife  to  agree  with  her  attor- 
ney to  compensate  him  by  giving  him  a  portion  of  her  alimony. 
An  order  which  authorizes  a  compliance  with  such  an  agreement 
should  be  set  aside.^^ 

d.  Rights  of  the  attorney  upon  a  settlement. — (See  §  136,  subd. 
/.)  The  courts  will  enforce  an  agreement  that  the  husband  made 
upon  the  settlement  of  the  action,  to  pay  the  attorney  for  the 
wife.^®  The  husband  is  liable  for  the  fees  of  the  wife's  attorney 
where  she  voluntarily  returns  to  her  husband,  although  no  coun- 
sel fee  had  been  awarded  in  the  action  f*  and  this  is  so  although 
the  husband  was  the  plaintiff  in  the  action. ^^  The  attorney  must 
proceed  in  his  o^vn  name,  whether  he  proceeds  by  motion  or  by 
action.  ^^ 

e.  How  the  pat/jnent  of  counsel  fees  may  he  enforced. — (See 
§  13(),  subd.  g,  siipra.)  The  payment  of  costs  allowed  in  the  final 
judgment  cannot  be  enforced  by  contempt  proceedings,  but  by 
execution,  under  §  1240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure."^^  If 
the  order  includes  alimony-,  payment  of  the  entire  sum  may  be 
enforced  by  contempt  proceedings,  though  such  an  order  for  the 
payment  of  costs  is  unauthorized.^-^ 

The  court  will  not  listen  to  a  husband  upon  an  application 
to  reduce  the  amount  of  alimony  and  counsel  fees,  and  to  purge 
him  of  contempt  in  not  paying  the  same,  as  long  as  he  remains 
outside  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  and  does  not  submit  him- 
self to  the  court. '^^     Costs  aAvarded  to  a  wife  belong  to  her,  but 

movs,    15   Abb.   Pr.   X.    S.   307:    Mc-  ''Hays   v.    Ledman,   28    Misc.    575, 

Bride   v.    McBride,    55   Hun.    401,    8  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  687. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  448.     Contra,  Win  ton  v.  ^^Chase  v.  Chase,  65  How.  Pr.  306, 

Winton,  31  Hun,  290.  29  Hua,  527. 

^Van  Vleck  v.  Van  Vleck,  21  App.  ^"Jacquin  v.  Jacquin,  36  Hun,  378.- 

Div.  274,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  470.  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  206,  7  N.  Y.  Civ. 

''Smith  V.  Smith,  35  Hun,  378,  15  Proc.  Rep.  327. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  804;   Tan  Gieson  v.  T'on  '^People  ex  rel.  Woolf  v.  Jacobs,  5 

Gieson,  26  App.   Div.   347,  49  N.  Y.  Hun,  428,  433,  Affirmed  in  66  X.  Y. 

Sunp.  781.  8:   Lansing  v.  Lansing,  4  Lans.  377. 

'^Xaumer   v.    Gray,    41    App.    Div.  ''^Sibley  v.  Sibley,  66  App.  Div.  552, 

361,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  476.  73  X.  Y.  Supp.  244. 


182  THE  LAW   (M'  COSTS  IX   XEW  YOIIK. 

her  attorney  lias  a  lien  flicrcoii.  wliidi  lie  may  enforce  aftfM-  her 
dentil."^ 

138.  Action  to  annul  a  marriage,  a.  Counsel  fees  allowed. 
— ('(ists  in  these  actions  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  Un- 
(\vr  proper  circnnistaiicos,  where  the  hnsljand  is  the  phiintiff, 
alimony  and  counsel  fees  may  be  allowed  to  the  wife  in  an  action 
to  have  his  marriage  with  her  declared  void  on  the  ground  that 
she  had  a  former  hushand  living  at  the  time  of  the  marriage;^* 
but  they  Avill  be  denied  when  the  fact  of  the  former  marriage 
is  admitted."^  Coimsel  fees  will  also  be  allowed  in  an  action  to 
annul  a  marriage  that  was  induced  by  fraud  and  duress,^"  or 
where  the  marriage  was  induced  by  fraud  only.  '''^ 

h.  Counsel  fees  denied. — But  counsel  fees  and  alimony  will 
be  refused  in  an  action  brought  by  a  wife  to  have  a  marriage  de- 
clared void."^  This  has  been  held  in  an  action  to  annul  a  mar- 
riage on  account  of  the  impotency  of  the  husband  ;'''^  also  in  an 
action  to  have  a  marriage  annulled  on  the  ground  that  the  wife 
was  under  the  age  of  legal  consent  when  it  was  contracted.*'*  It 
has  been  held  that  the  court  can  grant  alimony  and  counsel  fees 
in  such  actions  brought  by  the  wife.^^     But  this  case  must  be 

^^Lachenmeper  v.  Lachenmeyer,  65  '''Meo  v.  Meo,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  58,  15 

How.  Pr.  42.3.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  308,  18  N.  Y. 

".YoriTi  V.  A^or/7(,  1  Barb.  Ch.  241 ;  S.  R.  270,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  5G9. 

O'Dca  V.  O'Dea,  31  Hun,  441,  101  N.  'Usaacsolm  v.  Isaacsohn,  3  Month. 

Y.  23,  4  N.  E.  110;   Hopper  v.  Hop-  L.  Bull.  73;  Meo  v.  Meo,  22  Abb.  N. 

per,   92   Hun,   415,    36   N.   Y.    Supp.  C.  58,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  308, 

610;  Grif/in  v.  Griffin,  47  N.  Y.  134;  18   N.   Y.   S.   R.   270,  2  N.   Y.   Supp. 

Sinn  V.  Sinn,  3  Misc.  598,  52  N.  Y.  569;  Herron  v.  Herron,  28  Misc.  323, 

S.  R.  855,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  339;  Wab-  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  861. 

Icrson   V.    Wnhhcrson,   27    ^Misc.    125,  '"'Bloodf/ood  v.  Bloodgood,  59  How. 

57    N.    Y.    Supp.    405;    Applcfou    v.  Pr.   42;   Bartleti   v.  Burtlett,  Clarke 

TToruer,    51    Barb.    270;    Hif/gins    v.  Cli.  460;  A'or^/j  v.  A"or<7i,  1  Barb.  Ch. 

Sharp,   164  N.  Y.  4,  8  N.   Y.  Anno.  243.    Contra,  Allen  v.  Allen,  59  How. 

Cas.    139,   58   N.   E.    9;    Brinkleij   v.  Pr.  27,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  175. 

Brinkley,  50  N.  Y.  184,  10  Am.  Rep.  ^Herron  v.  Herron,  28  Misc.  323, 

460.  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  861. 

''^Appleton    V.     ^Varner,    51     Barb.  ^'Allen  v.   'Mien,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  175, 

270.  59  How.  Pr.  27. 

''"Lee   v.   Lee,   4   X.    Y.    Civ.    Proc. 
Rop.  321.  66  How.  Pr.  207. 


JMATIIIMOKIAI.  ACTIONS.  183 

deemed  overruled  by  tlie  later  cases.  Counsel  fees  have  been 
refused  when  the  action  was  brought  to  annul  a  marriage  because 
the  wife  had  another  husband  living  at  the  time  of  the  second 
marriage,  Avhich  fact  was  kno^m  at.  the  time  to  both.parties.^- 

Tlie  court  cannot  compel  a  mother,  who  has  brought  an  action 
under  §  1744  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  to  procure  an  an- 
nulment of  a  marriage  contracted  bv  her  son  when  under  the  age 
(if  legal  consent,  to  pay  alimony  and  counsel  fees  to  the  defend- 
ant.^'^ Although  tlie  court  has  no  jurisdiction  upon  an  applica- 
tion by  a  third  party  to  set  aside  a  divorce,  as  obtained  by  fraud, 
it  can  impose  costs  of  a  motion  or  of  a  special  proceeding  upon 
-uch  third  person;  but  it  has  no  authority  to  impose  a  lump 
sum.^^ 

139.  Costs  in  other  actions  between  husband  and  wife. —  The 
court  has  jjower  to  grant  counsel  fees  in  an  action  brought  by 
the  wife  against  the  husband  to  compel  him  to  sup])ort  her  in  a 
suitable  manner.*^''  AVhere  a  wife  sues  her  husband  for  assault 
and  battery,  and  is  defeated  on  the  ground  that  she  cannot  main- 
tain the  action  because  of  the  unity  of  the  parties,  the  same  legal 
unity  will  prevent  costs  being  taxed  against  her.''*^ 

^-Hopper  V.  Hopper,  92  Hun,  415,  ^Utamsden    v.    Ramsden,    28    Hun, 

71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  664,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  285,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  (Bro^vne) 

610;  Kinzey  v.  Kinzeij,  7  Daly,  460.  416,   2   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    (Mc- 

^^Stivers    v.    IVise,     18    App.    Div.  Carty)   408,  15  N.  Y.  Wook.  Dit;-.  481. 

316,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  9.  ""Whhe  v.  Ahhc,  22  App.  Div.  483, 

^'i^iiiimons    v.    Simmons,    32    Hun,  48  N.  Y.  Supp.  25. 
551. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

COSTS  AND  ALLOWANCES  IN  CRIMINAL  MATTERS.  IN  ACTIONS 
FOR  PENALTIES.  AND  IN  PROCEEDINGS  UNDER  THE  LUiUOR 
TAX  LAW. 

140.  Allowance  upon  the  trial  of  an   indictment,  where  the  offense  is  pun- 

ishable with  death. 

141.  Personal  and  incidental  expenses  of  counsel  in  capital  cases. 

142.  Allowance  for  appeal  in  capital  cases. 

143.  Allowance  to  counsel  appointed  to  aid  the  district  attorney. 

144.  Liability  of  complainant  or  of  jirisoner  in  criminal  cases  for  the  cost>i 

of  the  proceedings. 

145.  Costs  in  actions  for  violation  of  the  game  law. 

146.  Action  for  other  penalties. 

147.  Proceedings  under  the  liquor  tax  law, 

140.  Allowance  upon  the  trial  of  an  indictment,  where  the 
offense  is  punishable  with  death. —  It  has  been  the  custom  of 
our  cotirts  from  time  immemorial,  when  a  defendant  was  w^ith- 
out  counsel  and  without  means  with  which  to  ])rocure  counsel,  to 
assign  some  member  of  tlie  bar  to  defend  him.  ("ntil  the  enact- 
ment of  tlie  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure  there  was  no  power  in 
tlie  court  to  order  payment  for  such  services.^  In  1881,  §  308 
of  the  Code  of  Criminal  Proc(>dure  was  enacted,  which  simply 
provided  for  the  assignment  of  counsel.  This  Avas  amended  in 
1893  bv  chapter  521,  which  provided  that  'Svlien  services  are 
renderc^d  by  counsel  in  ])ursuance  of  such  assignment  in  a  case 
where  the  offense  charged  in  the  indictnienr  is  |)unisha!)lo  by 
death,  tlie  court  in  which  the  defendant  is  tried  may,  in  its 
discretion,  and  up(m  satisfactory  proof  that  such  defendant  is 
wholly  destitute  of  means,  award  to  such  counsel  reasonable  com- 

'I'cnplr  rx  rel.  Broini  v.  Onondafja    Xiagara  Count  if,  78  N.  Y.  622;   Peo- 
''ouiiti/.  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  1,  4  N.  Y.    pie  ex  rel.  TIadley  v.  Albany  County, 
Crim.   Rep.    102.   Affirmed  in    102  N.    28  How.  Pr.  22. 
Y.    691  :     P'ople    rx    rel.    Rnn.som     V. 

184 


COSTS  AiSTD  ALLOWANCES  IN   CKIMINAL  ACTIONS^  ETC.        185 

pensation  for  his  services,  which  shall  be  a  charge  upon  the 
county  in  which  the  indictment  in  the  action  is  found,  to  be  paid 
out  of  the  proper  fund  upon  the  certificate  of  the  judge  or  justice 
presiding  at  the  trial." 

This  section  was  further  amended  by  chapter  427  of  the  Laws 
of  1897,  and  the  section  has  remained  unchanged  since  that  date. 

The  amendment  of  1897  for  the  first  time  introduced  the  lim- 
itation of  $500  in  addition  to  the  personal  and  incidental  ex- 
penses of  the  attorney.  Xo  allowance  can  be  made  to  counsel  as- 
signed after  arraignment.^  The  court  will  assign  counsel  free 
from  any  promptings  or  suggestion  whatsoever,  either  by  the  de- 
fendant or  by  counsel  desiring  such  assignment.^  The  courts 
have  construed  this  limitation  of  amount  to  mean  that  where 
more  than  one  counsel  is  assigned  the  court  cannot  grant  an  al- 
lowance of  more  than  $500,  and  may  apportion  that  sum  between 
counsel."' 

Where  the  court  makes  an  allowance  in  excess  of  that  pro- 
\ided  for  by  this  section,  such  order  is  void,  and  the  proper  of- 
ficers should  refuse  to  pay  it ;  but  no  appeal  lies  from  such  or- 
der. **  After  the  first  amendment  to  this  section  in  1893.  and 
before  the  second  amendment  in  1897,  it  was  held  that  there  was 
no  limitation  im])osed  by  the  statute  as  to  the  number  of  counsel 
assis-ned."  This  has  been  rendered  obsolete  bv  the  amendment 
of  1897.  AVhen  two  persons  are  jointly  indicted  and  the  same 
counsel  is  assigned  for  both,  the  allowance  may  exceed  $500, 
especially  when  they  demand  separate  trials.'^ 

There  is  no  trial  within  the  meaning  of  §  308  of  the  Code  of 

-People  V.  Di  Medicin.  39  Misc.  438,  ''People  v.  Heiselbetz,  30  App.  Div. 

SON.  Y.  Supp.212.     Contra,  People  ex  199.  51  X.  Y.  Supp.  685. 

rel.  Acrifelli  v.  Foster,  40  Misc.   19,  "People   ex  rel.   Roth   v.   Fitch,   51 

81  N.  Y.  Supp.  212.  N.  Y.  Supp.  683. 

^People  V.  Fuller,  35  ?*Iisc.  189.  71  'People    v.     McElmney,    36     Misc. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  487.  316.  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  316,  73  X. 

'People  V.  Heiselbetz,  30  App.  Div.  Y.  Supp.  639. 
199,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  685. 


ISO  TJIK   LAW   OK  COSTS   IN    NKW    VOIJK. 

C'l'iminal  Procedure,  so  as  to  justify  an  allowanco,  wliore  upon 
arraiiiiimcnt  tlio  dofendaiit  pleads  not  guiltv  to  an  indictment 
with  a  specification  of  insanity  tliereto,  and  a  connnission  ap- 
pointed by  tlic  court  adjudges  that  the  defendant  was  insane  at 
the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  crime  and  at  the  time  of  the 
examination.  Tlie  proceedings  before  the  commissioners  form- 
ed no  part  of  the  trial  of  the  issue  joined  by  the  plea  of  the  de- 
fendant to  the  indictment.  The  onlv  effect  of  such  proceedings 
was  to  postpone  the  trial  of  the  dcfendaiii  until  he  becanje  sane. 
l\o  allowance  could  therefore  be  made  to  counsel  for  his  sery- 
ices.** 

141.  Personal  and  incidental  expenses  of  counsel  in  capital  cases. 
— The  personal  and  incidental  expenses  of  the  counsel  men- 
tioned in  the  statute  are  such  as  relate  to  the  expenses  incurred 
by  the  counsel  on  his  personal  account,  and  do  not  refer  to  the 
expenses  of  expert  witnesses,  although  they  wc^re  called  to  meet 
the  eyidence  of  expert  witnesses  on  the  part  of  the  people;^  nor 
are  daily  transcripts  of  the  eyidence  furnished  by  the  stenog- 
rapher, personal  and  incidental  expenses.'"  The  cost  incurred 
in  haying  a  j)erson  inten'ie\v  witnesses  and  take  their  statements, 
and  marshal  the  evidence  for  use  upon  the  trial,  are  not  personal 
and  incidental  ex])enses  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute. ^^ 
But  the  expense  of  an  interpreter  when  the  attorney  does  not  un- 
derstand the  language  of  the  prisoner  and  his  witnesses  and  they 
do  not  understand  the  English  language  is  a  proper  subject  for 
allowance.'^ 

142.  Allowance  for  appeal  in  capital  cases. —  The  limitation 
imposed  by  the  words  ''not  exceeding  $.500"  a])])lies  to  the  trial 

^People  ex  rel.  M itUcn  v.  Colcr.  Gl  Misc.  4.30.  T.'J  X.  Y.  Supp.  290. 

App.  Div.  .538.  70  X.  Y.  Supp.  03!).  ^'People  ex  rel.  Levy  v.   Grout,  37 

''People  ex  rel.   (Umlirell  v.   Coler,  :Misc.  430,  75  X.  Y.  Supp.  290. 

61    App.    Div.    59S.    70    X.    Y.    Supp.  '-7?c  ^Yal(lheimer,  84  App.  Div.  366. 

755.  82  X.  Y'.  Supp.  910. 

^"People  ex  rel.   Lrn/  v.   (I'rout.  37 


COSTS  AND  ALLOWANCES  IN  CKIMJNAL  ACTIONS^  ETC.        187 

court  and  to  the  a])])(']l;itf'  court  separately,  and  not  eollect- 
ivoly.^^ 

143.  Allowance  to  counsel  appointed  to  aid  the  district  attorney. 

— Section  204  of  the  county  law  (LaAvs  1S92,  chap.  686)  reads 
as  follows :  ''The  district  attorney  of  any  county  in  which  a  capi- 
tal or  other  important  criminal  action  is  to  be  tried,  with  the 
approval  in  writing  of  the  county  judge  of  the  county,  which 
shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  county  clerk,  may  employ  coun- 
sel to  assist  him  on  such  trial ;  and  the  costs  and  expenses  there- 
of, to  be  certified  by  the  judge  presiding  at  the  trial,  shall  be  a 
charge  upon  the  county  in  which  the  indictment  is  found."  An 
attorney  assigned  to  assist  the  district  attorney  in  a  case,  who 
argues  the  case  in  the  court  of  appeals,  and  opposes  a  motion 
for  a  new  trial  on  the  ground  of  newly  discovered  evidence,  is 
not  entitled  to  a  writ  of  certiorari  to  review  the  action  of  the 
board  of  supervisors  in  auditing  the  claim,  when  he  presents  no 
certificate  of  any  judge. ^"* 

144.  Liability  of  complainant  or  of  prisoner  in  criminal  cases 
for  the  costs  of  the  proceedings. —  A  complainant  upon  whose 
motion  an  order  of  arrest  is  issued  is  not  liable  for  costs  in  a 
proceeding  arising  therefrom  to  punish  a  third  person  for  con- 
tempt of  court  in  obstructing  the  officer  in  the  execution  of  the 
warrant.  Both  of  these  proceedings  are  criminal  proceedings, 
and  not  civil,  and  no  statute  gives  costs  in  either.^ ^  Section  719 
of  the  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure  is  as  follows:  "When  the  de- 
fendant is  acquitted,  either  by  the  court  or  by  a  jury,  he  must 
be  immediately  discharged ;  and  if  the  court  certify,  upon  its 
minutes,  or  the  jury  find,  that  the  prosecution  was  malicious  or 
without  probable  cause,  the  court  must  order  the  prosecutor  to 

^^I'cnple  V.  Ferraro,  1G2  N.  Y.  .545,        ^''People  ex  rel.  Nov  York  Soc.  for 

57  X.   E.  167 ;  People  v.  Barone,  161  Prevention  of  Crueltj/  to  Children  v. 

N.  Y.  475,  55  N.  E.   1091.  Gilmore,    88    N.    Y.  '  G26,    14    N.    Y. 

^*People    ex   rel.    Peclc    v.    Genesee  Week.  Dig.  206. 
County,  61  App.  Div.  545,  70  N.  Y. 
Supp.  578. 


188  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

pay  the  costs  of  the  proceedings,  or  to  give  satisfactory  security, 
by  written  undertaking,  with  one  or  more  sureties,  to  pay  the 
same  to  the  county  within  tliirty  days  after  the  trial." 

No  api^eal  lies  to  the  county  court  from  an  order  under  the 
forgoing  section,  requiring  the  prosecutor  to  pay  the  costs  of  the 
proceedings.^^ 

A  provision  in  a  city  charter  which  gives  the  recorder  power 
to  try  certain  criminal  cases,  and  provides  that  when  a  prisoner 
elects  not  to  be  so  tried,  but  waives  an  examination,  he  must  pay 
the  costs  that  have  accrued  up  to  that  time,  and  in  default  there- 
of he  nuiy  be  sent  to  the  jail  for  a  period  not  exceeding  five  days, 
is  constitutional.-^'^ 

145.  Costs  in  actions  for  violation  of  the  game  law. —  Under 
§  186  of  chap.  31  of  the  General  Laws  the  people,  in  case  of  re- 
covery of  any  amount  in  an  action  for  a  penalty  under  this  act, 
or  in  an  action  authorized  by  the  article  on  forests  and  public 
parks,  are  entitled  to  full  costs.  These  costs  may  be  collected  by 
body  execution  under  §  189  of  said  chapter.  In  case  there  should 
be  no  recovei-y  tlie  defendant  would  be  entitled  to  costs  under 
§  3229  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

Costs  recovered  by  the  defendant  would  doubtless  be  collected 
under  §  3241  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  not  under 
§  3243,  as  there  is  no  ])rovision  for  the  payment  of  any  recovery 
to  the  county.  Thore  are  no  decisions  under  the  present  law. 
but  the  decisions  under  the  former  laws  make  that  distinction, 
and  therefore  are  applicable  to  the  present  law  to  that  extent.^ ^ 
But  an  execution  cannot  be  issued  to  collect  such  costs.  Code 
Civ.  Proc.  §  1985. 

^'People  V.   Carr,  54  Hun,  443,  28  ner,  38   N.   Y.   S.   R.   349,    14   N.   Y. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  287,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  724.  Supp.  334,  AfTirined  in  128  N.  Y.  416. 

"People     ex     rel.     Staudacher     v.  28   N.   E.    364;    People  v.   Smith,   47 

Webb,   16  Hun,  42.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  170,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  332: 

^"People  ex  rel.  Fargo  v.  Rosendale,  People  v.  Alden,  112  N.  Y.  117.  19  N. 

76  Hun,  112,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  377,  27  E.  516,  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  496;  Gerry  v. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  825,  Affirmed  in  142  N.  Liddle  82  Hun,   85,   63  N.  Y.   S.  R. 

Y.  670,  37  X.  E.  571;  People  v.  Tan-  358,  31  X.  Y.  Supp.  58. 


COSTS  AND  AI-T.OWANCES  IN  CKi:\riNAL  ACTIONS^  ETC.        189 

146.  Action  for  other  penalties. —  Bj  the  amendment  made  to 
5ubd.  3  of  §  3228  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  bj  chap.  110  of 
the  Laws  of  1898,  actions  brought  by  the  people  to  recover  a 
fine  or  penalty  are  placed  in  the  same  category,  with  respect  to 
costs,  as  an  action  to  recover  damages  for  assault,  battery,  false 
imprisonment,  etc.  Costs  are  given  to  the  plaintiff,  if  any  recov- 
ery is  had,  but  they  cannot  exceed  the  damages  if  they  are  less 
than  $50.i» 

To  charge  defendant's  costs  upon  a  county  the  benefit  referred 
to  in  §  3243  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  must  be  one  peculiar 
to  the  county  in  its  relation  to  the  main  objects  sought  to  be  ob- 
tained in  the  action. ^*^ 

147.  Proceedings  under  the  liquor  tax  law. —  Proceedings  by 
certiorari  to  revoke  a  liquor  tax  license  is  a  special  proceeding, 
and  costs  are  taxable  as  such  under  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.^^  Costs  for  making  a  case  cannot  be  charged,  where 
it  is  waived  by  stipulation.^^ 

In  a  proceeding  instituted  under  subd.  2  of  §  28  of  the  liquor 
tax  law,  to  revoke  the  certificate,  costs  cannot  be  awarded  against 
the  county  treasurer,  payable  out  of  any  excise  money  that  may 
come  into  his  hands.  Such  a  provision  as  to  costs  is  applicable 
to  a  proceeding  commenced  under  §  29  of  that  act.  The  county 
treasurer  is  not  chargeable  personally  with  costs  on  the  ground 
that  he  did  not  bring  an  action  to  cancel  the  certificate,  when  he 
was  informed  that  the  holder  of  the  certificate  was  unlawfully 
trafiicking  in  liquor.  Subdivision  2  of  §  28  does  not  enjoin  that 
duty  on  him.-"^ 

^"People  V.   Strauss.   48   App.   Div.  -^^Voo(l  \.  Randolph,  ^^l\s,e.o01,Z0 

198,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  812.  N.  Y.  Supp.  344;  Re  Loper,  32  Misc. 

"^People  V.  Hodnett,  81  Hun,  137,  534,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  329. 

62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  699.  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  ^Re  Loper,  32  Misc.  534,  67  N.  Y. 

735;  People  v.  Alden,  112  N.  Y.  117.  Supp.  329. 

19  N.   E.   516.  20  N.  Y.   S.  R.   496:  -Ute   Seymour,    47   App.   Div.   320, 
Gerrif  v.  Liddle,  82  Hun,  85,  63  N.  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  25. 

Y.   S.   R.   358,   31    N.   Y.    Supp.    58; 
People  V.  Smith,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  170, 

20  N.  Y.  Supp.  332. 


100  THE  LAW  or  costs  in  new  york. 

Wliether  a  holder  of  a  certificate  shall  be  required  to  pay  costs 
of  a  proceeding  brought  to  cancel  his  certificate  on  the  ground 
that  he  has  not  secured  the  required  consent  of  two  thirds  of  the 
property  owners,  wli(>n  sucli  omission  was  made  in  good  faith, 
rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  one  case  where  he  was 
hehl  lial)l('  for  the  costs  his  license  was  not  revoked.  Costs  were 
imposed  in  this  case  because  the  proceeding  was  the  result  of  the 
negligence  of  the  holder  of  the  certificate.'^ 

In  another  case  the  court  revoked  the  license,  but  did  not  com- 
pel him  to  pay  costs,  because  the  loss  of  the  certificate  was  con- 
sidered heavy  enough  punishment  for  the  negligence  of  an 
agent.^''  Although  the  liquor  certificate  has  expired  by  its  own 
limitation  before  the  order  revoking  it  is  made,  the  court  may 
yet  award  costs  to  the  successful  party.^^ 

^*J{c  Jolnifion.   18  Misc.   498,  42  N.  ""lie  Lymnn,  48  App.  Div.  275,  62 

Y.  Supp.   1074.  X.  Y.  Supp.  846;  Re  Lyman,  28  Misc. 

--^Lyuian   v.   Murphy,  33  Misc.  349,  408,  59  X.  Y.  Supp.  968. 
08  X.  Y.  Supp.  4!)0. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS. 

148.  In  general. 

149.  Mandamus. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  When  costs  are  not  imposed. 

c.  When  costs  are  imposed. 

d.  Upon  whom  costs  are  imposed. 

e.  Additional  allowance. 

f.  Terms  imposed  upon  amendment. 

g.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs. 
h.  Amount  of  costs. 

i.  Costs  upon  appeal. 

150.  Condemnation  proceedings. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Additional  allowance. 

c.  How  the  allowance  of  costs  is  reviewed. 

d.  Costs  upon  abandonment  of  the  proceedings. 
1-51.  Proceedings  brought  by  railroads. 

a.  Proceedings  brought  by  one  railroad  to  cross  another. 

h.  Proceedings  to  condemn  a  right  of  way  for  elevated  railroads. 

c.  Proceedings  under  the  general  railroad  act. 

d.  Additional  allowance. 

e.  Trial  fee. 

f.  Costs  upon  appeal  by  the  railroad. 

152.  Various  proceedings. 

153.  Proceedings  by  taxpayers  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  a  village. 

154.  Costs  upon  opening  a  highway. 

155.  Proceedings  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  a  county. 

156.  Proceedings  to  vacate  an  assessment. 

157.  Pioceedings  under  special  acts. 

148.  Ill  general. —  The  iioneral  provision  for  costs  in  these  pro- 
ceedings is  contained  in  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
whicli  is  as  follows:  "Costs  in  a  special  proceedino;  instituted  in 
a  court  of  record,  or  upon  an  appeal  in  a  special  proceeding 
taken  to  a  court  of  record,  where  the  costs  thereof  are  not  spe- 
cially regidated  in  thas  act,  may  he  awarded  to  any  party  in  the 

\91 


192  TJIK  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

discretion  of  the  court,  at  the  rates  allowed  for  similar  services 
in  an  action  brongiit  in  the  same  court,  or  an  appeal  from  a  judg- 
ment taken  to  the  same  court,  and  in  like  nuuiner." 

149.  Mandamus,  a.  In  general. — Costs  upon  the  granting  of 
a  mandamus  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  under  §  2086  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  reads  as  follows:  ''Where  an 
alternative  writ  of  mandamus  has  been  issued,  costs  may  be 
awarded,  as  in  an  action ;  except  that,  upon  making  a  final  order, 
the  costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  Where  an  applica- 
tion for  a  peremptory  writ  of  mandamus  is  granted  or  denied, 
without  a  previous  alternative  mandamus,  costs  not  exceeding 
$50  and  disbursements  may  be  awarded  to  either  party,  as  upon 
a  motion."  Where  the  order  is  silent  as  to  costs,  none  are  al- 
lowed. •* 

The  discretion  of  the  trial  court  in  granting  or  refusing  costs 
will  not  usually  be  reviewed  on  appeal.^ 

b.  When  costs  are  not  imposed. — Ordinarily,  costs  will  not 
be  awarded  against  an  officer  acting  in  good  faith."  Costs  will 
not  be  awarded  to  a  board  of  supervisors  when  the  relator  is  de- 
feated upon  the  ground  that  he  should  have  brought  his  pro- 
ceedings against  the  county  treasurer,  when  that  official  has  re- 
fused to  obey  the  order  of  the  court,  by  the  advice  of  the  board 
of  supervisors.* 

It  is  not  the  practice,  upon  awarding  a  peremptory  writ,  to 
grant  costs  against  judges  of  subordinate  courts  or  other  public 
officials  intrusted  with  the  discharge  of  judicial  duties.^  But 
when  judges  make  a  return  to  an  alternative  writ  and  are  de- 
feated, they  will  be  charged  with  costs.     They  can  always  pro- 

^People  ex  rel.  Ma  gee  v.  Densinore,  ^People  ex  rel.  Burroughs  v.  Brink- 

1  Barb.  557;   People  ex  rel.  Kipp  v.  erhoff,  68  N.  Y.  259;   People  ex  rel. 

Harris,  G  Abb.  Pr.  30:  People  ex  rel.  Smith  v.  Flagg,  5  Abb.  Pr.  232. 

Coller   V.   Dutchess   County.   3   How.  *People    ex    rel.    Cole    v.     Greene 

Pr.  380.                                     "  County,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  447. 

"People  ex  rel.  Martin  v.  Albright,  ^Hecox  v.  Ellis,  19  Wend.  157. 
23  How.  Pr.  306,  14  Abb.  Pr.  305. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDIKGS.  193 

tect  themselves  against  costs  by  obeying  tlie  alternative  writ. 
Where  they  omit  to  do  so  and  make  a  return,  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  they  are  indemnified  against  costs  by  the  party  in 
interest.^ 

c.  ^^^len  costs  are  imposed. — Costs  wall  be  imposed  where  a 
public  official  has  committed  an  error  in  judgment  in  refusing  to 
^■ive  the  relator  a  certificate  required  by  law,  and  he  has  been 
compelled  to  commence  these  proceedings  to  obtain  it.' 

d.  Upon  whom  costs  are  imposed. — Costs  should  be  imposed 
upon  tlie  relator  when  the  application  for  a  Avrit  is  denied,  and 
the  law  against  the  relator  is  plain.^  It  is  not  sufficient  to  ren- 
•der  one  not  a  j)ai'ty  to  the  proceedings  liable  for  costs,  that  the 
return  was  made  at  his  request  and  he  opposed  the  issuing  of  the 
peremptoi-y  writ.^  But  a  party  resisting  a  mandamus  by  re- 
quiring the  relators  to  plead  oi"  demur,  and  subsequently  join- 
ing in  the  demurrer,  is  liable  for  the  costs  of  the  demurrer  if  the 
relators  have  judginent.-^^  AV'iiere  the  application  is  premature, 
but  the  respondent  still  had  time  to  do  tlie  duty  sought  to  be 
eoerced,  costs  will  not  be  allowed  to  either  party.^^ 

e.  Additional  aUoivance. — There  is  no  warrant  in  the  statute 
for  granting  an  extra  allowance  upon  the  final  order  in  these 
proceedings.-^^ 

/.  Terms  imposed  upon  amendment. — An  alternative  writ 
may  be  amended  only  at  special  term.  The  same  terms  are 
usually  imposed  as  upon  the  amendment  to  a  pleading  in  an 
action.     Where  the  amendment  changes  the  entire  scope  of  the 

"People    ex    rel.    Fishers    v.    Neto  ^"People  ex  rel  Hale  v.   Onondaga 

York  Common  Pleas,  18  Wend.  534.  Com,mon  Pleas,  3  Wend.  304. 

''People  ex  rel.  Smith  v.  Hasbrouck,  ^^People   ex  rel.   Smither   v.   Rich- 

54  How.  Pr.  418.  mond,  5  Misc.  26,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  144. 

^People  ex  rel.  Sanders  v.  Colhorne,  ^''People   ex  rel.   Rolf  v.   Coler,   58 

20  How.  Pr.  378.  App.  Div.  347,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1101; 

"People  ex  rel.  Holhrook  v.  Jeffer-  People    ex   rel.    Boyd    v.    Bertie,    46 

son  County  Common  Pleas  Judges,  Apj).  Div.  505,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  965. 
2  Wend.  301. 

COSTS    13. 


194  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

proceeding,  tlie  terms  should  be  the  payment  of  all  tlie  defend- 
ant's costs  subsequent  to  the  service  of  the  writ.-^^ 

g.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs.- — The  objection  that  the  re- 
lator has  not  paid  the  costs  upon  the  dismissal  of  a  previous  ap- 
plication for  the  same  writ  cannot  be  raised  for  the  first  time 
upon  an  appeal.  It  should  have  been  raised  upon  the  motion. 
]^ot  having  been  raised  tlien,  it  is  waived. •^'^ 

h.  Amount  of  costs. — Costs  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  are 
allowed  the  same  as  in  an  action,  when  an  alternative  writ  is 
issued.  Where  an  application  for  a  peremptory  writ  is  granted 
or  denied  without  a  previous  alternative  writ,  costs  not  exceed- 
ing $50  may  be  awarded  to  either  party.-^*''  AVhere,  on  an  agreed 
statement  of  facts,  a  peremptory  writ  is  obtained,  when  but  for 
such  statement  an  alternative  writ  would  have  been  necessary,  it 
was  held  that  the  costs  were  discretionary  with  the  court.^^  It 
has  been  held  that  where  a  court,  upon  overruling  a  demurrer 
to  a  return  upon  an  alternative  writ  of  mandamus,  awards  costs, 
the  costs  must  be  the  costs  upon  an  issue  of  law,  and  not  motion 
costs.^'^  But  under  the  amendment  to  §  3230  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  by  chap.  181  of  Laws  of  1900,  the  court  would 
have  power  upon  the  trial  of  an  issue  of  law  to  award  $10  costs, 
and  it  would  seem  that  that  amount  of  costs  might  be  awarded 
in  these  proceedings. 

Where  public  officers  have  final  judgment  after  return  to  a 
writ  of  alternative  mandamus,  costs  may  be  awarded  as  in  an 
action,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  These  costs  are  taxed 
under  the  provisions  of  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
and  tlierefore  double  costs  are  taxable  under  the  provisions  of 
§  3258  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^    But  where  an  applica- 

'^People     ex     rel.      McDonald     v.  K.  Co.  47  Hiin,  44,  28  N".  Y.  Week. 

riavsen,  61  App.  Div.  184,  70  N.  Y.  Dig.  16,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  168. 

Supp.   417.  ^''People  ex  rel.  Scrihner  v.   Peek- 

"Re  Lofliis,   41   N.   Y.   S.   R.   357,  sidll  Water  Comrs.  58  App.  Div.  554, 

16  N.  Y.  Supp.  327.  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  93. 

'»  Code   Civ.   Proe.    §   2086.  ^^People  ex  rel.  Bates  v.  i:ipeed,  73 

^"People  V.   ycir  York,  L.  E.  d  W.  llun,    302,    57    K    Y.    S.   R.    295,    26 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS.  195 

tion  for  a  peremptory  writ  of  mandamus  is  denied  without  a  pre- 
vious alternative  mandamus,  costs  cannot  exceed  $50  and  dis- 
bursements, and  double  costs  are  not  taxable,  because  the  costs 
allowed  are  not  taxable  under  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure.^^ The  cases  that  held  that  only  motion  costs  could  be 
awarded  when  an  application  for  a  peremptory  writ  was  denied 
have  been  overruled  by  a  change  in  §  2086  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.  Fifty  dollars  costs  are  now  allowable.^*'  Where  at 
the  time  of  the  hearing  the  court  can  grant  no  relief,  even  if  the 
relator's  position  is  correct,  the  application  for  a  peremptory 
writ  should  be  denied,  without  costs. ^^ 

i.  Costs  upon  appeal. — Costs  upon  appeals  are  the  same  as 
costs  upon  appeals  in  actions.^^  Where  a  peremptory  writ  is 
granted  with  costs,  and  a  stay  pending  an  appeal  is  refused,  the 
defendant  has  a  right  to  appeal  after  he  has  complied  with  tlie 
writ,  because  he  is  entitled  to  recover  back  the  costs  that  he  has 
paid,  if  the  wu'it  should  be  reversed.^^  When  costs  are  awarded 
as  a  matter  of  discretion,  they  will  not  usually  be  reviewed  on 
appeal. ^^  Where  the  special  term  sustains  a  demurrer  with 
costs,  which  order  is  affirmed  at  the  appellate  division  with  costs, 
but  is  reversed  in  the  court  of  appeals,  with  leave  to  the  defend- 
ant to  answer  upon  payment  of  costs,  the  successful  party  may 
apply  at  special  term  for  an  allowance  of  costs ;  but  the  costs  of 
the  appellate  division  can  be  obtained  only  upon  an  application 
to  it.-^     Wliere  the  appellate  division  affirms  a  peremptory  writ 

N."  Y.    Siipp.    254;     People    ex    rel.  How.  Pr.  327;   People  ex  rel.  Weeks 

Sanders    v.    Colborne,    20    How.    Pr.  v.  Eicen,  8  Abb.  Pr.  359  note;   Peo- 

378.  pie  ex  rel.  Lumley  v.  Lewis,  28  How. 

^^People  ex  rel..  Hall  v.  Hempstead,  Pr.   159, 

42  App.  Div.  250,  59  K  Y.  Supp.  10.  "-^lie  Martin,  128  N.  Y.  605,  38  N. 

'"'People    ex    rel.    Stihcell    v.    \ew  Y.  S.  R.  885,  27  N.  E.  1017. 

York  Produce  Exchange,  64  How.  Pr.  "People  ex  rel.  Martin  v.  Alhright, 

523 ;  People  ex  rel.  Cogger  v.  Schuy-  23  How.  Pr.  306. 

ler  County,  2  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  78.  ^People   ex   rel.    Keene   v.    Queens 

"^Ee  Sell  wager,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  534,  County,  83  Hun,  237,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

13  N.  Y.  Supp.  384.  159,    31    N.    Y.    Supp.    569,   Affirmed 

=^  Code  Civ.   Proc.   §   3240 ;   People  without  opinion  in  145  N.  Y.  597,  40 

ex   rel.    Bray    v.    Ulster    County.    65  N.  E.   164. 


19G  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK.. 

"with  costs,"  the  same  costs  are  given  as  upon  an  appeal  from  a 
judgmcnt.^'^ 

When  tlie  court  of  appeals  reverses  a  peremptory  writ  "witii 
costs,"  only  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals  can  be  taxed.  The 
courts  beloAv,  which  granted  costs  to  the  respondent  in  the  court 
of  appeals,  can  grant  costs  to  the  appellant  upon  application  to 
them.^^  The  court  may,  upon  granting  a  peremptory  writ 
against  a  public  officer,  board,  or  other  body,  not  only  award  the 
relator  his  damages  and  costs,  but  may  also  impose  a  fine  not 
exceeding  $250  as  a  penalty  for  past  neglect  of  duty.^^  This 
applies  only  to  public  officials.^^ 

The  costs  of  these  proceedings,  except  where  a  peremptory 
writ  of  mandamus  is  awarded  after  the  issuing  of  an  alternative 
writ,  may  be  collected  by  contempt  proceedings.^'^  The  court  has, 
however,  a  discretion  in  enforcing  the  payment  of  costs  by  these 
means,  and  will  refuse  to  so  enforce  them  when  it  would  be  a 
hardship  to  do  so.^^ 

150.  Condemnation  proceedings,  a.  In  general. — Condemna- 
tion proceedings  are  now  regulated  by  §§  3357-3384  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.  Before  the  enactment  of  that  law  the  ques- 
tion of  costs  was  governed  by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, which  relates  to  special  proceedings  in  general.  The 
costs  of  a  proceeding  under  a  special  act  which  provides  for  a 
different  procedure  from  that  laid  do^^^l  in  the  Code  are  governed 
by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  They  may  be  awarded 
to  any  party,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  at  the  rates  allowed 
for  similar  services  in  an  action  brought  in  the  same  court,  or 
on  an  appeal  from  a  judgment  taken  to  the  same  court  and  in 

^People    ex    rel.    Bray    v.    Ulster       "^People  ex   rel.    Garhutt  v.  Roch- 

County,  65  How.  Pr.  327;  Code  Civ.  esier  &  S.  L.  R.  Co.  76  N.  Y.  294. 
Proc.  §  3240.  ""Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2007. 

"Weople   ex   rel.   Kcene   v.    Queens       ^^People  ex  rel.  Meyer  v.  Masonic 

County,  83  Hun,  237,  04  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Gtiild  &   Mut.   Ben.  Asso.  22   N.   Y. 

1.59,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  569;  Barnard  v.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   74,   18  N.  Y.   Supp. 

Hall,  143  N.  Y.  339,  38  N.  E.  301.  800. 

^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2090. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS.  197 

like  manner.^2  Where  the  costs  are  taxed  under  §  3240  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  there  can  be  no  extra  allowance.^^ 

The  only  case  where  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  upon 
a  preliminary  heai'ing  is  when  the  petition  is  dismissed.^^ 

The  only  costs  tliat  tlie  plaintiff  can  obtain  in  these  proceed- 
ings are  those  upon  the  preliminary  hearing  mentioned  in  §  3369 
of  the  Code  of  Ci^dl  Procedure.  These  are  the  same  costs  that 
are  mentioned  in  §  3372,  as  "costs  of  trial."^^  The  hearing  be- 
fore the  commissioners  is  not  a  trial,  but  an  assessment  of  dam- 
ages, and  no  trial  fee  can  be  allowed  therefor.^^  There  is  no 
warrant  in  allowing  separate  bills  of  costs  against  partners  who 
unite  in  their  answer  and  are  defeated.^'^ 

The  fact  that  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  trial  does 
not  deprive  the  defendant  of  the  other  costs  of  the  proceeding, 
when  there  has  been  no  offer,  or,  if  an  offer  has  been  made,  it 
is  smaller  than  the  award."^  The  only  way  that  the  plaintiff 
can  defeat  the  defendant's  claim  for  costs  is  by  making  the  offer 
as  provided  in  §  3372.^*^  If  this  offer  is  not  accepted,  and  no 
answer  is  interposed,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  as  of 

■■-Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3240.  54   N.   Y.   Supp.   412;   St.  Johnsville 

"'■Re  Broolchjn,   148   N.   Y.   107,   42  v.  Cronlc,  55  App.  Div.  633,  67  N.  Y. 

X.  E.  413;  Re  Holden,  126  N.  Y.  589.  Supp.  419:  Brooklyn  Union  Elev.  R. 

38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  504,  27  N.  E.  1063;  Co.  v.  Case,  82  App.  Div.  567,  81  N. 

Re  Grade   Crossing   Comrs.  20   App.  Y.  Supp.  527. 
Div.  271,  46  ]Sr.  Y.  Supp.   1070.  ^Ulanhaffan    R.    Co.    v.    Kent,    80 

'*Code   Civ.    Proc.    §    3369;    Dans-  Hun,  559,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  569,  30  N. 

rille  &  Mt.  M.  R.  Co.  V.  Hammond,  Y.  Supp.  959. 

77   Hun,   39,   59  N.   Y.   S.   R.   49,  28        ■^Manhattan    R.    Co.    v.    Taber,    78 

X.  Y.  Supp.  454.  Hun,  434,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  781,  29  N. 

^'"Eornellsville    Electric   R.    Co.    v.  Y.    Supp.    220;    Johnstoivn   v.   Fred- 
New  York,  L.  E.  d  W.  R.  Co.  83  Hun,  erick,    35    App.    Div.    44,    54    N.    Y. 
407,   64   N.   Y.   S.   R.   416.   31   N.  Y.  Supp.  412. 
Supp.  745.  ^^Syracuse  v.  Stacy,  45   App.   Div. 

^Syracuse    v.    Benedict,'  86    Hun,  260,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  1106;  St.  Johns- 

343,   67   N.   Y.   S.   R.   614,  33   N.  Y.  ville  v.  Cro7xk,  55  App.  Div.  633,  67 

Supp.     944;     Manhattan    R.    Co.    v.  N.    Y.    Supp.    419.    Overruled    in    Re 

Kent,  80  Hun,  559.   62  IST.  Y.   S.  R,  Brooklyn  Union  Elev.  R.  Co.  176  N. 

569,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  959,  Affirmed  in  Y.  213,  68  N.  E.  249. 
145  N.  Y.  595,  40  N.  E.  164;  Johns- 
t(ncn  V.  Frederick,  35  App.  Div.  44, 


198  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

course,  when  the  award  is  larger  than  the  offer.^^^  These  costs 
are  as  follows:  "Before  notice  of  trial,  $10;  after  notice  of 
trial,  $15 ;  trial  fee,  $30,  and  where  the  trial  occupies  more 
than  two  days,  $10.^^**  If  the  defendant  is  under  a  legal  dis- 
ability to  convey,  no  offer  need  be  made,  and  the  defendant  can- 
not be  allowed  the  costs  of  the  proceeding.^*^  AVhere  there  is  no 
allegation  in  the  petition  or  proof  that  the  plaintiff  has  made  an 
offer  to  purchase  the  property,  though  there  is  an  adjudication 
of  another  court  that  the  parties  were  unable  to  agree,  the  de- 
fendant is  entitled  to  costs.^^  Where  there  is  one  petition  to 
condemn  several  pieces  of  land  belonging  to  different  owners, 
and  it  is  stipulated  that  the  evidence  taken  in  one  should  be  con- 
sidered as  taken  in  all,  there  is  but  a  single  proceeding,  although 
separate  orders  for  each  piece  be  entered.^^  The  costs  provided 
for  in  §  3369  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  are  only  granted 
to  a  defendant  when  he  interposes  an  answer  and  succeeds  there- 
on. They  are  the  same  as  are  allowed  to  the  defendant  in  a  su- 
preme court  action,  including  the  allowances  for  proceedings  be- 
fore and  after  notice  of  trial.  These  costs  are  allowed,  as  of 
course,  and  are  taxed  by  the  clerk."*^ 

h.  Additional  allowance. — The  additional  allowance  provided 
for  in  §  3372  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  based  upon  the 
whole  allowance,  where  there  has  been  no  offer.  Where  there 
has  been  an  offer,  it  is  based  upon  the  difference  between  the 
amount  of  the  offer  and  the  amount  of  award.^^  These  allow- 
ances are  not  given  to  punish  tlie  litigants  for  improper  mo- 
tives ;^^  nor  do  they  depend  upon  an  answer  being  sensed  and  the 

39a Re  Broollyn  Union  Eler.  R.  Co.  *-Re  Prospect  Park  d  C.  I.  R.  Co. 

176  N.  Y.  213,  68  N.  E.  240.  67  X.  Y.  371. 

39b  Re  Brooklyn  Union  Elcr.  R.  Co.  "  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3369. 

176  N.  Y.  213,  68  N.  E.  249.  **United    States    v.    Engeman,    27 

^"Maiihattnn    R.    Co.    v.    McEee,    1  Abb.  N.  C.  141. 

-\pp.  Div.  488,  72  K  Y.   S.  R.   595,  *^St.  Laiorence  &  A.  R.  Co.  v.  De 

37  N.  Y.  Supp.  269.  Camp,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.   10,  23  N.   Y. 

"^Manhattan    R.    Co.    v.    Kent,    80  Supp.   544. 
Hun,  559,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  569,  30  N. 
Y.  Supp.  959. 


SPECIAL   PKOCEEDIXGS.  199 

matter  being  difficult  and  extraordinary,  as  in  allowances  in  an 
action,"*'^  but  are  intended  as  an  indemnity  to  the  prevailing 
party  for  exj)enses  necessarily  or  reasonably  incurred  in  the  j)ro- 
ceedings.'^'  Attorneys  A\ho  have  appeared  for  the  owner  of  the 
premises  cannot  obtain  an  order  that  they  be  paid  out  of  the 
fund  awarded  to  the  owner  because  this  is  not  a  case  of  cost  and 
allowances.  Their  right  to  remuneration  rests  upon  their  con- 
tract with  the  owner.  Section  325  i  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, limiting  the  amount  of  extra  allowance  to  $2,000,  does 
not  apply  to  condemnation  proceedings.^^  An  allow^ance  may 
be  granted  in  a  proceeding  in  the  United  States  court  to  acquire 
lands  in  this  state.''^ 

c.  IIovj  the  allowance  of  costs  is  reviewed. — The  allowance  of 
costs  cannot  be  reviewed  on  taxaticm.  The  remedy  is  by  a  mo- 
tion to  correct  the  judgment,  and  by  an  appeal  from  the  order 
made  thereon,  or  by  an  appeal  from  the  judgment.^*^ 

d.  Costs  upon  abandonment  of  the  proceedings. — These  pro- 
ceedings may  be  abandoned  and  discontinued  at  any  time  before 
the  expiration  of  thirty  days  after  the  entry  of  the  final  order. 
The  fees  and  expenses  of  the  commissioners  must  be  paid,  and 
such  other  costs  and  expenses  as  shall  be  directed  in  the  final 
order.^^  The  costs  and  expenses  mean  the  taxable  costs  of  the 
parties  who  have  appeared,  costs  of  motions,  and  allowances  to 
the  guardian  ad  litem  for  infants. '^^ 

151.  Proceedings  brought  by  railroads,  a.  Proceeding  hrougU 
hy  one  railroad  to  cross  another. — The  proceedings  brought  by 

"/?c  Lake  SJwre  d  M.  S.  R.  Co.  65  ^United    States    v.    Engeman.    27 

Hun,  538.  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  3G0.  20  X.  Abb.  K  C.  141. 

Y.  Supp.  573.  ^Uie  Le  Roy.  35  App.  Div.  177,  55 

*''St.  Lawrence  d  A.  R.   Co.  v.  De  N.  Y.  Supp.  149;   Manhattan  R.  Co. 

<^amp,  52  N.  Y.  S.   R.   10.  23  N.  Y'.  v.   Youmans,   81   Hun,   82,   62   N.   Y. 

^upp.  544.  S.  R.  562,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  5G6;  Code 

^'Bruyn  v.  Yeic  York,  W.  8.  d  B.  Civ.  Proc.  §  3374. 

R.  Co.  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  471.  ^-Onondaga    County    v.    White,    38 

^''Re  Brooklyn,  10  Misc.  650,  24  N.  IVlisc.  587,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  1074. 
Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   182,  65  N.  Y.  S. 
R.  201,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  182. 


200  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

one  railroad  to  cross  another  is  not  strictly  a  condemnation  pro- 
ceeding. Costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  under  §  3240' 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 

b.  Proceedings  to  condemn  a  right  of  way  for  elevated  rail- 
roads.— The  courts  do  not  usually  allow  costs  in  a  proceeding  for 
condemning  the  right  of  way  for  an  elevated  railroad.^^ 

c.  Proceedings  under  the  general  railroad  act. — A  proceeding 
under  the  general  railroad  act  is  a  special  proceeding,  and  costs 
should  be  allowed  as  in  an  action  under  §  3240  of  the  Code  of 
(^ivil  Procedure.''^ 

d.  Additional  alloiimnce. — There  is  no  provision  in  §  3240  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  for  any  extra  allowance  f^  but  an 
extra  allowance  can  be  granted  as  a  condition  of  discontinuance, 
after  report  and  before  confirmation.'*^ 

e.  Trial  fee.- — A  trial  fee  cannot  be  allowed  when  no  issue  of 
fact  is  raised  or  tried,  although  disbursements  may  be  allowed,""^ 

/,  Costs  upon  njypeal  by  the  railroad. — Upon  an  appeal  by 
the  railroad  from  an  award,  the  apjDellate  division,  upon  revers- 
ing the  order  of  confirmation  and  sending  the  matter  to  new  com- 
missioners, has  no  right  to  impose  costs  upon  the  land  owner. 
If  the  appeal  is  taken  b}'  the  land  owner  and  he  is  defeated,  it 
is  a  question  whether  the  court  might  not,  in  such  a  case,  have 
power  to  impose  costs  on  the  land  owner.*^^ 

152.  Various  proceedings. —  An  application  for  an  order  ap- 
pointing commissioners  to  appraise  damages  caused  by  the  ex- 

'^nornellsville    Electric    R.    Co.    v.  Co.  v.  Davis,  55  N.  Y.  145;  Re  Ryrn- 

Neio  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  83  Hun,  cuse,  B.  &  A'.  Y.  R.  Co.  4  Hun.  311; 

407,   64   K   Y.   S.   R.   416,   31    N.   Y.  Re   New    Yorl;  L.   &    W.   R.    Co.   26 

Supp.  745;  Re  Lima  d  H.  F.  R.  Co.  Hun,  592. 

68  Him.  252,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  186.  22  '•'"Renssalaer  d  S.  R.  Co.  v.  Davis,. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  967;  Re  Cortland  A  H.  55  N.  Y.  145;  Re  Syracuse,  B.  d  N.. 

Horse  R.  Co.  98  N.  Y.  336.  Y.  R.  Co.  4  Hun,  311. 

^*Rc   Union  FAcv.    R.   Co.   55   Hun,  "'•New  York,  TF.  *S'.  d-  B.  R.  Co.  v. 

163,   28    N.   Y.    S.   R.    386.    7    N.    Y.  Thome,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  190. 

Supp.  853.  ^Re  New  York,  L.  d  W.  R.  Co.  26- 

'•'Re  South  Market  Street,  80  Hun,  Hun,  592. 

■246,   61    N.   Y.   S.   R.   626,   29   N.   Y.  "^Re  Neio  York,  ^Y.  S.  d  B.  R.  Co. 

Supp.    1030:    Re  Rensselaer  d  S.  R.  94  N.  Y.  287. 


SPECIAL,  PROCEEDINGS.  201 

tention  of  a  street,^''  or  to  acquire  lands  for  sewerage  pnrposes,^^ 
is  a  special  j^roceeding,  and  costs  should  be  awarded  under  § 
•3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

Upon  an  appeal  from  an  award  of  commissioners  appointed 
uj)on  a  pi'oceeding  for  altering,  widening,  or  narrowing  a 
street  of  a  village  the  costs  are  regulated  by  §  15Y  of  the  Vil- 
lage Law  (Gen.  Laws,  chap.  21)  which  is  as  follows  "Costs  on 
ap2>eal  may  be  allowed  as  follows : 

"1.  If  on  appeal  by  the  board  of  trustees  the  award  of  the 
commissioners  be  affirmed,  the  county  court  may  allow  to  the 
respondent  costs  of  such  appeal,  against  the  village,  not  exceed- 
ing' $25. 

"2.  If  on  such  appeal  the  award  be  reversed  on  the  ground 
that  as  to  a  specified  owner  it  is  excessive,  the  court  may  fix 
the  amount  of  costs,  not  exceeding  $50,  to  be  stated  in  the  order, 
to  be  paid  by  the  village  to  such  owner,  if  upon  a  rehearing  the 
amount  awarded  to  him  is  not  more  favorable  to  the  village  h^ 
the  amount  of  such  costs  than  the  first  award. 

"8.  If  on  appeal  ])y  an  o^vner  the  award  be  affirmed,  costs  not 
exceeding  $25  may  be  awarded  against  him,  to  be  recovered  by 
the  village. 

"4.  If  on  such  an  appeal  the  award  be  reversed,  the  county 
court  may  allow  to  the  owner  a  sum  not  exceeding  $25  for  the 
costs  of  appeal,  which  shall  be  a  charge  against  the  village." 

Under  a  special  law  (Laws  1896,  chap.  393)  for  acquir- 
ing city-hall  property,  which  provided  that  appraisers'  fees, 
etc.,  should  not  be  paid  except  upon  an  order  of  a  supreme 
court  judge,  and  a  motion  was  made  for  appraisers'  fees^ 
etc.,  it  was  held  that  this  was  not  a  special  proceeding  under 
a  general  law,  but  under  a  special  law,  and  only  motion 
costs  could  be  granted  upon  such  an  applicatiou,  and  not  costs 

^ne  South  Market  Street,  80  Hun,        "i?e  Long,  39  K  Y.  S.  R.  892,   15 
246,   61   N.   Y.   S.   R.   626,  29   N.   Y.    N.  Y.  Supp.  657. 
^    Supp.  1030. 


202  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  I^"  NEW  YORK. 

of  a  special  proceeding.®^  WTien  such  a  bill  is  presented 
for  taxation  there  must  be  suiRcicnt  evidence  produced  to 
enable  the  justice  to  pass  upon  the  value  of  the  ser\dces  rendered, 
or  the  amount  of  the  disbursements  made.^^  The  fact  that  a 
piirty  has  agreed  to  pay  a  certain  sum  for  services  rendered  is  no 
evidence  of  its  value.^''  Under  §  998  of  the  Greater  New  Yorij 
charter  (Laws  1897,  chap.  378,  as  amended  by  Laws  1901,  chap. 
166),  relative  to  the  taxation  of  the  costs,  fees,  and  expenses  of 
the  commissioners  of  estimate  and  assessment  appointed  in  con- 
demnation proceedings  instituted  by  the  city  of  Xew  York,  thf- 
commissioners  must  present  proof  which  will  enable  the  court  to 
see  that  the  number  of  days  charged  for  by  them  was  necessa- 
rily devoted  to  the  proceedings.  An  allegation  which  states  in 
general  terms  that  they  had  performed  and  discharged  tkeir  du- 
ties as  such  commissioners,  and  had  been  employed  a  specified 
number  of  days,  is  not  sufficient.''^ 

But  commissioners  appointed  under  the  act  which  provides 
for  the  acquisition  of  property  connected  with  the  water  supply 
of  the  city  of  'New  York  (Laws  1877,  chap.  445,  §  17,  as 
amended  by  Laws  1897,  chap.  713),  who  present  affidavits  to  the 
effect  that  each  commissioner  was  actually  employed  as  a  com- 
missioner of  appraisal  in  the  proceeding  a  specified  number  of 
days,  make  out  a  prima  facie  case  for  compensation  for  that 
number  of  days.''® 

Under  the  grade  crossing  act  (Laws  of  1888,  chap.  345),  the 
costs  and  allowances  are  governed  by  §  3372  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.®'^ 

153.  Proceedings  by  taxpayers  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  a 
village.      In  proceedings  for  the  summary  investigation  into  the 

'-Re  New  York,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  178.        "»7^e  Xetc  York,  77  App.  Div.  433, 

"^People    ex    rel.    Allison    v.    New  79  N.  Y.  Supp.   192. 

York  Bd.  of  Edu.  26  App.  Div.  208,        ""A'e   ColUs,   80   App.   Div.  '287.  80 

49  N.  Y.  Supp.  915.  K.  Y.  Supp.  307. 

"/ee  Neiv  York,  72  App.  Div.  113,        °"/i*e  BuffuJo  Grade  Crossing  Comrs. 

76  N.  Y.  Supp.  137.  19  Misc.  230.  43  N.  Y.  Supp.'  1073. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDIIsGS.  203 

financial  affairs  of  a  village,  pursuant  to  Laws  1892,  chap.  685, 
§  3,  the  costs  are  regulated  by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. If  the  costs  are  not  properly  taxed  the  remedy  is  the 
same  as  in  an  action. ^^  Attorney  and  comisel  fees  have  been 
taxed  at  special  term,^"  but  there  seems  to  be  no  more  warrant 
for  taxing  these  items  in  this  proceeding  than  for  taxing  them  in 
an  action. 

Costs  cannot  be  charged  against  persons  who  are  not  parties  to 
these  proceedings,  although  it  may  be  that  their  bills  are  the  ones 
that  are  investigated  and  found  irregular.'''^ 

154.  Costs  upon  opening  a  highway. —  The  costs  and  disburse- 
ments upon  an  application  to  lay  out  a  highway  under  Gen. 
Laws,  chap.  19,  §§  83-88,  are  a  charge  against  the  town,  if  the 
highway  is  opened ;  but  this  does  not  include  services  of  counsel 
for  the  petitioner. ''^^  In  case  the  application  to  lay  out  the  high- 
way is  denied  the  toAvn.  is  not  liable  for  the  costs  and  disburse- 
ments in  the  unsuccessful  application.'^^  The  liability  of  the  pe- 
titioner in  case  he  is  defeated  is  limited  to  $50.  If  he  pays  this, 
as  costs,  to  the  parties  opposing  the  application,  he  is  not  liable 
to  pay  the  commissioners  their  fees.  In  such  a  case  they  cannot 
collect  for  their  services  from  anyone.  "^^ 

When  a  reassessment  of  damages  shall  be  had  on  the  applica- 
tion of  the  party  for  whom  damages  were  assessed,  and  such 
damages  shall  not  be  increased  on  such  reassessment,  the  costs 
shall  be  paid  by  the  party  applying  for  the  reassessment;  and 
when  application  shall  be  made  by  two  or  more  persons  for  the 
reassessment  of  damages,  all  persons  so  liable  for  costs  are  liable 
in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  damages  respectively  assessed 
to  them  by  the  first  assessment,  and  may  be  recovered  by  action 

^Re  Plattsiurgh,  27  App.  Div.  353.  '^Eppig  v.  'New  York,  57  App.  Div. 

50  X.  Y.  Supp.  356.  114.  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  41. 

^'Re  Plattsburgh,  27  App.  Div.  353,  '"Re   Miller,    9   App.   Div.    260,   41 

50  X.  Y.  Supp.  356.  N.  Y.  Supp.  581. 

'°7?e  Hempstead,  36  App.  Div.  321.  ''^Patton   v.    Miller,    28    App.    Div. 

.55  N.  Y.  Supp.  345.  517,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  202. 


204  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

in    favor   of   any   person   entitled   to   the    same.      Gen.    Laws^ 
chap.  19,  §  02. 

Upon  an  application  to  lay  out  a  private  road  the  damages 
are  to  be  paid  by  the  person  for  whose  benefit  tlie  road  is  laid 
out.  imless  it  shall  be  certified  that  the  necessity  of  such  private 
road  was  occasioned  by  the  alteration  or  discontinuance  of  a 
public  highway,  in  such  case  the  damages  must  be  paid  by  the 
to\\Ti   and  refunded  to  the  applicant.     Gen.   Laws,  chap.   19, 

§  m. 

But  if  the  amount  of  damages  assessed  are  increased  upon  a 
new  hearing  regularly  had,  the  applicant  must  pay  the  costs 
of  such  rehearing.  If  the  damages  assessed  are  not  increased 
upon  such  rehearing  the  owner  must  pay  the  costs  and  expenses 
of  such  rehearing.     Gen.  Laws,  chap.  19,  §  120. 

155.  Proceedings  to  investigate  the  affairs  of  a  county. —  A  pri- 
vate person  or  an  unincorporated  association  is  entitled  to  be  re 
imbnrsed  by  the  county  for  reasonable  costs  and  expenses  in  pro- 
ceedings before  the  governor,  instituted  upon  reasonable 
jiTounds,  to  remove  a  county  officer.  There  is  no  need  of  an  au- 
thorization by  the  attorney  general.  If  the  board  of  supervis- 
ors refuse  to  audit  the  claim  the  claimant  may  resort  to  either 
certiorari  or  mandamus  proceedings."^*  Upon  an  appeal  to  the 
state  board  of  tax  commissioners  from  the  equalization  of  assess- 
ments the  board  may  allow  for  services  of  counsel  a  sum  not 
exceeding  $2,000,  and  for  disbursements,  including  the  compen- 
sation and  expense  of  a  stenographer,  a  sum  not  exceeding 
$1,000  in  addition  thereto."^^  Wliere  costs  on  appeal  from  a 
tax  equalization  were  ordered  paid  by  the  defeated  party,  and 
where  it  refused  to  levy  taxes  to  pay  the  same,  it  was  held  that  a 
mandamus   was   the   proper   proceeding  to  compel  such  levy.'^ 

^*People  ex  rel.  Smart  v.  Washing-  ^'People   ex  rel.    Ulster   County  v. 

ton   Couniji.  66  .App.  Div.  66.  72  N.  Kinffsto7i,  101   N.  Y.  82,  3  How.  Pr. 

Y.  Supp.  568.  N.  S.  452,  4  N.  E.  348. 

"Oen.  Laws.  chap.  24,  §  177. 


SPECIAL  PEOCEEDINGS.  205 

T\Tiere  a  board  of  supervisors  contracted  with  an  attorney  to  pay 
$1,200  in  an  appeal  hj  a  town  to  the  state  assessors  from  the 
equalization  of  the  board  of  supervisors,  and  the  state  assessors 
certified  the  expenses  of  the  respondent's  attorney  at  $500,  this 
did  not  determine  the  amount  which  might  be  properly  paid  by 
the  board  of  supervisors  to  their  counsel  for  compensation  on 
such  appeal. ''^^ 

Upon  a  petition  by  a  receiver  of  taxes  to  punish  a  taxpayer 
for  nonpayment  of  a  personal  tax,  where  the  taxpayer  charges 
that  the  marshal  never  demanded  taxes  from  him,  which  is  not 
denied  by  tlia  receiver,  the  court  would,  under  Laws  1882,  chap. 
410,  §  861,  relieve  him  of  costs  of  the  proceedings.'^^ 

156.  Proceedings  to  vacate  an  assessment. —  A  proceeding  to 
vacate  an  assessment  is  a  special  proceeding,  and  costs  thereof 
similar  to  those  in  an  action  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court, 
under  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.''^ 

157.  Proceedings  under  special  acts. —  Special  acts  in  relation 
to  laying  out  streets,  etc.,  Avhich  contain  no  provision  as  to  costs, 
are  governed  by  the  same  section.^"  Where  there  are  several  de- 
fendants who  are  not  united  in  interest,  and  who  make  separate 
defenses  and  require  separate  judgments,  they  are  entitled  to 
separate  bills  of  costs.^^  Under  §  159  of  the  Village  Law  (Laws 
1897,  chap.  414,  as  amended  by  Laws  1901,  chap.  68)  the  costs 
can  be  claimed  by  the  owner  as  a  matter  of  right,  only  after  the 
appointment  of  commissioners  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  tlie 
damage.  All  costs  incurred  prior  thereto  are  governed  by  § 
3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  "When  the  court  appoints 
commissioners,  upon  confirming  the  report  of  the  referee,  it  can 

""People  ex  rel.   Anihal  v.   Fulton        *"7?e    Grade    Crossing    Comrs.     17 
County,  53  Hun,  254,  G  N.  Y.  Supp.     App.  Div.  54,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  844. 
591.  ^Re  Eleventh  Ave.  14  N.  Y.  Week. 

'''Re  McLean,  62  Hun,  1,  41  N.  Y.    Dig.  466. 
S.  R.  897,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  417. 

'^Re    Prolesiant    Episcopal    Public 
School,  86  N.  Y.  39g! 


206  1111.  J.AW  oi'  (.o.si'^s  I.N  m:\v  vouk. 

allow  costs  up  to  that  time.  If  tlie  order  of  confirmation  is 
silent  as  to  costs,  none  can  be  taxed  for  proceedings  prior  to  tli«i 
appointment  of  sneli  commissioners. '**" 

^Bley   V.    Hanihiun,   84    App.   Div. 
23,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  35. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED. 

158.  Proceedings  for  appointment  of  a  committee  of  a  lunatic,  idiot,  habit- 
ual drunkard,  or  imbecile. 
a.  Petition  dismissed. 
6.  Petition  granted. 

c.  Attempt  by  incompetent  to  have  the  committee  removed. 

d.  Allowance  to  and  against  conmiittee. 
1.39.  Certiorari. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Proceedings  against  assessors. 

c.  Amendment  of  certiorari. 

d.  Additional  allowance. 
IGO.  Habeas  corpus. 

161.  Proceedings  supplementary  to  execution. 

a.  Statute. 

6.  At  what  stage  of  tlie  proceeding  costs  are  granted. 

c.  How  costs  are  collected  of  judgment  debtor. 

d.  Costs  granted  to  judgment  debtor. 

e.  Costs  granted  to  third  parties. 

f.  Costs  in  proceedings  to  collect  taxes. 

162.  Contempt  proceedings. 

a.  In  general. 

b.  In  proceedings  supplementary  to  execution. 
l(j.3.  Summary  proceedings. 

o.  Statute. 
6.  Tender. 

c.  Costs  on  appeal. 

Ifi4.  General  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  creditors, 
a.  Allowance  for  legal  services. 
6.  Costs  in  actions  to  set  aside  assignment. 

c.  Costs  on  contested  claims. 

d.  Costs  in  actions  brought  by  assignee. 

e.  Costs  in  an  action  for  an  accounting. 

f.  Costs  upon  the  final  accounting. 

g.  By  whom  costs  of  final  accounting  are  paid. 
h.  How  costs  against  an  assignee  are  collected. 

165.  Assignee  or  trustee  in  bankruptcy. 

166.  Writ  of  prohibition. 

167.  How  costs  on  state  writs  are  collected. 

168.  Removal  of  excise  commissioners. 

207 


208  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN   NEW   YOKK. 

1G9.  rroc-c'cding-s  to  mortgage  trust  property. 

170.  Spec-ial  proceedings  before  an  oflicer. 

171.  Proceedings  to  discharge  from  imprisonment  on  oxocution. 
171a.Proceedings  to  discover  the  death  of  a  tenant  for  life. 

158.  Proceedings  for  appointment  of  a  committee  of  a  lunatic, 
idiot,  habitual  drunkard,  or  imbecile,  a.  Petition  dismissed. — 
Where  a  hnal  order  is  made  dismissing  a  petition  the  court  may, 
in  its  discretion,  award  in  the  order  a  fixed  sum  as  costs,  not  ex- 
ceeding $50,  and  disbursements,  to  be  paid  by  the  petitioner  to 
the  adverse  party.  Costs  are  not  awarded  against  the  unsuccess- 
ful petitioner,  if  he  acted  in  good  faith  and  upon  probable 
cause  ;^  but  he  will  be  compelled  to  bear  his  o^\^l  expenses.^ 

h.  Petition  granted. — Where  a  committee  of  the  property  is 
appointed  the  court  must  direct  the  payment  by  him,  out  of  the 
funds  in  his  hands,  of  the  necessary  disbursements  of  the  peti- 
tioner, and  of  such  a  sum  for  costs  and  counsel  fees  as  it  thinks 
reasonable ;  and  it  may,  in  its  discretion,  direct  the  committee 
to  pay  a  sum  not  exceeding  $50  and  disbursements  to  any  ad- 
verse j3arty.^  The  attorney  who  appears  for  the  person  who  is 
declared  a  lunatic  is  not  limited  to  the  sum  of  $50  for  liis  serv- 
ices in  defending  the  proceeding.* 

If  it  is  found  that  the  alleged  lunatic  is  of  sound  mind,  then 
the  court  obtains  no  control  over  his  property,  and  cannot  charge 
the  costs  of  the  proceeding  thereon  ;  but  after  the  jury  has  found 
that  he  was  of  unsound  mind  the  court,  upon  confirming  the  in- 
quisition, acquires  complete  jurisdiction  over  the  lunatic  and  his 
property  f  and  if  the  lunatic  dies  after  the  determination  of  the 
jury  and  before  its  confirmation  the  court,  liaving  acquired  ju- 
risdiction over  the  property  of  the  lunatic,  may  direct  the  pay- 
ment of  the  costs  and  disbursements  of  the  proceeding.^ 

'i?e    McAdams,    19   Hun,   293;    Re       ^Re  Clapp,   20   How.   Pr.   385;    Re 
Arnhout,    1    Paige,    497;    Broiver   v.    dies,  11  Paige,  638;  Re  Arnhoul,  1 
Fisher,  4  Johns.  Ch.  441;   Code  Civ.    Pauie,  ,501. 
Proc.  §  23,*]6.  "/'e  LnftJwuse,  3  App.  Div.  139,  74 

=7?e  Giles,  11   Paige,  638.  X.  Y.  S.  E.  468,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  39. 

'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2336. 

'Re  Hardy,   26  App.   Div.    164.   49 
N.  Y.  Supp.  953. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDIiS'GS  CONTINUED.  209 

By  §  2323  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  costs  may  be  al- 
lowed, upon  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  an  incompetent 
person  who  has  been  committed  to  a  state  institution,  to  the  pe- 
titioner in  a  sum  not  exceeding  $25  besides  the  necessary  dis- 
bursements, payable  from  the  estate  of  the  incompetent. 

Upon  the  denial  of  an  application  to  set  the  same  aside,  costs 
as  of  a  motion  may  be  allowed. 

0.  Attempt  hy  iiico)npetent  to  liave  the  committee  removed. — 
The  conmiittee  of  a  lunatic  is  authorized  to  pay  counsel  fees  in 
defending  a  proceeding  brought  to  liave  the  lunacy  proceeding  set 
aside. '^  The  allowance  thus  made  rests  largely  in  the  discretion 
of  the  court  at  special  term,  and  this  discretion  will  not  usually 
be  reviewed  on  appeal.^  There  is  no  hard  and  fast  rule  con- 
cerning allowance  out  of  the  estate  of  the  incompetent  to  attor- 
neys for  sendees  rendered  in  an  imsuccessful  attempt  to  procure 
a  supersedeas  of  a  commission,  where  the  inquiry  is  expressly 
sanctioned  by  the  court,  by  ordering  a  reference  to  inquire  into 
the  mental  condition  of  the  incompetent  person.  If  the  proceed- 
ing is  groundless  or  vexatious,  and  is  supported  by  no  probable 
cause,  or  is  instituted  in  bad  faith,  or  for  the  benefit  of  a  third 
party,  no  costs  should  be  allowed.^  If  the  estate  is  large  the 
•costs  are  projDerly  allowed  out  of  the  estate.^*^  It  is  immaterial 
that  the  application  is  not  made  by  the  committee.^ ^  On  the 
■contrary,  if  the  incompetent  person  has  a  small  estate,  all  of 
which  is  required  to  support  him  and  his  family,  the  court  will 
be  averse  to  making  an  allowance  out  of  the  estate.^  ^  If  the 
proceeding  was  instituted  for  the  benefit  of  a  third  person  the 
■costs  are  properly  chargeable  against  such  third  person.^^      Costs 

'Re  Clapp,  20  How.  Pr.  385.  '"Re  Tracy,  1  Paige,  580. 

^Re  Killick,   4   Silv.    Sup.   Ct.   89:        "7?e  Lamer,  68  App.  Div.  .321.  74 
26  N.   Y.   S.  R.  763,   7   N.  Y.   Siipp.    X.  Y.   Pupp.   70. 
■360.  "Re  M'Lean.  6  Jolins.  C'li.  440. 

"Carier  v.  Bccl-irith.  128  N.  Y.  312.        ''/?e    Folgcr,    4    Jolins.    Cli.    169. 
40  N.  Y.  S.  Pv.  343;  Re  Beckwith,  3 
Hun,  443. 

COSTS    14. 


210  TJIE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

out  of  the  estate  of  the  incompetent  will  be  denied  to  an  attor- 
ney who  had  a  personal  interest  in  the  proceeding.^* 

d.  Allowance  to  and  against  coinmittec. — Whore  a  committee 
has  employed  an  attorney  the  court  has  power  to  entertain  an  ap- 
plication of  the  attorney  for  payment,  and  order  the  committee 
to  pay  the  value  of  the  attorney's  services.^^  A  committee  who 
has  been  guilty  of  gross  negligence  will  be  charged  with  costs  of 
proceedings  for  his  removal,  and  to  procure  a  settlement  of  his 
accounts.^ ^  The  matter  of  allowing  counsel  fees  to  the  commit- 
tee rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^'^  The  jurors  are  entitled 
to  only  25  cents,  Avitli  no  per  diem  allowance.-^^ 

159.  Certiorari,  a.  In  general. — Costs  not  exceeding  $50  and 
disbursements  may  be  allowed  in  the  final  order  to  either  party 
in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^^  The  order  must  specify  the 
amount  of  costs.  The  clerk  has  no  authority  to  tax  costs,  but 
the  amount  of  costs  must  be  fixed  by  the  court.-"  Costs  as  of  an 
action  cannot  be  taxed  under  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, because  the  amount  of  costs  is  fixed  by  §  2143  of  thai 
Code.  ISTor  does  §  3258,  subd.  1,  or  §  3251,  which  give  public 
officers  double  costs,  have  any  application  to  these  proceedings.^^ 

The  costs,  when  allowed,  should  be  taxed  and  inserted  in  the 
order.^-  The  costs  upon  a  certiorari  to  review  the  comptroller's 
assessment  of  state  taxes  on  corporations  are  governed  by  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  §  2143,  because  the  statute  which  reg- 
ulates the  practice  in  such  proceedings  makes  no  special  provi- 
sion as  to  costs,  and  the  general  statute  applies. 

"Re  Van  Coti,  1  Paige,  489.  "^People  ex  rel  Hall  v.  Unnpsfead, 

"7?e   Norton,   18  Misc.   406.   42   N.  42  App.  Div.  250,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  10; 

Y.  Supp.  775.  People   ex   rel.    Green   v.   Smith,    1.? 

"7?f  Carter,  3  Paige,  146.  Hun.   227;    People  ex  rel.   Smith  v. 

"Re  Killick,   4   Silv.    Sup.   Ct.   89,  Nelliston,  79  N.  Y.  638. 

26  N.  Y.  S.  P.  763.  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  360.  -'People  ex  rel.  Hall  v.  Hempstead, 

^Re  Sanford,  61  Hun.  33,  15  N.  Y.  42  App.  Div.  250.  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  10; 

Supp.  291;   Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§  2333,  People  ex  rel.  Donovan  v.  New  York 

3313,  3314,  3316.  Fire  Comrs.  5  Abb.  N.  C.  144. 

"People  ex  rel.  Hall  v.  Hempstead.  -Re  BrooJdyn   Bd.   of  Edu.    19  N. 

42  App.  Div.  250,  59  X.  Y.  Supp.  10;  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  420,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Code  Civ.  Proc.  S  2143.  403,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  780. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDi:N'Gis  CONTINUED.  211 

h.  Proceedings  against  assessors. — Costs  in  proceedings  by 
certiorari  under  chapter  24  of  the  General  Laws  are  governed 
by  §  254  of  that  act.  This  section  is  a  re-enactment  of  §§  6  and  7 
of  chapter  2G9  of  the  Laws  of  1880,  which  substantially  re-enact- 
ed chapter  270  of  tlie  Laws  of  1854.  Section  2143  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  does  not  apply.^'  If  the  relator  is  defeated, 
costs  must  be  awarded  against  him  not  exceeding  the  costs  and 
disbursements  taxable  in  an  action  upon  the  trial  of  an  issue  of 
fact  in  the  supreme  court.^"* 

Assessors  will  not  be  charged  with  costs  where  a  question  of 
law  has  been  submitted  to  them,  and  they  have  decided  wrong- 
ly.-*"  The  presumption  of  law  is  that  the  officers  intend  to  per- 
form tlieir  duty  honestly  and  conscientiously,  and  such  presump- 
tion can  only  be  overcome  by  clear  evidence.  This  is  not  done 
!)y  isolated  cases  that  may  be  difficult  to  reconcile  with  a  consci- 
•ntious  discharge  of  duty ;  but  where,  looking  at  the  assessment 
as  a  whole,  and  considering  the  difficulty  of  assessing  peculiar 
property,  the  result  is  good,  costs  will  not  be  awarded  against 
them.-^  Their  dereliction  uuist  be  clear  before  they  will  be 
compelled  to  pay  costs.^'^ 

Assessors  will  be  charged  personally  -^vith  costs,  when  they 
have  all  the  facts  before  them  and  the  true  rule  of  law  civen 
them,  and  then  assess  the  property  at  a  grossly  excessive  sum.^* 

^People  ex  rel.  Fairfield  Chemical  ^*Gen.  Laws  chap.  24,  §  254. 

Co.  V.  Coleman,  18  Abb.  N.  C.  246;  -^People    ex    rel.    Canady    v.    Wil- 

People  ex  rel.  'Niagara  Falls  Eydrau-  Hams,  90  Hun.  501,  71  N.  Y.  S.  K. 

lie  Poirer  d  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Russell,  57  401,  36  X.  Y.  Supp.  65. 

Htin,  53,  32  X.  Y.  S.  R.  20,  10  X.  Y.  -"People  ex  rel.   Walkill  Valley  R. 

Supp.  391 ;  People  ex  rel.  Lee  v.  Col-  Co.  v.  Keator,  67  How.  Pr.  277,  Af- 

lege  Point,  89  Hun.  194,  68  N.  Y.  S.  firmed  in  36  Hun,  592,  17  Abb.  N.  C. 

R.  878,  34  X.  Y.  Supp.   1145,  seems  369. 

to  have  been  decided  without  the  at-  '"People  ex  rel  Mann  v.  Covert,  18 

tention  of  the  court  being  drawn  to  N.  Y.  \Yeek.  Dig.  458 ;  People  ex  rel. 

the    fact    that    costs    in    certiorari  Raplee  v.  Reddy,  43  Barb.  539;  Peo- 

against  assessors  are  not  governed  by  pie  ex  rel.  Thurman  v.  Ryan,  88  N. 

the  general  provisions  as  to  costs  in  Y.  142,  42  Am.  Rep.  238. 

these    proceedings    contained    in    the  '^People  ex  rel.  Boston,  H.  T.  d  W. 

Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  /'.  Co.  v.  Wilder,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  159. 


212  TILE  1.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

They  will  be  charged  with  costs  where  the  court  finds  that  they 
acted  with  gross  negligence.^^  Where  repeated  adjudications 
had  held  that  the  property  was  exempt,  and  the  assessors  again 
assessed  it,  and  appealed  from  the  adverse  decision  against  them, 
to  the  court  of  appeals,  and,  while  the  case  was  pending  there, 
again  placed  it  on  the  tax  roll,  they  were  properly  chargeable 
with  bad  faith,  and  should  be  compelled  to  pay  costs  personally.^" 
Where  assessors  assessed,  in  1900,  property  that  was  declared 
exempt  in  1898,  and  one  of  the  board  of  1900  was  on  the  board 
in  1898,  costs  of  a  writ  of  certiorari  are  properly  allowed 
against  them.^^  In  the  absence  of  a  holding  at  special  term  or 
by  the  appellate  division  that  the  action  of  the  assessors  was 
grossly  negligent  or  in  bad  faith  or  with  malice,  no  costs  can  bo 
allowed  against  them.^^ 

The  immunity  that  the  assessors  possess  at  special  term  with 
regard  to  costs  does  not  aj)ply  upon  an  appeal  taken  by  them 
from  an  adverse  decision,  and,  if  defeated  upon  the  appeal,  cost.- 
may,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  be  awarded  against  them  the 
same  as  on  an  appeal  from  an  order, — $10."^  If  costs  are 
awarded  to  assessors,  either  at  special  term  or  upon  an  appeal, 
they  are  entitled  to  increased  costs  under  §  3258  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure,  because  these  costs  are  regulated  by  §  3251, 
and  not  by  §  2143.     The  party  claiming  such  costs  should  apply 

"People  ex  rel.  Warren  v.  Carter,  S.  R.   207,  25  N.  Y.   Supp.   393,  Af- 

119  N.  Y.  654,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.   116,  firmed  in  141  X.  Y.  118,  23  L.  R.  A. 

23  N.  E.  927.  95,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  586,  35  N.  E.  1073; 

'"People  ex  rel.  Doivd  v.  Fonda,  22  People  ex  rel.  Eckerson  v.  Christie, 

N.  Y.  Woek.  Dig.  477.  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  525. 

^People  ex  rel.   Delta  Kappa   Ep-       ^Re  Pryor.  67   App.   Div.   316,  73 

silon  l^oc.  V.  LawJor,  36  Misc.  594,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  961;  People  ex  rel.  Smith 

N.  Y.  Supp.  1082.  V.  Ye;p  York  T.  &  A.  Comrs.  101  N. 

'"People     ex     rel.     Niagara     Falls  Y.  651,  4  N.  E.  752;   People  ex  rel. 

llydrauUc  Power  d  Mfg.  Co.  v.  Riis-  Warren  v.  Carter,  46  Hun,  444;  Peo- 

scll,  57  Hun,  53,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  20,  pie  ex  rel.  Oak  Hill  Cemetery  Asso. 

10  N.  Y.  Supp.  391;   People  ex  rel.  v.  Pratt,  66  Hun,  578,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

}fann  v.  Peterson,  31  Hun.  421;  Peo-  355,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  853,  Affirmed  in 

pie  ex  rel.  Ogdenshurgh  &  L.  C.  R.  138  N.  Y.  655,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.   931, 

Co.  V.  Pond.  i3  Abb.  N.  C.  1:  People  34  N.  E.  513;   People  ex  rel.  Smith 

<x  rel.  Lorillard  v.  Barker,  55  N.  Y.  v.  Asten,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  37;  People  ex 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED.  213 

io  the  court  for  a  certificate  directing  the  clerk  to  tax  the  in- 
creased costs.^'*  Costs  must  be  awarded  upon  denying  the  pe- 
tition.^'^  Costs  upon  appeal  against  others  than  assessors  are  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  when  awarded  they  are  the  same 
as  upon  an  appeal  from  a  judgment  in  an  action."'^  Upon  ap- 
peals from  a  certiorari  against  the  assessors  the  costs  are  not  gov- 
erned by  the  provisions  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  but  un- 
der §  255  of  chapter  24  of  the  General  Laws,  which  makes  ap- 
peals the  same  as  appeals  from  orders ;  and  therefore  costs  are 
governed  by  §  3239  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 

c.  Amendment  of  certiorari. — Relators  should  be  allowed  to 
amend  the  certiorari  after  a  return  is  filed  upon  the  payment  of 
casts.^*  At  common  law,  costs  were  not  allowed  upon  certiorari, 
either  at  special  term,^''  or  on  appeal."**^ 

d.  Additional  allowance. — Under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civi! 
Procedure  an  additional  allowance  may  be  granted,  except  in  the 
first  and  second  judicial  districts,  in  certiorari  to  review  assess- 
ments. 

160.  Habeas  corpus. —  Costs  are  not  allowed  in  habeas  corpus 
proceedings  of  a  criminal  nature,^^  except  where  the  prisoner  is 

rcl.  Walllill  Valley  R.  Co.  v.  Keator,  S03 :   People  ex  rel.  Oak  Hill  Ceme- 

101  N.  Y.  612,  3  N.  E.  903;   People  iery  v.  Pratt,  (5()  Hun,  578,  50  N.  Y. 

ex    rel.    Weatern    U.    Teleg.    Co.    v.  S.  R.  355,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  853. 

Dolan,  126  N.  Y.  166,  179.  12  L.  R.  ^People  ex  rel.  Neio  York,  C.  &  H. 

A.  251,  27  N.  E.  269;  People  ex  rel.  R.   R.   Co.  v.   Feitner,  58   App.   Div. 

Bleeder   fitreet    &   F.   F.   R.    Co.  v.  343,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1058. 

Barker,  90  Hun,  253,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ''I'eople  ex  rel.   Cook  v.  Board  of 

204,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  803.  I'olice,  17  Abb.  Pr.  324,  note,  26  How. 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3248.  Pr.     450.       Contra,    People    ex    rel. 

'^Gen.  Laws,  chap.  24,  §  254;  Peo-  M tiller  v.  Schodack  Hightcay  Gomrs. 

pie  ex  rel.  Rome,  W.  d  0.  R.  Co.  v.  27  How.  Pr.   158. 

Jones,   43   Hun.    131.   6   N.   Y.   S.   R.  '"People   ex   rel.    Kilmer   v.    Cheri- 

112,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  487.  tree,  5  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  65;  People 

^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3240;  Wood  v.  ex  rcl.  Smith  v.  Nelliston,  79  N".  Y. 

Randolph,  9  Misc.   .507,   61   K  Y.  S.  638,  9  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  298. 

R.   80,   30   N.   Y.   Supp.    344;    People  "People  ex  rel.  Van  Riper  v.  New 

ex  rel.  Shelton  v.  Cower,  44  How.  Pr.  York  Catholic  Protectory,  106  N.  Y. 

26.  604,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  260,  5  N. 

"People  ex  rel.  Bleecker  Street  d  Y.   Crim.   Rep.   409,    11    N.   Y.   S.  R. 

F.  F.  R.  Co.  V.  Barker,  90  Hun.  253,  155,   13  N.  E.  435. 
70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  264,  35  N.  Y.  Supp. 


214  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK, 

released  and  an  appeal  is  taken  in  the  name  of  the  people,  under 
v$  2059  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure;  then  costs  upon  affirm- 
ance should  be  paid  by  the  county.  Such  costs  are  $50  and  dis- 
bursements.*"^ But  in  a  civil  special  proceeding,  costs  and  dis- 
bursements as  in  an  action  may  be  awarded  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court.**  The  costs  should  embrace  only  the  items  for  pro- 
ceedings after  petition  and  before  trial,  and  for  trial  and  dis- 
bursements.*"'' Where  the  matter  is  disposed  of  upon  a  demur 
rer  interposed  to  tlie  return  of  the  sheriff,  the  proceedings  are 
analogous  to  the  trial  of  an  issue  of  law,  and  a  similar  trial  fee 
is  proper.  Costs  before  notice  of  trial  should  not  be  allowed,  as 
there  is  no  notice  of  trial  of  the  demurrer  or  anything  resem 
bling  such  notice.*^  In  the  final  order  the  facts  must  be  set 
forth  which  show  that  the  amount  fixed  by  the  order  is  properly 
chargeable.*"  Upon  an  appeal  from  an  order  granted  at  special 
term,  denying  the  application  of  counsel  upon  a  habeas  corpus 
that  failed,  for  an  allowance  out  of  the  property  of  the  person  in 
whose  behalf  the  proceeding  was  instituted  for  services  therein, 
on  the  ground  that  the  proceeding  was  instituted  in  bad  faith, 
or,  at  least,  without  authority,  the  appellate  division,  upon  re- 
versing the  order  of  the  special  term,  should  not  allow  the 
amount  claimed,  but  should  send  the  matter  back  to  the  special 
term  to  inquire  into  the  necessity  or  propriety  of  the  proceeding, 
the  right  of  counsel  to  compensation,  and  the  reasonableness 
of  the  charges,*^  A  defendant  cannot  be  charged  with  costs 
until  he  has  had  a  full,  fair,  patient,  and  impartial  hearing.** 

«  Code  Civ.  Proc.   §   3240 ;   People  *^McMaster's  Efttate,  14  N.  Y.  Civ. 

ex  rel.  fUnJcler  v.  Tern/,  42  Hun.  273,  Proc.  Rep.   195.  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  240, 

5  N.  Y.  S.  R.   121,  25  X.  Y.  Week.  1  X.  Y.  Supp.  225;  Re  Bernhard,  14 

Dig.  307.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  195,  16  N.  Y. 

*^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3240;  Re  Bar-  S.  R.  240,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  225. 

nett,  11  Hun,  468,  53  How.  Pr.  247;  "Re  Teese,  32  App.  Div.  46.  6  N. 

Re  Teese,  32  App.  Div.  46,  6  N.  Y.  Y.   Anno.  Cas.   149,   52  X.   Y.   Supp. 

Anno.  Cas.  149,  52  N^.  Y.  Supp.  517;  517. 

People   ex   rel.    Oprandy   v.    Ciarcia,  *^Re  Lamer,  170  X.  Y.  7,  62  X.  E. 

49  App.  Div.  90,  63  X.  Y.  Supp.  497.  761. 

"Z.'e  Barnrit,  11  Hun,  468,  53  How.  *''PeopIe  ex  rel.  ^Yatso7t  v.  Boffett, 

Pr.   247;   Muller  v.  Boice,  4  Month.  75  App.  Div.  365,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  175. 
L.  Bull.   10. 


SPECIAL  PIIOCEEDINGS  CONTINUED.  215 

161.  Proceedings  supplementary  to  execution,  a.  Statute. — 
Tlie  costs  allowed  in  these  proceedings  are  regulated  hy  §§  2455 
and  2456  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

h.  At  wliai  stage  of  the  proceeding  costs  are  granted. — The 
application  for  an  allowance  of  costs  cannot  be  made  until  the 
proceeding  has  been  brought  to  an  end  in  favor  of  the  party  ap- 
plying for  them.^'^  But  it  may  be  made  without  notice.^^  The 
judge  is  authorized  to  make  this  allowance  if  any  property  is 
found  in  the  hands  of  the  judgment  debtor.^^  He  may  make 
this  allowance  at  any  time  before  the  final  order  for  the  appli- 
cation of  the  funds  in  the  hands  of  the  receiver.^^ 

Sections  2455  and  2456  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  relate 
to  the  costs  of  a  proceeding,  and  not  to  the  costs  of  a 
motion  to  dismiss  them.°'*  Costs  may  be  allowed  against 
the  judgment  debtor  upon  a  proceeding  based  on  a  third 
jDarty  order,^""  or  upon  an  order  directed  to  the  judgment 
debtor,  when  the  judgment  debtor  pays  the  amount  due  and 
there  is  no  examination.^^  It  is  not  fatal  to  the  allowance  that 
the  amount  is  allowed  for  '^counsel  fee"  instead  of  for  "costs."^'^ 
The  attorney  for  the  judgment  creditor  has  no  lien  upon  the 
costs  till  they  are  allowed.  If  the  judgment  debtor  settles  in 
full  with  the  judgment  creditor,  no  costs  can  be  allowed.^*  JSTor 
can  the  costs  be  allowed  where  the  judgment  is  collected  by  a  sec- 
ond execution,  issued  subsequent  to  tlie  institution  of  such  a 
proceeding.'''^ 

^Davis  V.  Turner,  4  How.  Pr.  ino.  Proc.   Pep.    139.   3.S   N.   Y.    S.   R.   27, 

'■^Servcn   v.   Lowerre,    3   Misc.    113,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  082. 

22  N.  Y.  Supp.  1052.  '•K'olne   v.    Oirard,    19   Abb.    K    C. 

^"Kearney's  Case,  13  Abb.  Pr.  459,  288. 

22  How.  Pr.  309.  ''Hulsaver  v.   Wiles,   11   How.   Pr. 

^^Vehber  v.   Hohbie,    13   How.   Pr.  446. 

382.  ^^Paterson    Bros.     v.     Goorley,     14 

"'Hutson    V.    Weld,    38    Hun,    142;  Misc.  56,  69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  651,  35  N. 

Valient e  v.  Bryan,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Y.  Supp.  297. 

Rep.  358,  66  How.  Pr.  302.  '-'>Rittcr  v.   Greason,  28   Misc.   656, 

"Grinnell    v.     Sherman,     19     Civ.  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  1053. 


216  TJIK    LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  ]S"EW  YORK. 

c.  Ilmr  costs  are  collected  of  judgmeiit  debtor. — Section  21:55- 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  provides  that  the  order  granting; 
costs  must  direct  their  payment  out  of  any  money  that  has  come, 
or  may  come,  into  the  hands  of  the  receiver  or  of  the  sheriff ;  or, 
within  a  time  specified  in  the  order,  by  the  judgment  debtor  or- 
other  person  against  whom  the  special  proceeding  is  instituted. 
It  has  been  held  that  the  establishment  of  a  method  of  collection 
impliedly  precludes  their  collection  in  any  other  way.  They  are 
not  motion  costs,  and,  therefore,  are  not  collectable  by  execu- 
tion.^*^ Costs  may  be  collected  by  contempt  proceedings,  al- 
though after  the  granting  of  the  costs  the  judgment  is  satisfied 
by  payment  to  the  sheriff  upon  execution.®^ 

Upon  the  reversal  by  the  appellate  division  of  an  order  ad- 
judging the  judgment  debtor  in  contempt,  he  is  entitled  to  tax 
but  $10  costs.'^- 

An  appeal  does  not  lie  from  such  an  order  to  the  court  of 
appeals.***^ 

d.  Costs  granted  to  jvdf/)iient  debtor. — Where  the  proceedings 
have  been  dismissed  because  the  affidavit  is  fatally  defective,  mo- 
tion costs  to  the  defendant  are  proper."^  These  costs  are  not  al- 
lowed under  §  2456  of  tlu^  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  as  that  only 
apjjlies  to  a  case  when  the  judgment  debtor  has  been  examined.^^ 
A  creditor  who  has  not  been  guilty  of  bad  faith  should  not  be 
compelled  to  pay  money  to  his  debtor,  but  the  costs  allowed  to 
the  judgiuent  debtor  shoukl  be  credited  on  the  judgment.^^ 
Costs  may  be  allowed  to  th(^  judgment  debtor  when  the  creditor 
finds  no  property,  and  has  tried  and  failed  to  have  the  judgment 
debtor  adjudged  guilty  of  contempt.^' 

'^VaJieiite  v.  Bryan,   3   N.   Y.   Civ.  "^Hutso}!  v.  U>/r?.  .38  Hun,  142,  22- 

Proc.  Re]).  .358,  66  How.  Pr.  302.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  572. 

'^Ilolfon  V.  Robinson,  59  App.  Div.  "^Engle  v.  Bonneau,  2  Sandf.  679; 

45,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  33.  Simms  v.  Frier,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  97. 

"-Jones  V.  Sherman,  18  Abb.  X.  C.  ""Kress    v.    Morehead,    26    N.    Y. 

461,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  416,  8  Week.  Dig.  410,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  858. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  344.  "'Boelger  v.  Swivel,  1  How.  Pr.  N- 

"''Crosby  v.  Stephan,  97  N.  Y.  606.  S.  372. 


SPECIAL,  ^ROCEEDI:^^GS  CONTIA'UED.  217 

e.  Costs  granted  to  third  parties. — Costs  should  be  allowed  to 
a  third  party,  Arhen  he  has  been  examined,  and  no  property  has 
been  foimd,^*^  unless  the  judgment  creditor  can  show  good  reason 
for  the  examination,'^^  The  judgment  creditor  can  avoid  this 
liability  by  examining  the  third  party  as  a  witness  in  a  proceed- 
ing directed  against  the  judgment  debtor. 

Sections  2456,  2555  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  relate  to 
the  costs  of  the  proceeding,  and  have  nothing  to  do  Avith  the  costs 
of  motion  and  the  appeals  from  orders,  which  come  under  the 
general  law.'^*' 

/.  Costs  in  proceedings  to  collect  taxes. — Under  Laws  1896, 
chap,  908,  §  259,  no  costs  can  be  allowed  against  the  officer  or 
corporation  seeking  to  enforce  the  collection  of  taxes  by  supple- 
mentary proceedings.  But  this  docs  not  apply  to  an  appeal  by 
the  tax  officer  from  an  order  which  dismisses  his  proceedings. 
The  order  thus  made  was  a  final  order,  and  costs  would  bo 
awarded  as  in  an  action  were  it  not  for  the  pro\dsion  of  §  254 
of  the  statute,  which  makes  the  amount  of  costs  upon  any  appeal 
from  any  order  taken  under  that  article  (art.  11)  the  same  as 
the  costs  upon  an  appeal  from  an  order,'^^ 

162.  Contempt  proceedings.-  a.  In  general — Costs  in  these 
proceedings  are  the  same  as  costs  in  an  action,  and  are  governed 
by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.'^^  In  proceedings  to 
punish  for  contempt,  where  the  party  acted  in  good  faith  the 
only  costs  that  can  be  taxed  against  him  are  motion  costs  and 
disbursements.^^     But  no  costs  are  allowed  in  proceedings  for 

"'Sloane  v.    Higgimi,   2   Month.   L.  "7?p   Pn/or,  67   App.   Div.   316,   73 

Bull.  11.                  "  N.  Y.  Supp.  961. 

"'■'Anonijinotis.  X.  Y.   Code  Rep.   X.  '-Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3240;   McLean 

S.  113,  3  Sandf.  725;  Anonymous,  11  v.  Jephson,  26  Abb.   N.  C.  40,  note. 

Abb.  Pr.   108.  13  N.  Y^  Supp.  834. 

'"'People  ex  rel.  Scudder  v.  Cooper,  '^Poicer  v.   Athens,    19   Hun,    165; 

10   X.   Y'^.   Week.   Dig.   77;    Jones  v.  People  ex  rel.  Scudder  v.  Cooper,  20 

Sherman,  18  Abb.  X.  C.  401,  11  N.  Y.  Hun,  486. 
Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   416,  8   X.   Y.   S.   R, 
344;    Hutson  v.  Weld,  38  Hun,  142, 
22  N.  I''.  Week,  Dig.  572. 


218  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

criminal  contempt. '^^  A  person  in  contempt  may  be  fined  the 
amount  of  counsel  fees  and  disbursements  in  the  proceedings  to 
punish  him  for  contempt."^  But  the  amount  must  be  proved 
before  the  referee  or  court. '^  The  Revised  Statutes  were  the 
same  as  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.'^ '^ 

b.  In  proceedings  supplementary  to  execution. — A  judgment 
debtor  may  be  fined  the  amount  of  money  that  he  has  paid  out  in 
disregard  of  the  order,  and,  in  addition,  the  costs  of  the  supple- 
mentary proceedings  and  motion  costs.^*"'  Upon  the  refusal  of 
the  court  to  adjudge  the  judgment  debtor  guilty  of  contempt,  it 
may  allow  him  his  disbursements  and  costs  of  motion  to  be  dis- 
charged and  acquitted  of  the  alleged  contempt. '^^  The  costs  on 
a  reversal  of  an  order  directing  a  commitment  for  contempt  are 
but  $10  and  disbursements. '^° 

163.  Summary  proceedings,  a.  Statute. — Costs  in  these  pro- 
ceedings are  regulated  by  §  2250  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure,  which  is  as  follows :  ''Costs,  when  allowed,  and 
the  fees  of  officers,  except  where  a  fee  is  specially  given 
in  chapter  21  of  this  act,  must  be  at  the  rate  allowed  by 
law  in  an  action  in  a  justice's  court,  and  are  limited  in 
like  manner,  unless  the  application  is  founded  iqDon  an 
allegation  of  forcible  entry  or  forcible  holding  out,  in  which 
case  the  judge  or  justice  may  award  to  the  successful  party 
a  fixed  sum  as  costs,  not  exceeding  $50,  in  addition  to  his 
disbursements.      If  the  final  order  is  made  by  a  county  judge,  or 

'^People  ex  rel.  New  York  Soc.  for  Abb.  N.  C.   114,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  231, 

Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  v.  2    N.    Y.    Supp.    763;    Boon  v.    Mc- 

Gilmore,  88  N.  Y.  G26.  Guclcen,  67  Hun,  251,  23  N.  Y.  Civ. 

'^People   ex   rel.    Woolf  v.   Jacohs,  Proc.  Eep.   115,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  901, 

66  N.  Y.  8.  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  424. 

'"iJre^  y.  Bre/f,  33  Hun,  547 ;  Peo-  ''^Fitz'simmons    v.    Ryan,    64    App. 

pie   ex   rel.    Lawyer's   Surety    Co.   v.  Div.  404,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  65. 

Anthony,  1  App.  Div.   132,  40  N.  Y.  '"'Rhodes   v.    Linderman,    17    N.    Y. 

Supp.  279;   Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§  2284,  Sup]).  628. 

2289,  2290.  ^^ Jones  v.  Sherman,  18  Abb.  N.  C. 

■"Sitdloto  V.  Knox,  7  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  401,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  416,  8 

419;    Fenlon    v.    Dcmpsey,    50    Hun,  N.  Y.  S.  R.  344. 
131,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  393,  22 


SPECIAL  I'liOCEEDINGS  CONTINUED.  219 

a  special  county  judge,  or  by  a  mayor  or  recorder,  an  execution 
to  collect  the  costs  may  be  issued  thereupon  as  if  it  was  a  judg- 
ment of  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  same  city  or  county;  and 
for  that  purpose  the  officer  takes  the  place  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace.  In  every  other  case  an  execution  may  be  issued  to  collect 
the  costs  awarded  thereby,  as  if  the  final  order  was  a  judgment 
rendered  in  the  court  of  which  the  judge  or  justice  is  the  pre- 
siding officer."  The  costs  allowed  in  a  justice's  court  are  fixed 
by  §  3076,  subd.  2,  at  the  sum  of  $10.^^ 

b.  Tender. — There  is  no  provision  in  the  statute  for  a  tender 
in  tliese  proceedings.^^ 

c.  Costs  on  appeal. — A  tenant  who,  upon  appeal  secures  a  re- 
versal of  an  order  recovered  in  a  justice's  court  in  favor  of  the 
landlord,  is  entitled  to  costs,  as  of  course.^^  Section  2260  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  provides  that  an  appeal  may  be  taken 
from  a  final  order  with  like  effect  as  an  appeal  from  a  judgment. 
Subdivision  4  of  §  3066  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  ffives 
costs,  as  of  course,  upon  an  appeal  from  a  judgment,  where  the 
judgment  is  reversed.  But  where  the  proceeding  is  instituted 
in  a  court  of  record  the  costs  on  appeal  are  in  the  discretion  of 
the  court,  under  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. ^^ 

Upon  an  appeal  from  a  final  order  rendered  in  justice's  court 
in  a  case  of  forcible  entry  and  detainer  the  defendant  must  pay 
the  judgment  recovered  by  the  landlord,  in  order  to  take  an  ap- 
peal to  the  county  court.  This  payment  is  jurisdictional,  and 
not  a  mere  irregularity.^^ 

164.  General  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  a.  Allow- 
unce  for  legal  services. — Allowances  for  legal  services  in  these 

^^Lauria    v.    Capobianco,    39    Misc.  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  112;    Garri- 

441,  80  N.  Y.  Supp.  203.  son  v.  Marie,  7  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

^■"Stover  V.  Chasse,  9  Misc.  45,  59  113,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  348. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  671,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  291.  ^'^Lewis  v.  Hoffman,  5  N.  Y.  Civ. 

"""Harrison  v.  Sn-art,  34  Hun,  259.  Proc.  Rep.  141. 

^Everall   v.  Lassen,    13   Daly,    10, 


220  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

proceedings  are  made  to  the  assignee,  and  not  to  tlie  attorney.'^ 
The  assignee  is  personally  responsible  to  his  attorney  for  the 
value  of  his  ser^'ices.  He  should  pay  his  attorney  and  then  ask 
the  court  to  reimburse  him,  the  same  as  for  any  other  disburse- 
ment.*^" If  the  attorney's  work  is  worthless  or  fraudulent 
against  the  estate,  no  allowance  will  be  made  therefor.^^  The 
assignee  who  is  an  attorney  cannot  be  allowed  anything  for  him- 
self or  for  the  members  of  his  firm  for  services  in  protecting  the 
estate.^^  But  where  the  only  appealing  creditor  did  not  object 
to  the  allowance  below,  the  appellate  court  will  not  disturb  the 
allowance.^"  The  sum  of  $25  was  held  a  proper  charge  for 
drawing  an  assignment.^^  Where  the  assignee  is  an  attorney, 
he  will  not  be  allowed  fees  of  counsel  to  advise  him,  unless  spe- 
cial complications  or  difficulties  require  it.^^  But  where  com- 
plicated questions  arise  the  assignee  may  be  allowed  counsel 
fees.^^  A  general  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  is  a  trus- 
tee of  an  express  trust  within  the  meaning  of  §  3246  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.^** 

h.  Costs  in  actions  to  set  aside  assignment. — An  assigmee  for 
the  benefit  of  creditors  is  bound  to  defend  an  action  brought  to 
set  aside  the  assignment,  unless  he  is  personally  acquainted  with 
the  fraud  for  which  the  assignment  was  set  aside.  In  the  event 
of  his  defeat,  his  knowledge  of  the  fraud  not  being  proved,  he 
Avill  not  be  charged  with  costs,^^  but  will  be  allowed  counsel  fees 

^■Re  ^Yorfhl1/,  10  Daly,  12.  Levy,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  177.      Contra,  Re 

^Uie  Reynolds,  30  Misc.  397,  62  N.  Petchell,   10  Daly,   102;   Re  Carrick, 

Y.   Snpp.   515;   Re  Ludeke,  22  Misc.  13  Daly,  181. 

fi76,  50  X.  Y.  Supp.  952.  ^-Re   ^cotf,   53   How.   Pr.   441;    Re 

^'/?e  Levenirift,  40  App.  Div.  429,  Biirhank,  65  How.  Pr.  129. 

58  N.  Y.  Supp.  256.  "Vt'e  Friend,  23  IMisc.  300,  50  N.  Y. 

^"Re   Clute,    14   App.    Div.    234,    43  Supp.     954;     Levy's     Accounting,     I 

N.  Y.  Supp.  573;  Winn  v.  Crosby,  52  Abb.  N.  C.  182;  Re  Johnson,  10  Daly, 

How.  Pr.  174;  Re  MaxireU,  66  Hun,  123;    Jewett   v.    Woodward,    1    Edw. 

151,   49   N.  Y.   S.   R.    154,  21   N.   Y.  Ch.  200. 

Supp.  209.                         ■  ^'Cnnnitigham      v.     McGregor,      12 

^Re  Maxirell,  66  Hun,   151,  49  N.  How.  Pr.  305,  5  Duer.  048. 

Y.  S.  R..  154,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  209.  "^Faxon  v.  Mason,  76  Hun,  408,  59 

"7?e  Yan  Horn,  10  Daly,   131;  Re  N.  Y.  S.  R.  328,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  1025; 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED  221 

and  disbursements.^*^  The  fact  that  the  assignor  confessed 
judgment  to  the  assignee  for  a  spurious  debt,  which  judgment 
was  made  a  preferred  claim  in  the  assignment,  is  not  such  fraud 
as  to  charge  the  assignee  with  costs,  where  he  repudiated  the 
judgment  and  informed  the  creditors  that  he  had  no  claim.^^ 
Nor  is  it  fraud  for  the  assignee  to  allow  the  assignor  to  occupy  a 
small  portion  of  the  assigned  property,  so  as  to  charge  the  as- 
signee with  costs  in  an  action  to  set  aside  the  assignments^  An 
assignee  who  is  a  party  to  a  fraud  for  which  the  assignment  is 
set  aside  will  not  be  allowed  either  costs  or  disbursements,  and 
should  be  charged  with  costs  and  expenses  of  the  accounting.^^ 
The  assignee  vnW  be  allowed  his  costs  and  disbursements  in  his 
successful  defense  of  an  action  to  set  aside  the  assignment.^ *^^ 
If  the  assignee  insists  upon  retaining  his  costs  and  disburse- 
ments in  his  unsuccessful  defense  of  the  assignment,  he  is  prop- 
erly charged  with  all  the  costs  necessarily  incurred  in  the  settle- 
ment of  that  question.^*^^  An  assignee  who  has  unsuccessfully 
defended  an  assignment  to  him  cannot  be  granted  an  allowance 
against  the  successful  creditor. ^•'•^  But  where  the  creditor  con- 
sents, such  an  allowance  can  be  made  in  spite  of  the  objection  of 
the  assignor.^*-^^ 

c.  Costs  on  contested  claims. — An  assignee  who  defends  a 
claim  in  good  faith  will  be  allowed  his  disbursements  and  coun- 
sel fee,^'^'*  even  if  defeated. ^°^But  if  the  assignor,  in  good  faith, 

Durant    v.    Pierson,    19    N.    Y.    Civ.  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  787;  Dexter  v.  Adler, 

Proc.  Rep.  203,  33  X.  Y.  S.  R.  207,  76  Hun,  439,  27   N.  Y.  Supp.   1121; 

12  N.  Y.  Supp.  145.  Mayer  v.   Hazard,   49   Hun,   222,    17 

^Dorney  v.  Thacher,  76  Hun,  361,  X.  Y.  S.  R.  26,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  680. 
58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  466,  27  X.  Y.  Supp.        ^"Waxon  v.  Mason,  90  Hun,  426,  70 

787.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  624,  35  X.  Y.  Supp.  950. 

"'Wehb  V.  Daggett,  2  Barb.  9.  ^"'Re  Talcott,  3  App.  Div.  578,  73 

^Webb  V.  Daggett,  2  Barb.  9.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  809,  38  X.  Y.  Supp.  338; 

"Smith  V.  White,  27  N.  Y.   S.  R.  Re  Barr,  6  Misc.  526,  56  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

227,  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  373.  742,  27  X.  Y.  Supp.  416;   People  ex 

""/?e  Barries,  4  Misc.  136,  53  X.  Y.  rel.    Olin   v.   Lockicood,   9  Dalv.    68; 

S.  R.  119,  23  X.  Y.  Supp.  600.  Re  Clute.  14  App.  Div.  234,  43  X.  Y. 

^"'Mayer  v.   Hazard,  49  Hun,   222,  Supp.  573. 
17  X.  Y.  S.  R.  26,  1  X.  Y.  Supp.  680.        ""Re  Risley,  10  Daly,  44. 

^'"Dorney  v.  Thacher,  76  Hun,  361, 


222  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

has  incliuled  the  claim  in  liis  scliedule  of  debts,  the  assignee 
would  not  be  justified  in  contesting  it.^*^®  In  any  event  the 
assignee  must  prove  the  value  of  the  services  of  his  attomey.^^'^ 
Upon  a  reference  of  a  disputed  claim  the  successful  party  is  en- 
titled to  costs,^"^  and  an  extra  allowance  in  a  proper  case.^*^** 

An  assignee  should  not  be  allowed  a  retaining  fee  paid  to  his 
own  regular  attorney,  as  that  is  supposed  to  remunerate  counsel 
for  being  deprived  of  the  opportunity  of  rendering  services  t(> 
the  other  party.^^"  An  attorney  for  the  assignee,  who  purchases 
claims  of  creditors  at  a  discount,  will  only  be  allowed,  upon  the 
accounting,  the  amount  he  paid  for  them,  with  interest  thereon. 
If  he  had  purchased  them  for  the  benefit  of  the  estate,  he  might 
be  granted  an  allowance  for  his  services  in  purchasing  tliem.^^^ 

Where  the  assignee  defends  a  suit  unsuccessfully  the  court 
upon  the  final  accounting  may  charge  him  personally  with  costs, 
if  it  finds  that  he  was  guilty  of  misconduct  in  conducting  the 
defense. -^^^  An  assignee  has  been  granted  an  allowance  in  ex- 
cess of  his  commissions  and  taxable  costs,  when  he  defends  in 
ofood  faith  an  action  brought  to  recover  trust  funds  that  the 
assignor  has  deposited  in  the  bank  in  his  own  name.^^^ 

d.  Costs  in  actions  hrourjltt  by  assignee. — An  assignee  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors  must  bring  his  action  in  his  representative 
capacity,  if  he  would  escape  personal  liability  for  costs.  If  he 
sues  without  alluding  to  his  representative  capacity,  he  wall  be 
liable  personally.^  ^'^  An  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  is 
not  personally  liable  for  costs,  where  he  has  no  assets  in  his 

"^7?e  Levy,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  177.'  ""A'e  Schaller,  10  Daly,  57;  Re  Van 

^<"Ke   Johnson,    10    Daly,    123:    He  Horn,  10  Daly,  131. 

Hulhert,  10  Abb.  N.  C.  284.  "'A'e  Dwicjht,  61  App.  Div.  357,  70 

^o^Re  Atnood,  3  App.  Div.  578,  73  X.  Y.  Supp.  563. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  809,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  338.  ^"Re  Dorr,  4  N".  Y.  Supp.  754. 

^'"Re   Foirchild,    10    Daly,    74;    Re  ''^-Enc/Ush    Bank   v.    Barr,   31    Abb. 

Risley,  10  Daly,  44;  Re  Schaller,  62  X.  C.  7. 

How.  Pr.  40;   Re  Barr,  6  Misc.  526,  ^"Murray  v.  Hendrichson,  1  Bosw. 

56  K  Y.  S.  R.  742,  27  K  Y.  Supp.  635,    6    Abb.    Pr.    96;    Carnahan    v. 

;]6.  rond,   15  Abb.  Pr.   194. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED.  223 

hands,  but  is  assured  by  the  assignor  that  the  defendant  owes 
the  amount  for  which  the  action  is  brought,-^ ^^  An  assignee  is 
personally  liable  for  costs  in  an  action  brought  by  him  as  such, 
where  the  defendant  successfully  attacks  the  assignment,  which 
is  declared  void.  There  being  no  trust,  he  cannot  bring  his 
action  as  trustee. •^^'^  An  assignee  Avill  also  be  allowed  reasonable 
counsel  fees,  incurred  in  protecting  the  estate.^ ^'^  An  assignee 
must  be  guilty  of  mismanagement  or  bad  faith  in  order  to  be 
charged  with  costs  personally.-^ ^^  It  is  not  evidence  of  bad  faitli 
that  the  assignee  prosecutes  an  action  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
the  opposing  party  claims  that  the  contract  is  tainted  with  usury, 
or  the  fact  that  he  has  paid  out  all  the  money  he  has  received  to 
his  attorney.  That  question  will  come  up  on  the  final  account- 
|j-,g_ii9  "\Yiiere  the  court  charges  him  Avith  costs,  as  assignee,  it 
impliedly  determines  that  he  is  not  liable  personally,  and  that 
decision  cannot  be  attacked  collaterally.^ ^"^ 

e.  Costs  in  an  action  for  an  accounting. — In  an  action  against 
an  assignee  for  an  accounting  he  will  be  allowed  his  costs,  unless 
he  is  guilty  of  neglect  or  fraud.  Tie  would  be  compelled  to 
come  into  court  for  his  voluntary  accounting.^ ^^ 

A  creditor  who  brings  such  an  action  cannot  compel  other 
creditors  to  share  in  the  expense  of  the  suit  before  they  can  share 
in  the  fund.^^^  An  assignee  will  not  be  allowed  costs  where  his 
acts  are  open  to  suspicion,  although  the  suspicion  is  groundless. 
A  creditor  is  justified  in  calling  an  assignee  into  court  where 
the  property  is  sold  in  bulk,  for  an  apparently  inadequate  price 
and  without  notice  to  creditors.^ -^     Proceedings  taken  by  cred- 

^^^Cunningham     v.     McGregor,     12  ^^MoeJc  v.   Rohie,   48   Hun,    181,    15 

How.  Pr.  305,  5  Duer,  648.  X.  Y.  S.  E.  605. 

''^Sibcll  V.  Remsen,  30   Barb.   441,  ^""JacJc  v.   Robie,  48   Hun,   181.   15 

Affirmed  in  29  How.  Pr.  574.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  605. 

^'Wornei/  v.  Thaclier,  76  Hun,  361,  ^"^Diiffif  v.   Duncan,   32   Barb.    587. 

27  N.  Y.  Supp.  787 ;  Faxon  v.  Mason,  Affirmed  in  35  X.  Y.  187. 

00   Hun,   426,    35   N.   Y.    Supp.    950;  ^-'■Leims   v.   Hake,   42   Hun,   542.   4 

yories  V.  Blakeman,  6  N.  Y.  579.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  676. 

"'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3246.  ^^Pricc  v.  Mapes,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  88, 


224  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

itors  or  otlier  interested  parties  are  special  proceedings,  and 
§  779  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  applies.  Motion  costs 
may  be  granted,  and  if  they  are  not  paid,  further  proceedings 
will  he  stayed  until  they  are  paid.-^^^ 

/.  Costs  upon  the  final  accounting. — An  allowance  for  serv- 
ices rendered  by  an  attorney  for  the  assignee  upon  the  account- 
ing may  be  allowed,  but  none  can  be  made  to  the  attorney  of  a 
creditor.  ^^^ 

An  assignee  will  not  be  allowed  a  counsel  fee  for  preparing 
schedules,  for  general  advice  and  consultation.^-*"  The  assignee 
is  allowed,  upon  an  accounting,  the  same  costs  as  would  be  al- 
lowed upon  the  trial  of  an  issue  of  fact.^^"^  But  no  allowance 
can  be  made  for  cost^  before  notice  of  trial  or  trial  fee,  where 
no  objections  to  the  account  are  tiled. -^^^  jSTo  allowance  will  be 
made  to  the  assignee  when  he  has  been  defeated  upon  all  the 
material  issues.^  ^^  These  costs  sliould  be  taxed  after  notice  to 
all  parties. ^^"^ 

g.  By  whom  costs  of  final  accounting  are  paid. — The  costs  of 
an  accounting  are  usually  borne  by  the  trust  fund;  but  if  the 
assignee  desires  to  be  relieved  for  his  own  convenience,  he  must 
bear  tlie  expenses. ^"^^  He  may  also  be  charged  with  the  expense 
of  an   accounting,   when  he  has  been  guilty  of  bad   faith.^^^ 

7  N.  Y.  Supp..  747.  Affirmed  without  ^'Re  Itauth,  10  Daly,  52;  Re  Schal- 

opinion  in  132  K  y.  552.  ler,  62  How.  Pr.  40." 

^-'Re  Thorn,  10  Daly,  71;   Re  Ap-  '"^Re  Vieu,  29  Misc.  161,  60  N.  Y. 

lington,  26  Abb.  N.  C.  69.  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  175. 

S.  R.  657.  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  563.  ^^'>Re  Pool,  8  Misc.  284,   59  N.  Y. 

'-'Re  Watt,  10  Daly,   11.  S.  R.  214,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  707. 

'-^Re  Levy,  1   Abb.N.  C.   182;   Re  ""7?e  Bowlhy,  34  Misc.  311,  69  N. 

Wollf,  13  Daly.  481,  Affirmed  in  102  Y.  Supp.  783. 

N.  Y.  741;  Re  Ludeke,  22  Misc.  676,  "'Re    Edn-ards,    10    Daly,    68;    Re 

^^0  X.  Y.   Supp.  952;   Re  Friend,  23  Rautli,  10  Daly,  52;   Re  Elmore.   10 

Misc.   300,   50  N.  Y.   Supp.   954;   Re  Daly,  48. 

Johnson,   10  Dalv,   123;   Re  Corrick,  '^'Hynes  v.  Campbell,  60  Hun,  391, 

13  Daly,  181;  Re  Wolf ,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  874,  15  N.  Y.  Supp. 

273;   Mayer  v.  Hazard,  49  Hun,  222,  506;  Synith  v.  White,  27  N.  Y.  S.  K. 

17  N.  Y.S.  R.  26,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  680;  227,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  373. 
Re  Bowlhy,  34  Misc.   311.   69  N.  Y. 
Supp.  783. 


SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS  CONTINUED.  225 

Creditors  who  have  succeeded  in  having  an  assignee  removed 
cannot  be  granted  an  allowance  out  of  the  fund.^^^ 

h.  How  costs  against  an  assignee  are  coUected. — A  general 
assignee  who  is  liable  for  costs  in  his  representative  capacity 
may  be  proceeded  against  the  same  as  anyone  else.  An  execution 
may  issue,  as  of  course,  requiring  the  sheriff  to  satisfy  it  out  of 
the  trust  proj)erty  of  the  judgment  debtor.  If  this  execution  is 
returned  unsatisfied  the  creditor  may  maintiiin  supplementary 
proceedings  thereon ;  but  the  affidavit  therein  must  show  the  re- 
turn unsatisfied  of  an  execution  requiring  satisfaction  out  of  the 
trust  estate.  Merely  describing  the  judgment  debtor  as  assignee 
is  not  sufficient.-^^^ 

165.  Assignee  or  trustee  in  bankruptcy. —  A  tmstee  in  bank- 
ruptcy is  a  trustee  of  an  express  trust  within  the  meaning  of  § 
3246  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procodure.^^^  Under  the  former 
bankruptcy  law  a  bankrupt  obtained  judgment  in  an  action 
brought  by  him,  and  then  went  into  bankruptcy'.  His  assignee 
argued  the  appeal.  The  case  was  sent  back  for  a  new  trial  and 
the  assig-nee  refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  case,  and  so 
notified  the  bankrupt.  The  complaint  was  dismissed  vnth  costs. 
It  was  held  that  none  of  the  costs  could  be  collected  of  the 
assignee,  because  at  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the  bank- 
ruptcy proceeding  the  costs  did  not  constitute  a  debt,  nor  were 
they  provable  as  such;  and  that  the  judgment  was  not  affected 
by  the  discharge  in  bankruptcy,  but  could,  after  such  discharge, 
be  collected  from  the  bankrupt. ^'^^ 

A  trustee  who  brings  an  action  for  a  conversion  which  oc- 
curred after  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  estate  is  liable  per- 
sonally for  costs  in  case  he  is  defeated,  because  he  could  have 
brought  the  action  in  his  personal  capacity.^"'" 

"'/?e  Manahan,  10  Daly,  39;  Moore  '^"Heather  v.  Neil,  14  N.  Y.  Week. 

V.  Jeyil-ins,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  70.  Dijj.  46. 

^^'Felt    V.  Dorr,    16    N.    Y.    Week.  '"'Bedell   v.   Barnes,   29   Hun,   589. 

^i^    •^^•■>-  17  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  312. 

^Reade  v.   Waterhouse,   52   N.   Y. 
587. 

COSTS     15. 


226  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

A  trustee  in  bankruptcy  is  not  liable  for  costs  because  after 
the  commencement  of  the  action  an  act  of  Congress  was  passed 
which  deprived  state  courts  of  their  jurisdiction.^^^ 

166.  Writ  of  prohibition. —  Costs  upon  a  writ  of  prohibition 
are  regulated  by  §  2100  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which 
is  as  follows :  "Where  a  final  order  is  made  in  favor  of  the  re- 
lator, it  must  award  an  absolute  writ  of  prohibition ;  and  it  may 
also  direct  that  all  proceedings  or  any  specified  proceeding  there- 
tofore taken  in  the  action,  special  proceeding,  or  matter,  as  to 
which  the  prohibition  absolute  issues,  be  vacated  and  annulled. 
The  Avi-it  of  consultation  is  abolished.  Where  a  final  order  is 
made  against  the  relator,  it  must  authorize  tlie  court  or  judge, 
and  the  adverse  party,  to  proceed  in  the  action,  special  proceed- 
ing, or  matter,  as  if  the  alternative  writ  had  not  been  issued. 
Costs  not  exceeding  $50  and  disbursements  may  be  awarded 
to  either  party  as  upon  a  motion." 

167.  How  costs  on  state  writs  are  collected. —  Section  2007  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  as  follows:  "For  nonpayment,, 
upon  demand,  of  the  costs  awarded  by  a  final  order  made  in  a 
special  proceeding  instituted  by  state  writ,  except  where  a  per- 
emptory writ  of  mandamus  is  awarded  after  the  issuing  of  an 
alternative  mandamus  the  person  required  to  pay  the  same  may 
be  punished  for  a  contem])t  of  tlie  court  awarding  them,  or  of 
which  the  judge  awarding  them  is  a  member,  as  if  the  final 
order  was  a  final  judgment  of  the  court." 

168.  Removal  of  excise  commissioners, —  Where  two  members 
of  a  board  of  excise  were  elected  as  no  license  commissioners, 
and  refused  to  grant  a  license,  proceedings  were  commenced  to 
remove  them.  A  special  meeting  was  called  and  an  attorney 
was  employed,  who  succ^essfully  defended  the  board.  His  ser- 
\-ices  were  held  to  be  a  proper  town  charge,  and  a  mandamus 

"^Olcott  V.  Maclean,   11  Hun,  394. 


SPECIAT.  PROCEEDINGS  COXTINUED.  227 

would  issue  where  the  hoard  refused  to  audit  it  on  the  ground 
that  it  was  not  a  town  charge.^^^ 

169.  Proceedings  to  mortgage  trust  property. —  A  proceed- 
ing for  leave  to  mortgage  trust  property,  which  is  opposed  and 
sent  to  a  referee,  is  a  special  proceeding,  and  costs  must  be  al- 
lowed accordingly.  A  trial  fee  is  proper  where  it  is  sent  to  a 
referee,  and  upon  an  appeal  from  the  order  made  tlierein  costs 
must  be  the  same  as  upon  appeal  from  a  judgment.  But  where 
no  case  is  made,  no  charge  for  making  and  serving  a  case  can 
be  allowed.^'*" 

170.  Special  proceedings  before  an  officer. —  Where  a  proceed- 
ing is  instituted  before  an  officer  (judge  at  chambers),  and  not 
before  a  court,  costs  cannot  be  allowed  for  proceedings  before 
the  judgo,  but  costs  can  be  awarded  upon  appeal. -^^^ 

171.  Proceedings  to  discharge  from  imprisonment  on  execution. 
— Upon  such  proc4.K^dings  only  costs  after  notice  ($15)  and  trial 
fee  ($30),  are  allowable.  The  notice  of  the  application  is  the 
only  notice  of  trial,  and  is  the  institution  of  the  proceeding.^*^ 
The  same  costs  are  taxable  upon  a  proceeding  to  discharge  an 
insolvent  from  his  dcbts.^^* 

171a.  Proceedings  to  discover  the  death  of  a  tenant  for  life. — 
The  costs  of  this  proceeding  are  regulated  by  §§  2309,  2311,  and 
2316  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  They  are  fixed  by  the 
court  at  a  gross  sum  not  exceeding  $50,  in  addition  to  disburse- 
ments. 

"'7?e  Byan,  6  Misc.  478,  56  N.  Y.  another   point  in    134  N.  Y.  333,   19 

S.  R.  794^  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  169.  L.  R.  A.  138,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  279,  32 

>*"/('e  Clarke,  27  Abb.  N.  C.  144,  15  N.  E.  23. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  867.  "=J^e  David,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  96; 

'''Clarke  v.  Sheldon,  32  K  Y.  S.  R.  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2167. 

3G,   10  X.  Y.  Supp.  36,  Reversed  on  "^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2193. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

ACTIONS    BY   OR    AGAINST    A    PERSON    IN   A    REPRESENTATIVE 

CAPACITY. 

172.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  receiver. 

a.  In  general. 

h.  When  the  costs  and  expenses  of  an  nnsuccessful  action  are  allowed 

to  a  receiver. 
0.  Additional  allowance. 

d.  When  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  out  of  the  fund. 

e.  When  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  by  the  receiver  personally. 

f.  How  it  is   determined  whether  the   receiver  shall  pay  costs   per- 

sonally, or  in  his  representative  capacity. 

g.  How  the  payment  of  costs  awarded  against  a  receiver  in  his  repre- 

sentative capacity  is  enforced. 

173.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  trustee. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Allowances  to  trustee  for  attorney's  services  in  litigation. 

c.  Allowances  upon  an  accounting. 

( 1 )  To  whom. 

(2)  By  whom  paid. 

174.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  executors. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  What  is  mismanagement. 

c.  Procedure  to  charge  executor  personally  with  costs. 

d.  When  costs  ai-e  allowed  against  an  executor  in  hLs  representative 

capacity. 

e.  Costs  upon  disputed  claims. 

f.  Costs  in  equity  actions  against  executors. 

g.  Actions  brovight  against  the  testator,  and  continued  against  the 

executor. 
h.  What  costs  and  disbursements  are  allowed  against  an  executor. 
i.  How  and  when  a  claim  must  be  presented  to  an  executor. 
j.  To  whom  the  claim  must  be  presented. 
k.  Effect  of  advertising  for  claims. 
I.  When  a  claim  is  reasonably  resisted. 
m.  Effect  of  reduction  of  amount  of  claim  on  the  question  of  unrea- 
sonable resistance  to  the  claim. 
n.  Refusal  to  refer. 
0.  Unreasonably  resisted. 

228 


BY    OR   AGAINST   REPRESEJirTATIVBe.  229 

p.  Failure  to  file  consent  that  the  claim  may  be  heard  on  judicial 

settlement. 
q.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference. 
r.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference,  where  the  plaintiff  recovers  less 

than  $50. 
s.  Costs  upon  appeals. 

172.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  receiver,  a.  In  general. — 
Costs  against  a  receiver  are  exclusively  chargeable  upon  the  fund 
in  his  hands,  unless  the  court  directs  them  to  be  paid  personally, 
for  mismanagement  or  bad  faith  in  the  prosecution  or  defense 
of  the  action.-' 

b.  When  the  costs  and  expenses  of  an  unsuccessful  action  are 
allowed  to  a  receiver. — A  receiver  in  supplementary  proceed- 
ings, who  has  acted  in  good  faith  in  bringing  an  action  and 
prosecuting  an  appeal  from  an  adverse  decision  in  the  trial 
court,  may,  upon  his  accounting,  be  allowed  the  costs  and  ex- 
penses of  the  prosecution.^  The  fact  that  the  receiver  appeals 
from  the  special  to  the  appellate  division  from  the  judgment^ 
although  evidence  of  perseverance  is  no  evidence  of  mismanage- 
ment or  bad  faith.* 

The  court  upon  an  accounting  has  power  to  provide  for  the 
payment  of  the  fees  of  the  referee  who  took  the  testimony  and 
examined  the  receiver's  account.*  A  receiver,  like  all  other  trus- 
tees, cannot  be  allowed  for  his  own  legal  services  rendered  to 
himself  or  to  his  cotrustee.  It  was  held  under  the  common  law 
that  the  receiver  who  was  an  attorney  was  entitled  to  retain  the 
sums  taxed  in  the  fee  bills.  Under  that  practice  the  amounts 
taxed  in  the  fee  bills  belonged  to  the  attorney.  Under  our 
present  practice,  costs  belong  to  the  client.^ 

^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3246.  *Re   Merry,   11   App.   Div.   597,   42 

''Re   Merry,    11    App.   Div.   597,   42    N.  Y.  Supp.  617. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  617.  "Re  Bank  of  Niagara,  6  Paige,  213. 

^Re  Merry,  11  App.  Div.  597.  42 
N.  Y.  Supp.  617;  Devendorf  v.  Diclc- 
inson,  21  How.  Pr.  275. 


230  THE  i.Aw  or  costs  in  new  york. 

€.  Additional  alloivance. — A  receiver  cannot  be  panted  an 
additional  allowance  in  excess  of  the  statutoiy  limit  of  $2,000.'' 

d.  When  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  out  of  the  fund. — Costs 
awarded  against  a  receiver  are  usually  ordered  paid  out  of  the 
fund  in  behalf  of  which  they  were  incurred  J  A  receiver  in  sup- 
plementary proceedings  of  an  annuitant,  who  is  made  a  party 
to  an  action  brought  by  the  annuitant  to  have  his  annuity  de- 
clared a  charge  upon  real  estate,  is  not  entitled  to  have  his  costs 
out  of  the  fund,  but  must  recover  them  from  the  annuitant.* 

A  receiver  who  is  appointed  after  the  entry  of  judgment  can- 
not be  made  to  pay  out  of  the  funds  in  his  hands  the  costs  award- 
ed in  that  judgment  against  the  person  whose  estate  he  is  ad- 
ministering, because  the  receiver  was  not  a  party  to  the  record.^ 
A  receiver  is  an  officer  of  the  court,  and,  as  such,  is  under  the 
control  of  the  court.  It  is  the  existence  of  this  relation  that 
gives  the  court  power  to  order  the  receiver  to  pay  costs.  Where 
he  is  appointed  by  some  other  authority  than  that  of  the  state 
courts, — as  under  the  national  banking  act, — the  court  has  no 
power  to  direct  him  to  pay  costs.  ^° 

e.  When  the  costs  are  ordered  paid  by  the  receiver  personally. 
— A  receiver  who  brings  an  action  without  the  leave  of  the  court, 
and  is  defeated,  is  liable  personally  for  costs  ;^^  or,  where  he  ob- 
tains an  ex  parte  order  changing  an  order  already  made,  in  an 
action  to  wliich  he  is  not  a  party.-^^ 

The  want  of  funds  by  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings 
to  pay  costs  of  an  action  brought  by  him  to  set  aside  a  deed  given 
by  the  judgment  creditor  has  been  held  to  be  conclusive  evidence 

^Hynes    v.    McDermott,    14    Daly,  ^Arthur   v.   Dalton,    14   App.   Div. 

104,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  582.                        '  lOS,  43  N.  Y.  Siipp.  583. 

''Locke  V.   Covert,  42  Hun,   484,   6  ^Ocean  Nat.  Bank  v.  Cavil,  7  Hun, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  55,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  2b7. 

288;  People  v.  John  D.  Locke  Co.  12  '"Ocean  Nat.  Bank  v.  Carll,  7  Hun, 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  31;   Columbia  237. 

Ins.  Co.  V.  Stevens.  37  N.  Y.  537,  4  ^'Smithv.Woodniff,G  Abb.  Pr.  65 : 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  122,  35  How.  Pr.  101;  Phelps  v.   Cole,   3   N.   Y.   Code  Rep. 

Shields  V.  Sullivan,  3  Dem.  296,   16  157. 

Abb.  N.  C.   194.  '"Re  Castle,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  363. 


BY   OK  AGAINST  KEPRESENTATIVES.  231 

of  bad  faitli,  sufficient  to  charge  him  personally  with  costs.^^  It 
is  not  bad  faith  to  prosecute  a  suit  against  the  only  responsible 
debtor,  when  the  receiver  has  not  funds  to  pay  the  costs,  if  he 
believes,  and  has  good  reason  to  believe,  that  he  is  justly  en- 
titled to  recover.-'^  But  the  bringing  by  a  receiver  of  an  action 
to  recover  what  has  already  been  paid  is  such  mismanagement  or 
bad  faith  as  will  charge  him  personally  with  costs.^"^  A  receiver 
is  justified  in  defending  a  suit,  when  he  does  so  in  good  faith 
and  upon  reasonable  grounds.  In  the  event  of  his  failure  to  es- 
tablish his  defense,  he  will  not  be  charged  personally  with 
costs.^^  But  where  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings 
thrusts  himself  into  an  action  tliat  would  not  be  a  bar  to  any 
action  that  he  might  bring,  after  the  j^erson  under  wdiom  he 
claims  has  sw'om  that  the  claim  did  not  belong  to  him,  the  re- 
ceiver is  properly  charged  personallj'^  with  costs  of  his  unsuc- 
cessful contention,  when  he  has  no  funds  in  his  hands  to  pay 
oosts.^'^  A  receiver  should  not  be  made  to  pay  costs,  where  he 
holds  a  certificate  which  he  cannot  adjudge  to  be  void,  and  places 
no  hindrance  in  the  way  of  the  plaintiff,  who  brings  an  action 
to  have  it  so  adjudged. ^^  He  is  chargeable  personally  with  costs 
Avhere  he  interposes  an  answer  which  he  does  not  try  to  substan- 
tiate; but  then  only  with  the  extra  costs  that  he  has  caused  to 
be  incurred,  not  the  cost  of  the  entire  action.^^  A  receiver  will 
not  be  charged  personally  Avith  costs  where  he  prosecutes  an 
action  in  good  faith,  but  which  for  good  reasons,  he  does  not 
try.2o 

^^Cnmmings    v.    Egerton,    9    Bosw.  ^^Bank  of  Indianapolis  v.   Middle- 

C84.  toim  Xat.  Bank,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  772. 

'^*Cunningham      v.      McGregor,      5  ^^First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Washburn,  20 

Duer,  648,  12  How.  Pr.  305.  App.  Div.  518,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.   117; 

'^^Kimberly   v.    Goodrich,    22   How.  Bank    of    Plattshurgh    v.     Piatt,     1 

Pr.  424.  Paige,  464;   Park  v.  Peck,    1    Paige, 

^^People  V.  Globe  Mut.  L.  Ins.  Co.  477. 

65  How.  Pr.  239,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  145.  "-"St.  John  v.  Denison,  9  How.  Pr. 

"Bourdon  v.  Martin,  74  Hun,  246,  343;    Purdy   v.    Piirdy.    5    Cow.    14; 

56  N.  Y.  S.  P.  314,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  Reeder  v.  Seeli/,  4  Cow.  548;  Phoenix 

378.  Affirmed   in   142   N.  Y.   669,   37  v.  Hill.  3  .Johns.  249. 
N.  E.  571. 


232  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

The  court  has  power  to  allow  a  receiver  to  discontinue  au 
action  brought  by  him,  without  imposing  any  costs  upon  him.^' 
The  court  will  impose  costs  personally  upon  a  receiver  in  an 
action  to  restrain  him  from  attempting  to  use  his  office,  where 
he  obtains  an  order  that  the  court  has  no  jurisdiction  to  make, 
and  his  actions  have  been  characterized  by  fraud  and  deceit.^^ 

/.  How  it  is  determined  whether  the  receiver  shall  pay  costs 
personally,  or  in  his  representative  capacity. — When  an  action 
has  been  decided  adversely  to  a  receiver,  he  cannot  be  charged 
personally  with  costs  without  a  notice  to  him  that  an  application 
will  be  made  to  so  charge  him.^^  Sucli  a  motion  should  be  made 
at  special  term,  before  the  entry  of  judgment,  before  either  the 
trial  judge  or  any  other  judge.^"* 

If,  without  obtaining  such  an  order,  judgment  should  be  en- 
tered charging  the  receiver  personall}'  with  costs,  he  shoidd  move 
at  special  tenn  to  strike  out  that  part  of  the  judgment.^^ 

Upon  a  motion  made  by  a  receiver,  where  all  the  facts  are  be- 
fore the  court,  the  court  can  charge  the  receiver  personally  with 
costs  of  the  motion.-*^  If  all  the  facts  were  not  before  the  court 
upon  the  decision  of  the  motion,  a  new  motion  would  be  neces- 
sary to  place  all  the  facts  before  the  court.^^ 

g.  How  the  payment  of  costs  awarded  against  a  receiver  in  his 
representative  capacity  is  enforced. — Where  a  receiver  continues 
an  action  that  had  been  commenced  before  his  appointment,  and 
he  is  beaten,  the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  have  his  costs 
paid  at  once,  and  is  not  compelled  to  wait  for  the  administration 
of  the  funds,  when  he  shows  to  the  court,  by  affidavit,  that  the 
receiver  has  funds  in  his  hands  to  a  much  larger  amount  than 

^Crosby  v.  Day,  81  N.  Y.  242.  378,  Affirmed  without  opinion  in  142 

^Robi7ison  v.  Wood,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  N.   Y.  669,   37   N.  E.   571,  60  N.  Y. 

466,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  169.  S.  R.  870. 

^^First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Washburn,  20  ^First  Nat.  Banlc  v.  Waslihurn,  20 

App.  Div.  518,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.   117;  App.  Div.  518,  47  X.  Y.  Sxipp.  117. 

Marsh  v.  Husscy,  4  Bosw.  614.  =«A'e  Cnstle,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  363. 

^*Bou7don  V.  Martin,  74  Hun,  246,  ^Re  Castle,  2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  363. 
56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  314,  26  N.  Y.  Supp. 


BY   OB  AGAINST   REPKESENTATIVES.  233 

the  costs  awarded  against  him.^^  Upon  sucli  motion  the  court 
will  not  determine  that  the  receiver  has  paid  his  attorney  too 
much ;  that  question  will  be  decided  upon  the  accounting.-^  A 
motion  will  lie  to  set  aside  an  execution  issued  against  a  receiver 
personally  upon  a  judgment  for  costs  entered  against  him,  w^hen 
the  court  had  not  ordered  the  costs  to  be  paid  by  the  receiver 
personally,  for  mismanagement  or  bad  faith.^° 

173.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  a  trustee,  a.  In  general. — A 
trustee  will  be  charged  personally  with  the  costs  of  an  appeal 
which  is  taken  to  relieve  himself  of  costs  awarded  against  him 
personally  in  the  trial  court.^^  A  trustee  who  continues  to  act 
after  the  expiration  of  his  trust  may  be  charged  personally  with 
costs.22  J3ut  i^e  ^ill  not  be  charged  with  costs  in  trying  to  up- 
hold his  trust.^^ 

It  is  not  sufficient,  to  charge  a  trustee  personally  with  costs 
in  an  action  brought  by  the  plaintiff,  as  sucli,  and  where  a 
referee  so  found,  that  he  dropped  the  designation  "as  trustee" 
from  the  title  of  his  report.-''*  If  a  judg-ment  for  costs  is  entered 
against  the  plaintiff  personally,  and  execution  is  issued  thereon, 
the  court  on  motion  will  correct  the  judgment  and  set  aside  the 
execution,  and  it  may  allow  the  defendant  to  make  a  motion  to 
charge  the  plaintiff  personally  with  costs.^^  A  trustee  who 
brings  an  action  and  allows  his  complaint  to  be  dismissed,  with 
costs,  is  not  liable  for  costs  personally  until  after  an  application 
is  made  to  the  court  for  such  an  order,  and  the  court  finds  him 
guilty  of  mismanagement  or  bad  faith,  and  grants  the  required 
order.^^     A  motion  to  modify  the  judgment  so  that  the  trustee 

-^Columhia  Ins.   Co.  v.  Stevens,  37  ^^O'Brien  v.  Ganiiss,  25  Hun,  446, 

N.  Y.  536,  35  How.  Pr.  101,  4  Abb.  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Di<;.  422. 

Pr.  N.  S.  122.  ^*Alger  v.   Conger,    17   Hun,   45,   8 

^^Dcvendorf  v.  Dickinson,  21  How.  N.  Y.  Week.  Di,?.  181. 

Pr.  275.  ^^ Alger   v.    Conger^ll   Hun,   45.    8 

"Marsh  v.  Enssey,  4  Bosw.  614.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  181. 

^'Piftman  v.  Johnson,  35  Hun,  38,  ^Slociim  v.  Barry,  38  N.  Y.  46,  4 

15  Abb.  N.  C.  472.  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  399. 

"'■-American  L.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Van 
Epps,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  253,  Reversed 
on  other  grounds  in  56  N.  Y.  601. 


234  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YOKK:. 

is  chargeable  with  costs  personally  is  not  proper.   The  motion 
should  be  to  charge  the  trustee  personally.^'     Where  a  complaint 
is  dismissed  in  the  court  of  appeals,  with  costs  in  all  the  courts, 
the  special  term  cannot  award  costs  against  the  plaintiff  person- 
ally, because  that  would  be  changing  the  decision  of  the  court 
of  appeals.     If  the  defendant  thinks  that  the  court  of  appeals 
intended  that  the  costs  should  be  paid  by  the  plaintiff  personally, 
he  should  move  to  have  the  remittitur  amended  in  that  respect.^^ 
The  successor  of  a  trustee  who  has  been  ordered  to  pay  costs  per- 
sonally cannot  be  made  liable  therefor  personally.^^     Where  a 
trustee  purchases  a  farm  to  protect  the  estate,  holding  a  portion 
of  the  farm  personally  and  a  portion  as  trustee,  and  brings  an  ac- 
tion for  intitructions,  and  is  directed  to  sell  the  farm  and  deduct 
the  expenses  of  the  action  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale,  he  must 
deduct  the  costs  from  the  gross  amount  of  the  sale,  and  not  from 
the  share  going  to  the  estate.'^*^    In  an  action  against  a  trustee,  in 
which  the  plaintiff  won,  and  a  reference  was  ordered  to  ascertain 
whether  the  defendant  should  be  charged  personally  with  costs, 
the  defendant  has  no  right  to  pay  his  counsel  with  money  ad- 
judged to  belong  to  the  plaintiff.^^    A  tiiistee  will  be  required  to 
pay  costs,  where  he  refuses  to  turn  over  the  property  so  held 
by  him,  until  after  an  accounting  in  court,  when  he  had  no  right 
to  impose  such  a  condition.^^     In  an  action  to  compel  a  former 
trustee  to  turn  over  the  trust  fund  to  the  substituted  trustee, 
only  taxable  costs  can  be  allowed  against  the  former  trustee.  The 
court  in  that  action  cannot  make  an  allowance  to  the  attorney 
for  the  substituted  trustee  for  services  rendered  to  the  latter, 
payable  out  of  the  fund.    Such  an  allowance  must  be  obtained  in 
a  proceeding  directly  instituted  for  that  purpose.'*^ 

"EiiHer  v.  Boston  d  A.  R.  Co.  24  ^Hlomez  v.  Gomez,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Hun,  99,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  11.  646,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  901. 

"^Hughes  V.  Cuming,  63  App.  Div.  *-Farnngton   v.    Farmers'    Loan   & 

363,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  599.  T.  Co.  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  264,  21  N.  Y. 

'^"American   Life  Ins.    &    T.   Co.   v.  Supp.  194. 

Ton  Eps,  56  N.  Y.  601.  "^Walton  v.   Collins,  38   App.   Div. 

'"McKee    v.    Weeden,    1    App.    Div.  439.  57   N.  Y.   Supp.  244. 
:,83,   73  N.   Y.   S.   K.   188,   37   N.  Y. 
Supp.  465. 


BY   OR  AGAINST   EEPRESEif TATIVES.  235 

A  trustee  who  has  been  uniformlj  beaten  in  similar  actions 
is  properly  charged  personally  with  the  costs  of  an  appeal  to  the 
court  of  appeals."** 

A  trustee  cannot  defeat  the  plaintiff's  right  to  costs  by  doing, 
after  the  commencement  of  the  action,  the  very  thing  to  compel 
which  the  action  was  brought.^^  Where  a  trustee  refuses  to  ad- 
just accounts,  and  compels  the  opposite  party  to  bring  an  action 
to  settle  them,  the  trustee  is  properly  chargeable  with  the  costs 
of  tlie  action."*^ 

b.  Allowances  to  trustee  for  attorney's  services  in  litigation. — 
A  trustee  or  a  receiver  who  has  incurred  expense  in  litigations 
brought  to  protect  the  trust  fund  is  entitled  to  be  reimbursed 
for  his  expenses,'*'  but  he  should  show  in  detail  the  nature  of 
the  services.*^  Where  a  trustee  employs  an  attorney  to  foreclose 
several  mortgages,  and  the  attorney  receives  only  taxable  costs, 
either  from  the  purchasers  or  the  estate,  the  trustee  cannot  be 
compelled  to  return  to  the  estate  any  amounts  that  the  attorney 
has  paid  him  out  of  his  costs.''^ 

c.  Allowances  upon  an  accounting.  (1)  To  whom. — l^o  al- 
lowance for  counsel  fees  can  be  made  upon  an  accounting,  except 
to  the  trustee.^^ 

A  trustee  who  does  not  keep  accurate  books  of  accounts  is  not 
entitled  to  costs  in  an  action  brought  to  compel  him  to  account.^^ 
A  trustee  who  has  his  accounts  surcharged  to  the  extent  of 
$1,000  should  not  be  allowed  costs. ^^ 

^o  allowance  upon  an  accounting  will  be  made  to  a  trustee 
who  resigns  for  his  own  benefit, — e.  g.,  on  account  of  ill  health. ^^ 

**Smith  V.   Central   Trust   Co.    154  ''Re   Xew   York   Mut.   Ins.    Co.    17 

N.  Y.  333,  48  N.  E.  553.  App.  Div.  633,  45  X.  Y.  Supp.  263. 

*^Wilcox  V.  Qiiimhy,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  '^Clute  v.  Gould,  28  Hun,  348. 

423.  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  5.  '■"Savage  v.  Sherman,  87  X.  Y.  277. 

*^Blumenthal  v.  Einstein,  81  Hun.  °^WMte   v.    Ranlcin,    18    App.    Div. 

415.   63   N.   Y.   S.   R.   264,   .30   N.   Y.  293,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  228. 

Supp.  1126,  Affirmed  on  this  opinion  '""Gomez   v.    Gomez,    33    App.    Div. 

in  140  X.  Y.  399,  42  X.  E.  542.  379,  54  X.  Y.  Supp.  237. 

"^Vooflruff  V.  Neiv  York,  L.  E.  d  ^'/?e  Allen,  29  Hun.  7. 
W.  /.'.  Co.  129  X.  Y.  27,  29  X.  E.  251, 
41  X.  Y.  S.  R.  193. 


236  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOBK. 

(2)  By  wliom  paid. — The  allowances  to  the  trustee  are  usu- 
ally allowed  out  of  the  entire  estate,  but  where  an  action  is 
brought  to  compel  a  trustee  to  account,  by  only  one  of  the  per- 
sons beneficially  interested  in  the  estate,  the  expense  of  the  ac- 
coimting  should  be  borne  by  the  share  of  the  plaintiff.^* 

174.  Costs  in  actions  by  or  against  executors,  a.  In  general. — 
The  provisions  of  §§  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure apply  only  to  actions  arising  out  of  the  claims  of  cred- 
itors, and  matters  which  constituted  a  charge  against  the  estate 
at  the  time  of  the  death  of  the  deceased.  They  have  no  refer- 
ence to  a  claim  brought  into  being  by  the  personal  act  of  the 
representative,  or  a  claim  or  demand  arising  solely  out  of  mat- 
ters independent  of  the  estate  of  the  deceased.  In  the  latter  case 
costs  are  governed  by  the  provisions  of  §  3246  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.^^  An  executor  who  is  a  defendant  is  not  en- 
titled to  costs  because  they  are  denied  to  the  plaintiff,  where  the- 
plaintiff  recovers  judgment,  and,  if  the  action  had  been  against 
the  executor  personally,  the  plaintiff  would  have  been  entitled  to 
costs  as  a  matter  of  right,  but  costs  are  denied  him  on  account 
of  the  provisions  of  §  1835  or  §  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure.^^ An  executor  is  liable  personally  for  all  legal  services 
rendered  him  in  the  administration  of  his  trust.  In  a  proper 
case  he  will  be  allowed  for  such  disbursements  upon  the  final 
accounting.  A  suit  to  recover  for  such  service  must  be  brought 
against  him  personally,  and  if  judgment  is  rendered  against  him 
therefor,  costs  will  be  taxed  against  him  personally,  as  in  any 
other  action.^'^  An  executor  who  is  also  a  trustee,  and  is  directed 
by  the  will  to  do  certain  things,  must  be  sued  in  his  representa- 
tive capacity  on  a  contract  thus  made.     Tlie  provisions  of  the 

^Gomez   v.    Gomez,    33    App.    Div.  ^HopJcins  v.  Lott,   111   N.   Y.   577^ 

379,  54  N.  Y.  Siipp.  237.  19  N.  E.  273. 

''Dunn    V.    Arkenburgh,    48    App.  "Stniih  v.  Patten,  9  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S. 

Div.  518.  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  861.  205.     (See  note.) 


BY  OK  AGAINST  KEPUESENTATIVES.  237 

Oode  of  Civil  Procedure  as  to  costs  in  actions  against  the  execu- 
tors have  no  application  to  such  a  case.°^ 

He  must  bring  all  suits  in  tort  or  on  contract  in  his  repre- 
sentative capa(;itv,  where  the  cause  of  action  arose  in  the  life- 
time of  tlie  testator.  In  these  cases,  if  he  is  unsuccessful  he  will 
not  he  compelled  to  paj  costs,  unless  he  is  guilty  of  mismanage- 
ment or  bad  faith.^^  But  if  the  cause  of  action  arose  after  the 
death  of  his  testator,  he  mav  bring  the  action  personally,  and, 
if  unsuccessful,  will  be  compelled  to  pay  costs.  Though  he  may 
bring  such  an  action  in  his  representative  capacity,  he  is  not 
compelled  to  do  so,  and  he  will  be  liable  for  costs  whether  he 
brings  tlie  action  personally  or  in  his  representative  capacity.^® 
Under  the  Kevised  Statutes  and  under  the  Code  of  Procedure 
the  exemption  from  costs  applied  only  to  actions  brought  against 
an  executor  or  administrator,  and  not  to  actions  brought  by 
him.*^^  This  distinction  does  not  exist  under  the  present  Code. 
In  an  action  for  conversion  or  injury  to  property,  which  hap- 
pens after  the  death  of  the  testator,  although  before  letters  are 
issued,  the  executor  is  liable  for  costs  in  case  of  his  defeat.®^ 
An  executor  is  personally  liable  for  costs  in  an  action  founded 
upon  a  contract  made  after  the  death  of  his  testator.  ^^  Upon 
his  accounting  he  should  be  allowed  the  costs  of  an  action  brought 

^O'Brien  v.  Jnckson,  42  App.  Div.  G25;  Acldey  v.  Acldey,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

17L  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1044.  554,   21    N.   Y.    Supp.   877;    Lyon  v. 

^^Buchland   v.    Gallup,    105    N.    Y.  Marshall,  11  Barb.  248;  Eetchum  v. 

453,  11  N.  E.  843;  Burhans  v.  Blan-  Eetchum,  4  Cow.  87;   People  ex  ret. 

chard,  1  Denio,  626.  Bailey     v.     Albany     Mayor's     Court 

""Buclland   v.    Gallup,    105    N.    Y.  Judges,    9   Wend.   486;    Buckland   v. 

453.  11  N.  E.  843;  Burhans  v.  Blan-  Gallup,  105  N.  Y.  453,  11  N.  E.  843; 

chard,    1    Dpnio.    626;    Valentine    v.  Fox  v.  Fox,  5  Ilun,  53;  Eoldridge  v. 

"Joclcson,  9  Wend.  3o2 ;  Merritt  v.  Sea-  Scott,  1  Lans.  303 ;  Feig  v.  Wray,  64 

man,  6  N.  Y.  168;  Patterson  v.  Pat-  How.  Pr.  391,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

tersnn,   59   N.   Y.   574,   17   Am.   Rep.  (McCaity)    386,   3  N.   Y.   Civ.  Proc. 

384;  Lyon  v.  Marshall,  11  Barb.  241.  Rep.  159. 

''Fox  V.  Fox,  22  How.  Pr.  453.  "^Bostwick  v.  Brown,  15  Hun,  308; 

'^Burhans   v.   Blanchard,    1    Denio,  Buckland  v.   Gallup,   105  N.  Y.  453, 

626;   Mullen  v.  Gui7ui,  88  Hun.  128,  11   N.   E.   843;    Grout  v.   Carver,   15 

^8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  680,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  Hun,  361. 


238  THE  LAW  OK  COSTS  IN  A'EW  YORK. 

lig-ainst  iiim  personally,  upon  a  contract  made  by  liim  as  execu- 
tor, that  lie  paid,  and  ;i  reasonable  coiupensation  to  his  attor- 
ney, if  he  defended  the  action  in  good  faith. '^^  When  an  execu- 
tor recovers  costs,  he  must  charge  himself  with  receiving  that 
much  money,  and  may  credit  himself  with  what  his  attorney's 
services  are  worth.  ^^ 

In  all  cases  where  the  executor  may  bring  the  action  in  his 
personal  capacity  the  opposing  party,  if  successful,  is  entitled 
to  costs  against  the  executor  personally,  as  a  matter  of  right,  and 
he  may  tax  them  v/ithout  making  an  application  to  the  court.^^' 

An  executor  will  not  be  charged  with  costs  on  the  ground  that 
the  action  is  personal,  when  he  was  compelled  to  bring  it  in  his 
representative  capacity.  In  such  a  case,  if  his  action  is  ground- 
less, he  may  be  compelled  to  pay  costs  for  mismanagement  or 
bad  faith.*'' 

b.  What  is  mismanagement. — The  executors  will  be  com- 
pelled to  pay  costs  in  an  action  brought  to  compel  them  to  make 
good  the  loss  occasioned  to  the  estate  on  account  of  their  un- 
authorized investments,®^  or  any  other  misappropriation.®* 
Where  a  jndgment  with  costs  is  not  obtained  against  an  executor 
for  such  misappropriation  until  after  his  death,  the  plaintiff 
must  share  \vith  the  other  creditors  upon  the  distribution  of  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  deceased  executor's  real  estate  as  to 
the  amount  of  the  reco"\'erv,  but  he  cannot  have  the  costs  of  the 
action  paid  pro  rata  out  of  the  proceeds.'*^  Where  a  complaint 
is  dismissed  with  costs,  and  an  extra  allowance  granted  to  the 

**Gront  V.  Carver,  15  Hun.  3G1.  S!mith   v.    Patten,    9   Abb.   Pr.   X.    S. 

^Brofllci/'s  Estate,   17  X.  V.  S.  R.  205   (see  note)  :   Mullen  v.  Giiinn,  88 

836.   1    roniioly,    106.  2  N.   Y.   Siipp.  Hun.    128,    68    N.    Y.    S.    R.    680,    34 

751.                    '  X.  Y.  Supp.  625. 

^Feifj  V.   Wrap,   64  How.   Pr.   391.  ""Spencer   v.    f<froit.   40   Hun,    463, 

2  X.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.   Rep.    (McCarty)  23  X.  Y.  Week.  Di.^.  458. 

386.    3    X.    Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    159;  ^AcJcennan  v.  Emott,  4  Barb.  62fi. 

Bostwick    V.    Brown,    15    Hun.    308;  "^Re  Fox.  92  X.  Y.  93;  Ray  v.  Van 

Holdridge    v.    Scott,    1    Lans.    303;  Hook,  9  How.   Pr.  427. 

Lyon    V.     Marshall,     11     Barb.    241;  "i?e  Foa?,  92  X.  Y.  93. 


BY   OE  AGAINST   EEPRESEI^TATIVES.  239 

defendant,  and  the  plaintiff  dies  before  the  entry  of  judgment, 
the  plaintiff's  executor  has  a  right  to  be  substituted  in  the  action^ 
if  for  no  other  reason  than  that  he  may  have  a  right  to  review 
by  an  appeal  the  extra  allowance."^ 

Costs  are  properly  chargeable  against  the  executors  in  an 
action  to  compel  them  to  account,  or  where  they  seek  to  retain 
the  trust  property  as  their  o^vn.'^^ 

An  executor  will  be  charged  with  mismanagement,  where  he 
conducts  an  action  in  his  representative  capacity,  to  obtain  a 
personal  benefit,  and  is  defeated  in  the  action. ''^^ 

It  is  not  mismanagement  or  bad  faith  to  seek  to  recover  prop- 
erty from  the  defendant,  Avhich  he  claims  he  received  from  the 
testator  as  a  gift,  shortly  before  his  death."^^ 

c.  Procedure  to  charge  executor  personally  with  costs. — To 
charge  an  executor  personally  with  costs,  application  should  be 
made  to  the  court  upon  notice  of  motion."*^  Where  such  a  motion 
is  made  at  a  term  of  the  court  not  held  by  the  same  judge  be- 
fore whom  the  action  was  tried,  the  certificate  of  the  trial  judge 
must  be  presented,  showing  the  facts  bearing  on  the  question  of 
costs.'^^  The  appellate  court  has  no  power  to  pass  upon  that 
question,  when  it  was  not  raised  below.'^  Where  the  special 
term  refuses  to  charge  an  executor  personally  with  costs,  and 
such  order  is  affirmed  by  the  general  term,  the  opposing  party 
lias  no  power  to  enter  judgment  charging  the  costs  against  the 
executor  personally.     If  the  special  term  acted  upon  an  imper- 

'^Armstrong  v.   Union   College,   55  ing  Co.  18  Misc.  434,  41  N.  Y.  Supp. 

App.  Div.   302,   8   N.  Y.   Anno.   Cas.  788:  Woodruff  v.  Cook,  14  How.  Pr. 

332,  66  N.  Y.   Supp.  942.  481. 

""-Peliz  V.  Schultes,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  '"ParJchill  v.  EUhnan,  12  How.  Pr. 

2,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  336.  353. 

''Gross  V.  Moore,  14  App.  Div.  353,  '^S^nith    v.    A.    D.    Farmer    Type 

43  N.  Y.  Supp.  945.  Founding  Co.  18  Misc.  434,  41  N.  Y. 

"^McGovern  v.  McGovern,  18  Jones  Supp.   788;   Jack  v.  Robie,  48   Hun. 

&  S.  390.  181-185. 

'^Slocum   V.    Barr^j,    38    N.    Y.    46; 
Smith  V.  A.  D.  Farmer  Type  Found- 


240  THE  lAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

feet  state  of  facts,  the  remedy  would  be  to  ask  it  to  grant,  in  its 
discretion,  a  reargiiment  upon  the  facts  stated  fully. '^^  The 
question  whether  an  executor  is  chargeable  personally  with  costs 
cannot  be  attacked  collaterally.  Where  the  appellate  court  has 
directed  judgment,  with  costs,  against  the  executor  in  his  repre- 
sentative capacity,  that  impliedly  determines  that  he  is  not  liable 
personally.  After  such  determination  the  court  at  special  term 
has  no  power  to  again  consider  the  question  of  charging  him 
personally.^*^  But  the  question  whether  he  should  be  charged 
personally  with  costs  of  an  imsuccessful  appeal  should  be  de- 
cided at  special  term  in  the  court  of  original  jurisdiction.^^  The 
fact  that  the  executor  would  be  beneficially  benefited  by  a  re- 
covery is  no  reason  for  charging  him  with  costs.  This  can  only 
be  done  by  charging  him  "^vith  mismanagement  or  bad  faith,  as 
provided  by  statute. ^^ 

d.  Whe7i  costs  are  allowed  against  an  executor  in  his  repre- 
sentative capacity. — An  executor  who  brings  an  unsuccessful 
action  must  pa^'^  costs  the  same  as  if  he  had  brought  the  action 
in  his  own  right.^^  In  such  a  case  the  judgment  should  be  en- 
tered against  the  plaintiff  "as  executor,  etc."  The  judgment 
should  not  add  the  words  "exclusively  chargeable  and  collectiable 
from  the  estate  or  funds  of  said  deceased,"  as  the  words  import 
that  the  court  has  passed  upon  the  question  as  to  the  personal 
liability  of  the  plaintiff.  The  addition  of  these  words  add  noth- 
ing to  the  legal  consequences  of  the  award,  and  are  therefore 
unnecessary.^^     Sections  1835  and  1836  of  tJie  Code  of  Civil 

''^ Place  V.  Hat/ward,  19  Jones  &  S.  ^^CoJiu  v.   Husson,  24   Jones   &   S. 

509,    Affiimed   in    100   N.   Y.    626,   3  489,   5   N.   Y.   Supp.   7;    Lindslay  v. 

N.  E.  199.  Deafendorf,  43  How.  Pr.  90;  Re  Dar- 

^"Horie  V.   De   Feyster,    106   K   Y.  ling,   39   N.   Y.    S.   R.   43,   14   N.   Y. 

045.  13  N.  E.  778.  Supp.  445. 

^'^riarringf.071    v.    l^trovg,    49    App.  ^*Weelcs  v.   Garrei/,  24   Jones  &  S. 

Div.  39,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  257.  562,  4  K  Y.  Supp.  891 

^-Ilone  V.  De  Peyster,  106  N.  Y. 
645,  13  N.  E.  778;  Finley  v.  Jones, 
6  Barb.  229. 


BY  OK  AGAINST  EEPRESENTATIVES.  241 

Procedure  refer  only  to  actions  brought  against  the  executor, 
and  exempt  him  under  certain  circumstances,  from  costs  up  to 
the  judgment,  but  have  no  reference  to  costs  upon  appeal.  If  an 
executor  appeals  from  a  judgment  taken  against  him,  and  ap- 
peals in  vain,  costs  of  such  appeal  may  be  awarded  against  him. 
notwithstanding  the  exemption  accorded  him  in  the  first  in- 
stance.^^  But  the  executor  is  entitled  to  one  lawful  trial  with- 
out being  subjected  to  costs.  This  means  the  last  trial.  Up  to 
the  final  judgment,  no  costs  can  be  allowed,  either  for  trials  or 
successful  appeals  taken  by  him.  But  he  is  liable  for  unsuccess- 
ful appeals  from  a  judgment  against  him.^^  Costs  may  be  taxed 
in  such  cases  against  the  executor  in  his  representative  capacity, 
by  the  clerk,  and  no  application  to  the  court  is  necessary.^''^  In 
the  absence  of  a  special  order  charging  him  vdth  mismanagement 
or  bad  faith,  the  costs  are  collectable  from  the  estate.^^  An  exec- 
utor mil  be  presumed  to  have  the  funds  of  the  estate  in  his 
hands  until  he  has  made  an  accounting.  The  fact  that  he  al- 
leges that  he  has  no  money  in  his  hands  with  which  to  obey  an 
order  requiring  him  to  pay  costs  is  not  an  answer  to  a  motion  to 
punish  him  for  contempt.^^  He  will  not  be  charged  personally 
with  costs,  where  he  is  defeated  by  the  acts  of  the  defendant 
subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  action.  A  plaintiff  was 
not  charged  with  costs  where  both  himself  and  defendant  were 
named  as  executors,  and  the  defendant  refused  to  qualify  as 
such  executor,  but,  after  the  commencement  of  the  action,  did 
qualify,  and  thus  defeated  the  action.^*^ 

^^Benjamin  v.   Ver   Nooy,  36   App.  ruff  v.  Cook,  14  How.  Pr.  4S1 :   Cur- 

Div.   581,   29   N.    Y.   Civ.   Proc.    Rep.  tis  v.  Dutton,  4  Sandf.  719. 

120,    55   N.   Y.    Supp.    796;    E%int   v.  ^'Lindslay  v.  Deafendorf,  43  How. 

Connor,   14  Abb.   Pr.  466;   Judah  v.  Pr.  90;  Dodge  v.  Crandall.  30  N.  Y. 

Stagrj,  22  Wend.  641.  294;   Slociim  v.  Barry,  38  X.  Y.  46; 

^^Benjamin  v.  Ver  Nooy,  168  N.  Y.  Fish  v.  Crane,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  252; 

578,  61  N.  E.  971.  Hoice  v.  Lloyd,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  257, 

"Co/)M   V.    Eusson,   24   Jones   &    S.  2  Lans.  335. 

489,   5   N'.   Y.   Supp.   7;    Lindslay  v.  ^"Gillies  v.  Krexider,  1  Dem.  349. 

Deafendorf,  43  How.  Pr.  90;   Wood-  "^Dean  v.  Roscboom,  37  Hun,  310. 
COSTS    16. 


242  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOlMv. 

\yherc  an  administrator  brings  an  action  for  damages  for  the 
killing  of  his  intestate,  and  he  is  defeated,  with  costs,  the  surro- 
gate will  not  grant  permission  to  the  defendant  to  issue  an  exe- 
cution for  the  collection  of  such  costs.^^ 

e.  Costs  1111071  disputed  claims. — Previous  to  the  amendment 
of  1893  of  §  2718  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  the  referee 
upon  a  disputed  claim  had  no  power  over  the  question  of  costs, 
because  this  was  a  special  proceeding,  and  not  an  action,  and  the 
I'eport  of  the  referee  had  to  be  confirmed  before  entering  judg- 
ment thereon.^^  By  that  amendment  the  referee  was  given  power 
to  award  costs,  subject  to  §§  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.''^ 

The  facts  upon  which  costs  are  granted  or  refused  depend 
upon  circumstances  outside  of  the  litigation,  and  not  within  its 
issues.  The  certificate  of  the  judge  or  referee  is  a  necessary 
basis  of  the  award,  and  ^\uthout  it  the  facts  cannot  wholly  ap- 
pear. The  evidence  on  the  trial,  and  its  results,  may  be  taken 
into  account,  but  cannot  serve  wuthout  the  prescribed  certifi- 
cate.^'* The  judge  or  referee  must  certify  that  the  creditor  pre- 
sented his  claim  to  the  executors  within  the  time  required  by 
law,  and  that  the  claim  was  unreasonably  resisted  or  neglected, 
or  that  the  executor  did  not  file  the  consent  required  by  §  1822 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.'-'^ 

A  report  that  fetates  that  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  judgment 
"with  the  usual  costs  and  disbursements"  is  not  such  a  certifi- 

"i?e  McCiiUough,  18  Misc.   721.  43  83  Hun,  403.  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  667,  31 

N.  Y.  Supp.  968.  X.  Y.  Supp.  87S. 

"■McBride    v.    Chamherlain,    56    N.        ^Malson  v.  Abbey,   141  N.  Y.  179, 

Y.  S.  R.  431,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  91;  Roe  ."56    N.   Y.    S.    R.    690,    36   N.    E.    11; 

V.    Boyle,   81    N.    Y.    305;    Eldred   v.  Wroy  v.  HalUday,  3  Month.  L.  Bull. 

Emnes,  115  N.  Y.  403,  22  N.  E.  216,  98. 

26   N.    Y.    S.   R.    277;    Mersereau   v.        ""^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §   1836;  King  v. 

Ryerss,    12   How.   Pr.   300;    Smith  v.  Todd,   27   Abb.   N.   C.    149,   21    N.  Y. 

Randall,  67   Barb.   377:   Ely  v.   Tay-  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   114,  15  N.  Y.  Supp. 

lor,  42  Hun,  205.  156. 

»»Yi7c.s  V.  Crocker,  88  Hun,  313,  34 
N.  Y.  Supp.  761 ;  Henning  v.  Miller, 


BY  OR  AGAINST  REPEESENTATIVES.  243 

cate  as  the  law  requires,   and  the  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to 
costs.^^    But  he  is  entitled  to  his  disbursements.^'^ 

Where  a  party  thinks  tJiat  he  is  entitled  to  costs  against  execu- 
tors, he  must  make  his  application  therefor,^^  setting  up  the  facts 
not  embraced  within  the  issue,  upon  which,  together  with  evi- 
dence upon  the  trial  and  result  of  the  trial,  the  question  of  costs 
depends.  The  defendant  must  be  heard  upon  the  application 
whenever  it  is  made.^^  It  is  an  irregularity  to  enter  costs  with- 
out the  certificate  required  by  laAv.^""  If  the  question  again 
comes  before  the  special  term  upon  a  motion  to  strike  out  the 
costs  thus  impro])erly  taxed,  the  court  can  then  grant  the  certifi- 
cate and  allow  the  costs  to  be  taxed.^*^^  The  irregularity  will  be 
deemed  waived,  if  notice  of  taxation  of  costs  is  served  and  the 
defendant  does  not  appear. -^"^  When  costs  are  taxed  without  an 
application  therefor,  and  the  defendant  moves  to  strike  out  the 
costs  thus  irregularly  taxed,  he  should  show  that  the  plaintiff 
is  not  entitled  to  costs.  If  the  special  term  refuses  to  strike  out 
such  costs,  and  the  defendant  appeals  from  the  judgment  and 
order  refusing  to  strike  out  the  costs,  he  will  be  charged  person- 
ally with  tlie  costs  of  the  appeal,  where  the  judgment  and  order 
are  affirmed.^*^^  But  where  an  appeal  is  taken  from  the  judg- 
ment as  entered,  and  the  special  term  has  not  had  the  matter 

'^Lonvshury  v.  Sherwood,  53   App.  ^'^Hees  v.   Nellis,  65   Barb.   440,   1 

Div.  318,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  676.  Thomp.  &  C.  118;   Howe  v.  JJoyd,  2 

^''Lounshiiry  v.  Shencood,  53  App.  Lans.    335,    9    Abb.    Pr.    N.    S.    257; 

Div.  318,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  676;  Niles  Cotes   v.   Smith,    29   How.    Pr.    331; 

V.   Crocker,   88   Hun,   312,   34   N.   Y.  New    York   v.   Lyons,    1    Daly,    300; 

Supp.    761 ;     Halloch    v.    Bacon,    64  Clumpha    v.    Whiting,    10    Abb.    Pr. 

Hun.  90,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  91.  448;   Kellogg  v.  Baker,   15  Abb.  Pr. 

^'Morgan  y.  Skidmore,  3  Ahh.  'i^.  C.  288;    D'lvernois   v.    Leavitt,    8    Abb. 

92.    Affirmed    in    effect    in    55    Barb.  Pr.    60:    Vail    v.    Remsen,    7    Paige, 

263:   Hall  v.  Brennan,  64  Hun,  394,  206;  Brady  v.  Donelly,  1  N.  Y.  126; 

46  X.  Y.  S.  R.  777.   19  N.  Y.  Supp.  Effray  v.  Mason,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe. 

623;   3  Wait,  Pr.  535;   Bailey,  Trial  Rep.  59,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  657,  18  N.  Y. 

Practice,  384,  385.  Supp.  350. 

^'Burroirs     v.     Butler.     22     N.     Y.  ^'"Snyder  v.  Yovng,  4  How.  Pr.  217. 

Week.  Dig.  489.  "Wees   v.   Nellis,   65   Barb.  440,   1 

""Darde  v.    Conklin.   73   App.   Div.  Thomp.  &  C.  118. 
590,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  39. 


244  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

before  it  again,  the  appellate  court  will  strike  out  the  costs  thus 
improperly  entered.^ *^^ 

The  discretion  of  the  trial  judge  in  awarding  costs  will  not 
be  disturbed  upon  appeal,  unless  it  is  quite  clear  that  it  was 
erroneously  exercised.-^®* 

/.  Costs  in  equity  actions  against  executors. — In  an  action  in 
equity  against  an  executor  which  is  tried  before  a  referee,  costs 
are  in  the  discretion  of  the  referee,  and,  if  allowed  at  all,  he 
must  allow  them.^"®  After  such  allowance  the  party  feeling  ag- 
grieved thereby  should  except  to  the  findings  of  the  referee, 
and  appeal  from  the  judgment  entered  thereon.^^"^  The  court  at 
special  term  has  no  power  to  review  such  discretion  when  the 
matter  is  presented  to  it  upon  motion.^ °^ 

g.  Actions  brought  against  the  testator,  and  continued  against 
the  executor. — Sections  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure do  not  apply  to  actions  at  law  commenced  against  the 
intestate  in  his  lifetime,  and  which,  after  his  death,  are  contin- 
ued by  order  against  his  executor.  If  the  plaintiff  recovers,  he 
is  entitled  to  costs  as  a  matter  of  right.^°^  One  case  that  held 
otherwise  was  expressly  overruled. -^-^^ 

h.  Wlirit  costs  and  dishursements  are  allowed  against  an  exec- 
utor.— In  an  action  against  an  executor,  where  the  plaintiff  is 
allowed  costs,  this,  of  course,  includes  all  necessary  disburso- 

^"^Matson  v.  Abbey,  141  N.  Y.  179,  Y.    S.   R.   431,   26   N.   Y.   Siipp.   91: 

56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  690,  36  N.  E.  11.  Woodford  v.  BucJdiv.  14  Hun,  444; 

"^"^ Mercantile   Safe    Deposit    Co.    v.  Rosa  v.  Jenkins,  31  Hun,  384. 

Dimou,   5.5  App.  Div.   538,   67   N.   Y.  ^'^McBride   v.    Chamberlain,   56   N. 

Supp.  430.  Y.  S.  R.  431,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  91. 

^°«  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  1022;  McBride  ^"^Alerrift  v.   Thompson,   27   K   Y. 

V.  Chamberlain,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  431,  225;    Lemen   v.    Wood,    16   How.    Pr. 

26  N.  Y.  Supp.  91;  Barker  v.  White,  285;  Mitchell  v.  Mount,  17  Abb.  Pr. 

3  Keyes,  617;   Van  Riper  v.  Poppen-  213;  Benedict  v.  Caffe,  3  Duer,  6(1!). 

haus'en,  43  N.  Y.  68;   Herrington  v.  12  N".  Y.  Legal  Obs.  262;   Tindal  v. 

Robertson,  71  N.  Y.  280;   Mersereau  Jones,  11  Abb.  Pr.  258,  19  How.  Pr. 

V.  Ryerss,  12  How.  Pr.  300;  Binds  v.  469. 

Myers,  4  How.  Pr.  356,  3  N.  Y.  Code  ^^"Merritt  v.   Thompson,   27  N.   Y. 

Rep.  48.  225;    McCann  v.   Bradley,    15   How. 

^"''McBride  v.    Chamberlain,   56   N.  Pr.  79. 


BY  OK  AGAIjSST  kepresbntatives.  245 

ments.  It  was  a  mooted  question  for  some  time  whether  a  plain- 
tiif  who  lecoverod  in  such  an  action  and  was  refused  costs  was 
entitled  to  his  disbursements.  It  is  now  settled  that  in  such  a 
case  tlie  j^laintiif  is  entitled  to  his  disbursements ;  that  under  § 
817  of  the  Code  of  Procedure,  they  were  allowed,  and  this 
provision  was  not  repealed  by  the  act  of  1880.^^^  The  cases  that 
held  tlie  contrary  have  been  expressly  disapproved.^ ^^  The 
plaintiff  may  also  be  allowed  an  additional  allowance  in  a  proper 
case.^^^ 

i.  How  and  when  a  claim  must  he  presented  to  an  executor. 
— A  claim  upon  which  an  action  at  law  is  brought  must  be  pre- 
sented to  the  executor  after  his  appointment,  and  must  be  re- 
jected by  him,  to  entitle  the  plaintiff,  when  successful,  to  recover 
costs.-' ^^  Where  a  claim  has  not  been  presented  within  the  time 
limited  by  the  notice  to  present  claims,  the  plaintiff,  in  case  of 
a  successful  action  thereon,  is  not  entitled  to  either  the  costs  or 
disbursements  of  the  action,  although  it  is  stipulated  upon  the 
reference  thereon  "that  tlie  costs  of  the  reference  are  to  be  taxed 
as  the  costs  of  the  case.''  The  "costs  of  the  reference"  in  such  a 
stipulation  mean  the  ordinary  expenses  incident  to  a  reference^ 
namely,  disbursements,  referee's  fees,  witness  fees,  and  other 

'^'Larkins  v.  Maxon,  103  N.  Y.  680,        '"Larkins  v.  Maxon,  103  N.  Y.  680, 

9  N.  E.  56,  1  Silv.  Ct.  App.  215,  11  1   Silv.  Ct.  App.  215,  11  N.  Y.  Civ. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  298.  25  N.  Y.  Proc.  Pop.  298,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 

Week.  Dig.  39,  3   N.  Y.   S.   R.   642 ;  ?,().  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  642,  9  K  E.  56. 
Lounshuri/  v.  Sherwood,  53  App.  Div.        ^^'-Fort    v.    Gooding,    9    Barb.    388; 

318,   65  N.   Y.  Supp.  676;   Hatch  v.  Nihlo    \.    Binsse,    47    Barb.    435,    32 

-S:<e«;arf,  42  Hun,  164,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  How.    Pr.    92;    Davis    v.    Myers,    86 

Dig.  371,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  180;  Niles  v.  Hmi,  236.  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  37,  33  N.  Y. 

CVor/v-er,  88  Hun,  312,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  Supp.    .352;    Johnson   v.    Myers,    103 

761;   Hallodc  v.  Bacon,  64  Hun,  90,  N.  Y.  666,  9  N.  E.  55. 
19  N.  Y.  Supp.  91 ;  Krill  v.  Broionell,       "*Niles  v.  Crocker,  88  Hun,  312,  68 

40  Hun,   72;    Button  v.    'Newton,    15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  579,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  761: 

Abb.  N.  C.  452,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  56,  Beecher  v.  Duel,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 

7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  333;  Hall  v.  109;  Chesebro  v.  Hicks,  66  How.  Pr. 

Edmunds,    67    How.    Pr.    202;    Over-  194;  Keyser  v.  Kelly,  11  Jones  &  S. 

heiser  v.   Morehouse,   16  Abb.   N.   C.  22;    Mundorff  v.   Wangler,   57   How. 

208,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  257,  8  N.  Y.  Pr.  372,  12  Jones  &  S.  495. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  11. 


246  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKIC. 

proper  charges,  and  that  these  should  be  taxed  as  a  part  of  the 
costs  of  the  case.  As  the  plaintiff  cannot  tax  tlie  costs,  he  cannot 
tax  tlie  disbursements,  because  the  latter  stand  upon  the  same 
foundation  as  the  former. ■^^'^^  It  is  otherwise  in  an  action  in 
equity.^ ^^  The  claim  must  be  presented  to  entitle  the  creditor 
to  recover  costs,  although  the  claim  is  against  the  executor  as 
surety,  and  a  right  of  action  may  never  exist.^^^  A  successful 
plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs  where  he  presents  his  claim,  which 
if?  rejected,  before  the  executor  commences  to  advertise  for 
claims,^  ^'^  or  if  he  presents  it  at  any  time,  where  the  executor 
never  advertises  for  claims.^ ^® 

The  executor  may  unduly  resist  a  claim  not  properly  pre- 
sented, and  not  be  liable  for  costs  in  case  he  is  not  successful.* ^^ 
To  entitle  the  plaintiff  to  costs  the  claim  presented  must  be  the 
same  as  tlie  one  on  which  the  recovery  is  had.^^^  Where  a  claim 
for  services  that  would  be  outlawed  was  presented  and  rejected 
the  plaintiff  recovered  in  an  action  upon  a  special  contract,  in 
which  the  testator  agreed  to  compensate  the  plaintiff  by  will  for 
the  very  same  services,  the  claim  for  which  had  been  rejected, 
but  the  plaintiff  was  not  allowed  costs  or  disbursements  on  the 
ground  tliat  the  recovery  was  upon  a  different  demand  than  tliat 
which  was  presented  to  and  rejected  by  the  execiitor.*^*  Where 
costs  are  given  to  the  plaintiff  in  an  action  against  an  executor, 
this  is  res  judicata  upon  the  question  of  the  presentation  of  the 
plaintiff's  claims  to  the  executor  within  the  time  limited  by  the 
published  notice  to  present  claims.^ ^- 

llisiNichols  V.  Moloiighncy,  85  App.  "^A'jVps   v.    Crochcr,   88    Hun,    312, 

Div.  1,  82  N.  Y.  Supp.  949.  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  579.  34  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^^^Keyser  v.   KeUy,   11   Jones  &   S.  761. 

22;    Yorl;s  v.  Peck,  9  How.  Pr.  201.  ""TFflT/ace    v.    Mcirkham,    1    Denio, 

^'"l^upplee  V.  .Sfoi/re,  51  Hun,  30.  20  671;    Genef  v.  Binsse,  3  Daly,   239; 

N.  Y.  S.  Tl.  554,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  627.  Carter  v.   Beckicith,    104   X.  Y.   236, 

^"Field  y.  Field,  77  N.  Y.  294.  10  N.  E.  350. 

^^^Brinkcr  v.  Loomis,  43  Hun,  247,  "'Bcerher  v.  Duel,  14  N.  Y.  Week. 

26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  35,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Diff.  109. 

439.  »"/?e   Gall,    40    App.   Div.    114,    29 


BY   OR    AGAI?^ST    EEPRESE^YTATIVES.  24:7 

When  it  is  a  disputed  question  whether  the  claim  was  duly 
presented  and  rejected,  the  afHdavits  upon  this  question  should 
give  specific  interviews,  with  their  dates  or,  where  it  is  done  by 
correspondence,  the  contents  of  the  letters  or  copies  of  them: 
who  made  the  demand,  and  what  was  said  at  the  interviews.^^"^ 
The  claim  must  be  presented  in  writing.  A  verbal  presentation 
is  not  enough.  It  need  not  be  verified  unless  the  executor  de- 
mands it.^^*  An  absolute  rejection,  without  demanding  that 
it  be  verified,  is  sufficient.  The  executor  cannot  afterwards  raise 
the  question  that  the  claim  was  not  verified,  as  he  has  waived 
that.  Presentment  is  not  excused  because  the  executor  has 
knowedge  of  the  existence  of  the  claim. ^^""' 

j.  To  whom  the  claim  rnust  he  presented. — It  is  sufficient  if 
the  claim  is  presented  to  one  of  two  or  more  executors.^-*'  It  is 
not  necessary  that  the  claim  be  ])resented  to  an  executor  or  ad- 
ministrator substituted  as  a  defendant  in  an  action  in  the  place 
of  the  decedent.^"" 

Jc.  Effect  of  adrertlsitig  for  claims.- — An  executor  is  not  liable 
for  costs,  where  he  has  published  the  statutory  notice  for  the 
presentation  of  claims,  and  the  claim  in  suit  has  not  been  pre- 
sented. It  makes  no  difference  that  the  creditor  has  no  actual 
knowledge  of  the  publication.^ ^^ 

The  mere  fact  that  an  executor  did  not  advertise  for  claims 
will  not  render  him  liable  for  costs  upon  an  unsuccessful  de- 
fense. There  must  also  be  an  unreasonable  resistance  or  neglect, 
or  a  failure  to  file  the  consent  required  by  §  1822  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure. -^^'^ 

X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   178.  57  N.  Y.  '-'Tindall    v.    Jones,    19    How.    Pr. 

Supp.  835.  469,  11  Abb.  Pr.  258. 

^-K'hesphro  v.   Eicls,   66   How.   Pr.  ^-'Clarlson  v.  Root,   18  Abb.  N.  C. 

194.  462;  Eorton  v.  Broirn,  29  Hun.  654; 

^-'Ki)w  V.  Todd,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Supplee  v.  Sayre,  51  Hun,  30,  20  N. 

Pep.  114,  27  Abb.  N.  C.  149,  15  N.  Y.  Y.  S.  P.  554,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  627. 

SSupp.  156.  ^-"Snijdej-    v.    Young,    4    How.    Pr. 

^-'^l^Ues   V.    Crocker,    88    Hun,    312,  217;    Bullocl-   v.   Bogardus,    1   Denio, 

68  N.  Y.   S.  P.  579,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  276;    Bradley    v.    Burwell,    3    Denio, 

761.  261. 

^'HJenet  v.  Binsse,  3  Daly,  239. 


248  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

I.  When  a  claim  is  reasonably  resisted. — A  claim  cannot  be 
said  to  be  unreasonably  resisted  until  the  executors  have  had 
time  to  consider  the  matter.  A  plaintiff  who  brings  an  action  be- 
fore the  expiration  of  that  time  is  not  entitled  to  costs,  although 
he  recovers  a  verdict.^ ^"^  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  resist  the 
payment  of  a  claim  of  Avhich  the  executor  has  no  personal  knowl- 
edge and  which  is  nearly  outlawed  ;^^^  nor  to  resist  a  claim  that 
was  presented  to  the  deceased  in  his  lifetime  for  a  certain 
amount,  but  is  presented  to  the  executor  for  a  much  larger 
amount,  even  though  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  sum  larger  than  the 
original  bill,  but  not  as  large  as  that  presented  to  the  executor.^^^ 
A  claim  is  not  unreasonably  resisted,  where  the  first  item  was 
$5,000  for  services  to  the  decedent  as  a  nurse,  and  an  action  was 
brought  within  two  months  after  letters  were  issued.^^^  Where 
a  referee  in  partition  died  without  having  paid  over  the  part  of 
the  money  going  to  unknown  heirs,  and  those  entitled  to  the 
money  commenced  proceedings  against  his  executor,  it  was  held 
that  the  executor  should  not  be  made  to  pay  costs,  as  he  was 
guilty  of  no  wrong.^^* 

An  executor  cannot  be  said  to  have  unreasonably  resisted  a 
claim  where  he  has  won  on  two  trials,  but  lost  on  the  third,  and 
he  has  found  among  the  papers  of  the  deceased  papers  and  docu- 
m=ents  from  which  he  had  the  right  to  assume  that  the  debt  was 
paid.^''^  The  mere  fact  that  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  judgment 
for  the  amount  of  the  claim  presented  is  not  proof  that  the  claim 
was  unreasonably  resisted. •'^^  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  resist 
liability  of  the  testator  as  indorser  of  a  note,  Avhere  he  died  be- 
fore the  maturity  of  a  note.-^^'^ 

'^Macti  V.   Willinms,   55  Hun,  489,  '^Waughn  v.  Strong,  66  Hun,  278, 

30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  345.  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  658.  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  319,  21  K  Y.  Supp. 

'^^Chesehro  v.   Hicks,  66  How.   Pr.  154. 

194.  ^^''Ehrenrelcli     v.     Lichienberg,     29^ 

"-frarrisoti  v.  Ayers,  18  Hun,  336.  Misc.  305.  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  513,  Affirm- 

""Buch-hout  V.   Htmt,  16  How.  Pr.  inj;  28  IMisc.  789,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  383. 

407.  "''Bank   of   Port   Jefferson   v.   Dar- 

"'Brotcn  v.  King,  63  Hun,  158.  45  ling,  91  Hun,  236,  72    N.  Y.  S.  R.  54, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  24.  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  678.  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  153. 


BY   OK  AGAINST   KEPiiESENTATIVES.  249 

In  an  action  for  damages  for  an  eviction  from  land  leased 
from  the  intestate,  where  tlie  plaintiff  recovers  6  cents  damages, 
the  claim  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  unreasonably  resisted, 
therefore  the  plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  costs.^^^ 

Costs  should  not  be  granted  where  a  defense  was  interposed 
in  good  faith,  and  would,  doubtless,  have  succeeded  if  certain 
witnesses  for  the  defense  could  have  been  procured.^  ^^ 

Costs  should  not  be  allowed  against  an  executor  where  the 
credit  was  originally  given  to  a  third  person,  but  upon  trial  it 
was  proved  to  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  deceased.^ ^° 

A  claim  is  not  unreasonably  resisted  where  the  interest  on  the 
claim  has  been  reduced  from  10  per  cent  to  6  per  ceut.^'*^  Nor 
is  a  claim  unreasonably  resisted  where,  after  making  a  payment 
thereon,  the  administrator,  upon  the  advice  of  counsel  that  the 
entire  claim  is  illegal,  refuses  to  pay  any  more,  and  fails  to 
sustain  his  defense  in  an  action  brought  thereon.^ ^- 

m.  Effect  of  reduction  of  amount  of  claim  on  the  question  of 
unreasonable  resistance  to  the  claim. — If  the  amount  of  recovery 
is  materially  reduced  from  the  amount  of  the  claim  presented, 
this  fact  has  been  held  sufficient  to  show  that  the  claim  was  not 
unreasonably  resisted. ■^'^^  The  claim  was  not  unreasonably  re- 
sisted where  it  was  reduced  one  third, ^^*  or  three  seventLs,'^^  or 
one  half.^'*^  Executors  should  not  be  held  liable  for  costs  where 
they  reduce  a  claim  for  the  board  of  a  testator.^ ^"  AVhere  exec- 
utors have  reduced  claims  in  the  following  amounts,  it  was  held 

^EopUns  V.  Lott,  111  N.  Y.  577,  X.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   11;   HeaJy  v. 

19  N.  E.  273.  Malcolm,  75  App.  Div.  422,  78  N.  Y. 

"^Stephenson  v.  Clark,  12  How.  Pr.  Snpp.  315. 

282.  ^**Ryan   v.   McElroy,    15   App.   Div. 

^*°Comstock    V.    Olmstcad,    6   How.  216.  44  N.  Y.  Supp.   196. 

Pr.  77.  "^Baileij  v.  Schmidt,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

^*^Davis  V.  Myers,  86  Him.  236.  67  50.  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  405. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  37,  33  X.  Y.  Supp.  352.  ''"Pinkerneni  v.  Bischoff,  2  Abb.  N. 

"■Proude  v.   Whiton,   15  How.  Pr.  C.  107;  Dag<]ett  v.  Mead,  11  Abb.  N. 

304.  C.  116. 

^*'Orerheiser  v.  Morehouse,  2  How.  ^"Webster    v.    Nichols,    21    N.    Y. 

Pr.  N.  S.  257,  16  Abb.  X.  C.  208.  8  Week.  Dig.  566. 


250  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

that  the  chum  was  not  iinrcasonahly  resisted,  and  the  plaintiff 
was  not  entitled  to  costs :  Rednccd  from  $3,000  to  $300  upon  an 
unliquidated  claim  ;^^^  from  over  $60,000  and  large  amount  of 
interest,  further  reduced  by  the  general  term  to  $10,000;^'*^ 
from  $1,000  to  $350  ;i^"  from  $306.36  to  $93.^ ^^ 

n.  Ecfmal  to  rc/cr.— Under  §  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, before  the  amendment  in  1805,  A\'hicli  provided  that  the 
pJaintift'  was  entitled  to  costs  where  the  claim  was  presented 
within  the  time  limited  by  the  notice  to  present  claims,  and 
payment  thereof  had  been  unreasonably  resisted  or  neglected,  or 
the  defendant  had  refused  to  refer  the  claim,  the  following  de- 
cisions held  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  costs  because  the 
defendant  had  absolutely  refused  to  refer.  Although  the  claim 
was  presented  for  $2,554.25,  and  an  action  was  brought  for 
$1,412.63,  and  the  recovery  thereon  was  $573.63;^^^  or  was  re- 
duced from  $2,551.04  to  $192.90  ;i''^  or  was  reduced  from  $1,- 
510.80  to  $461.19  ;i^^  or  was  reduced  from  $3,800  to  $1,250, 
although  the  claim  was  presented  in  the  name  of  a  firm,  but  the 
recovery  was  had  by  one  member  thereof.^ ^'^ 

These  recoveries  were  had  in  actions  after  an  absolute  refusal 
t<^)  refer.  If  these  recoveries  had  been  had  upon  a  statutory 
reference,  costs  would  undoubtedly  have  been  denied.  These 
cases  are  not  now  in  point,  as  the  provision  that  a  refusal  to  re- 
fer when  a  claim  was  properly  presented  rendered  the  executor 
liable  for  costs  if  judgment  went  against  him  has  been  removed 
by  the  amendment  of  1895. 

"•*/?)/ ^7i  Y.  Daimiport,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  "-Carter   v.    BeclcwUli,    104    N.   Y. 

Proc.  Eep.   121,  45  N.  Y.   S.  R.   926,  236,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  373,  5  N.  Y. 

18  N.  Y.  Snpp.  721.  S.  R.  617,  10  N".  E.  350. 

^'Molmson  v.  MyerR,  103  K  Y.  666,  "'.Ve/Zis  v.  Duesler,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

1  Silv.  Ct.  App.  209.  25  N.  Y.  Week.  228,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  315. 

Dijr.  75,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  655,  9  N.  E.  55.  '■"Z/ctii.s  v.  Gallagher,  37  App.  Div. 

^^"Crtiikshank     v.     Cruikshank,     9  627,   29   X.   Y.    Civ.    Proc.   Rep.    149, 

How.  Pr.  3.50.  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  1066. 

^^'Heahf  v.  Murphy.  21   N.  Y.  Civ.  ^'■'^Genet  v.  liinsse,  3  Daly,  239. 
Proc.  Rep.  13,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  541. 


BY   OH   AGAIiS'ST   KI-;PKESENTAT1VES.  251 

0.  Unreasonably  resisted. — The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs 
Avhere  the  referee  finds,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  that  the  claim  was 
imreasonablj  resisted.'""^  It  will  be  assumed  that  he  was  of  this 
o]3inion  from  the  facts  which  appeared  upon  the  trial.^^^ 

Wliether  payment  of  a  claim  is  uni'easonablv  resisted  depends 
very  largely  upon  matters  outside  of,  and  not  connected  with,  the 
cause  of  action  or  the  merits  of  a  claim.  If  an  action  is  brought 
before  the  expiration  of  the  year  allowed  to  the  administrators 
for  the  payment  of  debts  or  claims  against  the  estate,  the  com- 
plaint must  state  facts  showing  that  the  payment  was  unrea- 
sonably resisted,  and  the  certificate  of  the  judge  must  certify 
facts  showing  the  necessity  and  propriety  of  bringing  the  action 
at  that  time.^^^ 

A  claim  is  unreasonably  resisted  when  the  executor,  by  proper 
inquiry,  could  have  found  that  the  bill  was  proper,  or  the  testa- 
tor ordered  the  bill  paid,  by  a  clause  in  his  will,^'^'-^  or  left  such  a 
direction  in  his  papers,  and  the  executor  does  not  seek  the  cor- 
roborative evidence  necessary  to  justify  him  in  paying  the 
bill.^^^  An  executor  should  be  required  to  pay  costs  where  the 
testator  directs  that  the  persons  taking  care  of  him  should  be 
well  rewarded,  and  the  referee  allows  the  claim  for  the  full 
amount.^  ^^ 

A  claim  is  unreasonably  resisted  when  the  objection  is  not 
promptly  raised,  and  when  raised  is  unsuccessful.-^®^  Costs  are 
properly  allowed  against  an  executor  when  he  rejects  no  item  of 
the  account,  and  the  amount  due  upon  the  claim  depends  upon 
the  question  of  interest.^®^     A  claim  is  unreasonably  resisted 

^"^Ellis  V.  FUon,   85  Hun,   485.   66  ^""Kellogg  v.   Ogden,  27   App.  Div. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  764,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  138.  214,  50  N.  Y.  Siipp.  650. 

^"Benedict  v.  Sliter,  82  Hun,   190,  ^"^Darling  v.  Ealsey,  2  Abb.  N.  C. 

69  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  413.  105. 

^^Tatterson  v.  Buchanan,  40  App.  ^^-Boijd  v.  WilJdn,  23  How.  Pr.  137. 

Div.   493,   29   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  ^"^Eyland   v.    Carpenter,   20   N.   Y. 

238,  58  N.  Y.   Supp.   179.  Week.  Dig.  201. 

'"'Darling  v.  Ealsey,  2  Abb.  N.  C. 
105. 


252  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

when  the  executor  denies  the  justice  of  the  entire  claim,  but 
upon  the  trial  it  is  reduced  only  about  one  fifth.^^*  A  reduction 
of  the  claim  from  $196  to  $178.50  is  not  such  a  reduction  as  to 
deprive  the  plaintiff  of  costs. ^^^ 

p.  Failure  to  file  consent  that  the  claim  may  he  heard  on 
judicial  settlement. — The  commencement  of  an  action  upon  a 
claim  within  five  months  and  twenty  days  after  its  rejection  i.s- 
a  waiver  by  the  plaintiff'  of  his  right  to  costs  in  case  he  is  suc- 
cessful.^ ^^ 

There  is  a  special  term  decision  which  holds  that  an  executoi',. 
to  relieve  himself  from  costs,  must  file  his  consent,  as  provided 
in  §  1822  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  witliin  five  month--: 
and  twenty  days  after  his  rejection  of  the  claim,  although  before 
tlie  expiration  of  that  time  an  action  has  been  commenced  there- 
on.^6' 

q.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference. — Parties  still  have  a 
right  to  settle  their  disputes  by  a  reference.  But  a  refusal  to 
refer  does  not  make  the  defendant  liable  for  costs.  The  referee 
has  now  the  power  to  pass  upon  the  question  of  costs,  subject  to 
the  qualification  in  §§  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. The  reference  is  an  action,  and  judgment  may  be  en- 
tered upon  the  report  of  the  referee  without  an  application  to  the 
court;  and  the  practice  on  appeal  from  his  decision  is  the  same 
as  in  other  civil  actions.^ ^^  The  discretion  of  the  referee  relates 
only  to  the  costs  of  the  plaintiff.  When  the  executor  wins,  he  i^ 
entitled  to  costs,  as  a  matter  of  right. ■'^^     Under  the  old  law. 

''"Fort  V.  Gooding,  9  Barb.  371.  764,   33   N.   Y.    Supp.    13S;    Niles  v. 

'^^Dukelow  V.  Searles,  48  N.  Y.  S.  Crocker,  88  Him,  312,  G8  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

R.  91.  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  348.  579,  34  N.  Y.   Supp.  761;   Winne  v. 

'"^Hart  V.  Hart,  45  App.  Div.  280,  Hills,  91  Hun,  92,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702, 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  131;  Hotje  v.  Flijnn,  36   N.   Y.    Supp.    683;    Jenkinson   v. 

30  Misc.  636,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  252.  Harris,  27  IMisc.  714,  59  N.  Y.  Supp. 

'"De  Kalb  Ave.   M.  E.   Church  v.  548;  Fisher  v.  Bennett,  21  Misc.  178, 

Eelk,  30  :\Iisc.  367,  62  N.  Y.   Supp.  47  N.  Y.  Supp.   114;   Carter  v.  Bar- 

393.  num,  24  Misc.  220,  53  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"^'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2718;   Ellis  v.  539. 
Filon,  85  Hun,  485,   66  N.  Y.  S.  R.         ''\idams  v.  Olin,  78  Hun,  309.  6( 


BY  OK  AGAINST  KEPKESENTATIVES.  253 

costs  to  a  successful  defendant  rested  in  the  discretion  of  the 
<}ourt,  and  as  it  was  a  special  proceeding,  and  not  an  action,  ap- 
plication had  to  be  made  to  the  court.' ^*^  A  motion  to  confirm  a 
referee's  report  is  now  improper;  the  court  cannot  review  the 
referee's  decision,  and  hence  cannot  confirm  it. 

\Arhere  the  referee  has  not  passed  upon  the  question  of  costs, 
the  court,  under  §  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  may 
pass  on  that  question.' ^^  The  certificate  of  the  referee,  as  pro- 
vided for  in  §§  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
must  still  be  given,  or  else  the  plaintiff  cannot  be  allowed  his 
•costs.' '^^  The  certificate  of  the  referee  is  a  different  paper  from 
his  report,  and  he  may  give  it  after  he  has  filed  his  report  Sec- 
tion 3248  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  re2:ulates  the  ffivins: 
of  tliis  certificate.''^^  If  the  plaintiff'  recovers,  he  is  entitled  to 
his  disbursements  under  §  317  of  the  Code  of  Procedure, 
:as  that  part  of  the  section  has  not  been  repealed.''^*  It  was  held, 
when  these  proceedings  were  under  the  Ile\4sed  Statutes,  that 
au  extra  allowance  could  not  be  granted  herein,  as  this  was  a 
special  proceeding,  and  not  an  action.' ^^ 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  695,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  131;  560,   61   K  y.   Supp.   953;    Carter  v. 

Winne  v.  Bills,  91  Hun.  89,  71  N.  Y,  Becktoith,   104  N.  Y.  236;    10  N.  E. 

S.  R.  702,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  683.  350. 

""RadJey   v.   Fisher,    24   How.    Pr.  "*Whitcomb  v.  Whitcoml),  92  Hun, 

404;    Bahhage   v.    Wehster,   72   Hun,  443,     36     N.     Y.     Supp.     607;     Lar- 

456,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  300;   Walker  v.  kins  v.  Maxon,  103  N.  Y.  680,  1  Silv. 

Gardener,  8  Misc.  468,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Ct.    App.   215,    11    N.    Y.    Civ.    Proc. 

599,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  669.  Rep.  298,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dij?.  39,  3 

^''Jenkinson    v.    Harris,    27    Mi8C.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  642,  9  N.  E.  56,  Approv- 

714,  59   N.   Y.   Supp.   548;    Fisher  v.  ing  Krill  v.   Brownell,  40   Hun,   72; 

Bennett,  21  Misc.  178,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  Sutton  v.  Newton,  15  Abb.  N.  C.  452, 

114.  2  How.  Pr.  N.    S.    56,    7    N.  Y.  Civ. 

"'/ee  Raab,  47  App.  Div.  33,  62  N.  Proc.  Rep.  333 ;  Hall  v.  Edmunds,  67 
Y.  Supp.  332;  Whitcomb  v.  Whit-  How.  Pr.  202;  Overheiser  v.  More- 
comb,  92  Hun,  443,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  house,  16  Abb.  X.  C.  208,  2  How.  Pr. 
mi,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  607;  Eenning  v.  N.  S.  257,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 
Miller,  83  Hun,  403.  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  11,  Disapproving  Miller  v.  Miller,  Z2 
667,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  878;  Lounsbury  Hun,  481;  Daggett  v.  Mead,  11  Abb. 
V.  Sherwood,  53  App.  Div.  318,  65  N.  X.  C.  116. 
Y.  Supp.  676.  "^Moiory  v.  Peet,   13  N.  Y.  Week. 

"^Brainerd   v.   De   Graef,   29   ]Misc.  Dig.   16. 


254  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

That  reasoning  would  not  hold  now,  as  the  reference  is  now  an 
action  in  the  supreme  court.  This  allowance  mij  be  granted  by 
the  court  at  special  term.^'^^ 

r.  Costs  upon  a  statutory  reference,  luhere  the  plaintiff  recov- 
ers less  than  $50. — A  statutory  reference  is  now  an  action  in 
the  supreme  court,  and  is  governed  in  the  matter  of  costs  the 
same  as  all  other  actions  in  that  court,  except  that  the  plaiutiif's 
right  to  costs  is  limited  by  §§  1835  and  1836  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.  If  a  creditor  consents  to  a  reference  of  a  dis- 
puted claim  and  recovers  less  than  $50,  he  is  liable  for  costs. 
The  amendment  of  subd.  5  of  §  2863  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure by  the  Laws  of  1895  allows  an  action  to  be  brought 
against  an  executor  or  administrator  in  a  justice's  court,  where 
the  amount  of  the  claim  is  less  than  $50  and  the  claim  has  been 
duly  presented  to  the  executor  or  administrator  and  rejected  by 
hini.^"^  Where  the  plaintiff  presented  a  claim  of  $114,  which 
was  rejected  and  referred,  and  the  executor  pleaded,  as  a  coun- 
terclaim, a  claim  that  she  had  against  the  plaintiff  and  a  third 
party,  jointly  and  severally,  and  thus  reduced  the  plaintiff's  re- 
cm-ery  below  $50,  the  plaintiff  was  held  entitled  to  costs,  because 
he  could  not  have  commenced  his  action  in  a  justice's  court.-*"** 

It  has  been  held  that  where  an  action  is  commenced  upon  a 
claim  of  more  than  $50  though  the  recovery  is  less  than  that 
amount,  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs,  if  the  proper  certifi- 
cate of  the  presentation  and  rejection  is  procured.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  such  certificate  the  plaintiff  cannot  be  allowed  his  costs, 
nor  can  the  defendant.-*"^ 

The  plaintiff  should  not  be  allowed  costs  unless  he  recovers 
$50,  or  a  sum  which  added  to  any  counterclaim  independent  of 
the  cause  of  action,  which  he  has  liquidated  in  the  action,  equals 

^'"''Fisher  v.  Bennett.  21  IMisr.  178,  ^'''^Germcin-Amevican  Provision  Co. 
47  X.  Y.  Rupp.   114.  V.  Garrone,  73  App.  Div.  409,  77  N. 

^''''Lampherc  v.  Lamphere,  .^4  App.    Y.   Supp.   134. 
Div.  17,  G6  N.  Y.  Stipp.  270. 

"^Osborne  v.  Parker,  66  App.  Div. 
277,  72  N.  Y.  Snpp.  894. 


BY   OR   AGAIlSrST   EEPRESENTATIVES.  255 

$50.  The  plaintiff  should  not  be  allowed  tlie  right  to  bring  an 
executor  into  a  court  of  record  upon  a  claim  upon  which  there  is 
less  than  $50  due,  and  compel  him  to  pay  the  costs  in  that 
court.  If  this  is  the  law  a  plaintiff  can,  bv  increasing  his  claims 
above  $50  compel  the  executor  to  pay  a  sum  in  excess  of  what  he 
believes  is  proper,  either  as  blackmail,  or  as  costs  in  an  action 
in  a  court  of  record.  Costs  against  an  executor  of  an  insolvent 
estate  must  be  paid  in  full,  and  the  judgment  creditor  will  not 
be  compelled  to  accept  a  pro  rata  part  of  them.^^** 

s.  Costs  upon  appeals. — The  protection  of  the  statute  is  given 
to  the  executor  upon  successful  appeals  taken  by  him.  If  he 
secures  a  new  trial,  with  costs  tx)  abide  the  event,  and  upon  tht^ 
new  trial  again  loses,  he  cannot,  in  any  event,  be  charged  with 
the  costs  of  his  former  appeal.  He,  doubtless,  would  be  com- 
pelled to  pay  the  costs  of  an  unsuccessful  appeal,^  ^^  or  of  an  ap- 
peal taken  for  his  own  benefit.^ ^^ 

'^"Heather's  Estate,  15  Abb.  N.  C.        ^^-Gardntr     v.    GunLter,    6     Paige, 
194;   Columbian  Ins.  Co.  v.  Stevens,    455. 
37  N.  Y.  536. 

'^Benjamin   v.    Ver    'Nooy,    168   N. 
Y.  578,  61  N.  E.  971. 


CHAPTEK  XVIII. 

COSTS  IN  SURROGATE'S  COURT. 

175.  Authority  to  award  costs. 

176.  By  whom  paid. 

177.  How  the  discretion  of  the  surrogate  is  reviewed. 
17S.  Costs  on  probate  of  will. 

179.  Costs  on  probate  of  lost  will. 

180.  Application  to  revoke  the  prc/bate  of  a  will. 

181.  Granting  and  revoking  letters  of  administration. 

182.  Allowances  upon  an  accounting. 

183.  Allowances  when  the  estate  is  less  than  $1,000  in  amount. 

184.  How  costs  awarded  in  tlie  surrogate's  court  are  collected. 

185.  To  whom  costs  are  awarded. 

186.  Costs  upon  the  removal  of  an  executor. 

187.  Costs  upon  an  appeal  from  the  surrogate's  court. 

188.  Affirmance  or  reversal  "with  costs"  or  "without  costs." 

189.  Amount  of  costs  on  appeal. 

190.  Allowances  to  special  guardians. 

191.  Amount  of  costs  allowed. 

192.  What  disbursements  are  allowed. 

193.  Disputed  claim  heard  by  the  surrogate. 

194.  Proceedings  to  sell  real  estate  to  pay  debts  of  the  decedent. 

195.  Allowances  upon  tax  appraisals. 

175.  Authority  to  award  costs. —  The  power  of  the  surrogate 
to  grant  allowances  or  costs  is  derived  wholly  from  statutory 
provisions.^ 

176.  By  whom  paid.—  Section  2557  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure provides  by  whom  costs  awarded  in  the  surrogate's  court 
are  to  be  paid.  Section  2557  is  as  follows:  "Except  where 
special  provision  is  otherwise  made  by  law,  costs  awarded  by  a 
decree  may  be  made  payable  by  the  party  personally,  or  out  of 

»iJe  Welling,  51  App.  Div.  355,  64  N.  C.  289,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  17;  Hoyt's 
N.  Y.  Supp.  1025;  McMahon  v.  Estate,  5  Dem.  432,  12  N.  Y.  Civ. 
Smith,  20  Misc.  305,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  Proc.  Rep.  208,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 
662;  Re  Denilce,  48  Hun,  606,  21  Abb.    373,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  786. 

256 


COSTS   IN   SUKROGATe's    COURT.  257 

the  estate  or  fund,  as  justice  requires ;  but  costs  other  than  ac- 
tual expenses  cannot  be  awarded  to  be  paid  out  of  an  estate  or 
fund  which  is  less  than  $1,000  in  amount  or  value."  Sections 
2558  and  2566  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  govern  the  ques- 
tion of  costs  in  this  court.  It  is  usual  to  make  the  costs  payable 
out  of  the  estate  or  fund,  unless  the  costs  are  caused  by  parties 
not  acting  in  good  faith,  in  which  case  the  costs  are  imposed 
upon  the  party  causing  the  expense.  It  is  to  the  interest  of  jus- 
tice that  suspicious  matters  should  not  pass  unchallenged,  and 
where  the  contestant  has  reasonable  grounds  for  contesting  a 
matter,  costs  will  not  be  imposed  on  him.^  A  party  who  mis- 
takes his  remedy  and  makes  unnecessary  costs  to  the  adminis- 
trator is  properly  chargeable  with  costs.^  Costs  should  not  be 
allowed  against  the  mother  of  an  infant,  where  she  was  cited  to 
appear  upon  an  application  for  the  appointment  of  a  guardian 
of  the  person  of  the  infant.  She  is  not  a  party  to  the  proceed- 
ings so  as  to  subject  herself  to  costs.* 

177.  How  the  discretion  of  the  surrogate  is  reviewed. —  The 
discretion  of  the  surrogate  is  not  reviewable  by  the  court  of  ap- 
peals,^ nor  by  the  supreme  court,  unless  there  has  been  an  abuse 
of  discretion  and  a  violation  of  justice ;  and  the  order  which  re- 
verses the  exercise  of  the  discretion  of  the  surrogate  must  show 
that  the  gTound  of  the  reversal  was  the  abuse  of  discretion  by 
the  surrogate.^  But  the  appellate  division  of  the  supreme  court 
has  power,  when  it  modifies  a  decree  of  the  surrogate,  to  deter- 
mine whether  a  party  should  be  allowed  costs  in  the  surrogate's 
court.     But  the  court  of  appeals  has  no  jurisdiction  to  review 

-Pou-elVs  Estate,  5  Dem.  2S1,  5  N.  "Colhjer  v.  Collyer,  110  N.  Y.  481, 

Y.  S.  R.  348:  Re  Keelcr,  2  Connoly,  6  Am.  St.  Rep.  405,   18  N.  Y.  S.  r! 

45,  23  Ahh.  N.  C.  376,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  210,  18  N.  E.  110. 

Proc.  Rep.  30,  26  N.  Y.  S.  R.  90,  7  'Re  felled;   111  N.  Y.  284,   19  X. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  199.  Y.  S.  R.  GOl,  19  X.  E.  06;  Re  Niles, 

""Re  Killan,   66   App.   Div.   312,   72  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  720,   12  N.  Y.  Supp. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  714.  157;   Mnrrin  v.  Marvin,  11  Abb.  Pr. 

*Re   Valentine,   100   X.   Y.    607,   22  X.  S.  97, 
N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.   175,  2  X.  E.  451. 

COSTS    17. 


2;>8  TJIE  J-AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  discretion  of  the  supreme  court  in  such  a  case.^  This  is  on 
the  ground  that  the  discretion  of  one  court  cannot  be  reviewed 
bj  another  court,  unless  thei-e  has  been  an  abuse  of  discretion,  or 
the  court  below  has  declined  to  exercise  its  discretion  on  the 
ground  that  it  has  no  discretion  in  the  premises. 

178.  Costs  on  probate  of  will. —  Parties  who  contest  the  pro- 
bate of  a  will  without  any  reasonable  ground  and  hope  of  success 
will  be  charged  personally  Avith  the  costs  of  the  contest.^  No> 
contest  is  needed  to  ascertain  whether  a  will  was  properly  exe- 
cuted or  not;  that  can  be  discovered  upon  the  examination  of  the 
witnesses  to  the  will,  when  the  will  is  offered  for  prol)ate.^  In 
{;ase  of  palpable  bad  faith  and  fraud  on  the  part  of  the  attorney 
ov  counsel,  either  or  both  may  be  made  to  pay  the  costs  person- 
ally.^*' No  per  diem  allowance  can  be  made  for  preparation  for 
trial  in  these  ]n'oceedings.^^  It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that 
the  contestant  be  guilty  of  lack  of  good  faith  to  make  him  liable 
personally  for  costs.  I'he  court  may  award  costs  against  him 
personally  by  way  of  indemnity  to  the  successful  party. ^^ 

Section  2558  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  prohibits  the 
allowance  of  costs  to  an  unsuccessful  contestant  of  a  will,  unless 
he  is  the  special  guardian  of  an  infant.  If  the  infant  becomes 
of  age  during  the  contest  the  guardian  can  receive  compensation 
up  to  that  time,  but  not  longer.  The  consent  or  stipulation  of 
the  proponent  will  not  confer  jurisdiction  upon  the  surrogate  ta 
make  such  an  allowance. ^'^      Costs  to  a  special  guardian  of  an  in- 

'Re  Denion.   137   X.  Y.   428.  .51   N.  ^"Re  Tucle.   17  N.   Y.   S.  R.  805,  3 

Y.  S.  R.  (50,  .3.3  X.  E.  482.  N.  Y.  Supp.   108. 

^Castle's     K/italr,    1,5     N.    Y.    Civ.  "/?c  Aaron,  5  Dem.  362,  2.5  X.  Y. 

Proc.  Rep.  276,   17   X.   Y.   S.  R.  810,  Week.  Big.  .324,  7  X.  Y.  S.  R.  735. 

2  N.  Y.  Supp.  638;   Re  Fuller,  16  X.  ^-Re  ^eagi-ist,  1  App.  Div.  615,  7a 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  412.  22  X.  Y.   S.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  88,  37  X.  Y.  Supp.  496. 

R.  352,  5  X.  Y.  Supp.  460;  Re  Whe-  "/?c  Heeler,  2  Connoly,  45,  23  Abb. 

Ian,  6  Dem.  425,  15  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  X.  C.  376,   18  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep, 

Rep.  273,  17  X.  Y.  S.  R.  772,  2  X.  Y.  30.  26  X.  Y.  S.  R.  90,  7  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Supp.  635.  199. 

'ffc  Whrlan,  6  Dem.  425,  15  X.  Y. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  273,  17  X.  Y.  S.  R- 
772,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  035. 


COSTS   IN    surrogate's    COURT.  259 

fant  upon  an  unsuccessful  contest  of  a  will  cannot  exceed  $70 
and  $10  per  day  for  all  the  days,  less  two,  necessarily  occupie<l 
in  the  trial,  and  disbursements.^^  Bj'  section  2558  costs  upon 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  have  a  will  admitted  to  probate  may 
be  allowed  to  the  proponent  when  he  is  named  in  the  alleged  will 
as  the  executor  thereof,  and  he  has  taken  his  proceedings  in 
good  faith. 

One  who  finds  a  will  which  he  is  interested  in  establishing 
should  offer  it  for  probate,  and  he  will  not  be  charged  personally 
with  the  costs  in  case  of  failure. ^•'* 

179.  Costs  on  probate  of  lost  will.—  A  proponent  of  an  alleged 
lost  will  is  properly  chargeable  with  the  costs  to  each  of  the  con- 
testants of  the  proceedings,  when  he  commenced  the  proceedings 
without  any  knowledge  or  evidence  to  sustain  his  contention, 
trusting  to  chance  for  their  development.-'^ 

180.  Application  to  revoke  the  probate  of  a  will. —  The  same 
rule  as  to  costs  that  applies  upon  the  probate  of  a  will  applies 
upon  the  application  to  revoke  the  probate  of  a  will.  If  the 
proceedings  are  not  brought  in  good  faith,  costs  will  be  charged 
upon  the  party  instituting  them.-^'^ 

181.  Granting  and  revoking-  letters  of  administration. —  Costs 
may  be  imposed  upon  a  contestant  to  the  appointment  of  an  ad- 
ministrator, when  the  contest  is  not  conducted  in  good  faith.^** 
In  revoking  letters  of  administration  the  administrator  will  be 
allowed  his  costs  in  opposing  the  proceedings,  when  he  had  good 
reason  to  think  that  he  was  justified  in  so  doing,  the  surrogate 
and  the  general  term  both  holding  with  him.^''  A  temporary 
administrator  mav  be  authorized  by  an  order  of  the  surrosat.^ 

^*ForsteT  v.  Kane,  1   Dem.  «)7 ;   Be  ^'•Re  Lotvman,  1  Misc.  43,  22  N.  Y. 

Trucy,  IS  Abb.  N.  C.  242;  Code  Civ.  Supp.   1055;  Henry's  Estate,  5  Dem. 

Proe.  §§  2558,  sub.  3,  2561.  and  3256.  272,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  344. 

"7?e  Grisicold,  15  Abb.  Pr.  299.  ^^Fe  Clark,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  370. 

'^Collyer  v.  Colhjer,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  '^He  Page,  107  N.  Y.  2G6,  14  N.  E. 

.328,  Affirmed  in  110  N.  Y.  481.  6  Am.  193, 
St.  Rep.  425,  18  N.  E.  110;  HauseU 
V.  Vilmar,  76  N.  Y.  G30. 


260  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

to  pay  tlie  expenses  of  bis  administration  of  the  trust,  or  the 
stenographer's  or  referee's  fees  on  contest  of  a  will  or  adminis- 
tration f^  but  he  cannot  be  ordered  to  pay  the  costs  incurred 
upon  the  attempt  to  prove  alleged  wills,^^  nor  the  costs  incurred 
upon  the  probating  of  the  will  of  the  deceased,^^  nor  the  costs  of 
a  contested  proceeding  for  the  grant  of  letters  of  administra- 
tion.-^ 

182.  Allowances  upon  an  accounting. —  The  costs  of  a  contest 
upon  an  accounting  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  surrogate,  both 
as  to  the  amount  and  by  whom  payable,  Avithin  the  limits  im- 
posed by  §§  2561  and  2562  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 
The  allowances  for  legal  services  upon  an  accounting  where 
there  is  no  contest  is  not  to  exceed  $25,  where  there  is  a  contest, 
the  allowance  cannot  exceed  $70  and  $10  for  each  day  in  excess 
of  two.25 

An  executor  or  administrator  may  be  allowed  a  sum  not  to 
exceed  $10  per  day  for  time  necessarily  spent  in  preparing  his 
account  for  settlement,  or  otherwise  preparing  for  trial.^^  The 
per  diem  allowance  can  only  be  granted  for  the  time  actually 
and  necessarily  occupied  upon  the  trial,  or  preparation  therefor, 
or  to  an  executor  or  administrator  in  preparing  his  accounts  for 
settlement. ^'^  The  time  occupied  in  the  summing  up  of  counsel 
is  within  the  meaning  of  §  2561  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure.^^ But  the  time  spent  in  preparing  pleadings,  making 
briefs,  ascertaining  facts,  appearing  upon  an  adjournment,  or 
appearing  to  settle  a  decree,  is  no  part  of  the  trial  within  the 
meaning  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^ 

=">  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2672.  v.  Howard,  1  Dom.  103 ;  Re  Miles,  5 

^'Re  Aharon,  5  Dem.  362,  25  N.  Y.  Redf.    110,    3    Month.    L.   Bull.  39; 

Week.  Dig.  324,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  735.  Fernbacher's  Estate,  4  Dem.  227,  17 

"Re  Parish,  29  Bavb.  627.  Abb.   N.   C.   339,  8  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc. 

'^Re  Badger,  7  Mouth.  L.  Bull.  71.  Rep.  349. 

-'Re  CoUamer,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  197;        -'Wither's     Estate,    2     N.    Y.    Civ. 

Re  Dodge,  40  Hun,  443.  Proc.  Rep.    (Browne)    162. 

=5  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2561.  ^^Du  Bois  v.  Brown,  1  Dem.  317. 

^'^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2562;   Walton       ""^Du  Bois  v.  Broion,  1  Dem.  317. 


COSTS  IN  sukkogatb's  oofwt.  261 

An  executor  or  administrator  will  not  be  charged  with  costs, 
unless  he  has  been  at  fault.^^  The  fact  that  an  accounting  is 
compulsory  is  not  sufficient  to  charge  an  executor  or  adminis- 
trator with  the  costs  of  the  accounting.  The  estate  will  be 
charged  with  the  expense  of  such  an  accounting  when  it  is  for 
the  best  interest  of  the  estate  that  there  should  be  an  accounting, 
and  upon  such  an  accounting  matters  are  found  correct,  al- 
though somewhat  mixed.^^  ISTo  allowance  can  be  made  to  leg- 
atees or  their  attorneys  for  services,  where  they  were  not  the  suc- 
cessful parties  upon  an  accounting,  in  either  surcharging  the 
account,  or  having  some  item  disallowed.^^  If  they  succeed, 
they  should  be  allowed  costs.^^  An  executor  or  administrator 
will  be  charged  personally  with  costs  where  he  has  failed  to  keep 
books  and  has  refused  to  make  an  accounting  until  compelled  to 
do  so,  and  then  his  account  is  surcharged  with  a  large  amount.^* 
WTiere  the  decedent  divided  up  his  property  into  two  parts,  giv- 
ing the  real  estate  to  one  class  and  the  pf^rsonal  property  to  an- 
other, and  there  are  two  executors,  one  of  whom  has  taken 
charge  of  the  personal  property  and  the  other  of  the  real  estate, 
and  each  executor  makes  a  separate  account,  each  class  must  bear 
the  expenses  of  the  accounting  of  its  fund.^^ 

An  executor  or  administrator  is  not  chargeable  personally 
with  cosis  where,  upon  an  accounting,  he  called  the  court's  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  there  was  a  question  as  to  the  legitimacy 
of  one  of  the  children.^^  An  executor  or  administrator  who  has 
not  acted  in  bad  faith,  but  did  not  understand  his  duties,  will  not 
be  charged  with  costs,^'^ 

^"Griffith  v.  Bcecher,  10  Barb.  432.  N.  Y.  Supp.   140;   Willcox  v.  Smith, 

'^Willett's    Estate,    15    N.    Y.    Civ.  26  Barb.  316. 
Pioc.  Eep.  284,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  66i5.  =''Re  Mansfield,  10  Misc.  296,  64  N. 

'=/?e  Wellinp,  51  App.  Div.  355,  64  Y.  S.  R.  309,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  84. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  1025.  ^Re  Laramie,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  539, 

''/?e  Goetschius.  3  Misc.  155,  23  N.  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  175. 
Y.  Supp.   975;   Willcox  v.  Smith,  26        ^'Re  Swart,  2  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  585.  25 

B:nl>.  316;   Re  Meeker,  9  Daly,  556.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  88,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  608. 

"/??  Matthewson,  8  App.  Div.  8,  40 


262  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

The  mere  fact  that  the  objectors  upon  a  testamentary  account- 
ing are,  in  the  main,  unsuccessful  is  not  sufficient  to  charge  them 
with  costs.  Their  proceedings  must  also  be  characterized  by 
bad  faitli.^^  Objections  made  to  an  account  for  the  purpose  of 
delay  are  sufficient  to  charge  the  objectors  with  costs.^^  The  ex- 
pense of  an  accounting  caused  by  an  executor,  administrator,  or 
general  guardian  of  an  infant,  either  for  his  own  convenience, — 
as,  when  he  resigns, — ^^^^or  by  his  delinquencies, — as,  when  he  is 
removed, — should  be  borne  by  him  personally.'*^  He  will  also 
be  called  to  pay  the  expense  of  an  accounting  which  he  unduly 
prolongs.^^  But  the  expenses  of  an  accounting  which  he  did  not 
ask  and  to  which  he  was  compelled  to  submit  Avill  not  be  charged 
against  him,  when  the  entire  matter  is  dismissed  for  lack  of 
jurisdiction.'*^ 

The  costs  of  proceedings  to  remove  an  executor  or  administra- 
tor on  account  of  wasteful  and  improvident  management  of  the 
estate  is  properly  chargeable  against  him.^^ 

An  executor  or  administrator  is  properly  chargeable  with  the 
costs  of  an  accounting  when  he  has  denied  the  possession  of  the 
property  which  the  accounting  shows  him  to  have,^^  or  has 
sought  to  convert  the  estate  to  his  own  use.'*^  He  is  also  charge- 
able with  costs  of  an  unsuccessful  appeal  from  a  decision  of  the 
surrogate,  which  finds  that  the  mortgage,  which  he  claims  per- 
sonally, belongs  to  the  estate  ;*''  or  of  an  appeal  from  a  decision 

'^Willett's    Estate,    15    N.  Y.  Civ.  "/I'e   Vandervoort,   19    N.    Y.    Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  284,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  665.  Proc.  Rep.  355,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  644,  11 

''ffe  Belling,  6  Dem.  428,  15  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  Supp.  764. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  279,   17   N.  Y.  S.  R.  **8fmiton's  Estate,  1  Connoly,  108, 

801,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  637.  18   N.  Y.   S.   R.   807,  2  N.   Y.   Supp. 

*'Re  Jones,  4   Sandf.  Ch.   615:    h'e  342. 

Lamb,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  343,  21  N.  Y.  ""Re  Mull,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  981.  2  N. 

Supp.  343 ;  7?e  Dixon,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Y.   Supp.  23 ;    7?c   Gabriel,   60  N.   Y. 

629,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  343 ;  Re  Decker,  Supp.  87. 

37  Misc.  527.  76  N.  Y.  Supp.  315.  */'e  Post,  30  Misc.  551.  64  N.  Y. 

"/?e  Devier,  17  Misc.  486,  41  N.  Y.  Supj).  369. 

Supp.  268.  "^ie  Manhardt,  17  App.  Div.  1,  44 

*=i2e  Williams,   1   Connoly.    99,    15  X.  Y.  Supp.  836. 
N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  270,'  17  N.  Y. 
S.  R.  839,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  669. 


COSTS   IN   SURKOGATE^S    COURT.  263 

of  the  surrogate  when  the  appeal  is  without  merit  ;^^  or  where 
the  contest  is  caused  on  account  of  the  incorrect  accounts  filed  by 
him,  and  by  reason  of  maladministration  of  the  estate,  although 
it  was  done  through  ignorance.^^ 

An  executor,  administrator,  or  general  guardian  of  an  infant 
will  also  be  charged  with  costs  when  he  files  an  incorrect  account 
and  refuses  to  explain  the  items  thereof,  and  delays  matters  as 
much  as  he  can.'^^ 

The  paying  of  claims  barred  by  the  statute  is  such  maladmin- 
istration as  will  charge  the  executor  or  administrator  with  the 
costs  of  the  accounting.^^  Costs  are  properly  chargeable  upon 
the  sureties  of  one  executor  who  has  sought  and  failed  to  charge 
his  coexecutor  with  certain  items,"*^  I'hey  are  also  properly 
chargeable  upon  a  petitioner  who  has  \iC  interest  in  the  matter, 
and  seeks  to  have  an  executor  removed.''^ 

183.  Allowances  when  the  estate  is  less  than  $1,000  in  amount. 
—  ^NTo  allowance  other  than  actual  expenses  can  be  awarded  or 
paid  out  of  an  estate  or  fund  which  is  less  than  $1,000  in 
amount  or  value.^^  To  determine  the  amount  of  the  estate  to 
ascertain  whether  it  comes  under  the  provisions  of  §  2557  of  the 
Code,  the  gross  amount  of  the  estate  at  the  time  of  the  owner's 
deatli  is  nddod  to  any  increase  up  to  tlie  time  of  the  accounting. ■''*^' 

184.  How  costs  awarded  in  the  surrogate's  court  are  collected. — 
The  right  to  issue  an  execution  to  collect  costs  decreed  to  be  paid 
by  the  contestant  personally  is  not  lost  by  reason  of  the  payment 
of  such  costs  out  of  the  estate,  by  the  consent  of  all  parties,  pend- 

*'Re  MrCarter,  94  X.  Y.  .5.58.  Rep.  282,  17  X.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  2  N.  ^■. 

*^Re  Kopp,  15  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Supp.  495. 
282,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  2  X.  Y.  Supp.        '-Uie  Gladke.  60  X.  Y.  Supp.  869. 
495.  ^^Re  Adams,   51   App.  Div.   619.  64 

"'Williams'  Estate,   1    Connoly.   99.  X.  Y.  Supp.  591. 
15  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  270.  17  X.        ".S7?ooA-  v.  Shook,  19  Barb.  653. 
Y.  S.  R.  839.  2  X.  Y.  Supp.  669;  Re       "Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  2557. 
Decker,  37  ilisc.  527.  76  X.  Y.  Supp.        ^'^Chalker  v.  Chalker,  5  Redf.  480. 
315;   Re  Kopp,   15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 


264  THE  T.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

ing  an  appeal. '^^  An  execution  to  collect  costs  ordered  to  he 
paid  by  two  executors  to  a  third  should  run  against  the  two  exec- 
utors, and  not  against  all  three.^^  An  executor  or  administrator 
who  fails  to  pay  costs  awarded  against  him  in  a  representative 
capacity  will  be  charged  personally  with  the  costs  of  a  motion  to 
compel  him  to  do  so.^^ 

The  surrogate  cannot,  by  contempt  proceedings,  compel  the 
payment  of  costs  decreed  by  him  to  be  paid  by  the  executor  or 
administrator  personaily.^^  jS«or  can  he  enforce  the  payment  of 
costs  by  imprisonment,  as  that  is  prohibited  by  §  15  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.  Section  2555  does  not  give  that  authority 
where  it  is  to  enforce  the  payment  of  costs  only,  although  if  the 
costs  were  included  in  a  decree  providing  for  the  payment  of 
money,  the  entire  decree  might  be  enforced  by  imprisonment  for 
contempt  of  court.^''  The  nonpayment  of  costs  of  motion  does 
not  affect  a  stay  of  proceedings,  because  §  T79  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  does  not  apply  to  surrogates'  courts.^^ 

185.  To  whom  costs  are  awarded. —  Costs  are  always  allowed 
to  the  parties,  and  not  to  the  attomeys.*^^  The  power  of  a  sur- 
rogate to  award  costs  on  a  will  contest,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  es- 
tate, is  limited  to  the  executor  propoimding  the  wall,  an  unsuc- 
cessful contestant  who  is  a  guardian  for  an  infant,  and  the  suc- 
cessful parties.  An  infant  represented  by  an  attorney  cannot 
be  allowed  costs.^^ 

'^Bartlett's  Estate,  18  X.  Y.  Week.  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  162;  DuBois 

Dig.  65.  V.  Brott.n.  1  Dem.  317,  65  How.  Pr. 

^'E\sner  v.  Avery,  2  Dem.  466.  461 :  Derin  v.  Patchin,  26  N.  Y.  441, 

'^Re  Curry,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  307,  19  25  How.   Pr.   5;   Re  Crane,   68  App. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  728.  Div.  355,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  88;  Re  Well- 

^^Re  Feehan,  36  J\Iise.  614,  73  N.  Y.  ing,  51  App.  Div.  355,  64  N.  Y.  .Supp. 

Supp.  1126.  1025;    Seaman  \.   Whitehead,   78   X. 

'"Re  Humfreville,  154  X.  Y.  115.47  Y.  306;  Re  Goefschuis,  3  Mi?;c.  155, 

N.  E.  1086;  7?e  Fee/iflH,  36  Misc.  614,  23    X.    Y.     Supp.     975;    Willcox   v. 

73  N.  Y.  Supp.   1126.  S7nith,     26     Barb.    316;    Walton    v. 

"Scopeld  V.  Adriance,  2  Dem.  486.  Howard,    1    Dem.    103;   McMahon  v. 

'-i?e  Bitchier,  25  ]Mise.  369,  55  X.  Smith,  20  Misc.  305,  45  X.  Y.  Supp. 

V.     Supp.    640;     Aaron^s    Estate,   5  663. 

Dem.  362.  25  X.  Y.  Week.  Dijr.  324,  ^Re  Lamb,  22  X.  Y.  S.  R.  351,  5 

7  X.  Y.  S.  R.  735;  Withers'  Estate,  X.  Y.  Supp.  565. 


COSTS  IX  surrogate's  court.  265 

This  is  on  the  principle  that  the  executor  has  employed  the  at- 
torney, to  whom  he  is  personally  responsible,  and  this  expense, 
like  all  others,  should  be  paid  by  the  estate.^*  There  is,  how- 
ever, no  personal  liabilit}^  upon  the  part  of  an  executor  to  his  at- 
torney in  probating  a  will,  when  it  provides  that  the  cost  of  pro- 
bating it  shall  be  a  charge  upon  the  estate.*''^  An  executor's  or 
administrator's  liability  to  his  attorney  is  not  measured  by  the 
allowance  of  the  surrogate.  It  may  well  be  more  than  the  al- 
lowance, but  it  can  never  be  less,  because  an  allowance  will  not 
be  made  to  the  executor  or  administrator  until  he  has  actually 
paid  his  attorney's  bill  and  asks  for  reimbursement.*^^  Payment 
by  a  note  indorsed  by  a  third  person  is  not  an  actual  payment, 
and  the  executor  or  administrator  cannot  be  allowed  for  serv- 
ices thus  paid.^^  If  the  executor  or  administrator  is  financially 
irresponsible  a  payment  of  his  attorney  by  his  notes  will  not  be 
sufficient,  and  his  claim  for  repayment  will  be  refused.^^  But 
if  the  surrogate  orders  the  payment  to  the  attorney  the  parties 
may  acquiesce  in  it.  They  can  review  such  an  order  by  an  ap- 
peal only,  not  by  a  motion  to  vacate  that  part  of  the  order.^^  An 
executor  or  administrator  who  is  an  attorney  cannot  receive  com- 
pensation for  his  own  legal  services  rendered  to  the  estate.''^" 

The  court  will  first  inquire  whether  the  executor  or  adminis- 
trator had  a  right  to  incur  the  expense,  and  if  that  is  decided  in 
the  affirmative,  then  whether  the  sum  that  he  did  expend  is  rea- 
sonable in  amount. ''^^      An  action  to  construe  the  will  of  the  de- 

'^Crilntan    v.    GUman,  6    Thomp.  &.  ^Re  Bailey,  47  Hun,  477;   Shields 

C.  211,  Affirmed  in  6  X.  Y.  41:  Sea-  v.  Sullivan,  3  Dem.  296. 

man  v.  Whitehead,  78  N.  Y.  306.  """Marsh  v.  Avery,  81  N.  Y.  29. 

•^Boynton  v.  Laddy.  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ''"Re  Reed,   12    k.    Y.    S.  R.   139: 

.')78,  10  N.  Y.  Snpp.  622.  Collier  v.  Munn,  41  X.  Y.  143 ;  Mor- 

"^Heather's  Estate,   15   Abb.   N.  C.  gan  v.  Eannas,   13    Abb.    Pr.    X.  S. 

194;    Re    Bailey,    47    Hun,    477;    Re  361 ;  CnwpfteZZ  vr.  Purdy,  .5  Redf.  434; 

O'Brien,  5  Misc.  136,  25  X.  Y.  Supp.  Re  Van  Wert,  3  Misc.  563,  24  X.  Y. 

704;  Re  Van  'S'ostrand,  3  Misc.  396.  Supp.     719:     Valentine's     Estate,    9 

24  X.  Y.  Supp.  850.  Abb.  X.  C.   313. 

"7?e  Blair,  28  Misc.  611,  59  X.  Y.  "^Re  Uutchinson,  84  Hun,  563,  66 

Supp.  1090.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  149,  32  X.  Y.  Supp.  869. 


266  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

ceased,  or  for  a  partition  of  his  real  estate  which  involves  the 
construction  of  the  will,  are  proper  cases  for  the  executor  to  re- 
tain counsel."^^  Costs  may  be  allowed  upon  the  probate  of  a  will 
to  the  successful  contestants  upon  the  construction  of  the  will.^"'* 

An  allowance  to  contestants  upon  their  success  in  the  surro- 
gate's court  will  not  be  disturbed  by  the  appellate  court  when  it 
reverses  the  decree  of  the  surrogate,  if  the  granting  of  the  costs 
were  acquiesced  in  by  the  opposite  party,  both  as  to  the  power  of 
the  court  to  make  it  and  the  amount."'*  Under  subd.  3  of  § 
2558  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  the  surrogate,  when  two 
wills  of  the  same  testator  are  offered  for  probate,  has  the  power 
to  allow  costs  to  tlie  executor  named  in  the  will  that  he  does  not 
admit  to  probate.'''^ 

186.  Costs  upon  the  removal  of  an  executor. —  In  a  proceed- 
ing to  remove  an  executor  the  authority  of  the  surrogate  in  the 
allowance  of  costs  is  limited  by  the  restrictions  of  §  2561  of  tho 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.'^  Costs  cannot  be  awarded  to  an  un- 
successful petitioner. '^^  The  executor  upon  such  a  proceeding 
is  properly  chargeable  with  the  costs,  when  the  proceeding  is 
based  upon  his  business  inexperience  and  the  large  interests  in 
his  hands,  and  his  refusal  to  file  a  bond  under  the  provisions  of 
§  2686  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,"^®  or  where  his  conduct 
has  been  reckless  and  careless.*^ ^ 

An  executor  is  protected  in  paying  costs  as  directed  by  the 
surrogate,  if  he  does  so  before  the  appeal  is  perfected.  If  there 
is  no  appeal  from  that  part  of  the  order  awarding  costs,  then  as 

'^Re  Tlutchhison,  84  Hun,   .56.3,  66  '"Fernhacher's  Estate,  4  Dem.  227, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  149,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  869;  17  Abb.  N.  C.  339,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Noyes    v.    Blaleman,    3    Sandf.  .531 ;  lieTp.  3i9;  Walton  v.  Hoioard,  1  Bern. 

Irving  V.  De  Kay,  9  Paige,  521;  Wet-  103;   DuBois  v.  Brown,   1  Dem.  317, 

more  v.  Parker,  52  N.  Y.  450.  65  How.  Pr.  461. 

"/^e  Miinter,   19  Misc.  201,   44   N.  "i?e    Engelbrecht,     15    App.    Div, 

Y.  Supp.  605.  541,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  551. 

'"lie  Bognrt,  46  App.  Div.  240,  61  "/.'e  O'Brien,  45  N.  Y.   S.  R.   180, 

N.  Y.  Supp.  671.  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  541. 

'^Ke  Mondorf,  110  N.  Y.  450,  18  N.  '"lie  Stanton,  1  Connoly,  108,  18  N. 

E.  256.  Y.  S.  R.  807,  2  K  Y.  Supp.  342. 


COSTS    IN   surrogate's    COURT.  267 

to  that  part  the  decree  is  final  and  the  executor  is  not  only  jus- 
tified in  paying  such,  but  he  is  boiuid  to  do  so.  If  the  appellate 
court  reverses  tlie  decree  of  the  surrogate,  the  executor  cannot  be 
held  for  the  sum  thus  paid.'**' 

187.  Costs  upon  an  appeal  from  the  surrogate's  court. —  Costs 
upon  an  appeal  from  the  surrogate's  court  are  governed  by  §§ 
2560  and  2589  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  are  as 
follows:  Sec.  2560.  "Where  a  question  of  fact  has  been 
tried  by  a  jury,  the  costs  aw^arded  against  the  unsuccessful  party 
are  the  same  as  the  taxable  costs  of  an  action  in  the  supreme 
court.  The  costs  of  an  appeal,  where  they  are  awarded  in  a  sur- 
rogate's court,  are  the  same  as  if  they  were  awarded  in  the  su- 
preme court." 

Sec.  2589.  "The  appellate  court  may  award  to  the  successful 
party  the  costs  of  the  appeal ;  or  it  may  direct  that  they  abide 
the  event  of  a  new  trial,  or  of  the  subsequent  proceedings  in  the 
surrogate's  court.  In  either  ease  the  costs  may  be  made  payable 
out  of  the  estate  or  fund,  or  personally  by  the  unsuccessful 
party,  as  directed  by  the  appellate  court ;  or,  if  such  a  direction 
is  not  given,  as  directed  by  the  surrogate." 

Under  these  sections,  costs  cannot  be  allowed,  on  appeal,  to  the 
contestants  who  are  unsuccessful.®^  But  the  reasonable  ex- 
penses of  an  executor  or  administrator  in  appealing  from  a  judg- 
ment which  swept  away  the  entire  estate  are  properly  allowed 
by  the  surrogate.®^ 

The  court  may,  in  its  discretion,  order  the  costs  of  one  party 
on  appeal  paid  by  another  who  has  occasioned  them.®^  Upon 
reversing  a  decree  of  the  surrogate  admitting  a  will  to  probate 
and  sending  the  matter  to  a  jury,  it  is  proper  to  make  the  costs 
of  the  appeal  abide  the  event  of  the  trial,  and  payable  out  of  the 

""Re  Eastman,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.        ^^Re  Ritch,  76  Hun,  36,  59  N.  Y. 
?>97.  S.  R.  623,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  616. 

"/?e  Budlong,  100  N.  Y.  203,  3  N.        ^'i?e  Martin,  98  N.  Y.  193. 
E.  334 ;  Re  Wilson,  103  N.  Y.  374,  8 
N.  E.  731. 


268  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

estate,®*  Costs  may  be  allowed  to  both  parties,  payable  out  of 
the  estate,  when  the  executor  or  administrator  appeals  from  an 
adverse  judgment  and  is  defeated  f^  or  where  both  parties  are 
successful  upon  the  appeal,  the  resj)ondent  in  upholding  the 
principle  of  the  judgment  of  the  lower  courts,  and  the  appellant 
in  reversing  the  judgment  for  lack  of  proof  f^  or  where  there  is 
probable  cause  for  taking  the  appeal,  but  the  judgment  is  af- 
finned.®'^  Where  two  parties  appear  in  the  surrogate's  court  by 
different  attorneys,  who  are  partners,  and  take  separate  appeals,, 
when  one  appeal  would  have  protected  their  rights,  upon  re- 
\ersal  only  one  bill  of  costs  can  be  taxed. ^^  But  where  the  at- 
torneys were  not  partners  and  there  is  no  charge  that  there  was 
a  device  to  increase  costs,  both  attorneys  are  allowed  to  tax  full 
costs. ®^  Executors  or  administrators  will  be  charged  personally 
wdth  the  costs  of  an  unsuccessful  appeal  taken  by  them  from  a 
riding  of  the  surrogate  which  reduced  the  allowance  of  their 


commissions 


90 


If  no  costs  are  allowed  to  an  executor  or  administrator  on  an 
appeal  from  a  former  decree,  none  can  be  allowed  by  the  surro- 
gate upon  the  final  accounting.  Such  costs  are  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  appellate  court,  and  if  none  are  allowed  by  that  court,. 
they  are  not  chargeable  against  the  estate.^^ 

The  expenses  of  an  executor,  including  additional  counsel  in 
an  unsuccessful  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals,  may  be  allowed 
where  the  general  term  has  reversed  a  decree  of  the  surrogate 

**i?e  Drake,  45  App.  Div.  206,   60  Crafls  v.  Rockefeller,  6  How.  Pr.  9; 

N.  Y.   Supp.   1020;   Re  Van  Houten,  Ten    BroecJc    v.    Paige,  6  Hill,  267; 

11  App.  Div.    208,    42    N.  Y.  Supp.  Castellanos    v.    Beauville,    2     Sandf. 

919;  Re  Dixon,  42  App.  Div.  489,  59  670;  Braden  v.  KaJchaiser,  3  Sandf. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  421.  760. 

^^Shakespeare  v.   Markliam,   72   N.  ^"^Depinj    v.     Wurts,    47    How.    Pr. 

Y.  400.  225;   Savage  v.   Gould,  60  How.  Pr. 

""Laiorence   v.    Lindsey,    70    N.   Y.  255;  Seguine  v.  Seguine,  3  Abb.  Pr. 

566.  N.    S.    442;    Hawley    v.  Donnelly,  8 

'■''Clavp  V.  Fullerton,  34  N.  Y.  190,  P;iip:e,  415. 

90  Am.  Dec.  681.  "'Vt'e  Clinton,  12  App.  Div.  132,  42 

"'Brockicay     v.    Jeu-ett,    16     Barb.  N.  Y.  Supp.  674. 

590:  Tracy  v.  Stone,  5  How.  Pr.  104;  ^Jacques  v.  Elmore,  7  Hun,  675. 


COSTS   IN   surrogate's    COURT.  269 

admitting  the  "U'ill  to  probate,  and  the  question  is  a  novel  one.®^ 
The  expense  of  an  appeal  taken  bj  an  executor  or  administrator 
against  the  allowance  of  a  claim  that  absorbed  the  entire  estate 
should  be  allowed,  when  the  appeal  was  tiiken  at  the  request  of 
all  the  persons  interested  in  the  estate,  except  the  owner  of  the 
claim.-'^ 

188.  Affirmance  or  reversal  "with  costs"  or  "without  costs." — 
Upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal  by  the  appellate  division  the 
costs  awarded  by  the  surrogate  are  not  affected,  unless  the  order 
is  reversed  or  modified  in  respect  to  costs.  AMiere  the  appellate 
division  affirmed  a  decree  of  a  surrogate,  "with  costs  to  be  paid 
by  the  contestants  personally,"  this  did  not  affect  the  allowance 
made  by  the  surrogate  in  the  original  decree.^^  It  was  held  in 
the  old  general  term  that  a  reversal  of  such  a  decree  "with  costs" 
meant  costs  in  the  surrogate's  court,  as  well  as  on  appeal, — that 
it  was  the  intention  of  the  court  to  place  the  contestant  in  the 
same  position  in  which  he  would  have  been  had  the  surrogate  de- 
cided correctly  and  given  him  costs  upon  the  hearing.^^  To 
make  an  executor  personally  liable  for  the  costs  of  an  unsuccess- 
ful appeal,  there  must  be  an  express  adjudication  to  that  effect; 
the  affirmance  of  a  judgment  "with  costs"  makes  the  costs  pay- 
able out  of  the  estate.''^  Where  an  order  upon  a  final  account- 
ing is  affirmed  in  the  appellate  division  "without  costs"  the  sur- 
rogate has  no  power  to  open  the  accounting  and  allow  the  execu- 
tor the  expense  of  the  appeal.^'^ 

The  appellate  court  has,  undoubtedly,  control  over  a  decree 
brought  before  it  on  appeal,  ^'hen  it  disposes  of  the  question 
of  costs  in  that  court,  or  in  the  court  below,  the  surrogate  can- 

"^Re  Blair,  28  Misc.  611,  59  K  Y.  "^Sheldon    v.    Williams,    52    Barb. 

Supp.  1090;  Re  Uutchinson,  84  Hun,  183. 

563,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  869.  ^Uie  McEchron,  55  App.  Div.   147, 

"^Re  Ritch.  76  Hun,  36,   59  N.  Y.  07  N.  Y.  Supp.  IS;  Reed  v.  Reed,  52 

S.  R.  623,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  613.  N.  Y.  651;  Hon<!  v.  De  Peyster,  106 

"^Re  Seagrist,  8  App.  Div.  298,  40  N.  Y.  645,  649,  13  N.  E.  778;  Sheri- 

N.  Y.  Supp.  940.  dan  v.  Andrews,  80  N.  Y.  648. 

'"Re  Hood,  30  Hun,  472. 


270  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

not  altt^r  tlie  doeision.  Still,  the  troublesome  question  to  the 
practitioner  is  to  detennine  definitely  when  the  court  has  exer- 
cised its  power  and  to  what  extent.  Every  court  can  interpret 
its  own  orders,  and  that  interpretation  cannot  be  changed  by  any 
other  court. 

Upon  the  reversal  by  the  appellate  division,  "with  costs,"  of 
an  order  of  the  surrogate's  court,  the  successful  party  cannot  tax 
disbursements.  Sections  3251  and  8256  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  apply  to  actions,  and  not  to  orders  in  the  surrogate's 
court.  The  order  must  contain  directions  to  the  clerk  to  tax  the 
disbursements  in  order  to  enable  him  to  tax  them.  If  the  suc- 
cessful party  desires  to  tax  the  disbursements  he  should  move  in 
the  appellate  division  for  a  resettlement  of  the  order  of  that 
court. '-^^ 

Where  the  supreme  court  affirms  a  decision  of  the  surrogate's 
court,  but  the  court  of  appeals  reverses  both  judgments  and  dis- 
misses the  proceeding  without  costs,  the  appellant  is  not  entitled 
to  costs  in  any  court.  ^^ 

189.  Amount  of  costs  on  appeal. — Upon  an  appeal  from  a  de- 
cree of  a  surrogate  the  same  costs  will  be  allowed  as  upon  an  ap- 
peal from  a  judginent  in  the  supreme  court. -^^^ 

The  costs  of  an  appeal  from  an  order  dismissing  the  petition 
and  citation  requiring  the  executors  or  administrators  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  file  an  inventory  are  $10  and  dis- 
bursements. Section  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
makes  tlie  costs  in  a  special  proceeding  the  same  as  in  an 
action.'"^ 

It  has  been  held  that,  since  the  amendment  of  §  318  of  the 
Code  of  Procedure  in  1862,  the  supreme  court  had  the  power  tx> 

•»i?e   Stcencken,   58   App.    Div.    85,  ^"^  Code   Civ.   Proc.    §§   2560,   2589, 

68  N.  Y.  Supp.  444;   Cassidy  v.  Mc-  3240;    Cole    v.    Terycnning,  27  Hun, 

Farland,  139  N.  Y.  209,  54  N.  Y.  S.  Ill;    Walsh   v.    Van   Alien,   36   Hun. 

K.  605,  34  N.  E.  893.  629. 

^McGrecjor  v.  Buel.l,  1  Keyes,  153,  ""Walsh    v.    Tan    Allen,  36    Hun,. 

17  Abb.  Pr.  31,  3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  SG.  029. 


COSTS   IN   SUEROGATE  S    COURT. 


271 


make  an  extra  allowance  upon  an  appeal  from  the  surrogate's 
court.i<*2 

Where  the  executor  or  administrator  is  defeated  upon  an  a})- 
peal  upon  a  technicality,  the  opposing  party  will  be  allowed  the 
costs  given  him  by  the  appellate  court  and  his  disbursements, 
but  no  costs  in  the  surrogate's  court. ^'^'' 

190.  Allowances  to  special  guardians. —  The  amount  of  cost- 
that  a  surrogate  can  allow  to  a  special  guardian  upon  application 
for  probate  or  revocation  of  probate  of  a  will  is  limited  by  §§ 
2561  and  3256  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

It  cannot  exceed  $25  where  there  has  been  no  contest,  and  $7'> 
where  tliere  is  a  contest,  and  in  addition  thereto  $10  per  day  for 
every  day  in  excess  of  two  which  the  hearing  occupies.^*'* 

This  is  properly  ordered  paid  out  of  the  general  estate.  If 
the  guardian  is  entitled  to  any  further  allowance,  it  should  be 
paid  by  the  infant  or  from  his  estate.-* *^^  The  surrogate  has  the 
power  to  make  such  an  allowance  out  of  the  infant's  estate.-'*'" 
But  it  cannot  be  made  ex  parte}^'^ 

Where  an  attorney  appears  for  the  general  guardian  of  an  in- 
fant, and  a  special  guardian  is  appointed,  an  allowance  will  be 
made  to  the  special  guardian,  but  none  will  be  made  to  the  gen- 
eral guardian.^ ''^ 

Upon  a  judicial  accounting  the  surrogate  cannot  award  costs 
to  the  special  guardian  of  an  infant  for  services  subsequent  to 

^"■Seginne   v.   Seguine,    3   Abb.   Pr.  11;  Re  Budloiig,  100  N.  Y.  203,  3  N. 

N.  S.  442;  Dupuy  v.  Wtirts,   1  Hun,  E.   334. 

119,  53  How.  Pr.  48.  ^"'Rc  Robiiiso)i,  40  App.  Div.  30,  .57 

">^Re  Baldivin,  30  IMisc.  169,  63  N.  N.  Y.  Supp.  523,  Affirmed  in  160  X. 

Y.  Supp.  727.  Y.   448,    55   N.   E.    11;    Re  Farmers^ 

^"^Re    Tracy,   18    Abb.    N.   C.  242;  Loan  &  T.  Co.  49  App.  Div.  1,  63  N. 

Re  O'Keeffe,  80  Ai)p.  Div.  513,  81  N.  Y.  Supp.  227;  Brincl-erhoff  v.  Farias. 

Y.  Supp.  118;   Re  Robinson,  40  App.  52  App.   Div.    250,    65    N.  Y.   Supp. 

Div.  30,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  523,  Affirmed  358.    See  Re  Greenhalffh,  64  Hun,  26, 

in  160  N.  Y.  448,  .55  N.  E.  11.  45  N.  Y.  S.  R.  924.   18  N.  Y.  Supp. 

'"^Re  Rupparier,  7  App.  Div.  11,  39  748. 

N.  Y.  Supp.    763;    Re    Robinson,  40  ^"'Re  BucUong,  100  N.  Y.  203,  3  N. 

App.   Div.   30,   57   N.   Y.   Supp.    523.  E.  334. 

Affirmed  in   160  N.  Y.  448,  55  N.  E.  ^'^Re  Meeker,  9  Daly,  556. 


272  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  decision  of  the  court  of  appeals  that  the  infant  has  no  inter- 
est in  the  personal  property.^ *^^ 

The  special  guardian  is  entitled  to  pay  till  an  appeal  is  taken. 
If  the  infant  needs  protection  on  the  appeal  it  is  the  province  of 
the  appellate  court  to  appoint  a  guardian.  If  the  appellate 
court  makes  no  formal  appointment,  but  recognizes  as  guardian 
the  person  who  acted  below,  he  may  become  entitled  to  compen- 
sation.^^^  A  special  gaiardian  for  an  infant  in  an  action  to  con- 
strue a  will  should  be  allowed  only  his  taxable  costs,  when  it 
appears  that  the  infant  has  no  interest  in  the  estate.-^ ^^ 

If  the  appellate  court  makes  no  provision  for  costs  of  the  spe- 
cial guardian  the  surrogate  cannot  make  him  an  allowance  for 
his  ser\'ices  on  the  appeal.^ ^^ 

191.  Amount  of  costs  allowed. —  A  per  diem  allowance  can 
only  be  made  as  indicated  in  §  2562  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, and  not  for  preparing  for  trial.-^^^  The  same  per  diem 
allowance,  $10,  is  made  in  proceedings  before  a  referee  as  if  the 
proceedings  had  been  before  the  surrogate.  But  there  is  no  pro- 
vision for  a  per  diem  allowance  for  adjournments  taken  before  a 
referee.^  ^^ 

ISTo  more  costs  can  be  allowed  when  two  attorneys  are  em- 
ployed than  where  one  is  employed.  In  computing  the  number 
of  days  for  which  an  allowance  can  be  made,  only  the  time  actu- 
ally spent  on  the  trial  on  the  merits,  including  the  summing  up 
or  argument,  can  be  allowed.  The  time  spent  in  preparing  the 
pleadings,  making  briefs,  and  ascertaining  the  facts  cannot  be 

'»ife  James,  78  Hun,  121,  60  X.  Y.  ^"Bindrim  v.  UUrich,  64  App.  Div. 

S.  R.  184,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  992.  444,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  239. 

^'"Schell  V.  Hewitt,  1  Dem.  2-50,  65  "-Schell  v.  Hewitt,  1  Dem.  250,  65 

How.  Pr.  187,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pep.  How.  Pr.  187,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

57;    Kellinger  v.  Roe,  7  Paige,  362;  57. 

TJnderhill    v.    Dennis,  9    Paige,  202;  "^^Aaron's  Estate,  5  Dom.   362,   25 

Chaffee   v.    Baptist    Missionary  Con-  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  324,  7  N.  Y.  S.  P. 

vention,   10  Paiije,   85,   40   Am.   Dec.  735. 

225;  Re  Marshall,  19  N.  Y.  S.  P.  152,  ^''Re  Clark,  36  Hun,  301. 
2  N.  Y.  Supp.  808. 


COSTS   IN   SUEROGATE  S    COURT. 


273 


included.  The  executor  or  administrator,  however,  can  be  al- 
lowed for  the  time  spent  in  preparing  his  account.^ ^^ 

The  surrogate  cannot  make  an  allowance  of  costs  greater  than 
that  provided  for  in  §  2561  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  If 
the  services  of  the  attorney  for  the  executor  are  worth  more  than 
those  costs,  the  executor  may  pay  them,  as  any  other  disburse- 
ment, and  if  they  are  proper,  he  will  be  allowed  them  upon  his 
accounting.' ^*^  Under  an  order  of  reference  made  under  § 
254  6  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  an  allowance  of  only  $25 
can  be  made  to  tlie  petitioner,  as  the  costs  are  governed  by  § 
2561,  but  the  remuneration  of  the  special  guardian  is  governed 
by  what  his  services  were  worth. ^^'^ 

An  application  for  leave  to  issue  an  execution  under  the  pro- 
visions of  §§  1380  and  13S1  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is 
a  special  proceeding,  and  not  a  motion,  the  costs  of  which  are 
goveraed  by  §  2561,  which  provides  that  costs  of  $25  shall  be 
allowed  where  there  is  no  contest,  and  $70  if  there  is  a  con- 
test."^ 

An  application  to  require  trustees  under  a  will  to  make  appli- 
cation of  the  income  of  an  infant's  estate  to  his  support  is  a 
special  proceeding  and  costs  are  governed  by  §  2561  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.^  ^^ 

192.  What  disbursements  are  allowed. —  The   amount   inserted 

in  an  executor's  or  administrator's  bill  of  costs  as  disbursements 
for  referee's  fees,  and  projierly  verified,  should  not  be  reduced 
without  counterproof  of  its  incorrectness.-^""^ 

The  question  of  the  costs  incurred  by  the  executor  or  admin- 
istrator in  establishing  the  relationship  of  various  parties  to  the 
deceased  should  be  reseiwed,  like  any  other  disbursement,  until 

"=Z>»Kois  V.  Broion,  1  Dem.  317,  65  "^Taylor's    Estate,    8    N.    Y.    Civ. 

How.  Pr.  461.  Proe.  Rep.  453. 

"»7?e  Bitchier,  25  ]\Iisc.  369,  55  X.  "''Re  McCormich,  40  App.  Div.  73, 

Y.  Siipp.  640.  57  X.  Y.  Supp.  548. 

"'fte  Rylance,  25  Misc.  283,  55  X.  ^-"Re  Reeves,  3  Silv.  Sup.  Ct.  291. 
Y.  Supp.  433. 

COSTS    IS. 


274  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  final  accouutinii'.^^^  Upon  proceedings  to  admit  a  will  to 
probate  the  surrogate  has  no  power  to  allow  $500  as  a  fee  to  an 
expert  witness.  He  can  allow  only  the  ordinary  witness  fee.^^^ 
The  cost  of  stenographer's  minutes  furnished  to  the  contestants 
under  the  provisions  of  §  2558  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
upon  the  application  for  probate  or  revocation  of  probate,  are  a 
proper  disbursement;  but  the  expense  for  the  stenographer's, 
minutes  for  examination  of  a  witness  de  bene  esse,  which  were 
not  properly  returned  and  the  proper  foundation  for  the  recep- 
tion of  which  was  not  laid,  are  not  a  proper  disbursement.^^-* 
The  order  for  the  stenographer's  minutes,  under  §  2558,  must 
precede  the  hearing  or  no  allowance  can  be  made.^^"* 

An  account  of  an  executor  or  administrator  will  be  opened 
when  an  ap]>lication  is  made  therefor  upon  the  ground  of  newl}' 
discovered  evidence  upon  matters  litigated  upon  the  accountings 
but  this  will  be  granted  only  on  terms.  Usually  these  are  the 
costs  allowed  upon  a  contest, — $70.^^' 

193.  Disputed  claim  heard  by  the  surrogate. —  lu  all  cases 
wliere  disjjuted  claims  against  an  estate  are  submitted  to  the  sur- 
rogate for  determination  upon  judicial  settlement,  pursuant  to 
§  1822  of  the  CV)de  of  Civil  Procedure,  the  allowance  or  disal- 
lowance of  the  costs  to  the  claimant  is  a  matter  within  the  discre- 
tion of  the  surrogate  within  the  limits  of  §  2561  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.  Such  discretion  should  be  guided  and  con- 
trolled by  the  same  principles  which  are  api)licable  to  the  allow- 
ance or  disallowance  of  costs  in  actions  at  law  against  an  execu- 
tor under  §§  1835  and  1836.  A  claimant  nuiy  become  a  party 
to  a  final  accounting  by  filing  the  proper  consent,  and  in  a 
proper  case  may  be  allowed  costs. ^^^ 

"^Re  Gooseherry,  52  How.  Pr.  310.  8upp.   7(iO:    /'e  Engclhrcchf,   15  App. 

^--Re  Bender,  86  Hun,  570,   67   N.  Div.  541,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  551. 

Y.  S.  R.  682,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  907.  '-Hie   McManns,    35    ]\Iisc.    ()78.    "2 

^■"^Re  Henry,  7  IST.  Y.  S.  R.  713,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  678. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Difr.  156.  '-'Vie   Ingrdham,   35   Misc.    577,    72 

'■'Re  Byron,  61   F^un.  278,  16  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  Supp.  62. 


COSTS  ijst  surrogate's  court.  275 

It  has  been  held,  however,  that  §§  1835  and  183G  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure  have  no  application  to  these  proceedings,  but 
apply  only  to  actions.' ^^ 

Where  the  appellate  court  orders  the  issues  raised  upon  the 
probate  of  a  will  to  be  tried  by  a  jury,  and  makes  no  award  of 
costs,  none  can  be  allowed  by  the  surrogate.  His  powers  under 
§§  2558,  2559,  and  2560  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  apply 
only  to  those  cases  where  costs  are  aw^arded  by  the  appellate 
court.  ^^^ 

It  has  been  held  that  where  the  issues  are  sent  to  a  jury,  witli 
costs  to  the  appellant  to  abide  the  event,  the  successful  party  is 
entitled  to  tax  all  the  costs  of  the  proceedings  and  the  action.^^^ 
Where  the  supreme  court  directs  that  costs  be  paid  to  certain 
parties,  which  were  paid,  and  upon  further  appeal  this  order 
was  reversed,  the  supreme  court  can  order  the  costs  thus  paid  to 
be  refunded. ^^'^ 

194.  Proceedings  to  sell  real  estate  to  pay  debts  of  the  decedent. 
—  The  costs  and  allowances  to  the  petitioning  creditor^^^  and  to 
a  special  guardian^ ^^  in  a  proceeding  to  sell  a  decedent's  real  es- 
tate for  the  payment  of  his  debts  are  governed  by  §§  2561  and 
2563  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  No  allowance  can  be 
made  to  any  creditor  other  than  the  petitioning  creditor,  because 
no  provision  is  made  in  §  2793  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
for  such  an  award. ^^^ 

Under  no  circumstances  can  the  costs  awarded  against  an  ad- 
ministrator be  a  charge  upon  the  real  estate  of  the  deceased  in 

"'/?e  Coonleif,  ,38  Misc.  219.  77  N.  .39.5,  22  N.  Y.  S.  Fv.  880.  (5  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Y.  Supp.  269."  56.5. 

^-^Hatten's  Estate,   6  Dem.  444,   15  ^"^Moss's     Estate,    24     N.    Y.     Civ. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  293,   17  N.  y.  Proc.  Eep.  438,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  720. 

S.  R.  774,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  493 ;  Shell  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  798. 

V.  Hetmtt,  1  Dem.  249,  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^^Whitbeck  v.  Patterson,  22  Barb. 

Proc.  Rep.  57.  65  How.  Pr.  187;  Re  83. 

Campbell,  48  Hun.  417,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  '^'Re  Matthewson,  1   Connoly,  157, 

Proc.  Rep.  400,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  208,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  660. 

400,  16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  483,  1  N.  y.  Supp.  "-7?e  Dodge,  40  Hun,  443. 

231.     See  Bull's   Estate,   1   Connoly,  ^^Long  v.  Olmsted,  3  Dem.  581. 


27G  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  possession  of  the  heir/^* —  not  even  the  costs  of  proceedings 
had  in  the  lifetime  of  the  decedent  in  an  action  commenced 
against  him  and  revived  against  his  administrator.^ ^^  Costri 
awarded  against  a  surviving  partner  in  an  action  upon  a  part- 
nership debt  cannot  be  paid  out  of  the  real  estate  of  a  deceased 
partner.^ ^^  The  question  of  costs  cannot  be  determined  until 
the  proceeds  are  deposited  with  the  county  treasurer  and  the  de- 
cree is  made  for  distribution.  ^^'^ 

The  freeholder  who  sells  the  property  may  be  allowed  a  rea- 
sonable amount  for  his  services,  yet  he  cannot  be  allowed  such 
an  amount  as  would  exhaust  the  fund  and  leave  nothing  to  pay 
the  creditors.-*^^  \Vhere  the  surrogate  orders  a  question  of  fact 
arising  in  a  special  proceeding  for  the  disposition  of  real  prop- 
erty of  a  decedent  for  the  purpose  of  paying  his  debts,  to  be  de- 
termined by  a  jury  the  costs  are  taxed  in  the  surrogate's  court, 
and  are  the  same  in  amount  as  if  the  proceedings  had  been  heard 
by  the  surrogate.     Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2547. 

AVhere  the  costs  in  an  action  for  admeasurement  of  dower 
were  ordered  paid  out  of  the  money  received  from  the  sale  of 
the  crops  raised,  and,  if  that  was  not  sufficient,  then  out  of  the 
real  estate  sold,  the  surrogate  held  that  this  determination  was 
not  res  judicata  as  to  creditors  who  were  not  parties  to  that  ac- 
tion.*^* 

195.  Allowances  upon  tax  appraisals. —  In  proceedings  to  as- 
sess the  estate  of  a  decedent,  where  the  appointment  of  a  special 
guardian  is  wholly  unnecessary  no  allowance  can  be  made  to 
him.140 

^'''Sanford    v.    Granger,    12     Barb.  ^^Laird  v.  Arnold,  42  Hun,  136. 

392;   Wood  v.  Bylngton,  2  Barb.  Ch.  "'7?e  Maftheicson,   1   Connoly,  254, 

387;  Ball  v.  Miller,  17  How.  Pr.  300;  19  N.   Y.   S.  R.  210,   9  N.  Y."  Supp. 

Hurd  V.  Callahan,  5  Redf.  393,  9  Abb.  290. 

N.  C.  374.  "°WiZcoa?'s    Estate,    11    N.  Y.  Civ. 

^^'^Wood  V.  By'mgton,   2   Barb.   Ch.  Proc.  Rep.  115. 

387.  ""ii'e  Kemp,  7  App.  Div.  00!).  40  N. 

"'7?e  fitowell,  15  Misc.  533,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  1144:  Re  Post.  5  App.  Div. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  316,  74  N.  Y.  S.  113,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  977. 
R.  296,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  1127. 


COSTS   IN    SUKROGATE  S    COURT.  Zl  i 

Tlie  allowance  of  costs  to  the  comptroller  by  the  surrogate  in 
proceedings  taken  under  chapter  399  of  the  Laws  of  1892  is  dis- 
cretionary.^^^ 

The  district  attorney  in  Xew  York  county  should,  in  cases 
where  he  is  successful,  haA'e  his  costs  taxed  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  surrogate's  court.  In  cases  where  he  is  unsuccessful,  and 
deems  himself  entitled  to  the  certificate  provided  for  in  §  15,  he 
must  apply  to  the  court  for  such  certificate,  showing  his  non- 
success,  and  must  furnish  evidence  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  sur- 
rogate that  there  was  probable  cause  for  issuing  the  citation  and 
taking  the  proceedings.^'*^ 

Where  the  appellate  division  affirms  or  reverses,  "with  costs,'' 
a  final  decision  of  the  surrogate  made  in  a  special  proceeding  to 
assess  a  tax  upon  the  property  of  a  decedent,  the  same  costs  are 
awarded  as  are  allowed  upon  an  appeal  from  a  judgment.  The 
successful  party  may  also  tax  his  disbursements,  although  they 
were  not  specified  in  the  order  of  affirmance  or  reversal. ^'^^ 

"'i?e  Hoffman,  76  Hun,  399,  58  N.        ***i?e  Babcock,  8G  App.  Div.  563. 
Y.  S.  R.  699,  27  X.  Y.  Supp.  1086. 

^*^McCarth}fs  Estate,  5  Misc.  276, 
25  N.  Y.  Supp.  987. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT,  TENDER,  AND  PAYMENT. 

196.  Offer  of  judgment;  in  general. 

197.  How  an  offer  of  judgment  .should  be  served. 

198.  How  affected  by  the  amendment  of  tlie  complaint. 

199.  When  offer  is  definite. 

200.  How  many  offer.s  may  be  made. 

201.  Offers  in  justice's  court. 

202.  Time  of  service  of  the  offer  of  judgment. 

203.  Service  by  mail. 

204.  Power  of  the  defendant  to  withdraw  his  offer. 

205.  Amendment  of  offer  of  judgment. 

206.  Computation  of  interest  in  the  offer  of  judgment. 

207.  Offer  must  allow  entry  of  judgment  for  costs. 

208.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  the  action. 

209.  Offer  of  judgment  by  joint  debtors. 

210.  Effect  of  offer  upon  counterclaims. 

211.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. 

212.  Judgment  entered,  where  plaintiff  obtains  a  recovery  and  defendant  is 

entitled  to  costs. 

213.  Effect  of  the  appellate  court  modifying  the  judgment,  so  that  defend- 

ant is  entitled  to  costs. 

214.  To  what  costs  plaintiff  is  entitled  upon  accepting  an  offer  of  judgment. 

215.  Additional  allowance. 

216.  Costs  upon  the  acceptance  of  an  offer  of  judgment  for  less  than  $50. 

217.  Offer  of  judgment  in  actions  upon  bonds  and  mortgages. 

218.  Tender  after  the  commencement  of  a  mortgage  foreclosure. 

219.  Offer  of  judgment  in  replevin. 

220.  Offer  of  judgment  in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  mechanic's  lien. 

221.  Tender  before  suit  brought. 

a.  When  action  is  commenced. 
6.  Tender  to  whom. 

c.  In  what  tender  must  consist. 

d.  Waiver  by  the  creditor  of  a  formal  tender. 

e.  Practice  of  the  defendant  to  avail  himself  of  the  tender. 

f.  Waiver  of  irregularities  in  pleading  tender. 

g.  Restrictions  imposed  upon  the  tender. 

222.  Tender  after  suit  brought. 

a.  Statute. 

b.  Waiver  of  irregularity. 

c.  In  mortgage  foreclosure. 

273 


OFFER   OF   JUDGMENT,   TENDER,   AND   PAYMENT.  279 

223.  Payment  after  the  commencenient  of  an  action. 

224.  Offer  to  liquidate  damages  conditionally. 
224a.Judgment  by  confession. 

196.  Offer  of  judgment;  in  general.— The  statute  governinj,^ 
tender  and  offer  of  judgment  is  contained  in  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§ 
731-740. 

The  provisions  of  the  Code  relating  to  offers  of  judginent  ap- 
ply to  actions  in  equity,  as  well  as  actions  at  law.^  Earlier 
■cases  that  held  otherwise  must  be  deemed  to  be  overruled.- 

197.  How  an  offer  of  judgment  should  be  served. —  The  statu- 
tory requirements  must  be  observed,  or  the  offer  may  be  disre- 
garded.^ An  offer  which  is  a  nullity  may  be  disregarded."*  It 
is  not  necessary  even  to  return  it.^  The  statute  does  not  require 
that  the  original  offer  be  served,''  l)ut  the  defendant  can  be  com- 
pelled to  file  the  original  offer  if  it  is  important  to  the  plaintiff." 
If,  however,  it  should  be  held  that  the  service  of  the  original  is 
necessars^,  such  service  is  waived  where  the  original  and  a  copy 
is  handed  to  the  attorney  and  he  hands  back  the  original,  with 
admission  of  the  service  of  a  copy  thereof.*  If  the  service  of 
the  original  is  required,  the  failure  to  serve  the  original  is  an 

'Singleton    v.    Home    Ins.   Co.   121  Proc.  Rep.   172.  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  939; 

N.  Y.  644,  31  X.  Y.  S.  R.  906,  24  N.  Warner  v.  Bahcock,  9  App.  Div.  398, 

E.    1021;    Kicrnan     v.    Afiricultural  75  N.  Y.   S.   R.  885,  41   N.   Y.  Supp. 

Ins.  Co.  3  App.  Div.  26.  74  N.  Y.  S.  493;  Walker  v.  Chilson,  65  Hun,  529. 

R.  417,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  1070.  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  527;  Mcl-arren  v.  St. 

'^Stevens  v.  Yeriane,  2  Lans.  90.  John,  14  Hun,  387. 

^Smith  V.  Kerr,  49  Hun,  29,  15  N.  'Smith  v.  lierr,  49  Hun.  29,  15  N. 

Y.   Civ.    Proc.    Rep.     126,    28   N.  Y.  Y.  Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    126,   28    N.   Y. 

Week.  Dig.  516,  17  N.  Y^  S.  R.  351,  Week.  Dig.  516,   17  N.  Y\  S.  R.  351. 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  454;   Mc.Farren  v.  St.  1  N.  Y".  Supp.  454;  Pfister  v.  Stumm, 

John,    14  Hun,   387;    Riggs  v.   Wm/-  7   Misc.    526,   27    N.   Y.   Supp.    1000; 

dell,  17  Hun,  515,  Affirmed  in  78  N.  Markes    v.    Epstein,    13    N.    Y.    Civ. 

Y.   586;    Leslie  v.   Walrath,  45  Hun,  Proc.  Rep.  293. 

18,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  450,  9  N.  Y.  'Smith  v.  Kerr,  49  Hun,  29,  15  N. 

S.  R.  652.  Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep.     126,  28  N.   Y. 

*Wnrner  v.   Bahcock.   9   App.   Div.  Week.  Dig.  516,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  351, 

398,  75  X.    Y.    S.    R.  885,  41   X.  Y.  1   X.  Y.  Supp.  454. 

Supp.  493;  Sares  v.  Matthews.  39  X.  ^Yoonan   v.   Smith.    12   Abb.    X.   C. 

Y".  S.  R.  920,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  510.  337,  Affirmed  in  84  X.  Y.  672,  with- 

^Perine  v.    Wiggins,   18  X.  Y.  Civ.  out  opinion. 


280  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

irregularity  which  is  waived  by  a  failure  to  return  the  copy  with 
the  objections  sj^ecifically  pointed  out.^  It  is  not  essential  that 
the  paper  have  the  original  signature  of  the  attorney  who  sub- 
scribed it.  His  name  may  be  either  written  by  himself,  or  by 
someone  else,  or  even  printed,  as  long  as  the  signature  is  treated 
by  the  attorney  as  liis.-^*^ 

Upon  the  taxation  of  costs  the  defendant  must  produce  the 
original,  or  else  account  for  its  absence.  The  fact  that  the  of- 
fice of  the  defeiidant's  attorney,  with  all  its  contents,  has  been 
destroyed  by  fire,  since  the  service  of  the  offer,  is  a  sufficient  ex- 
euse.^^ 

198.  How  affected  by  the  amendment  of  the  complaint. —  An 
offer  of  judgment  is  rendered  ineftectual  for  any  j)urpose,  by  an 
amendment  of  the  complaint,  which  leaves  out  some  of  the 
causes  of  action  contained  in  the  original  complaint.^^  If  the 
amendment  is  one  of  form  only,  the  offer  will  still  hold  good.^^ 
The  offer  must  apply  to  the  state  of  the  pleadings  at  the  time  it 
is  made.^^  Where  the  plaintiff  is  allowed  to  amend  a  complaint 
on  the  trial,  increasing  his  claim  for  interest,  the  defendant 
must  be  allowed  to  amend  his  offer  to  meet  the  change  in  the 
complaint,  or  the  court  may,  as  a  condition  of  granting  the 
amendment,  make  the  excess  of  interest  of  no  avail  to  defeat  the 
offer.i^ 

^Markes  v.  Epstein.  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  f^chmenger,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep. 

Proc.  Rep.   293.  312,  9  N.  Y.  S.  R.  516. 

'"Smith  V.  Kerr,  49  Hun,  29,  1.5  N.  ^nVoelfle    v.    Schnienger,    12  N.  Y. 

Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep.    126,    28  N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   312,   9  N.   Y.   S.  R. 

Week.  Dig.  516,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  351,  516;    Kilts    v.    Seeher,  10  How.  Pr. 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  A5\\Barnard  v.  Heyd-  270. 

rick,  49  Barb.  62.  32  How.  Pr.  97,  2  '*Woelfle  v.   Schmenger,    12    X.   Y. 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  47;  New  York  v.  Eis-  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   312,   9  N.   Y.   S.  R. 

ler,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  125.  516;   Tompkins  v.  Ives,  36  N.  Y.  75, 

'\Smi1h  V.  Kerr,  49  Hun,  29.  15  N.  3   Abb.   Pr.   N.   S.   267,   Affirming  30 

Y.    Civ.     Proc.     Rep.     126,   28    N.   Y.  How.  Pr.  13;  Kautz  v.  Vandenburgh, 

Week.  Dig.  516,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  351,  77  Hun,  591,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  496,  2S 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  454.  N.  Y.  Supp.  1046. 

'-Thornall    v.    Crawford,  34    Misc.  '^Brooks  v.  Mortimer,  10  x\pp.  Div- 

714,  70  N.  Y.   Supp.   61;    Woelfle  v.  518,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  299. 


OFFER   OF    JUDGMENT,    TEXDEK,   AND    PAYMENT.  281 

199.  When  offer  is  definite. —  An  offer  of  jiulgment  is  definite 
enough  where  it  offers  to  allow  judgment  to  be  taken  against  the 
ilefendant  for  the  amount  of  the  note  sued  on,  less  two  other 
notes,  with  costs  and  disbursements.  The  amount  for  which  the 
offer  was  made  can  be  ascertained  by  the  clerk  by  computa- 
tion. ^« 

200.  How  many  offers  may  be  made. —  A  defendant  may  serve 
as  many  offers  as  he  desires,  and  for  such  different  amounts  as 
lie  pleases.^^ 

201.  Offers  in  justice's  court. —  An  offer  made  in  an  action  in 
justice's  court  is  good  in  an  action  in  the  supreme  coiu't  which 
is  commenced  there  for  the  same  cause  of  action,  after  a  plea  of 
title  has  l>een  interposed  in  the  justice's  court. -^^  An  offer  made 
in  a  justice's  court  refers  to  that  court,  and  has  nothing  to  do 
with  the  awarding  of  costs  upon  a  new  trial  in  tlie  county 
court.^^ 

is  commenced  there  for  the  same  cause  of  action,  after  a  plea  of 
judgment  and  answer,  served  together,  may  be  deemed  ser\^ed 
together  or  at  different  times  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
parties.^*^  The  ])laintiff  has  ten  days  after  personal  service  of 
an  offer  of  judgment,  to  decide  whether  he  will  accept  it  or  not. 
Tf  the  case  is  reached  and  disposed  of  before  the  expiration  of 
that  time,  the  offer  is  of  no  effect.^^     Even  if  the  trial  has  com- 

^"Burnett  v.  M'estfoll,  15  How.  Pr.        ^"Kautz  v.    Vandenburgh,   77   Hun, 

430;   Keese  v.   Wyman,   8   How.   Pr.  ."591,   GO   X.   Y.   S.   R.   49(5,   28   N.   Y. 

88.  Supp.  1040 ;  Ruggles  v.  Fogg,  7  How. 

"Hihhard    v.    Randolph,    72     Him,  Pr.  324 ;  )S'c7rMCider  v.  </aco6i,  1  Duer, 

626,   56   N.   Y.   S.   R.   431,  25   N.  Y.  (594,   695,    11   N.  Y.   Legal  Obs.   220, 

Supp.  854.  Approved  in  Tompkins  v.  Ives,  36  N. 

^^Niagara  Falls  Suspension  Bridge  Y.  75,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  267-269. 
Co.  V.  Bachman,   4  Lans.  523;    Cook        -''Hares  v.  Matthews,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

V.   ISiellis,   18   N.   Y.   126;    Pugsley  v.  920,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  510;  Herman  \ 

Kisselburgh,   10   N.   Y.   420,   7   How.  Lyons,  10  Hun,  111,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  90 

Pr.    402;    Wiggins    v.    Tallmadge,    7  Pomeroy  v.  Hulin,  7  How.  Pr.   161 

How.  Pr.  404;  Brown  v.  Broicn,  6  N.  Walker  v.  Johnson,  8  How.  Pr.  240 

Y.  106,  6  How.  Pr.  320.  Eawley  v.  Davis,  5  Hun,  642 ;  Ferine 

^^Mock  V.   Saile,   52   Hun,    198,   17  v.  Wiggins,  18  N.  Y.  Oiv.  Proc.  Rep. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   121,  23  N.  Y.  172,  10  N,  Y.  Supp.  939. 
S.  R.  307,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  149. 


282  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

menced  before  the  expiration  of  that  time,  but  is  not  disposed  of 
until  after  the  expiration  of  that  time,  the  offer  is  a  nullity.  A 
trial  before  a  referee  is  commenced  when  the  parties  appear  be- 
fore him  for  trial,  and,  before  the  taking  of  any  testimony,  per- 
mission is  granted  to  one  of  the  parties  to  amend  his  pleadings, 
and  the  trial  is  adjourned,^^ 

203.  Service  by  mail. —  Where  an  offer  is  ser^^ed  by  mail  the 
plaintiff  has  twenty  days  within  which  to  accept  the  offer.^^ 

204.  Power  of  the  defendant  to  withdraw  his  offer. —  The 
defendant  cannot  withdraw  his  offer  nntil  the  end  of  the  period 
which  is  given  by  law  to  the  plaintiff  for  the  consideration  of  the 
offer.2^ 

205.  Amendment  of  offer  of  judgment. —  In  case  of  a  mistake 
the  court  may  allow  the  defendant  to  amend  his  offer  of  judg- 
ment.-'^ The  defendant  cannot  move  the  case  until  the  time 
given  by  law  to  the  plaintiff  for  the  consideration  of  the  offer 
has  expired.^^ 

The  Xew  York  citv  court  at  general  term  has  held  that,  where 
the  plaintiff  goes  to  trial  before  the  expiration  of  the  ten  days, 
and  recovers  the  amount  of  the  offer,  he  cannot  then  accept  the 
offer  of  judgment,  and  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  from  the 
time  of  his  offer.-'^ 

206.  Computation  of  interest  in  the  offer  of  judgment. —  An 
offer  of  judgment  for  a  certain  amount,  "with  interest,"  but  hav- 
ing no  date  from  which  the  interest  can  be  computed,  will  be 

^Warner  v.  BabcocJ:,   9  App.   Div.  ""Eagan    v.  Moore,    2    N.    Y.    Civ. 

398,   75   N.   Y.    S.   R.   885,   41    N.   Y.  Proc.   Rep.    (Browne)    300,    11   Daly, 

Supp.  493.  199,   2   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    (Mc- 

"^Van  Allen  v.  Glass,  GO  Hun,  546,  Carthy)    336;     McVicar    v.  Keating, 

21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   127,  39  N.  19  App.  Div.  581,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  298. 

Y.    S.  R.   076,    15   N.   Y.   Supp.   261 ;  "''Walher   v.   Johnson,   S    How.    Pr. 

Sores   v.    Matthews,   39   N.   Y.    S.    R.  240. 

920,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  510.  "'Guttroff  v.  ^S'allach,  3  Misc.  136, 

-*McVirar  v.  Kcathif/.  19  App.  Div.  51   N.  Y.  S.  R.  495,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

581,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  298;  Hackett  v.  745. 
Edicards,   22    Misc.     659,    49    N.   Y. 
Supp.    609:     Walker    v.    Johnson,    8 
How.   Pr.   240. 


OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT^  TENDEE,  AND  PAYMENT.      283 

treated  as  though  no  otfer  of  interest  was  made.  To  ascertain 
whether  such  otter  is  more  favorable  than  the  recovery,  it  will 
be  compared  with  the  entire  recovery,  including  interest  to  the 
date  of  the  offer,  but  excluding  interest  after  that  date,  because 
judgment  could  be  entered  on  the  day  that  the  oITer  was  served.^* 
Where  damages  are  liquidated  and  the  cause  of  action  draws 
interest,  and  the  offer  does  not  contain  a  provision  for  interest 
from  any  date,  interest  will  be  computed  on  the  amount  of  the 
offer  from  its  date  to  the  date  of  the  judgment,  in  ascertaining 
whether  the  offer  is  more  favorable  than  tlie  recovery.-^  Or  the 
rule  may  be  stated  in  another  way.  Interest  which  accrued  sub- 
sequent to  the  offer  of  judgment  cannot  be  estimated  in  deter- 
mining whether  a  judgment  is  more  or  less  favorable  than  the 
offer.3« 

But  when  tlie  claim  is  unliquidated,  interest  cannot  be  re- 
covered thereon,  and  therefore  interest  cannot  be  added  to  the 
sum  offered,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  whether  the  judg- 
ment obtained  is  more  favorable  than  that  oft'er.^^ 

207.  Offer  must  allow  entry  of  judgment  for  costs. —  An  offer 
"with  costs  to  date"  is  a  valid  offer ;  the  words  ''to  date"  are  mere 
surplusage.  The  plaintiff"  could  enter  judgment  on  the  date  of 
the  offer.^2 

The  cases  which  held  that  adding  the  words  "to  date"  after 
the  words  "with  costs"  invalidated  an  offer  are  overruled  by  the 
last  case  cited.^^ 

-^Smith  V.  Boicers,    3    X.    Y.    Civ.  '"Pile    v.    Johnson,    47    K    Y.   1; 

Proc.  Rep.  72.   15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  Kelhj  v.  Bonesteel,  29  Hiin,  546. 

485.  ^'Thornall    v.    Crawford,  34    Misc. 

'"Thornall    v.    Crairford,   34    Misc.  714,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  61;  Bathgate  v. 

714,    70    N.    Y.    Supp.   61;   Budd  v.  Haskin,   63   N.   Y.   261;    Johnston   v. 

Jackson,   26   How.    Pr.   398;    Pike  v.  Catlin,  57  N.  Y.  652. 

Johnson,  47  N.  Y.  1;  Smith  v.  Boiv-  ^-Lynk  v.   Weaver,   128   N.  Y.   171, 

ers,  3  X.  y.   civ.  Proc.  Rep.   72,   15  28  N.  E.  508. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  485;   Ilirschspring  ^^Henderson   v.  Bannister,   1   N.  Y. 

V.  Boe,  20  Abb.  N.  C.  402,  13  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.   125;   Rannetj  v.  Rus- 

€iv.     Proc.     Rep.     125;     Tihnan    v.  sell,  3  Duer,  689. 
Kcane,  1  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  23. 


284  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

208.  When  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  the  action. — 
I'he  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs  where  lie  recovers  any  amount 
in  excess  of  the  offer  of  judgment  It  makes  no  difference  that 
the  defendant  has  been  compelled,  as  a  condition  of  being- 
granted  a  favor,  to  allow  the  plaintiff  to  enter  the  judgment  for 
the  amount  of  the  offer,  the  costs  to  be  determined  by  the  verdict 
on  the  amount  in  dispute.  In  such  a  case  the  plaintiff,  when 
he  recovers  less  than  $.50  upon  the  trial,  is  entitled  to  full  costs, 
provided  that  the  entire  amount  recovered  in  both  judgments 
exceeds  $,50.""*  The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  costs  up  to  the  time 
of  the  offer  of  judgment,  although  he  fails  to  obtain  a  more 
favorable  judgment  than  the  offer.^""  The  defendant  is  entitled 
to  costs  subsequent  to  the  offer,  when  the  recovery  is  not  greater 
than  the  offer. 

209.  Offer  of  judgment  by  joint  debtors. —  Section  738  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  allows  an  offer  of  judgment  to  be  made 
by  one  of  two  or  more  defendants,  when  the  action  can  be 
severed.  Therefore,  if  two  or  more  defendants  are  sued  upon 
a  joint  liability,  an  offer  by  one  of  the  defendants  to  allow  judg- 
ment to  be  taken  against  him  is  not  as  favorable  as  a  judgment 
for  a  smaller  amount,  because  such  a  judgment  could  be  enforced 
only  against  the  joint  property  of  all  the  defendants  and  the  in- 
dividual property  of  the  defendant  making  the  offer.'^*^  The  im- 
plied agency  resulting  from  a  partnership  does  not  extend  to 
making  an  off'er  of  judgment,  so  as  to  bind  the  individual  prop- 
erty of  the  other  partners,"^  unless  he  had  a  special  authority  to 

"ffoe  V.   Sanborn,  36   N.  Y.   93,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  82,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct. 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  189,  35  How.  Pr.  197.  Rep.   172,  7    N.    Y.    Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

^Magnin  v.  Dinsmore,  46  How.  Pr.  428;    Emery   v.   Emery,   9   How.   Pr. 

297,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  331;  Hirsch-  130;  Bridenhecker  \.  Mason,  16  How. 

spring  v.  Boe,  20  Abb.  N.  C.  402,  13  Pr.  203;   lAppman  v.  Joelson,  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   125;   Burnett  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  161,  note. 

V.  Westfall,  15  How.  Pr.  430.  ^'Rich    v.    Roberts,    18    N.  Y.  Civ. 

^Bannerman    v.    Quackenbush,    13  Proc.  Rep.  205,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  915; 

Daly,  460,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  103,  9  N.  Y.  Garrison    v.    Garrison,  67    How.  Pr. 

Civ.     Proc.    Rep.     108,    Affirming    2  271;  Weed  v.  Bergstresser,  2  Month. 


OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT^  TENDER^  AND  PAYMENT.     2bo 

make  an  offer.^*^  But  where  one  of  the  defendants  is  in  default 
and  the  other  defendant  makes  an  offer  of  judgment,  the  offer  is 
good,  and  the  plaintiff  must  recover  a  sum  larger  than  the  oft'er, 
or  he  ^vill  be  compelled  to  paj  costs.^^ 

210.  Effect  of  offer  upon  counterclaims. —  An  offer  of  judgment 
applies  to  the  pleadings  as  they  are  at  the  time  of  the  offer,  and 
not  as  they  may  after\vards  become.^"  The  acceptance  of  an 
offer  will  bar  a  future  action  upon  any  claim  set  out  in  the  com- 
plaint, or  any  counterclaim  arising  out  of  the  same  transaction 
that  would  be  barred  by  an  entry  of  judgement  upon  the  causes  of 
action  set  out  in  the  complaint.^^  It  will  not  bar  an  indej)endent 
counterclaim  that  is  set  up  in  an  answer  served  after  the  offer  of 
judgment.^^ 

It  will  bar  all  claims  set  up  in  the  complaint,"*^  and  all  coun- 
terclaims set  up  in  the  answer,  when  the  offer  is  served  after  the 
service  of  the  answer.^* 

In  ascertaining  whether  a  recovery  is  more  favorable  than  the 
offer  served  before  the  answer,  the  amount  of  counterclaims  so 
independent  of  the  cause  of  action  set  out  in  the  complaint  that 
an  action  thereon  would  not  be  barred  by  the  entry  of  a  judg- 
ment upon  default  must  be  added  to  the  recovery  obtained  by 
the  plain  tiff. ^^  A  defendant  who  makes  an  offer  of  judgment 
which  is  not  accepted,  and  then  sets  up  a  counterclaim  arising 
out  of  the  same  transaction  as  the  cause  of  action,  is  entitled  to 

L.  Bull.  55;    Binney    v.    Le  Gal,  19  ^Kautz  v.   Vandeniurgh,  77  Hun, 

Barb.  592,  1    Abb.    Pr.    283;  Hecke-  591,   60   N.   Y.   S.  R.   496,   28   N.   Y. 

mann  v.  Young,  55  Hun,  406,  29  N.  Supp.  1046;  TompJcins  v.  Ives,  36  N. 

Y.  S.  R.  55,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  Ill;  Ever-  Y.  75;  Fielding  v.  Alills,  2  Bosw.  489. 

son    V.     Gehrman,    1   Abb.   Pr.    167;  ^Bavies   v.   New    York,    93    N.   Y. 

Emery  v.  Emery,  9  How.  Pr.  130.  250. 

^Bridenbecker  v.  Mason,   16  How.  "Bathgate    v.    Easkin,    63    N.    Y. 

Pr.  203.  261. 

""La  Farge    v.    Chilson,     3    Sandf.  ^Tompkins  v.  Ives,    36    N.    Y.  75; 

752,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  159.  Fielding  v.  Mills,  2  Bosw.  489;  L'ltg- 

*'>Tompkins  v.  Ives,  36  N.  Y.  75.  gles  v.  Fogg,  7  How.  Pr.  324;  Schnei- 

"Doud  V.   Smith,  8  Misc.   619,  61  der  v.  Jacobi,  1  Duer,  694,  11  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  333,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  821.  Legal  Obs.  220. 


286  TILE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORIC 

costs  when  the  recovery  is  not  for  a  sum  larger  than  the  offer.*® 
In  determining  where  costs  shall  fall,  it  is  proper  to  add  to  the 
recovery  obtained  by  the  plaintiff,  all  the  counterclaims  that  he 
has  extinguished,  which  would  not  have  been  barred  had  he  ac- 
cepted the  offer.  The  extinguishment  of  counterclaims  that 
would  have  been  barred  by  the  acceptance  of  the  offer  must  be 
disregarded  for  any  purpose.^'^ 

211.  When  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. —  The  defendant 
is  entitled  to  all  his  costs  and  disbursements  after  the  service  of 
an  offer  of  judgment  which  is  not  accepted,  where  the  plaintiff 
does  not  recover  a  judgment  more  favorable  than  the  offer,  the 
plaintiff  being  entitled  to  costs  and  disbursements  up  to  the  time 
of  the  offer.^8 

The  jilaintift'  is  entitled  to  costs  where  the  defendant  makes  an 
offer  of  judgment  which  is  not  accepted,  in  an  action  upon  two 
causes  of  action,  where  the  plaintiff  recovers  on  one  cause  of 
action  the  exact  amount  of  the  offer,  and  6  cents  is  allowed  hinv 
on  the  other.^''*  Where  a  third  party,  who  had  an  interest  in 
the  subject-matter,  was  brought  in  at  the  request  of  the  defend- 
ant, who  then  made  the  plaintiff  an  offer  of  judgment,  the 
amount  of  costs  to  Avhich  the  third  party  was  entitled  at  the 
time  of  the  offer  cannot  be  added  to  the  recovery,  in  ascertaining 
whether  the  recovery  was  more  favorable  than  the  offer.  His 
costs  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  offer."" 

212.  Judgment  entered,  where  plaintiff  obtains  a  recovery  and 
defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. — Only  one  judgment  should  be  en- 
tered when  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  after  his  offer  of 
judgment,   which   is   not   accepted.      Tlie   amount  of  his   costs 

'"ScoviUe  V.  Kent,  8  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  '"Dayton  v.  Parke,  67  Hun,  137,  51 
17.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  542,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  613. 

'■'Hchneider  v.  Jacobi.  1  Duer,  694,  ""Singleton  v.  Home  Ins.  Co.  121 
11  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  220;  Ruggles  v.  N.  Y.  644,  31  X.  Y.  S.  R.  906,  24  N. 
Fogg,  7  How.  Pr.  324.  E.   1021. 

^Magnin  v.  Dinsmore,  46  How.  Pr. 
297,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  331;  Burnett 
V.  Weslfall   15  How.  Pr.  430. 


OFFER    OF    JUDGMENT,    TENDER,.   AND   PAYAIENT.  287 

slioiUd  be  deducted  from  the  sum  of  the  recovery  and  tlie  costs  up 
to  the  time  of  the  offer,  and  a  judgment  for  the  balance  should 
be  entered.^^  The  attorney  for  the  defendant  cannot  object  to 
the  absorption  of  the  defendant's  costs  in  the  judgment,  because 
the  costs  are  due  primarily  from  the  plaintiff  to  the  defendant, 
raid  the  attorney's  right  is  only  derivative/'^^     See  §  17^  ante. 

213.  Effect  of  the  appellate  court  modifying  the  judgment,  so 
that  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs. —  Wliere  the  appellate  court 
reduces  the  recovery  so  that  it  is  less  than  the  offer,  the  de- 
fendant is  entitled  to  costs  subsequent  to  the  offer  the  same  as 
though  judgment  had  been  rendered  for  that  amount  in  the  first 
instance.^^  If  the  offer  is  not  contained  in  the  appeal  papers 
the  appellate  court  cannot  amend  its  remittitur  so  as  to  give  the 
defendant  costs.  The  special  term  has  power  to  give  tlie  de- 
fendant the  benefit  of  his  offer.^"* 

214.  To  what  costs  plaintiff  is  entitled  upon  accepting  an  offer 
of  judgment. —  The  plaintiff  is  entitled,  upon  accepting  an  offer 
of  judgment,  to  only  those  costs  and  disbursements  which  he 
had  incurred  at  the  time  the  offer  was  served,  or  that  may  be 
necessary  to  incur  to  enter  up  the  judgment  He  cannot  tax 
costs  and  disbursements  for  proceedings  regularly  had  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  action,  incurred  after  the  receijjt  of  the  offer 
and  before  its  acceptance.^^ 

215.  Additional  allowance. —  When  the  recovery  is  less  than 
the  offer  of  judgment,  the  defendant  is  entitled,  not  only  to  the 

''Woatsicorth  v.  Raij,  28  N.  Y.  Civ.  7?.  Co.  62  N.  Y.  290.  1  N.  Y.  Week. 

Proc.  Rep.    6,    52    N.    Y.  Supp.  498;  Dij?.   38. 

Johnson  v.  FarrcU,  10  Abb.  Pr.  384;        '^^Doii glass   v.   Macdiirmid,   2   How. 

Southard  v.  Becker.  15  Misc.  436,  37  Pr.  N.  S.  289;  Eenderson  v.  Bannis- 

N.  Y.  Supp.  927:  Runnell  v.  Griffin,  1ei\    1    N.    Y.    City    Ct.    Rep.     125; 

8  Abb.  Pr.  39;   Dingee  v.  Shears,  29  Walker  v.  Johnson,  8  How.  Pr.  240: 

Hun,  210;  Warden  v.  Frost,  35  Hun,  Hawley   v.   Davis,  5  Hun,   642;    Van 

141.  Allen  v.  Glass,  60  Hun,  546,  21  N.  Y. 

'-■Bulkley  v.   Back,  22   Jones   &   S.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  127,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

300.  676,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  261 ;  Herman  v. 

"^Sturgis  v.  Spofford,  58  N.  Y.  103.  Lyons,  10  Hun,  111;  Pomeroy  v.  Hu- 

^Lumhard  v,  Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y,  tin,  7  How.  Pr.  161, 


288  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

costs  awarded  by  statute,  but  also  to  such  other  costs  as  may  he 
awarded  to  him  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^^  A  plaintiff, 
however,  is  entitled  upon  the  acceptance  of  an  offer  of  judgment 
to  only  the  statutory  costs,  and  the  court  has  no  power  to  grant 
an  extra  allowance.^' 

216.  Costs  upon  the  acceptance  of  an  offer  of  judgment  for  less 
than  $50. —  It  was  held  under  the  old  Code  that  where  the  plain- 
tiff' accepted  an  offer  of  judgment  for  less  than  $50  the  defend- 
ant was  entitled  to  costs."**  This  case  was  later  explained  on  the 
ground  that  the  defendant  claimed  costs  in  the  offer  of  judg-ment, 
and  therefore  he  was  entitled  to  them  wdien  his  offer  was  ac- 
cepted. This  case  also  held  that  where  the  defendant  made  an 
offer  of  judgment,  with  costs,  it  meant  such  costs  as  the  plaintiff' 
was  entitled  to  under  the  pleadings  and  offer,  and  therefore, 
where  tlie  offer  was  for  a  sum  less  than  $50  the  plaintiff  would 
be  entitled  to  no  costs ;  and  the  defendant  was  not  entitled  to 
costs,  as  he  had  waived  his  rights  thereto  by  a  stipulation  that 
the  plaintiff'  might  have  costs.^^  The  proj^er  interpretation  of 
such  an  offer  would  be  such  costs  to  be  entered  in  the  judgment 
as  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  grants,  and  therefore  the  de- 
fendant would  be  entitled  to  costs. 

217.  Offer  of  judgment  in  actions  upon  bonds  and  mortgages. — 
An  offer  of  judg-ment  may  be  made  in  all  actions. *^'^  One  made 
in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  stands  on  the  same  ground  as  in  any 
other  action. *^^      The  offer  must  include  the  right  to  enter  up  a 

^Commissioners  of  Pilots  v.  tSpof-  ^'^Joluison   v.    Sagar,    10   How.    Pr. 

ford,  3  Hun,  57,  5  Tlionip.  &  C.  353;  552. 

Brady  v.   Durbrow,   3   E.   D.   Smith,  '-Hloffctt    v.    Deom,    8    X.    Y.    Civ. 

78 ;   London  v.   Van  Etten,  57   Hun,  Proc.  Rep.  85. 

122.  19  N.  y.  Civ.  Pioc.  Rep.  78,  32  ^Lumhard  v.  Syracuse,  B.  d-  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  439,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  802;  R.   Co.   62   K   Y.   290;    Singleton  v. 

Hirschspring  v.   Boe,  20  Abb.  N.  C.  Home  Ins.  Co.  121  N.  Y.  644,  31  N. 

402,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  125.  Y.  S.  R.  90G,  24  N.  E.  1021. 

"Pool  v.  Oshorn,  8  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  "Bathgate    v.    Hasldn,    63    X.    Y. 

Rep.  232,  note ;   Safety  Steam   Gene-  261 ;  Pen  field  v.  James,  56  X\  Y.  659 : 

rator    Co.    v.    Dickson    Mfg.    Co.    61  Astoi-  v.  Palache,  49  How.  Pr.  231. 
Hun,  335,   21  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 
329,   40  X.  Y.   S.   R.   681,   16   X.  Y. 
Supp.  32. 


OFFKU    OF    JUDGJNIKNT.    TKA'UKK.    AXL)    PAYMENT.  289 

deficiency  judgment.*'"  In  an  action  at  law  npon  a  bond  which 
is  secured  by  a  mortgage,  for  an  instahnent  of  interest,  an  offer 
of  the  whole  sum  secured  by  tlie  bond  and  mortgage  is  not  a;^ 
favorable  as  a  judgment  for  the  instalment  of  interest,  because 
it  is  more  favorable  to  have  an  investment  for  the  principal  sum 
than  to  have  to  secure  another  investment. ^^ 

218.  Tender  after  the  commencement  of  a  mortgage  foreclosure. 
— A  defendant  in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  may  make  a  tender, 
after  suit  is  commenced,  of  the  amount  due,  and  such  costs  as 
the  parties  may  agree  iipon.  If  no  agreement  can  be  reached 
the  defendant  should  make  an  application  to  the  court  to  settle 
the  amount  of  the  costs. ^* 

The  defendant  is  not  entitled  to  have  his  mortgage  discharged 
of  record  after  a  sufficient  tender,  until  the  court  has  passed 
upon  the  question  of  plaintiff's  costs.**'^  The  offer  must  contain 
an  offer  to  allow  a  deficiency  judgment,  where  there  is  a  per- 
sonal liability  on  the  part  of  the  defendant. 

219.  Offer  of  judgment  in  replevin. —  An  offer  of  judgment 
may  be  made  in  a  replevin  action. ^^  The  plaintiff"  cannot,  upon 
an  acceptance  of  an  offer  of  judgment  for  specific  property,  to 
which  no  value  is  fixed,  and  of  a  certain  sum  as  damages,  tax 
costs  in  excess  of  the  damages  named  in  the  offer,  where  the 
amount  of  damages  is  less  than  $50.^'^ 

220.  Offer  of  judgment  in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  mechanic's 
lien. —  An  offer  of  judgment  may  be  made  in  an  action  to  fore- 
close a  mechanic's  lien.^^  Earlier  cases  held  that  the  offer  must 
contain  a  statement  that  it  is  made  in  "discharge  of  the  lien."^*^ 

^''Rollins  V.   Barnes,   23   App.   Div.  ^"ArcJier  v.  Cole,  22  How.  Pr.  411. 

■240,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.   153,  48  N.  ^TTausauer  v.  Machmvicz,  54  App. 

Y.  Supp.  779;  Bettis  v.  Goodwill,  32  Div.  23,  GG  N.  Y.  Supp.  340. 

How.  Pr.   137.  ^^Schulfe    v.    Lestershire    Boot    d- 

"^Hoivard  v.  Farley,  3  Robt.  599.  Shoe  Co.  88  Hun.  226,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

'*Pratt  V.   Ramsdell,   16  How.   Pr.  258,  34  N.  Y.   Supp.  663:   Pfister  v. 

.59,  7  Abb.  Pr.  340,  note.  f^tumm,  7  Misc.  526,  27  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"'^Reimer  v.  DiedricJc,  4  N.  Y.  Week.  1000. 

Dig.  230.  '"Hall  v.  Dennerlein,  39   N.   Y.   S. 
COSTS    19. 


290  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  IS^EW   YORK. 

Later  cases  have  held  that  offers  which  did  not  contain  tliese 
words  were  goodJ^  An  offer  of  judgment  nnist  contain  an  offer 
to  allow  a  deficiency  judgment  to  he  entered  against  the  defend- 
ant, where  there  is  a  joersonal  liability  on  his  part."^ 

An  offer  by  an  owner  to  allow  tlie  contractor  to  take  judgment 
for  a  certain  sum  and  costs.less  the  amount  due  the  subcontractor 
on  his  lion,  is  not  as  favorable  as  a  judgment  for  a  smaller  sum, 
out  ()f  which  the  subcontractor  was  to  be  paid,  because  by  the 
judginent  the  debt  of  the  contractor  to  the  snbeontractor  is  paid, 
but  nndei-  the  offer  the  lien  of  the  contractor  was  to  be  dis- 
charged, and  his  debt  to  the  subcontractor  was  still  unpaid.'^ 

The  serving  of  an  offer  of  judgment  in  a  mechanic's  lien  fore- 
clo!,ure  or  any  other  equity  action  does  not  deprive  the  court  of 
its  discretion  as  to  costs.  The  offer  only  applies  where  costs  are 
allowed.  If  the  court  shall  decide  upon  tlie  disposition  of  a 
case  that  no  costs  shall  be  allowed,  the  defendant  has  no  right  to 
ihe  costs  which  are  usually  allowed.'^"' 

221.  Tender  before  suit  brought.  «.  When  action  is  coni- 
nii  need. — A  tender  on  the  day  of  signing  the  summons,  but  be- 
fore its  service,  is  a  tender  before  suit  brought.'"^  This  is  so,, 
although  the  summons  has  been  delivered  to  the  sheriff  for  serv- 
ice.'^^ 

/>.  Tender  to  irhoni. — The  tender  must  be  made  to  the  creditor 
or  some  person  authorized  to  receive  it  on  his  behalf.''' '''  Tf  the 
cicditor  absents  himself  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  his  debtor 
the  tender  may  be  made  to  a  person  at  his  house.'^^ 

R.   67,    14   N.  Y.   Siipp.   796;    Burton  '*KeUy  v.  West,  4  Jones  &  S.  .304. 

V.   RocJcicell,  63  Hun,   163.  44  N.  Y.  '"Knight   v.   Beach,   7   Abb.   Pr.   N. 

S.  R.  487,  17  X.  Y.  Supp.  66.5.  S.  241;  Broun  v.  Ferguson,  2  Denio, 

'"Kennedy    v.     McKone.     10     App.  106;   Hull  v.  Peters,  7  Barb.  331. 

Div.  88,  41  X.  Y.  Supp.  782.  '"Grussy  v.  Schneider,  50  How.  Pr. 

''Kennedy     v.     ^fcKone,     10     App.  134;    Hargous    v.    Lahens,    3    Sandf. 

Div.  88,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  782.  213. 

'■Fargo  v.  Hehner,  43  Hun,  17,  25  "Judd    v.     Ensign.    6    Barb.    258; 

X.  Y.  Week.  Di^.  405,  6  X.  Y.  S.  R.  Smith  v.  Smith,  2  Hill,  351,25  Wen<L 

584.                        "^           '  405. 

'^Conolly  V.   Hyams,  42   App.   Div. 
63,  58  X.  Y.  Supp.  932. 


OFFER  OF   JUUGMEA'T,   TENDEK.   A^•D   PAVEMENT.  291 

c.  In  ivltai  tender  must  consist. — The  tender  may  be  made 
Avith  any  kind  of  money  or  by  check,  unless  the  creditor  objects 
to  the  kind  of  money  or  payment  by  check  at  the  time  the  tender 
is  made.  By  not  objectina-  he  waives  any  irreguhn-ity  that  conhl 
have  been  cured. ^^  This  is  especially  so  where  the  creditor  has 
requested  a  check  and  refuses  one  on  other  grounds.'^  The  old 
rule  used  to  be  that  the  tender  must  be  made  in  legal  tender.^'' 
But  the  strictness  of  this  rule  has  been  modified  by  the  necessi- 
ties and  usages  of  modern  commercial  life. 

d.  Waiver  hy  the  creditor  of  a  formal  tender. — When  the 
debtor  is  able  and  willing  to  pay  his  debt,  an  actual  tender  may 
be  waived  by  the  creditor.^^  A  tender  need  not  be  made  to  one 
who  states  in  advance  that  he  will  not  receive  the  money.^^  If 
the  tender  is  rejected  on  a  specified  gTOund,  no  other  objection 
which  could  be  obviated  can  afterwards  be  raised.^^ 

e.  Practice  of  the  defendant  to  avail  himself  of  the  tender.- — 
A  tender  before  suit  brought,  to  be  of  any  avail,  must  be  pleaded 
and  the  money  paid  into  court  before,  or  at  the  time  of,  the 
service  of  the  answer.*^* 

The  money  need  not  be  brought  into  court  where  the  tender 
has  only  the  effect  of  extinguishing  a  lien,  and  df)es  not  discharge 

^Duffjf    V.    O'Doiwran.    46    N.    Y.  man  v.  Pulfs,  21  N.  Y.  .547:  Congrc- 

22.3:  Lh)lc  v.  Macl\  2.i  Misc.  615.  .56  gation      Beth     Elohiin      v.      Central 

N.  Y.  8upp.  11.";.  Presby.   C7(«rc/),  10  Abb.  Pr.N.  S.  484; 

''^MifcheU  v.  Verninut  Copper  M\n.  Duffy  v.  O'Donovan,  46  N.  Y.  223. 

Co.  47  How.  Pr.  218.  "'Simpson   v.  French,  25  How.   Pr. 

^"Grusfiy  v.  l<chneifler.  50  How.  Pr.  464;    Plainer    v.    Lehinan,    26    Hun, 

134:  Block  v.  Garfiehl.  30  Misc.  82L  374:    Heywood   Boot   d   Shoe   Co.   v. 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  918.  Ralph,  82  Hun.  418,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

"^lAiik   V.    l/r/cA-,    25   :\[isc.    615,   56  580,  31   N.  Y.  Supp.  263;    Wilson  v. 

N.  Y.   Supp.    115:    Voupell  v.   Wood-  Doran.  110  N.  Y.  101,  17  N.  E.  688; 

vard,    2    Sandf.    Cli.    143:    Dona    v.  Crouin  v.  Epstein,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  69, 

Fiedler.  1  E.  D.  Smitli.  463.  Affirmed  Affirnif-d  in  15  Daly,  5,  19  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

in    12   N.    Y.    40.    62    Am.   Dec.    130:  806,   2   N.   Y.    Supp.   709;    Becker  v. 

Lawrence  v.   Miller.   13  N.  Y.  Week.  Boon,     61     "NT.     Y.     317;     Halpin    v. 

Difr.   124.  Pha-nix  Ins.   Co.   118   N.   Y.   165,  23 

"'Cashman  v.  Martin,  50  How.  Pr.  N.  E.  482:  Sheridrn  v.  Smith,  2  Hill. 

337:    Shair   v.    Republic   L.   Ins.    Co.  538;    Broun    v.    Ferguson,    2    Denio, 

69  X.  Y.  286.  196. 

^^Hull  V.  Peters,  7  Barb.  331 ;  Car- 


292  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  debt.*^  If  the  plea  of  tender  is  insufficient  or  irregular  it 
may  be  disregarded.^^  If  the  defendant  pleads  tender,  but  does 
not  pay  the  money  into  court,  the  answer  may  be  returned  as  a 
nullity.^'  It  is  too  late  to  pay  the  money  into  court  on  the  day 
of  trial.^^  The  defendant  must  prove  upon  the  trial  both  tender 
and  payment  into  court.^'' 

If  the  plaintiff  does  not  recover  a  judgment  more  favorable 
than  the  tender,  he  must  pay  costs. ^^^ 

The  defendant  must  also  serve  notice  on  the  plaintiff  that  he 
has  paid  the  money  into  court.  Whether  the  notice  in  the  plead- 
ing is  sufficient  has  not  been  definitely  determined.^^ 

Pleading  the  payment  into  court  is  probably  sufficient.''^ 

f.  Waiver  of  irregularities  hi  pleading  tender. — There  is  a 
lack  of  harmony  in  the  decisions  as  to  what  acts  are  mere  matter 
of  practice  the  nonperformance  of  which,  therefore,  may  be 
waived  as  irregularities,  and  what  are  absolutely  required,  and 
therefore  cannot  be  waived. 

It  has  been  held  that  the  payment  of  money  into  court,  plead- 
ing that  fact,  and  giving  notice  of  such  payment,  other  than  that 
contained  in  the  pleading,  are  more  matters  of  practice,  and  a 
failure  to  perform  any  of  them  is  an  irregularity  which  may  be 
waived.  ^^ 

^^Cafis   V.    Higenbotam,    100   N.   Y.  ^Wilson  v.  Doran,  110  N.  Y.  101. 

248,  3  N.  E.  189;  Kortright  v.  Cadij,  17  N.  E.  688;   Sheriden  v.  Smith,  2 

21  N.  Y.  343.  Hill,  538. 

^"Sheridan  v.   Smith,  2  Hill,   533;  ^-Becker  v.   Boon,    61    N.   Y.   317; 

Simpson  v.  French,  25  How.  Pr.  464;  Platner    v.    Lehman,    26    Hun,    374; 

Plainer  v.  Lehman,  26  Hun,  374.  Simpson  v.  French,  25  How.  Pr.  464: 

^''Simpson  v.  French,  25  How.  Pr.  Mela  v.  Geis,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

464.  152. 

^Heywood    Boot    &    Shoe    Co.    v.  ^'Sheriden  v.   Smith,   2  Hill,   538: 

Ralph,  82  Hun.  418,  63  N.  Y.  S.  E.  Wilson  v.  Doran,  110  N.  Y.   101,   17 

580,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  263:  Fallcenberg  N.   E.    688;    Platner  v.   Lehman,   2(5 

V.  Bash,  33  ]\Iiso.  607,  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Plun.  374;    Knight  v.  Beach.  7  Abb. 

Cas.  132,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.   1111.  Pr.  N.  S.  241;  Roosevelt  v.  yew  York 

^^Logue  v.  Gillick,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  tC  H.  R.  Co.  45  Barb.  554,  30  How. 

398.  Pr.  226. 

"^Logue  v.  Gillicl;  1  E.  D.  Smith, 
398;  Archer  v.  Cole,  22  How.  Pr. 
411. 


OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT,  TENDEE,  AND  PAYMENT.      293 

This  would  seem  to  be  the  sensible  rule  and  the  one  in  har- 
mony with  the  rest  of  our  practice.  The  servdce  of  a  pleading 
too  late,  or  one  that  is  unverified  when  it  should  be  verified,  and 
many  other  acts,  are  irregularities  which  may  be  waived.  It 
would  seem,  therefore,  that  if  the  money  is  actually  paid  into 
court,  and  the  plaintiff  has  proceeded  with  the  action  as  though 
all  the  formal  requirements  had  been  fulfilled,  he  will  not  be 
allowed  to  retrace  his  steps  and  take  an  objection  to  the  defend- 
ant's method  of  procedure  which  he  should  have  taken  promptly. 
Where  the  money  has  never  been  paid  into  court,  of  course  the 
plea  of  tender  must  fail.®* 

The  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  judgment,  although  the  tender  was 
sufficient  and  was  kept  good.  It  only  stops  the  running  of  in- 
terest and  costs.^^  The  defendant  is  entitled  to  have  the  question 
of  tender  determined,  so  as  to  fix  the  question  of  costs.  The 
plaintiff  cannot  take  the  money  out  of  court,  and  have  the  case 
dismissed  without  cost*.  Where  he  takes  the  money  out  of  court, 
he  should  tender  the  defendant  his  costs  to  that  time.  If  he  does 
not  do  this,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  costs  up  to  the  time  that 
the  case  is  finally  disposed  of.®^ 

If  the  defendant  agreed  to  pay  money  at  a  certain  time  and 
place,  and  he  is  sued  therefor  without  demand,  he  must  allege 
that  he  was  ready  and  willing  to  pay  it  at  the  time  and  place, 
plead  tender,  and  pay  the  money  into  court  to  save  himself  from 
costs. 

Merely  alleging  that  he  was  ready  and  \^^lling  to  pay  will  not 
be  sufficient.^^ 

g.  Restrictions  imposed  upon  Ihe  fender. — A  tender  may  al- 
ways be  restricted  by  such  conditions  as,  by  the  terms  of  the  con- 

'*Becker   v.   Boon,    61    X.   Y.    317;  '^Mela  v.  aci.<i,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Railway  Advertising  Co.  v.   Posner,  Rep.  152. 

31    Misc.   783,   05   N.   Y.   Supp.   226;  ^'Locklin  v.    Moore,   5   Lans.   307; 

Eddy    V.     O'Eara,     14     Wend.     221;  Sheriden     v.     Smith,     2     Hill,     538; 

Wilder  v.  Seehje,  8  Barb.  408.  Roosevelt  v.  Neto  York  d  H.  R.  Co. 

^Kelly  V.  West,  4  Jones  &  S.  304.  45  Barb.  554;  Simpson  v.  French,  25 


294  THE  J. AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

tract,  are  conditions  precedent,  or  simultaneous  or  proper  to  be 
performed  bj  the  party  to  whom  the  tender  is  made.^*^  But  a 
tender  on  the  conditi(m  that  it  extinguishes  a  lien  is  bad.^^  A 
tender  upon  the  condition  of  receiving  a  receipt  in  full  is  bad'/^"' 
or  upon  condition  that  the  creditor  sign  a  satisfaction  piece  of  a 
bond  and  mortgage.^ ^^ 

222.  Tender  after  suit  brought.  a.  Statute.  —  The  statute 
governing  such  tenders  is  contained  in  §§  731  and  732  of  the 
(.*ode  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  are  as  follows:  Sec.  731. 
"^Vhere  the  complaint  demands  judgment  for  a  sum  of  mone_N 
only,  and  the  action  is  brought  to  recover  a  sum  certain,  or  which 
may  be  reduced  to  certainty  by  calculation,  or  to  recover  dam- 
ages for  a  casual  or  involuntary  personal  injury,  or  a  like  injury 
to  property,  the  defendant  or  his  attorney  may,  at  any  time  be- 
fore the  trial,  tender  to  the  plaintiff  or  his  attorney  such  a  sum 
of  money  as  he  conceives  to  be  sufficient  to  make  amends  for  the 
injury,  or  to  pay  the  plaintiff's  demand,  together  with  the  cost- 
of  the  action,  to  that  time." 

Sec.  732.  "A  tender,  made  as  prescribed  in  the  last  section, 
does  not  avail  the  defendant  unless  the  money  is  accepted  or  is 
paid  into  court,  and  notice  thereof  in  writing  served  upon  the 
plaintiff's  attorney,  before  the  trial  and  within  ten  days  after 
the  tender.  If  the  plaintiff  takes  out  the  amount  paid  in,  he  ac- 
cepts the  tender." 

These  sections  apply  only  to  those  courts  mentioned  in  subd. 
4  of  §  334Y  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, — the  supreme  court, 
county  court,  and  city  court  of  the  city  of  ^ew  York.-^^^ 

How.   Pr.   464;    Caldwell  v.   Cassidy,  45  Barb.  579;  Frost  v.  Yonkers  Sav. 

8  Cow.  271.  Banlc,  70  N.  Y.  553.  26  Am.  Rep.  627. 

"^Cass   V.    Higenbotam,    100    N.    Y.        '»=  Code  Civ.   Proc.   §   3347,   subdiv. 

248,  3  X.  E.   189;   Wheelock  v.  Tan-  6;  licimer  v.  Diedrick,  4  N.  Y.  Week. 

ner,  39  N.  Y.  481.  Dig.  230;  Re  Clark,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

^Xotjes  V.  Wyckoff,  114  N.  Y.  204.  12,   45   N.  Y.   Supp.   370;   Ellensfein 

23  X.  Y.  S.  R.  105,  21  N.  E.  158.  v.  Alee,  12  Misc.  112,  66  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

^"HVood  V.  Hitchcock,  20  Wond.  47.  695.  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  94. 

^"^Roosevelt   v.   Bull's   Head  Bank, 


OFFEK   OF   JUDGMENT,   TENDER,   AND   PAYMENT.  295 

A  tender  after  suit  brought,  to  be  of  any  avail,  must  include 
interest  upon  the  claim  and  costs  to  the  time  of  the  tender,^"-' 
even  in  an  action  in  equity.'''*  In  an  action  in  the  district  court, 
where  the  defendant  admits  part  of  the  claim  and  pays  it  into 
the  court,  the  plaintiff,  in  any  event,  is  entitled  to  a  judgment 
for  that  amount  and  costs  to  the  time  of  tender.'''^ 

If  a  tender  is  made  according  to  §§  731-734  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  no  conditions  can  be  imposed  upon  paying  the 
money  into  court  or  taking  it  out,  except  those  warranted  by  the 
statute. ■'^^  Where  a  defendant  makes  a  tender  in  an  action  after 
the  judgment  has  been  reversed,  with  costs  to  abide  the  event, 
the  tender  must  include  all  the  costs  of  the  action,  including  the 
costs  in  the  appellate  court,  because  the  tender,  if  accepted, 
would  decide  the  action  in  favor  of  the  plaintiff,  and  the  costs 
would  then  belong  to  him.^'^'^ 

h.  Waiver  of  irregular itij. — The  statutory  notice  required  by 
§  732  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  may  be  waived  by  the 
plaintiff  going  to  trial,  and  not  raising  that  objection.^ •'^  But 
where  an  objection  is  taken  on  the  trial,  of  the  failure  to  give 
such  notice,  the  statutory  notice  is  not  waived. '^'^ 

c.  In  mortgnge  foreclosure. — Sec.  1634.  "Where  an  action  is 
brought  to  foreclose  a  mortgage  upon  real  property,  upon 
which  a  portion  of  the  principal  or  interest  is  due,  and  another 
portion  of  either  is  to  become  due,  the  complaint  must  be  dis- 
missed, without  costs  against  the  plaintiff,  upon  the  defendant 
paying  into  court,  at  any  time  before  a  final  judgment  directing 
a  sale  is  rendered,  the  sum  due  and  the  plaintift"'s  costs." 

Sec.   1035.   "In  a  case  specified  in  the  last  section,  if,  after  a 

^'^^ Bernstein  v.  Lei-y,  34  ]\Iisc.  772.  ^"'Stover  v.  Chasse,  9  Misc.  45,  59 

68  X.  Y.  Siipp.  8.33.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  671,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  291. 

^"^Eaton  V.  Wells,  22  Hun,  123.  ^"^Tatjlor  v.   Brooklyn  Elev.  R.  Co. 

^"^Ferree  v.  Ellsv:orth,  47  N.  Y.  S.  18  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  72,  27  X.  Y. 

E.  119.  19  X.  Y.  Supp.  G59.  S.  R.  447,  7  X.  Y.  Supp.  625. 

"^'Beil   Y.    Supreme    Council   A.    L.  ^"^Milson  v.  Doran,  110  X.  Y.  101. 

of  H.  42  App.  Div.  168,  29  X.  Y.  Civ.  17  X.  E.  688. 
Proc.  Rep.  332,  58  X.  Y.  Supp.  1049. 


296  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

final  judgment  directing  a  sale  is  rendered,  but  before  the  sale 
is  made,  the  dofeiidant  pays  into  court  the  amount  due  for  prin- 
cipal and  interest  and  the  costs  of  the  action,  together  with  the 
expenses  of  the  proceedings  to  sell,  if  any,  all  proceedings  upon 
the  judgment  must  be  stayed;  but  upon  a  subsequent  default  in 
the  payment  of  principal  or  interest  the  court  may  make  an  order 
directing  the  enforcement  of  the  judgment  for  the  purpose  of 
collecting  the  sum  then  due." 

223.  Payment  after  the  commencement  of  an  action. —  A  de- 
fendant who,  after  the  commencement  of  an  action,  makes  a  pay- 
ment to  the  creditor  personally,  may  set  up  the  fact  of  such  pay- 
ment in  his  answer.  Costs  will  be  determined  in  such  a  case  by 
the  amount  due  at  the  time  of  the  trial,^^*'  unless  the  plaintiff's 
right  to  costs  has  been  expressly  reserved  by  agreement.-^ ^-^ 

A  plea  of  payment,  which  is  sought  to  be  upheld  by  proof  of 
payment  to  a  third  person,  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of 
the  plaintiff,  will  not  be  substantiated  by  such  proof.^^^  A  plain- 
tiff is  not  bound  by  a  payment  to  a  clerk  after  an  action  has  been 
commenced,  unless  lie  retains  the  money.  The  defendant's  plea 
of  payment  when  the  plaintiff  retains  the  money  will  be  proper, 
and  he  will  be  entitled  to  costs. ^^""  Where  the  defendant  makes  a 
payment  to  a  clerk,  without  the  costs,  the  plaintiff'  is  entitled  to 
the  costs  of  the  iction,  because  the  pajTiient  was  unauthorized, 
unless  he  retains  the  njoney.^^^ 

224.  Offer  to  liquidate  damages  conditionally. —  Sec.  736. 
"In  an  action  to  recover  damages  for  breach  of  a  contract,  the 

^^"Bronner    Brick     Co.    v.     M.    M.  Childs,  2S  Knn,  303;  Eaton  \.  Wells, 

Canda    Co.    18    Misc.    681,    42    N.    Y.  82  'S.  Y.  57(i.  579;  Burke  v.  Phillips, 

Supp.  14.  20    Misc.    413,    2G   N.   Y.   Civ.    Proc. 

^''Bronner     Brick     Co.     v.     M.     M.  Rep.  374,  4.5  N.  Y.  Supp.  1024 ;  Safe* 

Canda    Co.    18    Misc.    (581,    42    N.    Y.  v.  Norris,  23  Jones  &  S.  269. 

Supp.    14:    Watson    v.    Depeyster.    1  "-Moffatt   v.    Henderson,    16   Jones 

Cai.     66;     Johnson    v.     Brannun,     :■>  &  S.  449. 

Johns.     268;     Htewart     v.     Elice,     2  '"A'eeJer  v.  Van  Wie,  49  How.  Pr. 

Paige,  604;   Warfield  v.  Watkins.  30  97. 

Barb.    395;    Bendit    v.    Anneslejf.    42  ^'*Bogardus  v.  liichtmeyer,  3   Abb. 

Barb.   192,  27  How.  Pr.   184;   Keeler  Pr.    179;    People  v.  Banker,  8  How. 

V.  Van  Wie,  49  How.  Pr.  97;  Rice  v.  Pr.  258. 


OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT^  TENDER^  A2^D  PAYMENT.      297 

defendant's  attorney  may,  with  the  answer,  serve  upon  the  plain- 
tiff's attorney  a  written  offer  that  if  the  defendant  fails  in  his 
defense  the  damages  may  be  assessed  at  a  specified  sum.  If  the 
plaintiff  serves  notice  that  he  accepts  the  offer,  with  or  before 
the  notice  of  trial,  and  damages  are  awarded  to  him  on  the  trial, 
they  must  be  assessed  accordingly." 

Sec.  737.  "If  the  plaintiff  does  not  accept  the  offer,  he  cannot 
prove  it  upon  the  trial.  But  if  the  damages  awarded  to  him  do 
not  exceed  the  sum  offered,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  recover 
the  expenses  necessarily  incurred  by  him  in  preparing  for  the 
trial  of  the  question  of  damages.  The  expenses  must  be  ascer- 
tained and  the  amount  thereof  determined  by  the  judge  or  the 
referee  by  or  before  whom  the  cause  is  tried." 

224a.  Judgment  by  confession. —  Upon  the  entry  of  a  judg- 
ment by  confession  the  creditor  is  entitled  to  tax  $15  costs,  be- 
sides the  disbursements  taxable  in  an  action.^  ^^ 

'"Code  Civ.  Proc  §  l-iTo. 


CHAPTEE  XX. 

COSTS  ON  APPEAL  FROM  A  JUSTICE'S  COURT. 

225.  Costs  to  perfect  the  appeal. 

226.  Where  a  new  trial  is  not  hud  in  the  appellate  court. 

a.  Statute. 

6.  Where  there  is  no  respondent. 

c.  Where  both  parties  appeal. 

227.  Where  a  new  trial  is  had  in  the  appellate  court. 

228.  Offer  to  compromise  before  the  return. 

229.  What  is  a  more  favorable  judgment. 

230.  Costs   on  appeal   from   county  court  to  the   appellate   division   of  the 

supreme  court. 

231.  Costs  on  bastardy  proceedings  in  the  county  court. 

232.  Special  provisions  relating  to  the  municipal  court  of  New   York  city. 

a.  jMotions. 

b.  Apj)eals. 

c.  Opening  defaults. 

(I.  Costs  upon  the  reversal  of  tlie  judgment. 

e.  Costs  upon  the  affirmance  of  the   judgment. 

f.  Costs  when  the  judgment  is  moililied  or  a  new  trial  is  ordered. 

225.  Costs  to  perfect  the  appeal. — To  render  an  appeal  to  the 
county  court  effectual  the  appellant  must  pay  the  costs  of  the 
justice's  court  and  the  charge  of  two  dollars  for  making  the  re- 
turn as  provided  by  §  3047  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^ 

Upon  good  cause  shown,  the  county  court  may,  in  its  discre- 
tion, allow  these  fees  to  be  paid  n^inc  pro  tunc.^  The  discretion 
of  the  county  court  in  refusing  or  granting  such  a  favor  cannot 
be  reviewed  by  the  appellate  division,  because  the  appellate  di- 
vision has  not  the  power  to  review  the  discretionary  order  of  a 
different  court,  unless  it  appears  that  that  court  has  exercised  its 

^Grisicold  v.  Tan  Deusen  2  E.  D.  Hays,  40  App.  Div.  5.57.  .58  N.  Y 
Smith,    178;    Thomas  v.    Thomas,   18    Supp.  35. 

Hun,  481 ;  Kenuey  v.  Liven/  Stable  "Black  v.  Maifland.  1  App.  Div.  6, 
Keepers'  Asso.  89  Hun.  190.  09  X.  Y.  71  N.  Y^  S.  R.  669,  36  X.  Y.  Supp. 
S.  R.  237.  35  X.  Y^  Supp.  8;  Goss  v.    739:  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3049. 

298 


COSTS  ON  APPEAL  FROM   JUSTICe's  COUliT.  -"-^'i^ 

discretion  arbitrarily."  The  appellant  must  also  pay  the  addi- 
tional costs  allowed  bv  §  3129  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure 
upon  his  appeal  from  a  judgment  of  the  justice's  court  of  the 
city  of  Brooklyn*  or  the  city  of  Albany,^  or  the  additional  costs 
allowed  by  any  city  court  which  has  the  same  methods  of  appeal 
as  justice's  courts. 

But  no  costs  and  disbursements  such  as  stenographer's  fees 
can  be  incurred  and  taxed  without  the  express  warrant  of  law.® 
The  costs  of  respondent  which  the  appellant  pays  to  take  the 
appeal,  belong  to  the  respondent  and  must  be  paid  to  him.  The 
appellant's  onh"  remedy,  if  he  thereafter  becomes  entitled  to 
them,  is  to  include  them  in  his  judgment  under  §  3060  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.''^  He  cannot  maintain  an  action 
against  respondent  for  them.^  Where  costs  are  awarded  to  the 
appellant,  he  ma^^  include  in  his  disbursements  the  costs  and 
fees  paid  to  the  justice  upon  taking  the  appeal;  and  where  the 
judgment  rendered  by  the  justice  was  against  him,  he  may  also 
include  in  those  disbursements  the  costs  of  the  action  before  the 
justice  which  he  w^ould  have  been  entitled  to  recover  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  justice  if  that  judgment  had  been  in  his  favor.® 

226,  Where  a  new  trial  is  not  had  in  the  appellate  court. 
a.  Statute. — The  question  of  costs  upon  the  decision  of  an  ap- 
peal, where  a  new  trial  is  not  had,  is  regulated  by  §§  3066  and 
3067  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  are  as  follows: 

Sec.  3066.  ''Upon  an  appeal,  provided  for  in  this  article  the 
award  of  costs  is  regulated  as  follows: 

^Goss  V.   Hays,  40   App.   Div.   557.  ''Shericood  v.  Travelers  Ins.  Co.  12 

58  N.  Y.  Supp.  35.  Daly,  137,  65  How.  Pr.  193,  3  N.  Y. 

*Kenney  \.  Livery  Stable  Keepers'  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  281;  Kenney  v.  Liv- 

Asso.  89   Hun,   190,  69   N.   Y.   S.   R.  ery   Stable   Keepers'   Asso.    89   Hun, 

237,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  8.  190,   69  N.   Y.   S.   R.   237,   35   N.   Y. 

^Sherwood  v.  Travelers  Ins.  Co.  12  Supp.  8. 

Daly,   137;   Schwemmer  v.  Stratton,  ^Bradley  Salt  Co.  v.  Meinhold,  23 

49  k  Y.  S.  R.  537,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  Misc.  468,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  679. 

523.  'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3060;  Jacks  v. 

^Cohen  v.   Weill,  32  Misc.   198,  65  Darrin,  I  Abb.  Pr.  232. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  695. 


300  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

"T.  If  the  appeal  is  dismissed  because  neither  party  brings  it 
tc)  i\  hearing,  as  prescribed  in  this  article,  costs  shall  not  be 
awarded  to  either  party. 

''II.  If  the  judgment  is  reversed  for  an  error  in  fact,  not 
affecting  the  merits,  or  if  a  new  trial  is  directed,  before  the 
stime  or  another  justice,  as  prescribed  in  this  article,  the  costs  of 
the  appeal  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  appellate  court. 

"III.  If  the  judgment  is  affirmed,  costs  must  be  awarded  to 
the  respondent. 

"IV.  If  the  judgment  is  reversed,  costs  must  be  awarded  to 
the  appellant. 

"V.  If  the  judgment  is  affirmed  only  in  part,  the  costs,  or 
such  a  part  thereof  as  to  the  appellate  court  seems  just,  not  ex- 
ceeding $10  besides  disbursements,  may  be  awarded  to  either 
party." 

Sec.  oOGT.  "Upon  an  appeal,  provided  for  in  this  article, 
costs,  when  awarded,  must  be  as  follows,  besides  disbursements  r 

"To  the  appellant,  upon  reversal,  $30. 

"To  the  respondent,  upon  affirmance,  $25." 

Costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  appellate  court,  only  when 
the  judgment  is  reversed  for  an  error  in  fact,  not  affecting  the 
merits,^"  or  a  new  trial  is  directed,^ ^  or  the  judgment  is  affirmed 
in  part,^^  in  which  case  costs  in  the  appellate  court  are  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court,  not  exceeding  $10  and  disbursements  and 
costs  below.  ^^ 

Upon  the  reversal  the  appellant  is  entitled,  as  of  course,  to  $30 
costs.^^     Upon  an  appeal  in  summary  proceedings,  costs  are  the 

^"Monroe   v.    White,    25    App.    Div.  Van  Doren,  I  ^.  T).  Smith.  411 ;  Main 

292,  49  N.  Y.  Siipp.  .517.  v.  Eagle,  1  E.  D.  Smith,  619;  Chapin 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3066,  subd.  2.  v.  Churchill,  12  How.  Pr.  367;   Sny- 

^^Compton  V.   Long   Island  R.   Co.  der  v.  Goodrich,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  84; 

1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  554.  Wood  v.  Broum,  6  Daly,  428;  Hard- 

'^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3066,  subd.  5;  ing  v.   Ellston,    19  N.   Y.   Civ.  Proc. 

Germ  an- American  Bank  v.  Milliman,  Rep.  252,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  550;  Eisler 

31  Misc.  87.  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  242.  v.   Union  Transfer  <&  Storage  Co.   16 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3066,  subd.  4;  Daly,  456,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  732. 
Code    Civ.    Proc.    §    3067;    Hahn   v. 


COSTS  ON  APPEAL  FROM   JUSTICe's  COUKT.  301 

same  as  upon  an  appeal  irom  a  jiidgraent^^  Upon  affirmance  of 
a  judgment  the  respondent  is  entitled  to  $25  besides  disburse- 
ments.^** The  judgment  will  be  affirmed  with  costs  if  the  re- 
turn does  not  show  what  judgment,  if  any,  has  been  rendered.^^ 
Upon  a  reversal  or  affirmance  the  appellate  court  has  no  powei- 
to  relieve  the  defeated  party  from  costs.^** 

b.  Where  there  is  no  respondent. — Where  plaintiff  appeals 
from  a  judgment  dismissing  his  complaint,  where  there  is  no 
appearance  in  the  lower  court  or  on  the  appeal,  no  costs  can  be 
awarded  whether  the  judgment  is  affirmed  or  reversed. ^^ 

c.  Where  both  parties  appeal. — Where  both  parties  appeal 
and  the  judgment  is  affirmed,  costs  must  be  awarded  to  each, 
but  the  order  must  provide  that  they  offset  each  other.^*^ 

227.  Where  a  new  trial  is  had  in  the  appellate  court. —  Wlien 
costs  are  awarded  the  successful  party  is  entitled  to  tax,  besides 
the  disbursements,  the  following  costs : 

For  all  proceedings  before  notice  of  trial,  $15. 

For  all  subsequent  proceedings  before  trial,  $10. 

For  the  trial  of  an  issue  of  law,  $15. 

For  the  trial  of  an  issue  of  fact,  $20. 

For  the  argument  of  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  on  a  case,  $15. 

For  each  term  not  more  than  five,  at  which  the  appeal  is  reg- 
ularly on  the  calendar,  excluding  the  term  at  which  it  is  tried 
or  otherwise  disposed  of,  $10.-^ 

The  amount  of  disbursements  are  the  same,  as  where  no  trial 
is  had  in  the  appellate  court.      See  §  225,  last  part. 

An  offer  to  compromise  after  the  action  is  deemed  at  issue  is 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2260;  Harrison  ^^Kafz  v.   Diamond,    16   Misc.  577, 

V.  Sioart,  34  Hun,  259.  74  X.  Y.   S.  R.   174,  38  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.   §   3006,  subd.  3,  766. 

and  §  3067.  -"Marl  In   v.   Tarbox,  23   Misc.   761, 

"Woodside    v.     Pender,     2     E.     D.  51   N.  Y.  Supp.  319. 

Smith,  390.  "  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3073. 

^^Logue  v.  Gilliclc,  1  E.  D.  Smith, 
398 ;  Compton  v.  Long  Island  R.  Co. 
1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  554. 


302  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

provided  for  bj  §  3072  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Tliis 
offer  may  be  made  by  either  party,  and  may  be  with  or  without 
costs.  If  the  offer  is  not  accepted  and  the  party  to  whom  it  i? 
made  fails  to  obtain  a  more  favorable  judgment,  he  cannot  re- 
cover costs  from  the  time  of  the  offer,  but  must  pay  costs  from 
that  time.  Where  the  offer  of  judgment  is  made  after  a  verdict 
is  set  aside  by  the  county  court  and  a  new  trial  ordered,  but  be- 
fore the  new  trial,  only  one  item  for  proceedings  before  notice 
of  trial,  and  one  item  for  all  subsequent  proceedings  before  trial, 
can  be  taxed  by  the  party  accepting  the  offer.^^ 

228.  Offer  to  compromise  before  the  return. —  Section  3070  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  has  been  amended  several  timCvS^ 
and  takes  the  place  of  a  part  of  §  371  of  the  Code  of  Pro- 
cedure. Many  cases  have  been  rendered  ol^solete  by  these 
amendments,  and  the  practitioner  sliould  examine  veiy  closely 
cases  decided  before  1895,  when  the  present  law  went  into  effect. 
The  history  of  the  legislation  on  this  point  is  reviewed  b\' 
Judge  Vann  in  Pierano  v.  Merritt,  148  X.  Y.  289,  12  :N.  E.  718, 

The  offer  may  be  made  by  the  party  in  person,  or  by  his  attor- 
neys.^^ Where  neither  party  m.akes  an  offer  of  judgment,  thf^ 
party  who  recovers  judgment  is  entitled  to  costvS.  It  makes  no 
difference  how  small  the  recovery  is,^^  or  if  it  is  simply  a  verdict 
of  no  cause  of  action,  thus  reversing  an  afHrmative  judgment  in 
favor  of  the  plaintiff.^^ 

If  only  one  party  makes  an  offer,  which  is  not  accepted,  and 
the  recovery  is  more  favorable  to  the  opposite  party  than  the 
offer,  neither  party  is  entitled  to  costs,  the  defeat-ed  party  be- 
cause the  recovery  is  larger  than  the  offer,  the  successful  party 

■^Wheeler  v.  Moweri?,  16  Misc.  331,  ^Clark  v.  Mahacher,  20  App.  Div. 
39  N.  Y.  Supp.  731.  301,  46  N.  Y.  Siipp.   1081,  In  Effect 

^^Shermmi  v.  tShisler,  6  Misc.  203,  Overruling  Church  v.  Millet;  4G 
27   N.  Y.   Supp.  215.  How.     Pr.     525;      Vandericerken     v. 

-*Pierano  v.  Mcrritt,  148  N.  Y.  293,    Brown,  38  Hun,  234. 
42  N.  E.   718;   Munson  v.  Ctirtxs,  43 
Hun.    214;    Goodenouqh    v.    Billings, 
21  N.  Y.  Week.  Di<^.  405. 


COSTS  OX  APPEAL  FKOil  JUSTICES  COUKT. 


303 


because  he  did  not  make  an  offer.^^  There  are  cases  which  hohl 
that  if  the  defendant  makes  an  ofPer  which  is  not  acce])ted,  and 
the  plaintiff  makes  no  offer,  and  the  recovery  is  less  favorable  tc 
the  defendant  than  the  offer,  costs  will  be  awarded  under  §  322S 
of  the  Code  of  (Jivil  Procedure,  to  the  plaintiff  if  he  recovers 
more  than  $50.''  Or  if  the  complaint  is  dismissed  or  the  re- 
covery is  less  than  $50,  costs  will  be  awarded  to  the  defendant.-^ 
The  last  clause  is  in  direct  contradiction  to  McKuskie  v.  Hena 
ricl-f^on,  128  ^N".  Y.  555,  28  X.  E.  650,  but  the  judge  who  wrote 
the  opinion  in  Brazee  v.  Ilnnihy,  27  ^fisc,  129,  29  X.  Y.  Civ. 
Proc.  Eep.  29 (i.  58  K  Y.  Supp.  ;>8T,  thought  that  the  attentiou 
of  the  court  of  appeals  had  not  been  directed  to  §  3229  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  All  these  cases  last  cited  are  based 
upon  an  obiter  romark  in  McKusk'ic  v.  Hendrickson,  128  iST.  Y. 
555,  28  N.  E.  650,  and  a  reference  thereto  in  Picrano  v.  Mer- 
rift,  14-8  X.  Y.  289,  42  N.  E.  718.  It  would  seem  that  the  only 
satisfactory  solution  of  this  question  is  to  take  the  remark  in 
McKvd-ie  v.  Hcndrichson,  128  K  Y.  555,  28  K  E.  650,  for 
just  what  it  is, — an  ohiter  remark.  If  ^  3228  applies  to  this 
class  of  cases,  it  would  seem  that  §  3229  must  also  apply,  and  the 
court  decided  in  McKuslie  v.  Hendi-iclsori,  supra,  that  §  3229 
did  not  apply,  because  if  it  did  apply  the  defendant  would  have 
been  allowed  costs,  as  the  recovery  Avas  less  than  $50.  It  would 
seem  that  the  only  logical  conclusion  must  be  that  neither  ^ 
3228  nor  §  3229  applies  to  this  class  of  cases,  but  that  the  costs 
are  govenie.l  exchisively  by  §§  3060,3070,3072  and  3073  of  the 
Code  if  Civil  Procedure.  If  §§  3228  and  3229  do  apply  to 
these  actions,  then,  under  the  provisions  of  subd.  13  of  §  3347, 
those  sections   (3228,  3229)   nmst  be  applicable  to  actions  on 

'"McKuslde  v.  Hendrickson,  128  X.  v.  Keyes,  66  Hun,  233,  49  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

Y.    555.    28   X.    E.    050;    f^herman   v.  2n9.  21   X.  Y.  Supp.  87. 
Shisler,  6  Misc.  203.  27  X.  Y.  Supp.        -"Bro.-ec  v.   Hornby,   27    IMisc.    120, 

215;    Zoller  v.   Hmith,   45   Hun,  319,  29  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  296,  .58  N. 

12  X.  Y.  S.  R.  438.  Y.    Supp.   387;    Quick  v.   Wixou,   27 

■''Foirler   v.    Bearing,    6   App.    DiA.  Hun.   592:    Porter  v.    Cobh.   25   Hun, 

221,   39   X.    \.   Supp.    1034;    Birdsall  184. 


1 


30i  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

appeal  from  a  justice's  court.      This  would  carry  the  right  to 
additional  allowances,  security  for  costs,  etc. 

Upon  the  acceptance  of  an  oifer  of  judgment  made  under  § 
3070  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  no  costs  can  be  taxed, 
other  than  disbursements,  including  those  in  the  court  below.^'' 
If  the  party  entitled  to  enter  judgment  gives  notice  that  he  will 
tax  certain  costs,  the  question  can  only  be  raised  upon  taxation, 
not  by  a  motion  to  set  aside  the  pretended  acceptance.^'^ 

229.  What  is  a  more  favorable  judgment. —  In  determining 
whether  an-  offer  is  more  favorable  than  the  recovery  the  question 
must  be  settled  by  the  state  of  the  pleadings  at  the  time  of  the 
offer.  If  the  verdict  is  increased  by  new  matter  set  up  in  the 
amended  complaint,  or  reduced  by  new  matter  set  up  in  the 
amended  answer,  the  addition  must  be  considered.^^  The  same 
costs  are  recoverable  when  the  appeal  is  heard  by  a  supreme 
court  justice,  because  the  county  judge  is  disqualified,  as  would 
have  been  allowed  could  the  county  judge  have  heard  the  case.^^ 
This  is  so,  although  a  new  trial  is  granted  on  a  case,  which 
order  is  reversed  by  the  appellate  division.^^ 

230.  Costs  on  appeal  from  county  court  to  the  appellate  division 
of  the  supreme  court. —  Ui^on  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  division 
from  a  judgment  rendered  in  the  county  court  upon  an  appeal 
from  a  justice's  judgment,  costs  upon  affirmance  are  a  matter  of 
statutory  right."'*  A  judgment  entered  by  default  upon  a  de- 
fective verified  complaint  must  be  reversed  with  costs.  The 
court  has  no  discretion  in  the  matter.^^ 

-"Smith  V.  Dederick,  18  Misc.  507,  Stene,  16  How.  Pr.  538,  541;  Humis- 

42  N.  Y.   Supp.   1119;   Hollenback  v.  ton  v.  Ballard,  40  How.  Pr.  40,  43; 

Knapp,    42    Hun,    207;     Lauffer    v.  Sheldon   v.   Albro,   8   How.   Pr.   305; 

Bast,   34  Misc.   408,   69  N.  Y.   Siipp.  Horning    v.    Smith,    19    N.    Y.    Civ. 

874.  Proc.  Rep.  142,  UN.  Y.  Supp.  790. 

^"Hollenback    v.    Knapp,    42    Hun,        ^^McLaurjlilrn    v.     Smith,    3     Hun, 

207.  250,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  522. 

'^Adolph  V.  De  Ceu,  45  Hun,   130.        ^*Combs  v.  Combs,  25  Hun,  279. 

^^O'Callaghan  v.   Carroll,   16  How.        '-''Hurry  v.  Coffin,   11   Daly,   180,  2 

Pr.  327;  Taijlor  v.  Seeley,  4  How.  Pr.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  319;  Alburtis 

314,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  84;  Davis  v.  v.  McCready,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  39. 


COSTS  OX  APl'KAL   FROM   JUSTICe's  COUKT.  305 

The  plaintiff  mil  not  be  charged  with  costs  in  the  appellate 
court  when  it  opens  a  default,  because  he  would  not  open  the 
default  upon  payment  of  disbursements  and  costs  of  the  action, 
ns  there  is  no  rule  that  he  must  accept  the  costs  at  his  peril;  and, 
further,  it  is  a  question  whether  the  inferior  court  could  open  a 
default.^^  Where  the  order  of  a  district  court  opening  a  de- 
fault is  reversed  because  of  irregularities  in  the  moving  papers, 
the  appellant  is  entitled  to  $30. 

Where  the  appellant,  pending  his  appeal,  pays  the  amount  of 
tlie  judgment  to  the  respondent,  he  must  appear  and  obtain  the 
proper  disposition  of  the  case,  or  the  attorney  for  the  respondent 
may  take  an  affirmance  by  default.^'^  Where  a  verdict  in  the 
county  court  has  been  set  aside,  and  then  an  offer  of  judgment  is 
made  and  accepted,  costs  before  and  after  notice  of  such  new 
trial  cannot  be  taxed,  but  only  the  costs  regularly  allowed  on  such, 
appeals.^* 

231.  Costs  on  bastardy  proceedings  in  the  county  court. — Where 
a  defendant  has  been  held  on  an  order  of  affiliation  by  two  jus- 
tices, and  has  won  on  the  trial  and  had  judgment,  with  costs, 
under  the  provisions  of  §  873  of  the  Criminal  Code,  costs  will 
be  taxed  as  provided  in  §  3073  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^® 

232.  Special  provisions  relating  to  the  municipal  court  of  New 
York  city.  a.  Motions. — Upon  an  appeal  from  an  order  which 
is  remitted  to  the  justice  for  a  further  hearing,  the  costs,  as  in 
the  supreme  court,  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  are  the 
same  in  amount.^" 

^Camp  V.  Steivart,  2  E.  D.  Smith,        *^!?trassner  v.   Thompson,   40  App. 

S8.  Div.  28,  57  X.  Y.  Supp.  546;  Sando- 

" Adams  v.  Kearney,  2  E.  D.  Smith,  icits  v.  Duave,  30  IMisc.  630,  62  N.  Y. 

42.  Supp.  744,  Reversiiijj  Colioell  v.  Dei- 

'^WJieeler  v.  Moicers,  16  Misc.  331.  Un.  20  Misc.  616,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  450: 

39  N.  Y.  Siipp.  731.  S::erUp  v.  Baier,  21  Misc.  692,  47  X. 

^Neary  v.  Robinson,  98  N.  Y.  81;  Y.   Supp.    1081;    Thornall  v.   Turner. 

Superintendents    of   Poor   v.    Moore,  23  Misc.  363,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  214. 
12  Wend.   273;    Rivenburgh  v.   Heyi- 
ness,  4  Lans.  208. 
COSTS    20. 


306  THE  I>A\V  or   COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

6.  Appeals. — If  the  order  is  reversed  absolutely,  the  costs 
are  $30.^^ 

c.  Opening  de faults. — A  justice  has  no  power  to  appoint  a 
referee  to  take  proof  of  facts  upon  a  motion  to  open  a  de- 
fault. If  the  parties  stipulate  that  the  unseccessf  ul  party  should 
pay  the  referee's  fees,  they  must  be  recovered  in  an  action.  The 
jiistice  cannot  enter  tliem  in  the  judgment.'*^  If  a  party  feels 
aggrieved  at  the  terms  imposed  by  the  justice  upon  opening  a 
default,  he  should  appeal  from  the  order.  Appealing  from  the 
jiidgment  Avill  not  bring  the  matter  up.^^  By  §  1367  of  the 
New  York  charter,  appeals  from  judginents  of  the  city  court  of 
tbe  city  of  j^Tew  York  must  be  taken  as  prescribed  in  articles  1 
and  2  of  title  8  of  chapter  19  of  the  Code;  but  as  jSTew  York 
county  has  not  a  county  court  the  appeal  must  be  taken  to  the 
supreme  court.  Although  Kings,  Queens,  and  Richmond  coun- 
ties have  county  courts,  yet,  to  preserve  uniformity  the  appeals 
go  to  the  supreme  court.  The  costs  on  appeals  are  governed  hy 
§  3067  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  not  by  §  3251.** 
There  is  no  provision  for  a  new  trial  in  the  appellate  court.  To 
perfect  an  appeal  from  an  order  opening  a  default  the  appellant 
must  pay  the  costs  and  disbursements  of  the  motion.'*''^  But  he 
need  not  pay  those  items  imposed  by  the  justice,  the  power  to  im- 
pose which  he  seeks  to  revicAv  by  the  appeal.*^ 

d.  Costs  upon  the  reversal  of  the  judgment. — Upon  a  reversal 
of  a  judgment  the  appellant  is  entitled  to  $30  costs  and  disburse- 
ments, which  includes  the  costs  paid  to  perfect  the  appeal,  and 
the  disbursements  of  the  appellant  below,  and  the  costs  which 

"Strassner  v.   Thompson.   40   App.  ^'•Sclurarts    v.    Schcndel,    23    Misc. 

Div.  28.  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  546.  473.  51   N.  Y.   Siipp.  395;   ^'^zerlip  v. 

*^Szerlip  v.  Baier,  21  Misc.  331.  47  Bair.  20  Misc.    588,  46  N.  Y.   Supp. 

N.  Y.  Supp.   133.  461. 

"H'i<o/r.sA-i    v.    Maisner,    21    INIisc.  *" Schwartz    v.    iichendel,    23    Misc. 

487,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  599.  473,  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  395. 

"Mayer  v.  Friedman.  30  Misc.  364, 
30  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  221,  62  N. 
Y.  Supp.  452. 


COSTS  ON   APPEAL  FROM   J  USTICE's  COUUT.  307 

should  liave  been  grantod  him  had  a  proper  jiKlginent  been  ren- 
dered.     The  appellate  court  has  no  discretion  as  to  costs.'*'^ 

e.  Costs  upon  the  affirmance  of  the  judgment. — The  appellate 
court  has  no  discretion  as  to  costs  upon  an  affirmance.  The  re- 
spondent is  entitled  to  $25  costs,  under  §  3067  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,^^  except  wIkmv  tlie  respondent  does  not  appear, 
in  which  case  no  costs  Avill  be  granted. ^^ 

/.  Costs  when  the  juch/ui/'ut  is  uiocti/ied  or  a  new  trial  is  or- 
dered.— Where  a  judgment  is  modified  or  a  new  trial  ordered, 
costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  appellate  court.^"  Where  the 
reversal  is  based  upon  the  fact  that  it  does  not  appear  that  the 
court  has  jurisdiction,  costs  will  be  denied  tlie  appellant,  where 
he  raises  the  question  for  tlie  first  time  upon  appeal,  since  he 
could  have  raised  that  question  below.^-^  Where  the  general 
term  of  the  city  court  dismisses  an  appeal  with  $10  costs  of  mo- 
tion, the  clerk  may  tax  $10,  the  motion  costs,  and  $10  costs  of 
the  appeal,  but  he  has  no  authority  to  tax  any  disbursements,  as 
they  were  not  granted. ^^  'No  costs  can  be  taxed  in  an  action 
commenced  in  the  district  or  municipal  court,  and  removed  to 
the  New  York  city  court,  as  there  is  no  statute  governing  such 
cases.  ^^ 

"Clark    V.    Carroll,    1    N.    Y.    Civ.  N.  Y.  S\ipp.  1078;  Jawos  v.  fi'ows/osr, 

Proe.     Rep.     293     note;     Boomer    v.  31   ]\Iisc.   790.   65  N.   Y.   Supp.   223; 

Brown,  4  Daly,  229.  Tyroler    v.    (iunnnershach,    28    Misc. 

"'Canton  Surgical  d  Dental  Co.  v.  151,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  2G6,  319;  Howell 

Wehh,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  187,  16  N.  Y.  v.    Wright  Dairy   Go.   31   Misc.   755, 

Supp.  932.  64  N".  Y.  Supp.  55. 

*^Lewis  V.  JJosey,  26  Misc.  789,  56  '-""Zinsser  v.  Herrman,  24  ]\Iisc.  689, 

N.  Y.  Supp.  200.  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  778. 

"  New  York  Ch.irtpr,  §  1367.  ''^Levene  v.   Hahner,   62  App.   Div. 

■•"Willis  V.  Parker,  30  Misc.  750,  62  195,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  913. 


CHAPTEE  XXL 

SUBMISSION  OF   CONTROVERSY,  ARBITRATION,  INSOLVENT  COR- 
PORATIONS. 

233.  Costs  on  submitted  controversy. 

234.  Costs  on  arbitration. 

235.  Costs  in  relation  to  insolvent  corporations. 

a.  Allowances  to  trustees  who  resist  proceedings  to  have  corporation 

declared  insolvent. 

b.  Allowances  to  creditors. 

c.  Allowances  to  unsuccessful  claimant. 

d.  Allowances  to  receivers. 

233.  Costs  on  submitted  controversy. —  Where  a  controversy  is 
submitted  as  provided  by  §§  1279  and  1280  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  the  costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  if  the  sub- 
mission is  silent  upon  that  question;^  but  costs  cannot  bo 
taxed  for  any  proceedings  before  notice  of  trial.^  The  parties. 
by  stipulation,  may  waive  the  allowance  of  costs,  but  they  can- 
not by  stipulation  compel  the  award  of  costs.^ 

Costs  will  be  given  to  the  successful  party,  when  he  has  pre- 
pared the  case  and  the  only  brief.^  Costs  will  not  be  ordered 
paid  out  of  the  share  of  people  interested  in  obtaining  a  decision 
upon  the  question,  but  who  were  not  parties  to  the  agreement.^ 

An  additional  allowance  cannot  be  granted  in  such  a  case.^ 

^Gray  v.  Daniels,  18  App.  Div.  466,    39  N.  Y.  Supp.  975,  Overruling  Lan- 
45    N.    Y.     Supp.     1106;     Herkimer    don  v.  Walmuth,  76  Hun,  271,  59  N. 
County  Light  &   P.   Co.  v.  Johnson,    Y.  S.  R.  87,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  717. 
37  App.  Div.  257,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  924.        *Gray  v.  Daniels,  18  App.  Div.  465, 

''Code  Civ.  Proc.   §   1281;    Neilson    45  N.  Y.  Supp.  1106. 
V.  Commercial  Mut.  Ins.  Co.  3  Duer,        '^Honse  v.  Raymond,  3  Him,  45,  5 
45,5;    Boughton  v.   Seamans   9   Hun,    Thomp.  &  C.  248. 
392.  ^People  v.   Fitchhurg,   R.    Co.    133 

^Real  Estate  Corporation  v.   Ear-    N.  Y.  239,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  907,  30  N. 
per,    174   N.  Y.   123,   66  N.   E.   660:    E.  1011. 
Brennen  v.   North,  7  App.  Div.  79, 

308 


SUBMISSION  OF  CONTEOVERSY^  ETC.  309 

234.  Costs  on  arbitration. —  Upon  the  granting  of  an  order  con- 
firming, modifying,  correcting,  or  vacating  an  award  made  in  a 
controversy  submitted  to  arbitration,  costs  of  the  application  not 
exceeding  $2,5  and  disbursements  may  be  awarded  to  the  prevail- 
ing party  by  the  court  in  its  discretion.'^  A  party  who  revokes 
an  arbitration  before  the  award  is  liable  to  the  opposite  party 
for  his  costs  and  disbursements.^ 

235.  Costs  in  relation  to  insolvent  corporations.-  a.  Alloir- 
ances  to  trustees  who  resist  proceedings  to  have  corporation  de- 
clared insolvent. — Trustees  of  a  corporation  whose  corporate 
existence  is  attacked  should  be  afforded  the  means  to  resist  such 
an  attack,  if  such  defense  is  made  in  good  faith  and  with  the 
conviction  that  the  corporation  is  solvent  and  that  it  has  a  right 
to  conduct  its  own  business.  The  court  that  passes  upon  the 
question  of  solvency  of  the  corporation  may  allow,  either  at  the 
trial  or  on  appeal,  taxable  costs  to  the  directors  of  the  corpora- 
tion, payable  out  of  the  fund,  if,  in  its  opinion,  the  resistance 
has  been  justified  thus  far.  The  court  that  administers  the 
funds  may,  in  its  discretion,  determine  up  to  what  stage  in  the 
proceedings  the  opi^osition  was  proper,  and  what  would  be  a 
reasonable  sum  to  be  allowed  for  the  services  rendered,  or 
whether  any  allowance  should  be  made.  The  directors  are  not 
entitled,  as  a  matter  of  right,  to  be  reimbursed  for  the  amount 
paid  their  attorney  in  these  proceedings.^  But  if  the  officers 
know  that  the  corporation  is  insolvent,  and  still  defend  the  pro- 
ceedings, no  allowance  can  be  made  to  them  or  their  attorneys 
for  their  services  in  opposing  the  proceedings  to  have  the  cor- 
poration declared  insolvent.*^ 

^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§  2377,  2.378.  'Barnes  v.  Netrcomb,  89  N.  Y.  108; 

"  Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  2384 ;  Kent  v.  Re   Importers   J:    Grocers  Exchange, 

Vrouse,   5    N.    Y.    S.    R.    141;    Union  15  Daly,  419,  8  X.  Y.  Supp.  322. 

Ins.  Co.  V.  Central  Trust  Co.  36  N.  ^"People    v.    Commercial    Alliance 

Y.  S.  R.  435,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  17,  Fur-  Ins.  Co.  91  Huu,  389.  70  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

ther  Appeal,  87  Hun.   140.  66  N.  Y.  823,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  248. 
S.  R.  876,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  1135. 


olO  THE  J.AW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW    YORK. 

h.  Allowances;  to  creditors. — The  court  has  no  power  to  grant 
an  allowance  to  a  creditor  or  his  attorney  w^ho  has  intervened  in 
the  matter  and  has  rendered  valuable  services  therein  ;^^  nor 
can  they  be  allowed  taxable  costs.^^  The  attorney  general  has 
no  authority  to  appoint  special  counsel  to  act  generally  for  him 
in  the  conduct  of  suits,  and  allowances  to  such  special  counsel 
are  not  authorized. ^^ 

C.  Allowances  to  unsuccessful  claimant. — A  claimant  who 
has  been  unsuccessful  in  all  the  courts,  including  the  court  of 
appeals,  and  has  obtained  no  allowance,  cannot  after  the  ad- 
verse decision  in  the  court  of  appeals  apply  to  the  special  term 
for  an  allowance.^* 

d.  Allowances  to  receivers. — The  receiver  of  a  corporation  is 
entitled  to  be  allowed  his  reasonable  expenses  for  attorney's 
services  in  all  of  his  proceedings.  But  an  ex  parte  allowance  for 
such  a  ser\dce  is  a  nullity.^^  Objections  to  the  allowance  must 
be  made  when  the  allowance  is  asked  for.  If  none  are  raised 
then,  they  cannot  be  raised  later,  except  that  charges  for  services 
which  were  not  rendered  to  the  receiver,  but  to  the  corporation, 
or  charges  that  the  receiver  was  not  authorized  to  incur,  such 
as  prosecuting  in  a  criminal  proceeding  one  who  has  defrauded 
or  attempted  to  defraud  the  receiver,  may  be  stricken  out  on 
appeal.^®  The  proper  method  to  obtain  an  allow^ance  for  service 
of  the  attorney  upon  an  accounting  is  to  conduct  the  proceed- 
ings to  its  termination,  and  then,  upon  the  entiy  of  the  final 
order,  apply  for  and  obtain  an  allowance  for  his  necessary  coun- 
sel fee.^^  In  ascertaining  the  amount  to  be  allowc^l  to  a  receiver 
for  legal  services  the  items  to  be  considered  are : 

^^Atty.  Gen.  v.  Islorth  American  L.  ^*People  v.  Security  L.  Ins.  d  An- 

Ins.  Co.  91   N.  Y.   57,  43  Am.  Rep.  miity  Co.  23  Hun,  596. 

648;  People  ex  rel.  Atty.  Gen.  v.  Se-  ''/?e  Commonwealth  F.  Ivs.  Co.  32 

curity  L.  Ins.  Co.  71  N.  Y.  222.  Hun,  78,  19  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  57. 

"Atty.  Gen.  v.  Continental  L.  Ins.  '"h'e   Little,    47    App.    Div.    22,    62 

Co.  27  Hun,   195.   63  How.   Pr.   129,  X.  Y.  Supp.  27. 

Appeal  Dismissed  in  90  N.  Y.  45.  '"7?e    Little.    47    App.    Div.    22,    62 

'^itti/.  Gen.  V.  Continental  L.  Ins.  N.  Y.  Supp.  27. 
Co.  88  N.  Y.  571. 


SUBMISSION'  OF  (  OA'TROVEKSY,  ETC.  Sll 

1.  The  amoi;nt  involved. ^^ 

2.  The  interests  involved,  meaning-  the  relative  importance 
to  the  client  of  the  success  or  failure. 

3.  The  questions  of  law  involved,  their  intricacy,  difficulty,  or 
novelty. 

4.  The  labor  and  responsibility  involved. 

5.  The  result  of  the  services,  whether  successful  or  not. 
As  to  the  lawyer,  the  items  to  be  considered  are: 

1.  Learning  required,  and  the  scope  and  thoroughness  of  the 
learning. 

2.  The  labor  performed  by  him,  his  "tact"  and  judiciousness 
of  movement,  his  perfect  integrity,  and  his  assiduity  in  the  in- 
terest of  his  client.^^ 

A  proceeding  to  compel  the  receiver  of  a  bank  to  })ay  certain 
notes  out  of  the  funds  in  his  hands  is  not  a  motion  under  §  768 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  but  a  special  proceeding  under 
§  3334,  and  the  costs  thereof  are  governed  by  §  3240.-'^ 

A  receiver  will  be  ordered  to  pay  the  costs  awarded  against 
him  in  an  action  originally  brought  against  the  corporation, 
where  such  costs  were  incurred  for  the  benefit  of  the  fund,  and 
all  preferred  claims  have  been  paid.-^ 

^"Garfield   v.   Kirl:,    65    Barb.    404;  "^People  v.  City  Baitk,  96  X.  Y.  32. 

Betts  V.  Detts,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  317,  443.  ^'Locke  v.  Covert.  42  Hun,  484,  12 

^^People  V.  Bond  street  Sav.  Bank,  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  31. 
10  Abb.  X.  C.  15. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

SECURITY  FOR  COSTS. 

236.  In  gpiieral. 

237.  In  what  courts. 

238.  Order,  how  obtained;  effect  of  order;  by  wliat  courts  granted. 

239.  Additional  security. 

240.  Form  of  bond. 

241.  Deposit  of  money. 

242.  Deposit  by  third  person. 

243.  Appeal    taken    by    plaintiff    without    staying    proceedings    under    the 

judgment. 

244.  Deposit  upon  obtaining  order  of  arrest. 

245.  Liability   of  attorney   for   plaintiff  of   whom   defendant  could   demand 

security. 

246.  Right  to  security  for  costs  lost  by  laches. 

247.  What  is  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches. 

248.  What  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches. 

249.  Rights  of  the  defendant  to  security  when  he  is  in  default. 

250.  How  nonresidence  is  proved. 

251.  What  is  nonresidence. 

252.  Special  rule  for  the  city  court  of  New  York. 

253.  Cases  where  nonresident  need  not  give  security. 

254.  Effect  of  removal  of  plaintiff  from  the  state. 

255.  Effect  of  assignment  of  cause  of  action  to  a  resident  of  the  state. 

256.  Residence  of  a  domestic  corporation. 

257.  Residence  of  a  foreign  corporation. 

258.  Security  required  of  an  infant. 

259.  Security  required  of  executors. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Insolvent  estate. 

c.  Nonresident  executors. 

d.  Notice  of  application, 

e.  Security  on  appeal. 

260.  Security  required  of  receivers. 

261.  Security  required  of  receivers  in  supplementary  proceedings. 

262.  When  trustees  in  banl<ruptcy  are  required  to  give  security  for  costs. 

236.  In  general. —  The  statutory  provisions  relating  to  secur- 
ity for  costs  are  contained  in  §§  32G8-3279  of  the  Code  of  Civil 

Procedure.     The  provisions  of  §  3268  do  not  violate  the  14th 

312 


SECURITY  FOR  COSTS.  313 

Amendment  of  the  United  States  Constitution.*  These  pro- 
visions relate  only  to  actions  brought  by  the  classes  of  persons 
enumerated  therein,  and  not  to  actions  brought  against  thera.^ 
The  provisions  requiring  security  for  costs  in  certain  cases  are 
general,  and  cover  actions  for  torts  as  well  as  those  on  contract.-'^ 
These  provisions  are  made,  by  §  3279  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, applicable  to  special  proceedings,  yet  they  are  not  ap- 
jDlicable  to  supplementary  proceedings.^ 

237.  In  what  courts. —  These  provisions  relate  only  to  actions 
brought  in  those  courts  of  record  specified  in  subd.  4  of  §  3347 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  as  provided  in  subd.  13  of 
§  3347.^  By  amendment  to  §  3074  by  the  Laws  of  1903,  the 
provisions  of  §§  3268-3279  were  made  applicable  to  actions 
brought  in  courts  of  justices  of  the  peace  by  foreign  corpora- 
tions. The  defendant  cannot  demand  security  when  he  has  had 
an  action  removed  from  a  court  not  of  record  to  one  of  record.^ 
In  such  a  case,  where  the  plaintiff  moves  for  a  commission  to 
take  testimony,  the  court  may,  in  its  discretion,  refuse  to  grant 
him  a  commission  unless  he  gives  security  for  costs."^ 

Parties  brought  in  as  defendants  under  the  provision  of  §  452 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  cannot  be  compelled  to  give 
security  for  costs,  because  tlieir  right  of  intervention  is  abso- 
lute.^ The  fact  that  the  plaintiff  has  given  an  undertaking  upon 
commencing  a  replevin  action,^  or  upon  obtaining  a  warrant  of 

Wenanzio   v.    Weir,    64   App.   Div.  Proc.  Rep.  324,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  743; 

483,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  234.  Mellen  v.  Hutchins,  58  How.  Pr.  349. 

^Kelly  V.  Kclbj,  77  App.  Div.  519,        ''Haines  v.  Judd,  16  Daly,  110,   18 

78  N.  Y.  Supp.  918.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  327,  30  N.  Y. 

Uieller  v.  Townsend,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  S.  R.  666,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  743. 
432;  Coryell  v.  Davis,  5  Hill,  559.  '^Herzog   v.    Tamsen,   22   Misc.    766, 

'First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Yates,  21  Misc.  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  165,  49  N. 

373,  47  N.  Y.  Supp.  484.  Y.  Supp.  1015;   Uhlf elder  v.  Tamsen, 

Hie  Rasch,  26  Misc.  459,  28  N.  Y.  17  Misc.  296,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  372. 
Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   98,   55   N.   Y.   Supp.        'Boucher  v.   Pia,  8  Bosw.   691,   14 

434;   Loughrill  v.  Downey,  27  N.  Y.  Abb.  Pr.  1. 
S.  R.  51,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  503. 

^Uames   v.   Judd,    18    N.    Y.    Civ. 


ol4  THE  i:aw  of  costs  i.\  m:\v  vouk. 

attachment,^"  or  procuring  an  injunction, ^^  or  procuring  an  or- 
der of  arrest,  does  not  afi'ect  the  right  to  security  for  costs,^^ 
b(x?ause  the  costs  of  the  action  are  not  protected  by  these  under- 
takings. 

238.  Order,  how  obtained;  effect  of  order;  by  what  courts 
granted. —  An  order  may  be  obtained  ex  parte  when  it  is  made 
under  the  i)rovisions  of  §§  3268,  3269,  and  3270  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  because  the  defendant  has  an  absolute  right  to 
the  security,  and  the  judge  has  no  discretion. ^^  But  where  the 
defendant  has  been  guilty  of  laches  in  moving  for  security  the 
court  can  grant  the  order  or  not,  in  its  discretion,  and  the  de- 
fendant must  excuse  his  delay. ^^ 

The  defendant  may  obtain  a  chamber's  order  ex  parte,  direct- 
ing security  to  be  filed  in  twenty  days,  and,  if  not  so  filed,  to 
show  cause  at  the  next  special  term  after  the  expiration  of  said 
twenty  days  why  such  security  should  not  be  filed,  which  order 
to  show  cause  should  contain  a  stay.  x\fter  the  hearing  at 
s]>ecial  tenn,  if  the  motion  is  granted  a  peremptory  order  is 
granted.  If  the  security  is  not  filed  after  the  entry  of  the  per- 
emptory order  a  motion  may  be  made  for  judgment  of  nonprose- 
ciition,  or  the  party  may  apply  to  the  court,  in  the  first  instance, 

"•Woodward  v.  Stearns,  11  Abb.  Pr.  114,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  295,  2  X.  Y.  Supp. 

X.  S.  445 ;   Hodges  v.  Porter,  10  Him,  'i04;('hvrehman  v.   Merritt,  50  Hun, 

•244.  270,    15   X.   Y.   Civ.    Proc.   Rep.   245, 

'KUcCall    V.    Frith,    2    X.    Y.    Civ.  19  N.   Y.   S.  R.   171,  2  N.  Y.   Supp. 

Proc.  Rep.    (Browne)    9,  note.  843;  Sioift  v.  Wheeler,  46  Hun,  580, 

^■Sutorins  v.  l^'orth,  20  X.  Y.  Civ.  13  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  343,  27  X. 

Proc.  Rep.   162,  36  X.  Y.  S.  R.  873,  Y.   Week.  Dig.   512,   12   X.  Y.   S.  R. 

13  X.  Y.  Supp.  557,  further  appeal,  737;  Schicartz  v.  Scott,  25  X.  Y.  Civ. 

1  Misc.  298,  48  X.  Y.  S.  R.  694,  20  Proc.  Rep.   53,   70   X.  Y.   S.  R.   380, 

X.  Y.  Supp.  726;  Sperry  v.  Hellman,  35  X.  Y.  Supp.  607;  Mitchell  v.  Dick, 

20  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  218,  37  X.  8   IMisc.   98,   60   X.  Y.   S.  R.   161,  28 

Y.   S.   R.   258,    13   X.   Y.   Supp.    899;  X.  Y.  Supp.  1003;  Wicker  v.  Elmira 

Strong  v.  Sprout,  53  X.  Y.  497,  499.  Heights,  42  Ap[).  Div.  426,  59  X.  Y. 

^Hiohertson    v.    Barnum,    29    Hun,  Supp.    130;    Pursley   v.    Rodgers,    44 

657;  McDonald  v.  Peet,  7  X.  Y.  Civ.  App.  Div.  139,  61  X.  Y.  Supp.  1015. 

Proc.     Rep.     200;      Kamermami     v.  ^^Schirartz  v.   Scott,  25  X.  Y.  Civ. 

Eisner  d  M.  Co.  23  Misc.  330,  51  X.  Proc.  Rep.  53.  70  X.  Y.  S.  R.  380,  35 

Y.  Supp.  210;   Wood  v.  Blodgett,  49  X.  Y.  Supp.  607. 
Hxui,   64,   15   X.   Y.   Civ.    Proc.   Rep. 


SECl-KITY   FOR  COSTS.  31."» 

upon  notice  to  the  opposite  party,  for  a  peremptory  order  requir- 
ing the  filing  of  security  for  costs.^-^  When  an  application  is 
made  under  §  3271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  it  must  be 
made  on  notice.^^  When  a  motion  for  an  order  requiring  secur- 
ity has  been  denied,  no  further  application  for  security  can  be 
made  without  leave  of  the  judge  who  decided  the  first  motion.^" 

When  an  order  has  been  made  directing  the  filing  of  security, 
it  will  remain  in  force  till  an  order  is  made  vacating  it.-'^  A  de- 
fendant can  move  ex  parte  for  security  for  costs  on  appeal,  if  he 
has  not  moved  before. ^^  The  court  in  its  discretion  can  compel 
the  plaintiff  to  not  only  give  security  for  costs  on  appeal,  but 
also  security  for  the  costs  that  have  accrued.^*^  But  such  an  order 
must  be  based  upon  notice  to  the  plaintiff.^^ 

The  appellate  court  will  seldom  interfere  with  the  use  of  the 
discretion  of  the  court  below. ^^  A  county  judge  cannot  make 
such  an  order  in  a  supreme  court  action.-'*  A  plaintiff's  com- 
plaint cannot  be  dismissed  upon  the  hearing  of  an  order  to  file 
security,  or  show  cause  why  he  should  not  file  security,  for  costs. 
The  only  order  that  the  court  can  make  in  such  a  case  is  an  order 

"Cadtcell  v.  Manning,  15  Abb.  Pr.  ^'Worman   v.    FranJcish,    32    N.    Y. 

271,  24  How.  Pr.  38.  '  S.  R.  23.5,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  35. 

"yS'wtYY   V.    Wheeler,   46   Hun,   580,  "Sprovll  v.  Star  Co.  27   Misc.  27, 

13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  343,  27  N.  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  1001. 

Y.   Week.   Dig.   512,    12   N.   Y.   S.   R.  "IFoorf    v.    Blodpett,    49    Hun,    64, 

737;    Ryayi    v.   Potter,  4  N.   Y.   Civ.  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  114,   17  N. 

Proc.    Rep.    80,    2    N.   Y.    Civ.   Proc.  Y.    S.   R.    295,   2    N.   Y.    Supp.   304; 

Rep.    (McCarthy)   33;  Wood  v.  Blod-  Gifford  v.  Risinfj,  48  Hun,  128. 

gett,  49  Hun,  64,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  -"Gedney   v.   Purdy,   47   N.  Y.   676. 

Rep.  114,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  295,  2  N.  Y.  -^Wood  v.  Dlodgeit,  49  Hun,  64,  15 

Supp.    304;     Champlin    v.    Pierce,    3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   114,   17  N.  Y. 

Wend.    445;    Blanchard   v.   Nessle,    6  S.  R.  295,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  304. 

Hill,  256;   Churchman  v.  Merritt,  50  ^-Fessenden  v.  Blanchard,  48  Hun, 

Hun.     270,     2     N.     Y.     Supp.     843;  350,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  277,  51 

Mitchell  V.  Did-.  8  Misc.   98,  60  N.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  871,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  105; 

Y.  S.  R.   161,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.   1003;  Barnes  v.  Selignian,   51   X.   Y.  S.   R. 

Kamermann  v.  Eisner  &   M.   Co.  23  376,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  45. 

Misc.     330,     51     N.     Y.     Supp.    210;  "^Longstreet   v.    Saun/er.   21    N.    Y. 

Pnrsleij  V.  Bodgers,  44  Aj>p.  Biv.  139,  Civ.   Proc.    Rep.    16,   39   X.   Y.   S.   R. 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015;  McNeil  v.  Mer-  693,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  608. 
riam, 57  App.Div.  164,  9  N.  Y'.  Anno. 
Cas.  382.  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  165. 


316  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

requiring  the  plaintiff  to  file  security  within  a  fixed  time,  and 
upon  proof  of  his  failure  to  do  so  the  court  could  dismiss  the 
complaint  with  costs,  under  §  3277  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure,-^ which  is  the  most  that  can  be  done.-''  The  court  can 
refuse  to  dismiss  the  complaint,  where  security  is  filed  after  the 
time  limited  in  the  order,  and  before  the  motion  to  dismiss  the 
complaint  on  that  account  is  heard.^® 

If,  after  security  has  been  filed,  the  complaint  is  dismissed 
because  of  noncompliance  with  some  other  part  of  the  order 
requiring  the  filing  of  security,  the  sureties  are  not  liable  upon 
their  bond,  because  the  dismissal  of  the  complaint  was  a  non- 
acceptance  of  the  bond.^''^  Upon  the  original  application  the 
court  can  require  security  only  to  the  amount  of  $250,  although 
there  may  be  many  defendants  and  snch  amount  is  not  sufficient 
for  all  the  defendants,^^  because,  where  there  are  two  or  more 
defendants,  each  cannot  require  security  for  costs.  The  bond 
given  is  for  the  security  of  all.^®  The  court  may,  as  a  condition 
of  reviving  an  action  for  costs  against  an  executor  of  a  de- 
ceased defendant,  undei-  §  577  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure, 
require  the  plaintiff'  to  file  security.^^ 

239.  Additional  security. —  Wliere  one  order  is  made  requiring 
security  for  costs,  all  further  orders  must  be  made  under  §  3276 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  the  plaintiff  is  not  estopped 
from  denying  the  authority  of  the  court,  because  he  has  complied 
with  the  first  order.^^     The  court  will  order  additional  security 

-*Requard  v.   Theiss,   18  Misc.   .563,  -^Gaies  v.    McDoiinId,   .39   N.  Y.   S. 

42  N.  Y.  Siipp.  460,  Affirmed  in    19  R.  128,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  907. 

Misc.  480,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  1066.  ^Leffxnck  v.  Clinton,  26  How.  Pr. 

^"Hinman   v.  Pierce,   50  Hun,   209,  26. 

16  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  138,  19  N.  ^"Knoch  v.   Funl<e,  28   Abb.   N.   C. 

Y.  S.  R.  300,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  861.  240,   22   X.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    161, 

''Cormiel  v.  Heinze,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  503,   19  N.  Y.  Supp. 

461,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  117;  Winchester  242. 

V.  Brown.  51  Hun,  284.  21  N.  Y.  S.  ^^Newhall  v.  Appleton,  25  .Tones  & 

R.  864,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  155.  S.   154,  23  Abb.  N.  C.   62,  25  N.  Y. 

^''Remington    v.     Westermann,     21  S.  R.  810.  6  X.  Y.  Supp.  4. 
Hun,  441.  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  251. 


SECURITY  FOE  COSTS.  317 

upon  j)roof  of  facts  that  the  present  security  is  insufficient.^^  But 
mere  allegation  that  the  security  is  insufficient  will  not  suffice.^^ 
Where  a  nonresident  plaintiff  and  his  surety  both  die,  and  the 
estate  of  the  surety  is  insolvent,  the  defendant  is  entitled  to  have 
a  new  surety.^'*  The  plaintiff  will  not  be  compelled  to  give  addi- 
tional security  where  he  has  recovered  a  verdict,  as  there  is  every 
intendment  of  his  ultimate  success.^^  But  that  does  not  apply 
where  the  trial  judge  orders  the  exceptions  heard  at  the  appel- 
late division  in  the  first  instance,  because  that  shows  a  doubt  in 
the  mind  of  the  judge  as  to  some  important  question  of  law.^^ 

Before  1891  no  additional  security  could  be  required  where 
the  plaintiff  made  a  deposit  in  money;  but  now  additional  se- 
curity may  be  demanded  in  every  case,  upon  proof  of  the  proper 
facts.  Cases  that  held  that  additional  security  could  not  be  re- 
quired in  such  cases  are  now  overruled  by  that  amendment.^'^ 

240.  Form  of  bond. —  The  court  cannot  compel  a  plaintiff  to 
imite  with  his  sureties  in  the  undertaking.^^  Where  there  are 
two  or  more  defendants  the  undertaking  should  run  to  all  the 
defendants,  as  it  is  for  the  benefit  of  all,^^  unless  some  of  the 
defendants  waive  security,  and  this  cannot  be  inferred  because 
they  did  not  move  for  security.*"     The  undertaking  should  be 

^^Fogg   V.    Edioards,    57    How.    Pr.  ^'Honduras  v.  8oto,  112  N.  Y.  310. 

290,  6  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  493.  2  L.  R.  A.  642,  8  Am.  St.  Rep.  744, 

'^'Nugent  v.  Keenan,  21  Jones  &  S.  19  N.  E.  845. 

530;  Fogg  v.  Edioards,  57  How.  Pr.  ^^Ellensohn  v.  Haselhach,  17  Misc. 

290,  6  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  493;  Breio-  92,  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  345,  39 

ster  V.  Wooster,  9  Misc.   690,  24  N.  N.  Y.  Supp.  332;  Wag}ier  v.  Adams, 

Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  83,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  1    How.    Pr.    191;    Miclclethwaite   v. 

123,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  546.  Rhodes,  4  Sandf.  Ch.  434. 

^^Tracy  v.  Dolan,  31  App.  Div.  24,  ^^Leftwick  v.  Clinton,  26  How.  Pr. 

52  N.  Y.  Supp.  351.  26;  Bothschild  v.  Wilson,  24  Abb.  N. 

^Braclcett    v.    Griswold,    46    Hun,  C.   123,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  76, 

442,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R.  402;   'Sew  York  10    N.    Y.    Supp.    61;    McDonald    v. 

Health   Department   v.    O'Reilly,    17  Brass  Goods  Mfg.  Co.  2  Abb.  N.  C. 

•Jones  &  S.  524,  18  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  434;  Gates  v.  McDonald,  39  N.  Y.  S. 

255;   Flint  v.   Van  Deusen,  24  Hun,  R.  128,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  907. 

440.  ^Wonncr  v.   Ogilvie,   12  N.  Y.  Civ. 

^Peck  V.  Phoenix  Ins.  Co.  2   Silv.  Proc.  Rep.  399. 
Sup.   Ct.   342,   24   N.   Y.    S.   R.    646, 
18   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.   505,   5   N.   Y. 
Supp.  543. 


1 


318  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

conditioTied  for  payment  upon  demand  of  the  obligors,  and  not 
on  demand  of  tlie  plaintiff/^  and  should,  in  express  terms,  bind 
his  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators.^^  If  the  bond  leaves 
out  the  words  that  suret}'  will  pay  "on  demand,"  this  will  be  a 
sufficient  compliance,  as  this  wording  is  more  favorable  to  the 
defendant  than  the  statute,  as  under  this  the  surety  would  be 
liable  immediately  and  without  demand.*''^  A  bond  which  does 
not  contain  a  penalty  does  not  conform  to  the  statute,  but  that 
defect  may  be  waived  and  the  surety  will  be  liable  thereon  to  the 
extent  of  the  statutory  amount,^"*  or  even  in  excess  of  that 
amount.^^  The  defendant  must  object  to  the  undertaking  within 
the  time  allowed  l)y  law,  or  he  will  not  afterward  be  heard  to 
object.-*^ 

241.  Deposit  of  money. —  Where  the  plaintiff  gives  security 
which  is  disapproved  by  the  appellate  division,  he  may  deposit 
m.oney  in  compliance  with  the  original  order.^'^  After  the  plain- 
tiff obtains  judgment,  he  may  make  a  motion  to  withdraw  the 
money  and  it  is  no  answer  to  such  a  motion  that  the  defendant 
intends  to  appeal  or  has  appealed,  because  the  presumption  is 
that  tlie  judgment  will  be  upheld.^'*  There  is  a  special  term  de- 
cision that  an  order  allowing  the  plaintiif  to  mthdraw  his  cash 
security  cannot  be  granted  until  the  time  to  appeal  has  expired, 
holding  that  the  court  w^ould  not  grant  an  order  directing  the 
surrender  of  the  undertaking  at  that  stage  of  the  action."*^ 

242.  Deposit  by  third  person. —  There  is  a  diversity  of  opinion 

"Monfafjue  v.  Bassett,  18  Abb.  Pr.  ^'Winchester  v.  Browne,  27   N.   Y. 

13;  Tallmndge  v.  1TV///js,  1  Hrnv.  Pr.  S.  R.  361,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  82. 

TOO.  'Ufoffman   v.  Lowell,  4  K.  Y.   Civ. 

^''Scheiikc  V.    Roirell,   1    Abb.  N.  C.  Proc.      Pvep.      103;      Kokomo     Straw 

295.  Board  Co.  v.  Sachs,  4  Silv.  Sup.  Ct. 

*^Smnth  V.  Norval,  2  Sandf.  G.53,  2  Rep.     150     (note    on    "Security    for 

X.  Y.  Code  Rep.   14.  Costs.")     17    X.    Y.    Civ.    Proc.    Rep. 

**Van  Camp  v.  Ross,  9  Abb.  N.  C.  432.  26  N.  Y.  8.  R.  589,  7  N.  Y.  Supp. 

390,   note.  179. 

*''Warner  v.  Ross,  9  Abb.  X.  C.  385.  "/'irsf  \at.  Bank  v.  Hall,  19  Misc. 

*^CasteUanos    v.    Jones,    4     Sandf.  278,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  255. 
(579. 


SECUIMTY  FOli  COSTS.  319 

as  to  the  ownership  of  money  deposited  bv  a  third  person,  in  lieu 
of  security  for  the  plaintiii".  Sonic  cases  hold  that  the  money 
belongs  to  the  third  person  and  is  subject  onlj^  to  the  contingency 
of  being  used  to  apply  upon  the  costs  of  the  defendant  in  suit/'" 
This  is  the  correct  interpretation  of  the  law  on  this  point.  Other 
cases,  how^ever,  hold  that  the  money  belongs  to  the  plaintiff,  and 
that  the  depositor  is  the  creditor  of  the  plaintiff."'^ 

243.  Appeal  taken  by  plaintiff  without  staying  proceedings 
under  the  judgment. — If  the  defendant  wins  and  the  plaintiff  ap- 
peals, without  giving  security,  the  defendant  may,  upon  motion, 
have  his  costs  paid  out  of  the  deposit.^^  But  if  the  plaintiff  ulti- 
mately wins,  he  may  make  a  motion  for  restitution,  or  he  may 
bring  an  action  against  the  defendant  for  the  money  thus  taken 
out  of  the  court. ^^ 

244.  Deposit  upon  obtaining  order  of  arrest. —  Where  the  plain- 
tiff made  a  deposit  upon  having  the  defendant  arrested  in  an 
action,  the  costs  of  a  motion  for  defendant's  discharge  and  of  the 
appeals  thereon  ^^'hich  were  ultimately  successful  are  properly 
ordered  paid  out  of  the  dejiosit,  and  should  not  be  held  to  await 
the  outcome  of  the  action.  The  defendant  was  entitled  to  com- 
pensation when  either  of  two  things  happened — his  discharge 
from  arrest,  or  judgment  in  his  favor."''^ 

245.  Liability  of  attorney  for  plaintiff  of  whom  defendant  could 
demand  security.— An  attorney  is  liable  to  the  extent  of  $100 
for  costs,  where  he  commences  an  action  for  a  plaintiff"  of  whom 
the  defendant  can  demand  security  as  a  right,  under  §  3268  of 

'"Frascr  v.   Word,   13  Daly,  431,  9  ''-.McCnll    v.    Friih,    4    N.    Y.    Civ. 

N.   Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   11,  Affirming  Proc.  Rep.  102. 

in  efiect,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  47.  '•"Badger  v.  Appleton,  14  Dilj,  192. 

'^'Lyon  V.  Wilder,  24  Jones  &  S.  67,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  93.  0  K.  Y. 

28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  509,   16  N.  Y.  S.  R.  288;  Lott  v.  Sivezey,  29  P.arb. 

S.  R.  87.5,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  421;  Salter  87;    Marvin    v.    Brewster   Iron    Mi>i. 

V.  Weiner,  6  Abb.   Pr.   191;   Herman  Co.  56  N.  Y.  671. 

V.  Anronson.  8   Abb.   Pr.   N.   S.   155;  ^^Tunstall  v.  Winton,  31  Hun,  231. 

Commercial  Warehouse  Co.v.Graher,  Affirmed  in  96  N.  Y.  660. 
45  N.  Y.  393. 


320  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  the  attorney  does  not  cause 
security  to  be  filed  ;^^  or  where  he  brings  an  action  for  a  cor- 
poration that  has  ceased  to  exist  ;^^  but  only  in  the  courts  speci- 
fied in  subd.  4  of  §  3347  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  as  lim- 
ited by  subd.  13  of  §  3347. 

If  the  liability  once  attaches  it  is  not  removed  by  the  substi- 
tution of  another  attorney,^'^  such  substituted  attorney  being 
also  liable.^^  This  liability  can  be  removed  only  by  causing  the 
plaintiff  to  file  security."^ 

The  defendant  does  not  waive  his  right  to  hold  the  plaintiff's 
attorney  for  these  costs  by  moving  for  security  for  costs,  which 
is  either  not  granted  on  account  of  laches,  or,  if  granted,  is  not 
filed.^'^  If  the  plaintiff"  of  record  is  a  nonresident,  though  the 
leal  plaintiff  is  a  resident,  the  attorney  is  liable.^^  Such  liabil- 
ity may  be  enforced  summarily  by  order. "^^ 

Upon  a  motion  to  compel  the  attorney  to  pay  costs  the  moving 
party  must  show  that  the  plaintiff  conies  within  the  terms  of 
§3268  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^  An  attomey  is  only 
liable  for  costs  in  those  cases  where  the  plaintiff  is  a  nonresident 
at  tlie  time  of  the  commencement  of  the  action,  and  not  where 
he  becomes  a  nonresident  pending  the  action ;  therefore,  in  order 
to  compel  the  attorney  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  action,  it  must  be 

''^Ilitlhiirt   V.    Neii-ell,    4   How.    Pr.  "^I'cuirick    v.    New    York    Central 

03,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  54;  Code  Civ.  Coal  Co.  23  Jones  &  S.  444,  14  N.  Y. 

Proc.  §  3278;  Lo7)(j  v.  Hall,  3  Sandf.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   114,   14  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

729,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  114.  758. 

'^'-Attlehoro  Nat.  Bank  v.  Wendell,  ^"Re  Levy,   10  Daly,   391,  2  N.  Y. 

64  Hun,  208,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  108;  Boyle  v.  Bates, 

225,  46   N.   Y.   S.   R.    140,    19  N.   Y.  8  How.  Pr.  495;  Krom  v.  Kursheedt, 

Supp.  45;  Re  Rasch,  26  Misc.  459,  28  19  Jones  &  S.  119,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   98,  55  N.  Y.  Rep.  371,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  38;  Cobb 

Supp.  434.  V.  Robinson,  1  How.  Pr.  235. 

"i's/i/  V.  Trowbridge,  1  Month.  L.  "^Jones  v.  Savage,   10  Wend.   621; 

Bull.    55;     Gillespie    v.    Stanless,    1  Waring  v.  Barret,  2  Cow'.  460. 

How.  Pr.   101.  '-WiUniont    v.    Meserole,    48    How. 

^Utenwick    v.    Neio    York    Central  Pr.    430,    16    Abb.    Pr.    N.    S.    308; 

CoaZ  Co.  23  Jones  &  S.  444,  14  N.  Y.  Jones    v.    Savage,     10    Wend.    621; 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   114,   14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Sigourney  v.   Waddle,  9   Paige,   381. 

758.  ^^Moir  v.  Brown,  9  How.  Pr.  270; 


SECURITY  FOE  COSTS.  321 

made  to  appear  affirmatively  that  the  plaintiff  was  a  nonresident 
at  the  time  the  action  was  commenced. ^^ 

A  motion  to  compel  the  appellant's  attorneys  to  pay  costs  per- 
sonally after  the  dismissal  of  an  appeal  shonld  be  made  in  the 
€onrt  below,  after  judgment  has  been  entered  there.  It  cannot 
be  made  in  the  appellate  court.  ^^  An  attorney  who  becomes  a 
surety  must  be  proceeded  against  in  an  action  to  enforce  his  lia- 
bility upon  his  undertaking,  and  not  summarily  upon  motion.^^ 

246.  Eight  to  security  for  costs  lost  by  laches. —  The  absolute 
right  which  the  law  gives  the  defendant  to  demand  security  for 
costs  may  be  waived  by  laches.  Thereafter  it  rests  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  court  whether  security  shall  be  given  or  not  In  the 
first  department  the  absolute  right  is  lost  by  the  service  of  the 
answer.^^  But  extensions  of  time  to  answer  are  not  waivers. ^'^ 
The  city  court  of  ISTew  York  applies  tlie  same  rule.^^  This  view 
is  not  adopted  in  the  third  department.'*' 

In  the  other  departments  the  question  of  this  limitation  has 
not  been  passed  on,  but  all  hold  that  the  defendant  must  move 
promptly,  as  soon  as  he  learns  that  he  is  entitled  to  security.'^^ 

Long  V.   Hnll,   3    Saiidf.    729,   N.   Y.  Supp.    670;    Segal    v.    CauldiDeU,    22 

Code  Rep.  N.  S.  114.  App.  Div.  95,  47  K  Y.  Supp.  839. 

'^Moir  V.  Broivn,  9  How.  Pr.  270;  "-Cooke  v.    Metropolitan   Street  R. 

Long  V.   Hall,   3    Sandf.   729,   K   Y.  Co.  59  App.  Div.  1.54,  69  N.  Y.  Siipp. 

■Code  Rep.  N.  S.  114.  4;  Johnaon  v.  Metropolitan  Street  R. 

^^Struffman    v.    Muller,    74    N.    Y.  Co.  56  App.  Div.  286,  9  N.  Y.  Anno. 

594.  Cas.  70,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  855;  Scandi- 

'^Willmont    v.    Meserole,    48    How.  navian  American  Bank  v.  Lentzy,  30 

Pr.  430,  16  Abb.  K  S.  308;  EuUard  App.  Div.  485,  52  IST.  Y.  Supp.  350. 

v.  Gicquel,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  '"Dwi/er   v.    McLaughlin,   27    Misc. 

15.  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  397.  187,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  220. 

"'Henderson.  B.  d-  Co.  v.  Mc\ally,  ''"Wicker    v.    Elmira    Heights,    42 

33  App.  Div.  132,  28  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  App.  Div.  426,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  130. 

Eep.  178.  6  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  166,  53  ''Turell   v.    Erie    R.    Co.    46    App. 

N.   Y.    Supp.    351;    Corbett   v.   Bran-  Div.  296.   61   N.  Y.   Supp.  308;   Roh- 

tingham,  65  App.  Div.  335,  72  N.  Y.  ertson  v.  Barnum,  29  Hun,  657;  Gif- 

Supp.  763;  Schwartz  v.  Scott,  25  X.  ford  v.   Rising,  48  Hun,   128;    Wolff 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  53.  70  K  Y.  S.  R.  v.  Houston,  W.  Street  d  P.  R.  Co.  16 

380,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  607;   Stevenson  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   107,  19  N.  Y. 

V.  yew  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  49  S.  R.  762.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  787;  Wood 

Hun,  169,  16  X.  Y.  S.  R.  787,  1  N.  Y.  v.  Blodgett,  49  Hun,  64,  15  K  Y.  Civ. 
C0.5TS    21. 


322  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

A  defendant  has  a  rio-ht  to  move  whenever  a  new  proceeding  is 
instituted,  wherein  he  may  become  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the 
provisions  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  for  the  security  of  the 
future  costs,  but  not  for  the  costs  that  have  accrued,  securit}--  for 
which  he  has  waived."^  But  the  court  has  power  upon  such  an 
application  to  order  security  for  the  costs  of  the  entire  proceed- 
ings."^ 

247.  What  is  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches. —  It  rests  upon  the 
defendant  to  excuse  his  laches.'^^  The  fact  that  the  delay  oc- 
curred during  the  summer  vacation  has  been  considered  suf- 
cient."''  \\Tiere  the  fact  of  nonresidence  first  appeared  on  the 
trial,  a  motion  made  three  days  after  the  trial  was  made  in 
time,'^"  The  fact  that  the  plaintiff's  attorney  verified  the  com- 
plaint, because  the  plaintiff  was  not  within  the  county,  does  not 
give  notice  of  nonresidence,  but  implies,  rather,  that  the  absence 
was  temporary.'''  A  delay  of  three  days  after  the  discovery  that 
the  plaintiff  was  a  nonresident,  before  moving  for  security  for 
costs,  has  been  held  not  to  be  laches."^  If  the  plaintiff  obtains 
an  order  as  an  absolute  right,  after  he  has  been  giiilty  of  laches^ 
it  will  be  set  aside."^® 

248.  What  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches. —  In  the  follow- 
ing cases  the  laches  of  the  defendant  were  such  that  the  court,  in 
it^  discretion,  denied  a  motion  for  security  for  costs :  Where  the 

Proc.  Rep.   114,   17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  295,  Proe.  Rep.  .384.   10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  787, 

2  N.  Y.  Siipp.  .304;  Florence  v.  Bulk-  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  670. 

ley,  1  Duer,  706;   Stevenson  v.  Xew  ''^Segal  v.  Caiihliccll,  22  App.  Div. 

York,   L.   E.   &   W.   R.   Co.   49   Hun.  95,    47    K    Y.    Supp.    839:    Hai/es   v. 

169,   14   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   384.  Second  Ave.  /.'.  Co.  5  Month.  L.  Bull. 

16  N.  Y.   S.  R.   787,   1   X.  Y.   Supp.  92. 

670;  Swan  v.  Mathews.  3  Duer.  613;  ""Boucher  v.   Pia,  8   Bosw.   691.   14 

Lewis  V.  Farrell,  14  Jones  &  S.  358.  Abb.  Pr.  1. 

''^Tvrell  V.  Erie  R.  Co.  46  App.  Div.  ^'Willson  v.  Eveline,  39  App.  Div. 

296,  61    N.  Y.  Supp.  308;    Oifford  v.  129.  56  X.  Y.  Supp.  632. 

Risinff.   48  Hun,    128,   14  N.  Y.   Civ.  ''Boucher  v.   Pia.   8   Bosw.   691,   14 

Proc.  Rep.  172.  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  Abb.  Pr.  1. 

327,  15  N.  Y.  S.  R.  596.  '^Bncldey  v.   Gutta  Pcrcha  d  Rub- 

'"Ranney  v.  Stringer,  4  Bosw.  663.  her  Mfg.  Co.  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

"Stevenson  v.  New  York.  L.  E.  d  428.  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dip.   141. 
W:  R.  Co.  49  Hun,  169,  14  N.  Y.  Civ. 


SECURITY  FOE  COSTS.  823 

defendant  examined  tlie  plaintiff  before  trial,  and  the  case  was 
on  the  calendar  and  about  to  be  reached  f^  where  the  complaint 
showed  that  the  defendant  was  entitled  to  security,  but  he  ob- 
tained two  extensions  of  time  to  answer,  and  afteru^ards  an- 
swered, and  both  parties  noticed  the  case  for  trial  ;^^  where  an 
action  was  commenced  in  December,  two  residents  of  the  state 
became  plaintiffs  in  April,  the  complaint  was  served  in  May, 
and  the  motion  for  security  was  served  in  July,  before  the  an- 
swer was  served  f-  where  an  action  was  commenced  in  the  first 
department  in  July,  the  answer  was  served  in  October,  and  on 
October  30  a  motion  was  made  for  security  f^  where  an  action 
was  commenced  in  February,  and  there  had  been  two  arguments 
on  the  defendant's  demurrers,  and  the  defendant  had  examined 
one  of  his  witnesses  before  trial,  the  complaint  was  dismissed, 
but  the  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  serve,  in  July,  an  amended  com- 
plaint upon  his  paying  costs,  when  the  motion  for  security  was 
made  before  the  service  of  answer;^'*  where  the  defendant  knew 
of  his  right  to  security  from  the  time  of  the  commencement  of 
the  action  on  July  31,  and  his  time  to  answer  was  extended  to 
December  6,  when  he  demurred,  and  the  case  was  placed  on  the 
January  and  February  calendars,  but  before  the  commencement 
(if  the  February  term  he  moved  for  security  ;^^  where  the  de- 
fendant served  with  his  answer  an  order  to  file  security,  which 
order  was  set  aside,  and  two  months  elapsed  before  a  motion  was; 
made  for  the  plaintiff  to  file  security ;  the  first  order  having 
been  set  aside,  could  not  aid  the  defendant  on  this  motion  f^ 

^"Boylan  v.  Mathexos,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^""Todd  v.   Marsily,   15   N.   Y,   Civ. 

Proc.  Rep.  38.  Proc.  Rep.  247,  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  872,  26 

^'Fearn    v.    Gelpcke,    13    Abb.    Pr.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  244. 

i73;  Boylmi  y.  Mathews,  3 'iJ.Y.  Civ.  ^*Fagan  v.   Strong,   19   N.   Y.   Civ. 

Proc.    Rep.    38;    Smith   d    B.    Brass  Proc.  Rep.  88,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  766. 

Works  V.  Kahn,  18  Misc.  597,  42  N.  ^^McDonald  v.   Peet,  7   N.   Y.   Civ. 

Y.    Supp.    478;    Bale    v.    Mason,    86  Proc.  Rep.  200. 

Hun,  499,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  535,  33  N.  «nFe6er-  v.  Moog,  12  Abb.  N.  C.  108, 
Y.  Supp.  789. 

^-Sims  V.  Bonner,  28  Jones  &  S.  63, 
16  N.  Y.  Supp.  800 


324  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

where  the  defendant  does  not  demand  security  till  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  trial  f'  where  the  action  had  been  tried  twice, 
and  the  complaint  was  dismissed  upon  the  third  trial,  and  the 
motion  was  made  eleven  days  after  that  trial.**^ 

A  delay  of  nearly  a  year  in  moving  for  security  has  been  held 
fatal  to  the  motion.^^  Also  a  delay  of  twenty  years.^^  Where 
the  plaintiff  removed  from  the  state  in  September,  and  an  inter- 
locutor)^ judgment  was  entered  in  November,  and  after  several 
hearings  before  the  referee  the  motion  was  made  and  denied. 
CTnder  the  Revised  Statutes  the  entry  of  the  interlocutory  judg- 
ment was  fatal  to  such  a  motion.^^  A  defendant  was  held  guilty 
of  such  laches  as  to  defeat  his  absolute  right  for  security  for 
costs  where  he  obtained,  ex  parte,  an  order  requiring  security  for 
costs,  two  years  after  the  commencement  of  the  action,  when  he 
could  have  learned  of  the  nonresidence  of  the  plaintiff  by  in- 
quiring of  his  attorney.  In  this  case,  however,  tlie  court  re- 
fused to  set  aside  this  order,  because  the  plaintiff  was  guilty  of 
laches  in  moving  to  set  aside  the  order.^^ 

Where  the  defendant  learned  on  September  1st  that  the  plain- 
tiff was  a  nonre^sident,  but  did  not  move  until  ISTovember  13th 
for  security,  and  the  iNovember  term  was  lost,  he  was  denied 
security  on  account  of  such  delay.^" 

249.  Rights  of  the  defendant  to  security  when  he  is  in  default. — 
Where  the  defendant  is  in  default,  he  cannot  move  for  security 
where  the  plaintiff  upon  a  writ  of  inquiry  would  be  entitled  to 
nominal  damages,  and  the  defendant  could  not  obtain  costs  f^ 
and  where  he  would  not  be  entitled  to  costs  in  any  event, — as 

"Fitzsimmons  v.  Curley,  18  Jones  ^^Abell  v.  Bradner,   15   N.  Y.  Civ. 

&  S.  429,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  156.  Proc.  Rep.  24i,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  859,  3 

^^Wolff  V.  Houston,  W.  Street  &  P.  N.  Y.  Supp.  20. 

R.  Co.  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  107,  "-Diinau-mj  v.  Terry,  37  Misc.  510. 

19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  762,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  789.  75  N.  Y.  Snpp.  974. 

^"Jack   V.    Central    Cross   Town   R.  ^^Carpcnter    v.    Doicning,    6    Hill, 

<7o.  28  N.  Y.  WeeK.  Dig.  98;   Lewis  234. 

V.  Farrell,  14  Jones  &  S.  358.  ''^Butler  v.  Wood,  10  How.  Pr.  313. 

*V/.7/?  v.  Templeton,  3  N.  Y.  Week. 
ms.  550. 


SECUKITY  FOE  COSTS.  325 

where  he  has,  by  his  pleadings,  admitted  that  the  plaintiff  is  en- 
titled to  such  a  judgment  as  would  carry  costs, — he  cannot  de- 
mand security  for  costs  when  he  is  in  default.^^  In  a  proper 
case  a  defendant  who  is  in  default  may  require  the  plaintiff  to 
file  security  for  costs,  if  the  order  is  obtained  before  a  judgment 
is  entered,  because  it  is  not  certain  but  that  the  defendant  may 
be  entitled  to  costs,  which  would  be  the  fact  if  the  plaintiff  re- 
covered less  than  $50.^*^  But  if  the  defendant  is  let  in  to  de- 
fend after  the  default,  and  the  judgment  is  allowed  to  stand  as 
a  security,  he  may  require,  as  a  matter  of  statutory  right,  secur- 
ity of  the  plaintiff.'*'^  If  a  judgment  should  be  opened  upon  the 
merits  the  defendant  may  apply  for  security.^^ 

The  discretion  of  the  court  in  granting  or  refusing  security 
for  costs  will  not  be  reviewed  by  the  court  of  appeals.^^ 

Where  an  order  was  granted  upon  insufficient  affidavits,  the 
plaintiff  should  move  to  vacate  the  order  upon  the  papers  upon 
which  it  was  granted.  If  he  moves  to  open  it  on  affidavits,  the 
defendant  may  meet  the  alleged  deficiency  by  new  affidavits.'^^^ 

250.  How  nonresidence  is  proved. —  Whether  a  plaintiff  is  a 
nonresident  is  determined  by  the  ordinary  rules  of  evidence.^^^ 
Upon  the  return  of  an  order  to  show  cause  why  the  j)laintiff 
should  not  give  security  and  he  undertakes  to  show  that  he  is  a 
resident,  it  rests  with  him  to  show  everything  possible  to  sup- 
port such  a  contention,  and  he  cannot  object  that  the  moving 
affidavits  are  not  sufficient.^ ''- 

An  allegation  that  the  plaintiff  is  a  resident  of  the  city,  county, 
and  state  of  ISTew  York,  is  too  vague,  and  upon  a  motion  the 

'^Butler  V.  Wood,  10  How.  Pr.  313.  ^'"Dieflin   v.   Egan,   22   N.   Y.   Civ. 

^"Abbott  V.  Smith,  8  How.  Pr.  463.  Proc.  Kep.  398,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  762, 

^'Gardner  v.   Kelly,   2   Sandf.   632,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  392. 

1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  120.  ^"-Hand  v.  iihaw,  13  Misc.  143,  68 

"^Merchants'  Bunk  v.  Mills,  3  E.  D.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  99,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  115; 

Smith,  210.  Mitchell  v.  Dick,  8  Misc.  98,  28  N.  Y. 

^^Gedney  v.  Purdy,  47  N.  Y.  676.  Supp.    1003;    Stephenson,   v.   Hanson, 

^""Flaherty   v.   Cary,   25   App.   Div.  4  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  104. 

195,  49  X.  Y.  Supp.  303. 


326  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

plaintiff's  attorney  will  be  compelled  to  furnish  the  address  of 
the  plaintiff.^*^^  The  affidavit  of  a  clerk  that  he  called  at  a  cer- 
tain place  and  inquired  for  the  plaintiff,  and  was  informed  that 
the  plaintiff'  formerly  resided  there,  but  had  removed  on  a  cer- 
tain date  to  another  state,  is  not  sufficient  evidence  to  support  an 
order  requiring  security  for  costs.^*^* 

251.  What  is  nonresidence.—  The  statute  requiring  nonresi- 
dents to  give  security  for  costs  does  not  apply  to  resident  aliens, 
unless  such  residence  is  shown  to  be  merely  temporary,^  °^  A 
plaintiff  who  is  a  nonresident  at  the  time  of  the  commencement 
of  the  action  is  not  excused  from  filing  security,  because  he  after- 
wards becomes  a  resident  of  the  state.  The  law  looks  to  the  sit- 
uation at  the  time  of  the  commencement  of  the  action.^*^^  If 
the  plaintiff  is  a  resident  at  the  time  of  the  coimnencement  of  the 
action  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  security,  until  he  has  actu- 
ally removed.  The  law  contemplates  an  actual,  not  an  intended, 
removal. •''^^  An  order  requiring  security  will  not  be  vacated  be- 
cause, by  a  change  of  the  law,  security  could  not  now  be  re- 
quired.-^"^  A  positive  statement  in  the  affidavit  of  the  defend- 
ant's attorney  that  the  plaintiff  is  not  a  resident,  when  made 
absolutely,  and  evidently  from  personal  knowledge,  is  sufiicient 
to  sustain  a  judge's  order  requiring  the  plaintiff  to  give  se- 
curity.^^®  By  residence  is  meant  legal  residence,  not  domi- 
cil.^^**  A  married  man  having  his  family  fixed  at  one  place 
and  doing  business  at  another  is  deemed  to  have  his  residence 
with  his  family,  although  he  may  have  been  absent  such  a  length 

^'^Havana  City  R.  Co.  v.  Ceballos,  ^"''Morten  v.  Domestic  Teleg.  Co.  1 

25  Misc.  660,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  360.  Abb.  N.  C.  290. 

^"Davidson  v.  Bose,  57   App.   Div.  ^'^Harrison  v.  yeivman,  14  Jones  & 

212,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  316;   McNeil  v.  S.   575;    Wiley  v.   Arnoux,   60  How. 

Merriam,  57  App.  Div.  164,  68  N.  Y,  Pr.  137. 

Supp.  165.  ""IVicAer    v.    Elmira    Heights.    42 

^"^N  or  ton  v.  Mackie,  8  Hun,  520.  App.  Div.  426,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  130. 

^'^Arnbler   v.    Ambler.    8    Abb.    Pr.  ""Flaherty   v.    Carif.   25    App.   Div. 

340;   Sims  v.  Bonner,  28  Jones  &  S.  195,  49  N.  Y.   Sujip.   303. 
63,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  800. 


SECUKITY  FOR  COSTS.  327 

of  time  tliat  he  might  be  proceeded  against  by  attachment.^ ^^ 

The  question  of  security  will  be  settled  only  on  the  question  of 

residence.     The  fact  that  the  plaintiff  has  personal  property  in 

the  state,  under  the  control  of  one  of  the  defendants,  is  imma- 
terial.1^2 

252.  Special  rule  for  the  city  court  of  New  York. —  By  §  3160 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedm-e,  §§  3268  and  3269  do  not  apply 
to  actions  prosecuted  in  the  ISTew  York  city  court  Section  3160 
also  pro\ddes  that  a  plaintiff  in  an  action  in  that  court,  who  has 
an  ofEce  for  the  regular  transaction  of  business  in  person  within 
the  city  of  JSTew  York,  is  deemed  a  I'esident  of  that  city  witliin 
the  meaning  of  §§  326S  and  3269,  even  if  he  is  not  a  resident  of 
the  state.^^^  The  moving  papers  in  this  court  must  affirmatively 
show  that  the  phiintiii  has  not  such  an  offiee.^^'*  But  this  pro- 
^dsion  docs  not  apply  to  a  foreigii  corporation  having  a  place  of 
business  in  said  city;^^^  nor  to  an  action  commenced  in  any 
other  court^^® 

253.  Cases  where  nonresident  need  not  give  security. —  In  an 
action  where  there  are  two  or  more  plaintiffs  the  defendant  is 
not  entitled  to  security  for  costs  from  one  or  more  of  them,  unless 
he  is  entitled  to  demand  security  from  all  the  plaintiffs.-' ^'^  A 
nonresident  who  unites  vsdth  a  resident  plaintiff  who  had  brought 

^^Roherti  v.  Methodist  Book  Con-  mack,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  239, 

■cern,  1  Daly,  3.  18   N.  Y.   S.  R.  287,  3  N.  Y.  Supp. 

'^^-Churchman  v.   Merritt,  50  Hun,  214.      Contra,  Local  Pub.  Co.  v.  Post, 

270,    19   N.   Y.    S.   R.    171,   2   N.   Y.  N.  Y.  Daily  Reg.,  April  16,  1884. 

Supp.   843,  Reversing  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^'"Bolton    v.    Taylor,    18    Abb.    Pr. 

Proc.  Rep.  245,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  843.  385,  3  Robt.  647;   Gardner  v.  Kelli/, 

^'^Beehe  v.   Parker,   16   N.  Y.   Civ.  2  Sandf.  632,  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  120; 

Proc.   Rep.   320,   22   Abb.   N.   C.   445,  Blossom    v.    Adams,    7    N.    Y.    Legal 

24  X.  Y.  S.  R.  120,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  97;  Obs.  314.  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  59;  Hicks 

Wyckoff  y.  Devlin,  8 '^.  Y.  Civ.  Vtoc.  v.   Payson,   7   Abb.  Pr.   326;    Phenix 

Rep.  138,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  333;  Glass  v.  Townshend,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  2. 

V.  Place,  5  Daly,  110.  ^''Sims   v.    Bonner,   21    N.    Y.    Civ. 

^"Stephenson  v.   Hanson,   4   K  Y.  Proc.  Rep.  355,  42  N.  Y.  S.  R.  10,  16 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  104;  Gnge  v.  Peetsch,  X.  Y.  Supp.  800;  Ten  Broeck  v.  Rey- 

12  Misc.  548,  67  X.  Y.  S.  R.  875,  34  nold^,  13  How.  Pr.  462;   Gillespie  v. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  20.  Pfister,  Coleman  &  Cai.  Gas.   120,  3 

"'F.    A.    Kennedy    Co.    v.    McCor-  Johns.  Cas.  470. 


328  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

an  action  for  the  same  cause  and  had  been  defeated  with  costs 
cannot  be  compelled  to  give  security,  although  tlie  resident  plain- 
tiff has  not  paid  the  costs  in  the  former  action.^  ^^  A  nonresi- 
dent who  brings  an  action  in  two  capacities  -will  not  be  com- 
pelled to  give  security,  unless  he  should  give  security  in  both 
capacities.-' ^^  A  nonresident  landlord  cannot  be  compelled  to- 
give  security  in  summary  proceedings  under  §  3279  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.^ ^*^  ISTor  should  security  be  required  of  ai 
nonresident  relator  in  habeas  corpus  proceedings  ;^^^  nor  on  ap- 
peal from  judgment  of  one  of  the  inferior  courts.-' ^^  \Vhere  a 
nonresident  has  given  security  for  costs  and  has  appealed  from 
an  adverse  judgment  giving  a  bond,  an  action  upon  the  bond 
given  in  the  trial  court  should  not  be  brought  until  the  appeal  is 
decided.  If  such  an  action  is  brought  the  plaintiff  should  move 
in  tlie  original  action  for  an  order  staying  the  prosecution  of  the 
same  until  the  decision  of  the  appeal. ^^^ 

254.  Effect  of  removal  of  plaintiff  from  the  state. —  A  plaintiff 
who  removes  from  the  state  before  he  recovers  a  judgment  in  his 
favor  may  be  compelled  to  give  security.^  ^^  Under  the  Revised 
Statutes  this  was  not  required  in  replevin  actions,  upon  the 
ground  that  the  bond  given  in  replevin  was  broad  enough  to  cover 
costs.^-^  But  under  tlie  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  the  bond  given 
upon  replevin  vnll  not  cover  costs,  and  the  defendant  is  there- 
fore entitled  to  security  in  replevin  actions  the  same  as  in  any 
other.^-^    But  where  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  judgment,  and  then 

"'Ten  Broech  v.  Reynolds,  13  How.  '--Gardner  v.  Kelly,  2   Sandf.  632, 

Pr.  462.                         '  1  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  120. 

^^"Crowell  V.   Bills,    24   Misc.    411,  ^"-^V an  Vleck  v.  Clark,  3S  Barh.  316^ 

53  N.  Y.  Supp.  647.  24  How.  Pr.  190. 

^"""Easier  v.  Johnston,  59  How.  Pr.  '-*LerAi  v.  :\IciroH-iiz,  16  Misc.  284, 

432.  38   N.  Y.   Supp.    123;    Gelch  v.  Bar- 

^-^People  ex  rel.  James  v.   Society  naly,   7   Abb.   Pr.   19,    1   Bosw.   657; 

for   Prevention   of   Cruelty   to    Chil-  Morten  v.  Domestic  Teleg.  Co.  1  Abb. 

dren,   19  :\Iisc.   677,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  N.  C.  290. 

1100;    People  ex  rel.   Barry  v.   ^fer-  "^Rogers    v.    Eitchcoclc,    9    Wend. 

coin,  3   Hill,   399,  38  Am.  Dec.   644:  462. 

People   ex   rel.    Young   v.    Siout,    10  '-"(lelcli  v.  Barnahy,  7  Abb.  Pr.  19, 

Misc.  247,  31  N.  Y.  Supp.  421.  1  Bosw.  657. 


SECURITY  FOE  COSTS.  329 

removes  from  the  state,  tlie  defendant  cannot  require  securit}' 
for  costs  mitil  that  judgment  is  reversed  ;^^'  or  where  judgment 
is  obtained  bj  default,  until  the  defendant  has  the  default 
opened.^  ^^ 

255.  Effect  of  assignment  of  cause  of  action  to  a  resident  of  the 
state. — Where  a  claim  has  been  assigned  bj  a  nonresident  to  a 
resident  of  the  state,  in  order  that  he  may  bring  an  action  there- 
on, the  assignee  is  a  trustee  of  an  express  trust  and  may  be 
required  to  give  security,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  ;^^^  but 
where  the  plaintiff  claims  that  he  is  the  absolute  o^vner  of  the 
cause  of  action,  which  is  denied  by  the  defendant,  the  plaintiff 
cannot  be  compelled  to  give  security  for  costs,  because  the  ques- 
tion of  o"v\Tiership  is  one  of  the  issues  to  be  determined  upon  the 
trial.-' ^^  But  where,  after  the  defendant  has  moved  for  security, 
the  cause  of  action  is  transferred,  the  plaintiff  will  be  compelled 
U^  give  security.  •'^^ 

256.  Residence  of  a  domestic  corporation. —  A  domestic  corpo- 
ration is  a  person  within  the  meaning  of  this  title,  and  its  resi- 
dence is  the  county  which  is  designated  in  its  certificate  of  in- 
corporation as  its  principal  place  of  busino^^s.^-^- 

257.  Residence  of  a  foreign  corporation. —  A  foreign  corpora- 
tion is  a  nonresident.^^^  A  national  bank  is  a  foreign  corpora- 
tion, although  it  has  its  principal  place  of  business  "udthin  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court.^^^     A  foreign  corporation  suing  in  the 

'"Flint    V.    Van    Deusen,    24   Hun,  247,   67   N.  Y.   S.   R.   419.   33   N.  Y. 

440,  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  126.  Supp.  417. 

'"^ Merchants'   Bank   v.   Mills,   3   E.        '^Grant    v.    Crittenfon,    13    N.    Y. 

D.  Smith,  210.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  123:  Henderson  d  Co. 

'■'"Fish  V.  Wing,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  v.  McXalli/,  33  App.  Div.  132,  28  X. 

Rep.  231.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  178.  6  X.  Y.  Anno. 

"""Horton  v.  Shepherd,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Cas.    166,   53   N.   Y.   Supp.   351 ;    Na- 

Proc    Ren    26  iional    Exch.    Bank    v.    HUliman,    4 

,31  „  A-  '  TT       ■       ^    -v     V  -^bb.  X.  C.  224;  BanJr  of  Michigan  v. 

'^'Mc^amara   v.    Harris,    4    N.    Y.  ^  nn    n-     j     -.n      n  j>    n 

-,.      ^         ^        „  Jessup,    19    Wend.    10;    Fersoe  d   B. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  76.  ,,^^^^^^  ^^^,.^.^  ^   Willett,  14  Abb.  Pr. 

"-C.   E.   Sherin   Special  Agency   v.  ^IQ 
Seaman,   49  App.  Div.   33,  63   N.   Y.        ^^^Xailonnl  Park  Bank  v.  Gtinst,  1 

Supp.  407;  Edinird  Thompson  Co.  v.  Abb.  X.  C.  292;  Boiren  v.  First  Na' 

Lobenthal,  24  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Bank,  34  How.  Pr.  409. 


330  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  city  court  will  be  required  to  give  security,  altJliough 
it  has  an  office  in  the  city  of  New  York  for  the  transaction  of 
business.  Such  a  corporation  is  not  a  person  witliin  the  meaning- 
of  §  3160  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pocedure.-^^^  A  foreign  go  vera- 
rnent  bringing  an  action  in  the  courts  of  this  state  may  be  re- 
quired to  give  security  for  costs  the  same  as  any  other  nonresi- 
dent.i2« 

258.  Security  required  of  an  infant. —  A  defendant  has  an  ab- 
solute right  to  require  security  of  an  infant  whose  guardian  ad 
litem  has  not  given  security  for  costs,  as  provided  in  §§  459  and 
461)  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.-^^^  The  plaintiff  may  bo 
relieved  from  filing  security  for  costs,  by  obtaining  an  order  to 
be  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor  person. ^^^  But  such  an  order  cannot 
be  obtained  ex  parte  after  the  action  is  commenced.-' ^^  A  guar- 
dian ad  litem  of  an  infant,  appointed  as  provided  in  §  469  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  cannot  be  required  to  file  security,  but 
he  is  responsible  for  the  costs.^^^  The  papers,  upon  his  appoint- 
ment, should  show  his  responsibility,  and,  where  they  fail  to 
do  this,  security  should  be  required.^ *^  The  judgment  for  costs 
should  be  awarded  against  the  infant,  but  they  may  be  collected 

"'Fenr7/  Huher  Co.  v.  Warren,  29  Jones  &  S.  567;  Dnn/er  v.  McLaugh- 

Misc.  588,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  247;  F.  A.  lin,  27  Misc.  187,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  406; 

Kennedy  Co.  v.  McCormack,  15  N.  Y.  Kleinpeter  v.  Klelnpeter,  2  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  239,   18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Proc.  Rep.  21;  ^Hchols  v.  Cammann, 

287,    3    N.    Y.    Supp.    214;    Edward  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  375. 

Thompson  Co.  V.  Lohenthal,  24:  T!i.Y.  "^  Code    Civ.    Proc.    §§    459,    469; 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  247,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Murphy  v.  Manhattan  Brass  Co.  28 

419.  Jones  &  S.  423,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  834, 

"'7/oH*<ras  v.  S-o^o,  112  N.  Y.  310,  18    N.   Y.    Supp.    207;    Shearman   v. 

2  L.  R.  A.  642,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pope,  106  X.  Y.  664,   12  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Rep.  270,  8  Am.  St.  Rep.  744,  20  N.  Proc.  Rep.  329,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Diji. 

Y.  S.  R.  749,   19  N.  E.  845;   Mexico  1,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  710,  12  N.  E.  713; 

v.  Arrangois,  3  Abb.  Pr.  470.  Irving  v.  Garrity,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  182, 

^""'Lafrentz  v.  Mass,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  4  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  105. 

Proc.  Rep.  238,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  739;  ^^Conhoy  v.  Ayres,  25  Misc.  52,  53 

Healy  v.  Twenty-Third  Street  R.  Co.  N.  Y.  Supp.  1004. 

1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  15;  Meredcth  ^^Steinburg   v.    Manhattan   R.    Co. 

v.   Forly-Sccond  Street   tC-   G.   Street  14  Jones  &  S.  216:  Wice  v.  Gommer- 

R.  Co.   1   N.   Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep.    15.  clal  F.  Ins.  Co.  8  Daly,  70. 

note;      Forty-Second     Street     d     G.  "'McDonald   v.   Brass   Goods   Mfg. 

Street    Ferry   R.    Co.   v.    Giintzer,   4  Co.  2  Abb.  N.  C.  434. 


SECURITY  FOR  COSTS.  331 

of  the  guardian  ad  litem  by  execution,  which  may  be  issued  as 
of  right.^^^  It  is  not  necessary  first  to  issue  an  execution  against 
the  infant,  though  this  is,  perhaps,  the  better  practice.^ "^^  Where, 
pending  an  action,  the  plaintiff  becomes  of  age  and  takes  per- 
sonal charge  of  the  case,  the  guardian  will  not  be  compelled  to 
pay  costs  in  case  of  his  defeat,^  ^^  except  where  the  order  dis- 
charging- the  guardian  retained  his  liability  for  the  costs  already 
accrued,  in  which  case  the  costs  to  that  extent  may  be  enforced 
against  him.'"*^ 

A  guardian  ad  litem  for  an  infant  defendant  is  not  liable  for 
the  costs  of  the  action,  unless  specially  charged  therewith  by  the 
order  of  the  court  for  personal  misconduct.  Code  Civ.  Proc. 
§  477. 

259.  Security  required  of  executors,  a.  In  general. — Under  § 
3271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  security  for  costs  may  be 
ordered  in  the  discretion  of  the  court  in  any  action  brought  by  an 
executor  or  administrator.^^^  Formerly,  executors  and  adminis- 
trators were  only  required  to  give  security  for  costs  when  they 
had  been  guilty  of  bad  faith  or  mismanagement  in  the  commence- 
ment or  prosecution  of  the  action. •^^"  The  court  may  now  require 
security  for  costs  of  an  executor,  although  no  bad  faith  is 
claimed,  if,  in  the  judgment  of  the  court,  it  is  proper  to  do  so 
for  the  protection  of  the  defendant.-''*^      The  application  for 

^*^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3249;   Grant-  Proc.  Rep.   59,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.   140; 

man    v.    Thrall,    31    How.    Pr.    464;  Fagan  v.  Strong,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Linner  v.  Grouse,  61  Barb.  289.  "Rep.  88,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  706;  Gaccavo 

^*^Grantman  v.  Thrall,  31  How.  Pr.  v.  Rome,  W.  d  0.  R.  Go.  27  Jones  & 

464.  S.  129,  13  X.  Y.  Supp.  884:  Ruther- 

^**8parmann  v.  Keim,  6  Abb.  N.  C.  ford  v.  Madrid,  77  Hun.  545,  60  N.  Y. 

353.  S.  R.  391,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  923. 

^*^8chocn  V.  Schlessinger,  7  Abb.  N.        ^" Kimherly    v.    Stewart.    22    How. 

C.  399,  57  How.  Pr.  490.  Pr.  281. 

"^Fhpin  V.  Tinney,  60  N".  Y.  Supp.        ^^'^Pfeifer  v.   Supreme  Lodge  of  B. 

791;    Darbij  v.   Gondii,   1   Duor,   599,  S.  Benev.  Soe.   54  App.  Div.  200,  66 

11  N.  Y.  Lejjal  Obs.  154;  Schmidt  v.  ISL    y_    Supp.    604;    Tolmau    v.    Syra- 

Eiseman,  6  Misc.  264,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  cuse,  B.  d  ^\  1.  R.  Go.  92  X.  Y.  353, 

133,  26  N.   Y.   Supp.   766:    Dunne  v.  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  32. 
American  Surety   Co.   29   X.   Y.   Civ. 


332  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

seciiritv  for  costs  is  usually  denied  where  the  executor  or  admin- 
istrator brings  an  action  in  good  faith.^^^  But  if  the  complaint 
fails  to  state  a  cause  of  action  the  application  will  be  granted.^ ^* 

The  provisions  of  §  3271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  do 
not  apply  to  an  action  commenced  by  a  decedent  and  re\dved  by 
his  administrator  or  executor,^ ^^  The  costs  in  such  an  action 
are  not  a  debt  within  the  pur^dew  of  §  2749  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.  If  tlie  action  had  been  commenced  by  the  executor, 
and  judgment  rendered  against  him,  the  costs  would  not  have 
been  a  debt  within  the  contemplation  of  §  2757,  which  provides 
for  the  sale  of  decedent's  real  estate  for  the  payment  of  debts.^^' 
The  fact  that  the  action  was  commenced  by  the  decedent  doe? 
not  chano-e  the  rule.^^^  The  enactment  of  §  3246  since  the  de- 
cision  of  the  last  case  cited  does  not  change  this  rule,  so  far  as  it 
applies  to  real  estate,  as  appears  from  §§  2756  and  2757,  al- 
though such  costs  are  considered  a  debt,  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
personal  estate  of  the  deceased.^^* 

Such  costs  should  be  paid  before  legacies,  even  though  the  es- 
tate is  not  large  enough  to  pay  the  legacies  in  fuU.^^''  Upon  a 
motion  by  the  executor  to  be  substituted  as  a  plaintiff  in  an 
action  in  which  his  testator  was  sole  plaintiff,  the  objection  can- 
not be  urged  that  the  executor  should  be  stayed  till  the  costs  were 
paid  which  were  directed  to  be  paid  by  the  testator,  because  this 
is  not  a  proceeding  within  the  meaning  of  §  779  of  the  Code  of 
CHvil  Procedure.  That  objection  can  be  urged  after  substitution, 
if  the  plaintiff  proceeds  in  the  action.^^^ 

^^^Flynn  v.  Tinney,  GO  N.  Y.  Supp.  X.  Y.  Supp.  131;  Sanfordv.  Granger, 

791.  12   Barb.   897;   Re  Siowell,  15  Misc. 

'=»(?.  Maehle  v.  Eosenberfu  80  App.  533.  37  X.  Y.  Supp.  1127. 

Div.  541,  80  X.  Y.  Supp.  705.  ''^'Wood  v.  Byington,  2   Barb.  Ch. 

^^'Demehy    v.    McCloud,    21    Misc.  387. 

541,  47  X.Y.  Supp.  714;  Sullivan  v.  ^^*Re  Foley,  39  App.  Div.   248,  57 

Remington    Heioing     Mach.     Co.    27  X.  Y.  Supp.  131. 

Hun,  270,  2  X\  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  58 ;  "''7?e  Casey,  2   Silv.   Sup.   Ct.   585, 

Tindall  v.   Jones,    19  How.   Pr.   469,  25  X.  Y.  S.  R.  88,  6  X.  Y.  Supp.  608. 

11  Abb.  Pr.  258:   Merritt  v.  Thomp-  ''Ton    Broeklin   v.    Tan   Brocklin, 

son,  27  X.  Y.  225.  17  App.  Div.  226,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  541. 

"=7?e  Foley,   39   App.  Div.  248,   57 


SECUEITY  FOK  COSTS.  333 

h.  Insolvent  estate. — The  majority  of  the  decisions  hold  that 
the  fact  that  an  estate  is  insolvent  is  not  sufficient  reason  to  com- 
pel the  executor  to  give  security,  when  the  action  is  brought  in 
good  faith  and  upon  a  prima  facie  case.^^'^  The  courts  usually 
deny  the  application  for  security  for  costs  where  the  cause  of 
action  constitutes  the  only  asset,  and  to  require  the  plaintiff  to 
give  such  security  would  he  equivalent  to  denying  to  him  the 
right  to  Jiave  his  rights  determined  by  the  court.^^^  There  are 
a  few  decisions  which  hold  that  the  insolvency  of  an  estate  is 
sufficient  to  authorize  the  giving  of  security,  but  these  are  of  very 
doubtful  authority.^ ^'''  But  if  an  action  is  brought  in  bad  faith, 
security  will  be  required. ^^^ 

c.  Nonresident  executors. — ITonresidence  of  an  executor  or 
an  administrator  is  no  reason  for  requiring  security  for  costs.-^^^ 
A  nonresident  executor  who  has  been  substituted  as  plaintiff  in 
place  of  his  testator,  who  had  been  required  to  give  security  for 
costs,  will  also  be  required  under  the  provisions  of  §  3276  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  to  give  security.^  ^^ 

^"Rutherford  v.  Madrid,  77  Hun,  S.  Benev.  Soc.  54  App.  Div.  200, 
545,  GO  N.  Y.  S.  R.  391,  28  N.  Y.  ti6  N.  Y.  Supp.  604;  Fish  v.  Wing,  1 
Supp.  923:  Caccavo  v.  Rome,  W.  d  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  231. 
0.  R.  Co.  27  Jones  &  S.  129,  13  N.  Y.  ^^'McXeil  v.  Merriam,  57  App.  Div. 
Supp.  884;  Schmidt  v.  Eiseman,  6  164,  9  X.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  382,  08  N.  Y. 
Misc.  264.  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  133,  26  Supp.  165;  Dunne  v.  American  Sure- 
ly. Y.  Supp.  766;  Tolman  v.  Syra-  ty  Co.  29  IST.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  59, 
cuse,  B.  d  N.  Y.  R.  Co.  92  N.  Y.  353;  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  140;  Flynn  v.  Tinney, 
Wassiger  v.  Fennell,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  791 ;  McDougal  v. 
Proc.  Rep.  286;  Ryan  v.  Potter,  4  N.  Gray,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  237, 
Y'.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  80,  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  74;  Hall  v.  Waterhury, 
Proc.  Rep.  (McCarty)  33;  Heahj  v.  5  Abb.  N.  C.  356;  Pursley  v.  Rodgers, 
Ticenty-Third  Street  R.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  44  App.  Div.  139,  61  isT.  Y.  Supp. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  15;  Podmore  v.  South  1015;  Croioell  v.  Bills,  24  Misc.  411, 
Brooklyn  Sav.  Inst.  27  Misc.  120,  57  53  K  Y.  Supp.  647;  Carney  v.  Bern- 
N.  Y.  Supp.  406;  Drago  v.  Kavanagh,  heimer,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  233, 
56  App.  Div.  179,  67  isT.  Y.  Supp.  622.  note;  Eimberly  v.  Stewart,  22  How. 

^^Wassinger  v.  Fennell,    13   N.   Y.  Pr.  281;  Podmore  v.  Seamen's  Bank 

Civ.  Proc.  rjep.  286;  Koch  v.  Keller,  for  Savings,  30  Misc.  416,  62  N.  Y. 

2  INIonth.  L.  Bull.  97;   Lyons  v.  Ca-  Supp.    526;    Pelkey    v.    Saranac,    67 

hill.  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  72.  App.  Div.  337,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  493. 

^^\Murphy  v.  Travers,  60  How.  Pr.        ^^-Tracy  v.  Dolan,  31  App.  Div.  24, 

501.  52  N.  Y."^  Supp.  351. 

^^"Pfeifer  v.  Supreme  Lodge  of  B. 


o34  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

d.  Notice  of  application. — The  order,  like  all  other  orders 
under  §  3271  of  tlie  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  is  a  court  order 
and  must  be  made  upon  notice.^ ''^ 

e.  Security  on  appeal. — Where  an  executor  is  required  to  give 
security  for  costs  upon  an  appeal,  security  for  past  costs  should 
not  be  required.^ ^"^ 

260.  Security  required  of  receivers. —  A  receiver  will  not  be 
required  to  give  security  unless  it  appears  that  the  plaintiff  has 
no  funds  in  his  hands  applicable  to  the  payment  of  costs,  and 
also  that  the  action  was  brought  in  bad  faith  or  heedlessly  or 
without  reasonable  prospects  of  success.^ ^^  The  carelessness  or 
negligence  of  a  receiver  in  bringing  an  action  upon  a  note  for 
which  the  defendant  holds  a  receipt  is  such  mismanagement  or 
bad  faith  on  the  part  of  the  plaintiff  that  the  defendant  is  en- 
titled to  security.^^*'  A  nonresident  receiver  of  a  national  bank, 
not  situated  in  ]^  ew  York,  who  sues  in  a  capacity  not  defined  by 
§  3271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  should  be  required  to 
give  security  for  costs.^*^"  The  plaintiff  v^dll  not  be  compelled  to 
give  security  in  an  action  which  he  brings  in  his  own  right,  al- 
though he  erroneously  entitles  it  as  brought  by  him  as  re- 
ceiver. ^"^^ 

A  eeneral  assio^nee  for  tJie  benefit  of  creditors  is  not  an  official 

o  o 

^^\^inft   V.   Wheeler,   46   Hun.   580,  "'HanUuff   v.   Field,   84   Hun,   540, 

13  K  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  343,  27  N.  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  875,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Y.   Week.   Dig.   512,   12   N.  Y.   S.  R.  1143. 

737;    McNeil    v.    Merriam,    57    App.  ^^^Ridgway  v.  Symons,  14  Misc.  78, 

Div  164,  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  382,  68  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  23,  G9  N.  Y. 

K  Y.  S\ipp.  165;   Wood  v.  Blodgett,  S.  R.  552,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  197;  Ben- 

49  Hun.  64.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  304;  Purs-  nett  v.  Gohle,  43  Hun,  354;  Riither- 

ley  V.  Rodfiers,  44  App.  Div.  139,  61  ford  v.  Madrid,  77  Hun,  545,  28  N.  Y. 

X.   Y.   Supp.    1015.       Contra,  Dunne  Supp.  923:   Hale  v.  Mason,  86  Hun, 

V.  American  Surety  Co.  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  499,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  789. 

Proc.  Rep.   59,  58  N.   Y.   Supp.   140.  ^^Kimberly   v.    Goodrich,  22   How. 

This  case  is  a  special  term  decision  Pr.  424. 

in   the   first   department,   and   is   di-  ^"Beclcham  v.  Hague,  44  App.  Div. 

rectly  opposed  to  the  obiter  remark  146,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  767. 

of  the  appellate  division  in  that  de-  ^'''^Vpson  v.  Hesselson,  60  App.  DiV» 

partment  in    Pursley  v.  Rodgcrs,   44  615,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  684. 
App.  Div.  139,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  1015. 


SECURITY  FOR  COSTS.  335 

assignee  within  the  meaning  of  §  3268  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. An  official  assignee  is  one  appointed  by  the  court,  and 
has  certain  duties  imposed  upon  him  by  the  court.^^^  Such  an 
assignee  is  a  trustee  of  an  express  trust  within  the  meaning  of 
§  3271  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  security  may  be 
demanded  of  him  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.^'" 

261,  Security  required  of  receivers  in  supplementary  proceed- 
ings.— A  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings  may  be  re- 
quired to  give  security  for  costs. -^"^^  A  receiver  should  apply  to 
the  court  that  appointed  him,  for  leave  to  bring  suit.^'^^  Even 
then  the  court  can  order  him  to  give  security.^^^  In  an  action 
to  set  aside  a  deed,  where  the  receiver  has  no  funds  in  his  hands 
the  court  will  usually  order  security  to  be  given,  because  the 
judgment  creditor  can  bring  the  action  himself,  and  the  court 
will  not  allow  him  to  put  the  defendant  to  the  expense  of  defend- 
ing his  title  for  the  benefit  of  a  creditor  who,  in  case  of  a  defeat, 
cannot  be  made  to  pay  the  costs. ^'^* 

262.  When  trustees  in  bankruptcy  are  required  to  give  security 
for  costs. —  A  trustee  in  bankruptcy  is  a  trustee  of  an  express 
trust,  and  may  be  compelled  to  give  security  for  costs. -^"^  But  he 
will  not  be  compelled  to  file  security  for  costs  on  the  ground  that 
there  are  no  funds  in  his  hands  to  pay  expenses.^^^ 

Where  a  trustee  in  bankruptcy  brings  an  action  upon  a  claim 
arising  before  the  adjudication  in  bankruptcy,  the  defendant 

^^Lintner  v.  Long  Island  Mut.  F.  "^Velch  v.  Bogert,  3  N.  Y.  Week. 

Ins.  Co.  22  ilisc.  305,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Big.  402. 

Cas.  281.  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1105:  Fish  ^^'*^Vrlrh  \.  Bogert,  3  N.  Y.  Week. 

V.  Wing,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  231.  Dig.  402. 

Contra,  Welch  v.  Gaffney,  1  How.  Pr.  ^""More  v.  Durr,  13  .Jones  &  S.  154: 

N.  S.  146.  Hall  v.  Waferbury,  5  Abb.  N.  C.  356; 

""Fanney  v.  Stringer,  4  Bosw.  663.  Reade  v.  Waterhotise,  52  N.  Y.  587 ; 

"^Gifford  V.   Rising,  48  Hun,   128,  Todd  v.  Marsily,  26  N.  Y.  W'eek.  Dig. 

14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  172,  28  N.  244.  7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  872. 

Y.  Week.   Dig.   327,   15   N.   Y.  S.   R.  ^'"WUhur   v.    White,    56    How.    Pr. 

596.  321. 

^'-Bolles  V.  Duff,  17  Abb.  Pr.  448; 
Welch  V.  Bogert,  3  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 
402. 


336  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

is  entitled,  imder  §  32 GS  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  to  an 
order  requiring  him  to  give  security  for  costs.^'^' 

But  a  trustee  in  bankruptcy  will  not  be  required  to  give  secur- 
ity for  costs  under  that  section,  where  he  brings  an  action  to  set 
aside,  as  fraudulent,  conveyances  made  by  the  bankrupt,  on  the 
ground  that  such  conveyances  constituted  an  unlawful  prefer- 
ence to  creditors,  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  the  bankruptcy 
law.  In  such  a  case  the  cause  of  action  did  not  arise  till  the  ad- 
judication in  bankruptcy.^'^  If  a  creditor  could  have  brought 
an  action  to  set  aside  a  transfer  before  the  adjudication  of  bank- 
ruptcy, and  the  trustee  brings  an  action  to  set  aside  the  trans- 
fer, on  the  same  grounds  uj)on  which  the  creditor  could  have 
maintained  his  action,  security  can  be  demanded  under  §3268 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

^'"Frank     v.     Musliner,     29     Misc.  '"^Kelley  v.  Kremer,  74  App.  Div. 

237,   60   X.  Y.   Supp.   332;    Welch  v.  456,  77  K  Y.  Supp.  515;  Schreier  v. 

Gaffney,     1    Hoav.    Pr.    N.    S.    146;  Bofjan,    70    App.    Div.    2,    74    N.    Y. 

Joseph  V.  Raff,  75  App.  Div.  447,  78  Supp.   1051:   Rielly  v.  Rosenberg,  57 

N.  Y.   Supp.  310,  Overruling  Joseph  App.  Div.  408,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  265. 
V.  Makley,  73  App.  Div.  157,  76  N.  Y. 
Supp.  669. 


CHAPTER  XXIIL 

COSTS  IN  ACTIONS  IN  FORMA  PAUPERIS. 

263.  Statute. 

264.  Who  may  apply  for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person. 

a.  Nonresidents. 

ft.  Infants. 

c.  Other  persons. 

265.  Who  is  a  pauper. 

266.  When  the  application  should  be  made. 

267.  What  the  petition  must  state. 

268.  Right  to  be  thus  allowed  to  sue.  lost  by  laches. 

269.  Designation  and  duties  of  attorney  assigned  to  conduct  an  action  for 

a  poor  person. 

270.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs  that  have  accrued  at  the  lime  of  grant- 

ing the  order. 

271.  Efl'ect  of  order  allowing  a  party  to  sue  as  a  poor  person. 

272.  Terms  upon  opening  a  default. 

273.  Power  of  the  court  to   impose  the  payment  of  costs  as  condition   of 

granting  a  favor. 

263.  Statute. —  The  statute  governing  the  rights  of  persons  to 
he  allowed  to  prosecute  or  defend  certain  actions  as  poor  person;?' 
is  contained  in  §  45 8-46 Y  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

264.  Who  may  apply  for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person,  a.  Non- 
residents. — The  weight  of  authority  is  that  a  nonresident  may 
he  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor  person.^  But  where  the  cause  of 
action  arose  in  another  state,  where  hoth  parties  reside,  the  mo- 
tion will  be  denied, — especially  where  there  has  been  a  long 
delay  in  making  the  application.^ 

h.   Infants. — Prior  to  1891  there  was  a  conflict  of  authority 

'Hrckmnn   v.   Mac]:cif,   19    Abb.    N.  Y.    S.    R.    .599,    13    N.   Y.    Supp.    71 R. 

C.  394,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Ren.  11:  Contra.  Christian  v.  Gouge.  58  How. 

Harris  Y.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  18  "i^.Y.  Pr.   445,    10   Abb.   N.    C.   82;    Anony- 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   195,   10  N.  Y.  Supp.  nums,    10    Abb.    N.    C.    80;    Moore   v. 

473;    Harris   v.    Mutual   L.    Ins.    Co.  Cooley,  2  Hill,  412. 
20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  192,  37  N.        -Alexander  v.  Meyers.  8  Daly,  112. 
COSTS  22.                                     337 


338  THE  I.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

as  to  the  right  of  an  infant  to  sue  as  a  poor  person.  Since  thr? 
amendment  to  §  458  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  by  the  in- 
sertion of  tlie  words  "whether  an  adult  or  infant,"  and  by  tlie 
amendment  to  §  459  at  the  same  time,  infants  have  a  right  to 
thus  sue,^  although  the  guardian  has  not  given  security  for 
costs.*  An  infant  may  thus  sue,  although  his  guardian  ad  litem 
is  a  responsible  person.^  An  infant  may  be  allowed  to  sue  as  a 
poor  person,  altliough  his  father  has  ample  means,*^  and  has  been 
appointed  guardian  ad  litem  of  the  plaintiff.'^  The  application 
to  sue  in  forma  pauperis  must  be  made  in  the  action  in  which  the 
guardian  ad  litem  was  appointed.  After  a  verdict  in  that  action 
the  guardian's  authority  is  at  an  end,  except  to  review  that  judg- 
ment by  appeal.  He  has  no  authority  to  institute  another 
action.^ 

c.  Other  persons. — The  committee  of  a  lunatic  cannot  sue  as 
a  poor  person.^  A  husband  or  wife  may  be  permitted  to  com- 
mence an  action  for  separation  in  forma  pauperis}^  All  the 
jtarties  plaintiif  mu-t  apply  for  leave  to  sue  in  forma  pauperis, 
and  the  order  must  bo  granted  to  all.  Permission  to  thus  sue 
cannot  be  granted  to  only  one  of  several  plaintiffs. ^^ 

263.  Who  is  a  pauper. —  It  is  not  every  person  who  is  not 
worth  $100  tliat  is  entitled  to  the  order,  but  it  must  appear  that 
the  person  would  be  unable  to  prosecute  his  action  without  this 

Urviv(j  V.   Garritif,   13  Abb.  N.  C.  Abb.  N.  C.  144,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

]82;Hotaling  v.   McKeyizie,   7   N.  Y.  Rep.  365,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479,  27  N.  Y. 

Civ.  Proo.  Rop.  320;  Tobias  v.  Broad-  Supp.   980;   Gallagher  v.  Geneva,  W. 

may  d  S.  Ave.  R.  Co.  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  8.  F.  &  C.  Lale  Traction  Co.  39  Misc. 

183,   14  N.  Y.   Supp.   641 ;    Erickson  637,  80  N.  y.  Supp.  606. 
V.  Poey,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  379.        H^osso   v.   Second   Ave.   R.   Co.    13 

'Trimble    v.    Kilgannon,    12    ISIisc.  App.  Div.  375,  43  X.  Y.  Supp.  216. 
459   24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  400,  68        ''Bcchtle  v.    Manhattan  R.   Co.   31 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  134,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  256.  Abb.  N.  C.  483,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  120, 

"Feier  v.  Third  Ave.  R.  Co.  9  App.  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  410. 
Div.    607,    75   N.    Y.    S.    R.    1222,    41        ^"McAllen's   Petition,    1    ISIontli.  L- 

M.  Y.  Supp.  821.  Bull.   60:    Robertson  v.   Roberfson,  » 

'Bonadna  v.  Third  Ave.  R.  Co.  62  Paifje,  387. 
X.  Y.  S.  R.  120,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  410.        ^^Ostrander  v.  Harper,  14  IIow.  Pr. 

'Shapiro  V.  Burns,  7  Misc.  418,  31  16. 


COSTS  IN  ACTIONS  IN  FORMA  PAUPERIS.  339 

ordei"^^  A  person  need  not  be  a  pauper  to  be  allowed  to  sue  as 
a  poor  person.  It  is  sufficient  if  the  plaintiff  is  not  worth  $100 
besides  wearing  apparel.^ ^  The  law  does  not  deny  its  aid  even 
to  paupers,  and  the  order  should  be  granted,  where  a  denial 
would  be  equivalent  to  a  denial  of  the  protection  of  the  court. ■'^ 

266.  When  the  application  should  be  made. —  The  application 
to  be  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor  person  should  be  made  at,  or  soon 
after,  the  commencement  of  the  action.^ ^  An  infant  cannot 
make  application  for  leave  to  defend  as  a  poor  person,  until  a 
guardian  ad  litem  has  been  appointed.-'*'  It  is  a  disputed  ques- 
tion whether  this  right  may  be  lost  by  laches,^'^  or  whether  it  is 
an  absolute  right  of  the  plaintiff  upon  complying  with  the  statu- 
tory requirements  at  any  time  during  the  action.^  ^  The  latter 
position  is  more  consonant  with  reason  and  the  statute  than  the 
former.  See  §  268,  infra.  It  has  also  been  held  that  the  grant- 
ing  of  the  order  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  which  will 
not  be  disturbed  upon  appeal  unless  there  has  been  an  abuse  of 
such  discretion.^ '^ 

267.  What  the  petition  must  state. —  Section  459  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure:  "The  petition  must  state:  1.  The  nature 
of  the  action  brought,  or  intended  to  be  brought.  2.  That  the 
applicant  is  not  worth  $100,  besides  the  wearing  apparel  and 
furniture  necessary  for  himself  and  his  family,  and  the  subject- 
matter  of  the  action.  It  must  be  vei'ified  by  the  applicant's  af- 
fidavit, imless  the  applicant  is  an  infant  under  the  age  of  four- 

"Gallcrstein  v.   Manhattan  R.   Co.  '"Re  Byne,  1  Edw.  Ch.  41. 

26  Misc.   853,   55   N.   Y.   Supp.   444;  "Sweeney  v.   White,    10   Misc.   29, 

Weinstein    v.    Frank,    56    App.    Div.  6.3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  242,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

275,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  746.  1051;    Glashurg  v.  Dry  Dock,  E.   B. 

'^McNamara  v.  Nolan,  13  Misc.  76,  c6  B.  R.  Co.  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  35,  68  N.  Y.  -50. 

S.  R.  229,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  178.  '\Shapiro  v.  Burns,  7  Misc.  418,  31 

^*Lyons   v.    CahiU,    12    N.    Y.    Civ.  Abb.  X.  C.   144,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

Proc.  Rep.  72.  Rep.  365,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479,  27  N.  Y. 

^""Sweeney   v.    ^Yhite,    10   :\Iisc.    29,  Supp.  980;  Kuhn  v.  Singer  Mfg.  Co. 

63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  242,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  18  Misc.  568,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  461. 

1051;   Ostrander  v.  Harper,  14  How.  ^^Steinierg  v.  Rosenthal,   17  Misc. 

Pr.  16.  53,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  1132. 


340  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

teen  years,  and  in  that  case  by  the  affidavit  of  his  guardian  ap- 
pointed in  said  action,  and  supported  by  a  certificate  of  a  coun- 
selor at  law,  to  the  effect  that  he  has  examined  the  case,  and  is 
of  the  opinion  that  the  applicant  has  a  good  cause  of  action." 

Section  464  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure:  "The  petition 
must  contain  the  same  matters,  respecting  the  ability  of  the 
petitioner,  required  to  be  contained  in  a  petition  for  leave  to 
prosecute  as  a  poor  person ;  and  it  must  be  supported  by  a  simi- 
lar certificate,  relating  to  the  defense." 

A  petition  upon  an  application  to  be  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor 
person,  which  alleges  the  facts  upon  which  the  action  is  to  be 
based,  and  the  poverty  of  the  petitioner,  makes  a  prima  facie 
case  for  the  granting  of  the  order.^*'  An  application  by  an  ad- 
ministrator for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person  must  show  the  finan- 
cial condition  of  the  estate ;  merely  showing  the  poverty  of  the 
petitioner  is  not  sufficient.^^  The  plaintiff  must  satisfy  the  court 
that  he  has  a  good  cause  of  action.  This  is  not  done  by 
setting  forth  in  general  terms  in  the  complaint  and  the  petition 
the  cause  of  action,  upon  information  and  belief,  without  giving 
the  sources  of  his  information  and  the  grounds  of  his  belief, 
when  the  defendant  produces  affidavits  of  eye-witnesses,  which 
show  that  the  plaintiff  cannot  recover.-" 

Upon  his  application  the  plaintiff'  need  not  go  into  the  merits 
of  the  case,  nor  prove  his  right  to  recover.^^  The  truth  of  the 
facts  alleged  in  the  petition  and  the  sufficiency  of  the  plaintiff's 
cause^of  action  can  be  controverted  by  affidavits  only.  The  an- 
swer cannot  be  used  as  an  opposing  affidavit,  because  that  creates 
the  issues  merely.-^     The  plaintiff  sufficiently  states  the  nature 

=*ro«M<7  V.  ^^assau  Electric  R.  Co.  -^Kahn  v.  Singer  Mfg.  Co.  18  ]\Iisc. 

34  App.  biv.  126,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  fiOO.  568,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  461 :  McXamara 

^Daus  V.  \itssberger,  25  App.  Div.  v.  Nolan,  13  Misc.  76,  25  N.  Y.  Civ. 

185,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  291.  Proc.   Rep.   35.   68   N.   Y.   S.   R.   229, 

^^SaUzman    v.    Northrop,    18    Misc.  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  178. 

353,   41    N.   Y.    Supp.   547 ;    Beyer   v.  "Kahn  v.  Singer  Mfg.  Co.  18  Misc. 

Clark,  29  Abb.  N.   C.  338,  22  N.  Y.  568,   42   X.   Y.    Supp.   461  ;    Beyer  v. 

Supp.  540.  Clark,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  338,  22  N.  Y. 


COSTS  IK  ACTIONS  IN  FORMA  PAUPJililS.  341 

of  the  action  by  a  reference  to  the  complaint,  which  has  already 
been  served. ^^  When  the  defendant  has  moved  for  security  for 
costs  and  the  plaintiff  makes  a  motion  to  be  allowed  to  sue  as  a 
poor  per>^on,  the  granting  of  the  plaintiff's  motion  is  a  denial  of 
the  defendant's  by  which  he  is  bound,  unless  he  appeals.^*^  If 
the  defendant  has  obtained  an  order  compelling  the  plaintiff  to 
give  security  for  costs,  the  plaintiff  can  make  a  motion  to  vacate 
that  motion  and  to  be  allo^ved  to  sue  as  a  poor  person.^''  But  a 
judge  who  has  granted  an  order  ex  parte,  allowing  the  plaintiff 
to  sue  as  a  poor  person,  cannot  set  aside  such  an  order,  unless  it 
is  made  to  appear  that  some  material  fact  was  misstated,  or  some 
fact  has  been  suppressed  which,  if  brought  to  the  attention  of 
the  court,  would  have  required  the  judge  to  refuse  such  applica- 
tion.^^ The  fact  that  the  plaintiff  has  been  defeated  in  a  former 
action  upon  the  same  cause  is  properly  considered  by  the  court 
uiDon  the  question  whether  the  plaintiff  has  a  meritorious  cause 
of  action,  but  the  fact  of  the  adverse  decision  of  the  former  case 
is  not  a  bar  to  the  application  for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person.^® 
268.  Right  to  be  thus  allowed  to  sue,  lost  by  laches. —  In  those 
courts  where  it  is  held  that  the  right  to  sue  in  forma  pauperis 
may  be  lost  by  laches,  it  has  been  held  that  a  motion  for  leave  to 
prosecute  as  a  poor  person,  where  there  has  been  unreasonable 
delay  in  making  the  application,  has  been  denied  for  laches 
under  the  following  conditions :  Where  the  application  was  not 
made  till  one  year  after  the  joinder  of  issue  ;^^^  where  the  appli- 
cation was  not  made  till  three  years  after  the  joinder  of  issue  f^ 

Supp.    .540;    McGUIicuddy    v.    Kings  Rep.  36.5,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  479.  27  N.  Y. 

County  Elev.  R.  Co.  10  Misc.  21,  62  Siipp.  980. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  648,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  833.  "^P^^^"   v.    Second  Ave.   R.    Co.    20 

^'McGilUcuddy    V.     K\nqs     County  -^PP"  ^^''-  ^^^'  ^6  N.  Y.  Supp.  807. 

Elev.  R.  Co.  10  Misc.  21,  62  N.  Y.  S.  ,  'Z''''y     "";.•  ^"^*""     Electric    R. 

R.  648,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  833.  ^^'o        ^^^'            ''"'  ""  ""■  ^'  ^"^'■ 

^Hays  V.  Knickerbocker  Ice  Co.  20  ^Alexander  v.  Meyers.  8  Daly,  112. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  61.  ^Sweeney   v.    White,    10   Misc.   29, 


Abb 


Shapiro  v.  Burns,  7  Misc.  418,  31    63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  242,  30  N.  Y.  Supp 
..  X.  C.   144,  23  N.   Y.  Civ.  Proc.    1051. 


34-2  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YOEK. 

and  where  the  case  had  been  referred  and  iioticed  for  trial."^ 
The  application  of  an  infant  by  his  guardian  ad  litem,  who  has 
been  ordered  to  give  security  for  costs,  and  the  trial  actually  com- 
menced, Avill  be  denied  for  laches.^^ 

If  the  plaintiff  neglects  to  serve  a  copy  of  the  order,  he  must 
present  it  to  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs ;  otherwise,  he 
will  lose  all  his  rights  under  the  order.^* 

A  person  suing  in  forma  pauperis  may  appeal  from  the  judg- 
ment or  order,  but  he  will  be  liable  for  the  costs  of  the  appeal  if 
he  is  beaten,  because  the  immunity  from  costs  does  not  apply 
to  the  costs  of  an  appeal  unless  the  person  suing  in  forma  pau- 
peris is  the  respondent.'"^^ 

269.  Designation  and  duties  of  attorney  assigned  to  conduct  an 
action  for  a  poor  person. —  The  order  should  contain  the  name  of 
the  counsel  who  is  assigned  as  required  by  §  460  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  and  also  the  provision  that  he  should  serve 
without  compensation.^®  If  tiie  order  does  not  contain  this  pro- 
vision it  is  fatally  defective.^'^ 

The  court  is  not  required  to  assign  an  attorney  designated  by 
the  party, ^^  and  should  assign  an  attorney  w^ho  makes  applica- 
tion to  be  the  attorney  in  tlie  action  only  in  exceptional  cases, 
and  then  only  wdien  it  clearly  appears  that  the  party  knows  that 
the  attorney  is  bound  to  act  without  compensation,  and  tJie  at- 
torney agrees  to  so  act.^^     An  agreement  whereby  the  attorney 

^Tlorence  v.  Bulldey,  1  Duer,  705,  21Z;0strander   v.    Harper,    14   How. 

12  N.  Y.  Legal  Obs.  28.  Pr.  16;  Moore  v.  Coolcy,  2  Hill,  412; 

^Glasberg  v.  Dry  Dock  E.  B.  d  B.  McDonald    v.    Banlc    for    Savings,    2 

R.  Co.  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  50.  How.    Pr.    35.       Contra,    Whelan    v. 

^Neugrosche  v.  Manhattan  K.  Co.  Whelan,  3  Cow.  537. 

1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302;  Oales  v.  High,  11  """Daus  v.  Nussberger,  25  App.  Div. 

Misc.  313,  05  N.  Y.  S.  R.  497,  32  N.  185,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  291. 

Y.  Supp.  289;  Johnston  v.  Green,  3  ^'Rutlousky     v.     Cohen,     74     App. 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  342.  Div.  415,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  546. 

^Uayden  v.    Hayden,   8   App.   Div.  ^Hehnprecht    v.    Bowen,    87    Hun, 

547,  40  N.  Y.   Supp.   865;    Morse  v.  362,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  1141. 

Troy,  38  Hun,  301;   Code  Civ.  Proc.  ^niarris  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  20 

§  -166;  Lyons  v.  Murat,  54  How.  Pr.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  192,  37  N.  Y. 

24,  368;  Bolton  v.  Gardner,  3  Paige,  S.  R.  599,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  718;  Cahill 


COSTS  liS'  ACTIONS  IX  FOUMA  PALTEKIS.  -34:3 

is  to  receive  a  part  of  the  recovery  is  fatal  to  the  application.'*'' 
The  attoniey  is,  however,  entitled  to  any  costs  awarded  in  the 
actioii,  subject  to  the  power  of  the  court  to  distribute  them.*^ 
If  he  retains  anything  beyond  that,  his  client  may  compel  him 
to  pay  it  over.^-  When  the  plaintiff  suing  as  a  poor  person  re- 
covers a  judgment  which  does  not  cany  costs,  he  can  enter  a 
judg-ment  for  the  amount  of  the  recovery  without  the  addition 
of  an}'  costs.^^  The  motion  for  leave  to  sue  as  a  poor  person 
will  be  denied  wliere  it  appears  that  the  attorney  has  agreed  to 
conduct  the  case  without  expense  to  the  plaintiff,  because  then 
the  plaintiff  does  not  need  statutory  assistance  in  defraying  the 
expenses  of  the  litigation.^'* 

270.  Stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs  that  have  accrued  at  the  time 
of  granting  the  order. —  Liability  for  costs  in  a  fonner  suit  did 
not  prevent  the  plaintiff  from  obtaining  the  order  under  the  Re- 
vised Statutes,'*^  nor  under  §  461  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure.'*^ But  such  an  order  does  not  relieve  him  from  paying 
costs  that  have  already  accrued  in  tliis  action,  and  he  would  be 
stayed  for  the  nonpayment  thereof,  the  same  as  in  any  other 
case.^^ 

271.  Effect  of  order  allowing  a  party  to  sue  as  a  poor  person. — 
Sec.  461  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure :  "A  person  so  admitted 
may  prosecute  his  action  without  paying  fees  to  any  officer ;  and 
he  shall  not  be  prevented  from  prosecuting  the  same,  by  reason 
of  his  being  liable  for  the  costs  of  a  former  action  brought  by 
him  against  the  same  defendant.  If  judgment  is  rendered 
against  him,  or  his  complaint  is  dismissed,  costs  shall  not  be 
awarded  against  him." 

V.   Manhattan   R.   Co.   38   App.   Div.        **Doicns  v.  Farley,   18  Abb.  N.  C. 

314,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  10.  464.  12  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  119. 

"C'o/ti'H   V.    Manhattan   R.    Co.    38        ^'Roherti  v.  Carlton,   18   How.  Pr. 

App.  Div.  314,   57   N.   Y.   Supp.    10;  466. 
Joyce  V.  Cooper,  17  Jones  &  S.  115.        ^'^Rosa   v.    Second  Ave.   R.    Co.   20 

"  Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  407.  App.  Div.  334,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  807. 

*'Re  Kelly,  12  Daly,  110.  *'Lyo)is  v.  Miirat,  54  How.  Pr.  24, 

*^WeJtman  v.  Posenecker,  19  Misc.  368;  Broion  v.  Story,  1  Paige,  588. 
592,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  406. 


344  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

272.  Terms  upon  opening  a  default.—  Where  a  person  suing 
in  forma  pawperis  allows  his  complaint  to  be  dismissed  by  de- 
fault the  case  will  not  be  restored  until  the  plaintiff  pays  costs  of 
the  trial,  and  motion  costs,  $40.^^ 

273.  Power  of  the  court  to  impose  the  payment  of  costs  as  con- 
dition of  granting  a  favor. —  The  court  can  impose  costs  upon  a 
party  suing  in  forma  pauperis,  as  a  condition  of  granting  a 
favor, — such  as  allowing  an  amendment  to  the  complaint  after  a 
reversal  by  the  appellate  court  of  a  judgment  in  favor  of  the 
plaintiff.  This  may  be  imposed,  although  the  costs,  as  taxed, 
and  which  the  plaintiff  is  directed  to  pay  as  a  condition  of 
amending  his  complaint,  are  larger  than  the  judgment  re- 
versed.^^  The  court  may  also  impose  terms  upon  allowing  the 
plaintiff'  to  discontinue  after  he  has  been  allowed  to  sue  as  a  poor 
person.*^"  ,  He  may  also  be  charged  with  costs  incurred  in  set- 
ting aside  his  proceedings  for  irregularity,  or  for  a  contempt,  or 
for  striking  out  scandalous  or  impertinent  matter.''^ 

^Elioin    V.    JRouth,    1    N.    Y.    Civ.  '^"Parkinson  v.   f^cntt,  5  Misc.   261, 

Proe.  Rep.  131;   Neugrosche  v.  Man-  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  102,  .31  Abb.  X.  C.  44. 

hattan  It.  Co.  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302.  '^^ Richardson      v.      Richardson,      5 

"Coi/ie    V.    Third   Ave.    R.    Co.    19  Pnige,  58. 
Misc.  345,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  499. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES. 

274.  Statute. 

275.  In  general. 

276.  When  the  application  for  an  additional  allowance  should  be  made. 

277.  Defense  must  be  interposed. 

278.  Allowance  when  the  complaint  is  dismissed. 

279.  —  upon  the  discontinuance  of  an  action. 

280.  — upon  offer  of  judgment. 
28L  — upon  overruling  a  demurrer. 

282.  To  whom  application  must  be  made. 

283.  Power  of  referee  to  grant  an  additional  allowance. 

284.  Upon  what  papers  the  application  should  be  made. 

285.  Allowance  when  both  parties  succeed. 

28(3.  — when    the    court    of    appeals    renders    judgment    absolute    upon    a 
stipulation. 

287.  Number  of  allowances  in  an  action. 

288.  What  determines  the  fact  that  an  action  is  difficult  and  extraordinary. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Dillicult  question  of  law. 
c.  Dilhcult  question  of  fact. 
(J.  Length  of  time  of  triaL 

e.  More  than  one  trial. 

f.  Eminence  of  counsel. 

g.  Other  considerations. 

289.  What    determines    the    fact     that    the     action    is     not    difficult     and 

extraordinary. 

a.  Simple  question  of  law  or  fact. 

b.  Length  of  time  of  trial. 

c.  Difficult  and  extraordinary  question  decided  against  the  prevail- 

ing party. 

d.  Other  considerations. 

290.  How  the  allowance  can  be  reviewed. 

291.  Discretion  in  making  allowance  reviewed  by  what  courts. 

292.  Necessity  of  general  costs. 

293.  By  what  statute  governed. 

294.  Power  of  the  court  over  the  allowance. 

295.  Amount  claimed  in  the  pleadings. 

29(3.  Jlotive  of  plaintifl'  in  commencing  the  action. 

297.  Allowance  in  taxpayer's  action. 

298.  Actions  to  apportion  a  tax  or  assessment. 

345 


346  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

299.  Real  actions. 

a.  Basis  of  an  allowance  in  an  action  on  a  lease. 
6.  —  in  injunction  actions. 

c.  —  in  actions  for  specific  performance. 

d.  —  in  ejectment  actions. 

e.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  nuisances. 
^.  —  in  actions  for  trespass. 

g.  — in  actions  against  railroads. 

h.  —  in  partition  actions. 

t.  —  in  mortgage  foreclosures. 

j.  —  in  actions  to  set  aside  transfers  as  fraudulent. 

300.  Allowance  in  actions  against  corporations. 

301.  — in  actions  relating  to  a  fund. 

302.  —  in  actions  relating  to  wills. 

303.  ■ —  actions  upon  insurance  policies. 

304.  —  in  actions  in  relation  to  annuities. 

305.  — in  actions  relating  to  the  capital  stock  of  corporations. 
30G.  —  in  actions  to  recover  damages  for  negligently  causing  death. 

307.  — in  partnership  accountings. 

308.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  use  of  trademarks. 

309.  — when  the  defendant  sets  up  a  counterclaim. 

310.  Effect  of  the  defendant  winning  by  pleading  the  statute' of  limitations. 

311.  Actions  in  which  there  is  no  basis  for  an  additional  allowance. 

a.  In  general. 
6.  Quo  warranto. 

c.  Actions  to  restrain  the  use  of  a  trademark. 

d.  Real  actions. 

e.  Actions  for  injunctions. 

f.  Actions  in  relation  to  wills. 

g.  Actions  for  an  accounting. 
h.  Matrimonial  actions. 

t.  Actions  in  forma  pauperis, 
j.  Various  cases. 

312.  Wliat  is  a  proper  allowance. 

o.  In  general. 

6.  Allowances  to  guardians  ad  litem. 

c.  — ^in  taxpayer's  actions. 

d.  —  in  actions  in  relation  to  wills. 

e.  — various  cases. 

313.  Allowances  in  special  proceedings. 

314.  Additional  allowances  as  a  matter  of  right. 

315.  Additional  allowances  in  attachment  actions. 

274.  statute. —  The  statute  governing  these  allowances  Is  con- 
tained in  §§  3253  and  3254  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 
Sec.  3253  :  ''In  an  action  brought  to  foreclose  a  mortgage  upon 


ADDITIONAL  ALI,OWANCES.  347 

real  property,  or  for  the  partition  of  real  property,  or  in  a  dif- 
ficult and  extraordinary  case  (where  a  defense  has  been  inter- 
posed, in  an  action)  ;  or,  except  in  the  first  and  second  judicial 
districts,  in  a  special  proceeding  by  certiorari  to  review  an  as- 
sessment, under  ai-ticle  11  of  chapter  908  of  the  Laws  of  1896, 
and  the  acts  amending  the  same,  the  court  may  also,  in  its  dis- 
cretion, award  to  any  party  a  further  sum,  as  follows : 

"1.  In  an  action  to  foreclose  a  mortgage,  a  sum  not  exceeding 
2y2  per  cent  upon  the  sum  due  or  claimed  to  be  due  upon  the 
mortgage,  nor  the  aggregate  sum  of  $200. 

"2.  In  any  action  or  special  proceeding  specified  in  this  sec- 
tion where  a  defense  has  been  interposed,  or  in  an  action  for 
the  partition  of  real  property,  a  sum  not  exceeding  5  per  cent 
upon  the  sum  recovered  or  claimed,  or  the  value  of  the  subject- 
matter  involved." 

Sec.  3254:  ^'But  all  the  sums  awarded  to  the  plaintiff,  as 
prescribed  in  §  3252  of  this  act,  or  to  a  party,  or  two  or  more 
pr.rties  on  the  same  side,  as  prescribed  in  the  last  sentence  of 
§  3251  of  this  act,  and  in  subdivision  2  of  the  last  section,  can- 
not exceed,  in  the  aggregate,  $2,000." 

Rule  45  of  the  General  Rules  of  Practice  provides  that  the 
"applications  for  an  additional  allowance  can  only  be  made  to 
the  court  before  which  the  trial  is  had,  or  the  judgment  rendered, 
and  shall  in  all  cases  be  made  before  final  costs  are  adjusted." 

It  will  be  seen  that  an  allowance  may  be  made  under  this 
section  in  three  classes  of  actions. 

1.  In  an  action  brought  to  foreclose  a  mortgage  upon  real 
property. 

2.  In  an  action  for  the  partition  of  real  property. 

3.  In  any  difficult  and  extraordinaiy  case,  where  a  defense 
has  been  interposed. 

275.  In  general. — It  is  the  policy  of  the  law  in  granting  an 
additional  allowance,  to  prevent  them  from  being  infiicted  by 
way  of  penalties  upon  parties  in  needy  or  even  moderate  circum- 


348  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

stances.  This  would  close  the  doors  of  the  courts  to  many  of 
tliis  class  of  people,  because  tlie  risk  of  being  made  to  pay  such 
an  allowance  would  deter  many  from  bringing  an  action,  on  what 
they  considered  a  good  cause  of  action.  To  people  of  affluent 
circumstances  this  is  of  little  consequence,  but  to  the  others, 
who  are  much  the  larger  class,  it  is  not  only  discouraging,  but 
also  impoverishing.-^  The  question  of  whether  an  additional  al- 
lowance will  be  granted  or  not,  and,  if  granted,  how  much,  will 
be  decided  on  the  facts  of  each  case.  The  amount  will  be  what 
would  be  a  moderate  counsel  fee  for  tliat  case.  Some  courts 
have  refused  to  grant  it  for  the  purpose  of  paying  counsel  feei^ 
to  lawyers  from  abroad.-  It  is  given  for  the  trouble  incurred 
in  the  trial  of  an  action,  and  not  for  appeals.^  The  court  in 
exercising  its  discretion  will  take  into  account  the  fact  that  the 
defeated  party  has  been  compelled  to  pay  more  than  the  ordi- 
nary costs, — as,  where  two  defendants  in  good  faith  severed  their 
defense  ;"*  or  that  the  granting  of  an  allowance  will  be  to  practi- 
cally compel  a  third  person  to  pay  it,- — as  in  case  of  granting  an 
additional  allowance  against  an  insolvent  sa\angs  bank.'^ 

An  allowance  cannot  be  made  upon  the  stipulation  that  it 
will  be  waived  if  the  defeated  party  does  not  take  an  appeal,  be- 
cause that  is  practically  a  fine  of  that  amount,  imposed  upon 
the  defeated  party  for  apjiealing  from  the  judgment.® 

276.  When  the  application  for  an  additional  allowance  should 
be  made. —  Application    for    an    additional    allowance  must   be 

Wan  Brunt  v.  Van  Brunt,  14  X.  Y.  'Tillman    v.    Powell,    13   How.    Pr. 

S.  R.  887.  117;     Mattheicson    v.    Thompson,    9 

-Schvartz    v.     Poiighlcepsie    Mut.  Ho\v.  Pr.  231. 

F.  Ins.  Co.  10  How.  Pr.  93.  'Hurd  v.  Farmers'  Loan   d-  T.   Co. 

Hlormet   v.    Merz,    30    Abb.    N.    C.  16  N.  Y.   Week.  Dig.   480;   Kelly  v. 

281,   54   X.  Y.   S.   R.   322,  24  N.  Y.  Chenango  Valley  Sav.  Bank,  45  N.  Y. 

Supp.  485;    Wolfe  v.   Van  Nostrand,  Supp.  658. 

2   N.   Y.   570:    Eldridge  v.   Strenz,   7  "Thames    Loan    d-   T.   Co.   v.    Haye- 

Jones  &   S.   295;    Parrott  v.  Sawyer,  meyer,   38    App.    Div.    449,   50   N.   Y. 

26  Hun,  466 ;  People  v.  New  York  C.  Supp.  689. 
R.  Co.  29  N.  Y.  418,  Further  Appeal, 
30  How.  Pr.  148. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  349 

made  "before  the  entry  of  final  judgment,^  except  in  partition 
actions,  when  the  application  should  not  be  made  until  after  the 
€11  try  of  final  judgment.^  It  is  nsually  made  at  the  close  of  the 
trial,  and,  when  granted,  the  additional  allowance  is  included 
in  the  bill  of  costs  and  inserted  as  a  part  of  the  judgment.^  If 
not  made  at  that  time,  it  mnst  be  made  on  notice.  Upon  such 
motions  it  is  not  usual  to  hear  affidavits  of  counsel.-^*' 

The  court  may,  when  the  verdict  is  rendered  grant  an  addi- 
tional allowance  to  the  successful  party,  although  the  attorney 
for  the  defeated  party  is  not  in  court  at  the  time.^^  "Wliere  the 
judge  at  the  trial  takes  the  question  of  such  an  allowance  under 
consideration,  and  does  not  make  his  decision  thereon  till  the 
attorney  for  the  defeated  party,  and  one  of  his  clients,  are  dead, 
tjie  court  will  not  disturb  the  allowance  granted  and  entered  in 
ignorance  of  such  deaths.^ ^  On  a  motion  properly  noticed  for 
final  judgment  in  a  foreclosure  action  the  court  may  grant  the 
moving  party  a  further  allowance.-'^  But  an  order  in  such  an 
action,  made  before  a  reference  to  compute  the  amount  due  has 
been  had,  directing  that  the  plaintiff  have  an  additional  allow- 
ance, without  further  notice  upon  the  coming  in  of  the  referee's 
report,  is  unauthorized  and  should  be  reversed.^  ^  In  equity 
cases  it  is  usual  to  allow  or  disallow  an  additional  allowance  in 

^General    Rules    of    Prcactice.    45;  3    N.    Y.    Code   Eep.    192;    Hoive   v. 

Williams   v.   Western   V.    Teleg.    Co.  Muir,  4  How.  Pr.  252,  3  N.  Y.  Code 

61  How.  Pr.  305;    Martin  v.  McCor-  Eep.  21;   Woodriiff  v.  Netv  York,  L. 

mack,  3  Sandf.  755,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  E.  d-  W.  R.  Co.  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  7,  10 

N.   S.   214;    Clarke  v.   Rochester,  29  X.  Y.  Supp.  305. 

How.  Pr.  97;  Beats  v.  Benjamin,  29  ^^Gillespy    v.    Bilbrough,    15    App. 

How.  Pr.  101.  Div.  212,  44  K  Y.  Supp.  260;   Mit- 

^Wimne  v.  Fanning,   19  Misc.   410,  chell  v  Hall,   7   How.   Pr.   490;    Van 

44  N.  Y.  Supp.  262;  Saffron  v.  Saff-  Rensselaer  v.  Kidd,  5  How.  Pr.  242, 

ron.  11  N.  Y  S.  R.  471.  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  294. 

^People  V.  New  York  C.  R.  Co.  29  "Arthur  v.  Schrici-er,  28  Jones  & 

X.  Y.  418,  Further  Appeal,  30  How.  S.  59,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  610. 

Pr.  148.  ^^Walsh  v.  Weidenfeld,  3  Daly,  334. 

^"Mitchell  V.  Hall,  7  How.  Pr.  490;  ^'Citizens'  Sav.  Bank  v.  Bauer,  49 

Mann  v.  Ti/ler,  6  How.  Pr.  235,  N.  Y.  Hun.  238,   14  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

Code  Rep.  N.  S.  382;  Saratoga  d-  W.  340,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  541,  17  N. 

R.   Co.   V.   McCoy,   9   How.   Pr.   339;  Y.  S.  R.  81.  1  X.  Y.  Supp.  450. 
2fiver  v.   Rossman,  5  How.  Pr.   153, 


350  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

tho  conclusions  of  law.^^  An  application  for  an  additional  al- 
lowance, made  after  final  costs  have  been  adjusted,  but  before 
the  adjustment  of  other  costs  awarded  upon  an  application  to 
open  a  default,  is  made  too  late.^^  A  long  delay  in  moving  for 
an  additional  allowance  will  be  deemed  a  waiver  of  the  right  to 
such  an  allowance, ^^ 

The  court  has  power  to  set  aside  a  taxation  of  costs,  so  that 
an  application  for  an  additional  allowance  can  be  made  before 
the  taxation  of  costs,  when  it  is  alleged  that  costs  were  taxed  in- 
advertently;^^ or  where  the  successful  party  taxed  his  costs 
under  the  impression  that  he  was  entitled  to  the  additional  al- 
lowance granted  on  a  former  trial,  and,  upon  the  discovery  of 
his  mistake,  moved  to  set  aside  the  taxation.^^  But  where  the 
plaintilt  deliberately  taxed,  by  consent  5  per  cent  of  his  recov- 
ery as  an  additional  allowance,  the  court  will  not  set  aside  the 
taxation  of  costs,  so  that  he  may  make  an  application  for  an  al- 
lowance upon  the  counterclaim  which  he  defeated.  He  has  made 
his  election  and  must  abide  by  it.^°  AATiere  a  party  desires  a  re- 
argument  in  the  appellate  court  after  judgment  absolute  has 
been  entered  upon  the  remittitur,  and  the  new  remittitur  is  sent 
tf)  the  appellate  court  and  again  returned  to  the  court  of  original 
jurisdiction,  the  prevailing  party,  before  again  entering  judg- 
ment, may  make  a  motion  for  an  additional  allowance.^^ 

277.  Defense  must  be  interposed. —  There  can  be  no  allowance 
under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  unless  a  defense 
has  been  interposed  in  the  action. ^^     This  was  so  under  the  Code 

^^Gurney     v.     Unwn     Transfer     &  -"Mattheics  v.  Maison,  3  X.  Y.  Civ. 

Storage   Co.   25   .Tones   &   S.   444,    29  Proc.  Rep.  157. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  274,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  549.  -'Trimm  v.   Marsh,  2   Hun,   383,  4 

"Jones    V.     Wakefield,    21    N.    Y.  Thomp.  &  C.  577. 

Week.  Dig.  287.  --Kritm   v.   Steele,   7   N.   Y.   Week. 

"Co7n7nissio7iers  of  Pilots  v.  Spof-  Dig.    472;     Citizens'    Sav.    Bank    v. 

ford,  49  How.  Pr.  28.  Bauer,   49   Hun,   238,    14  N.   Y.   Civ. 

''Dietz  V.  Parish,  11  Jones  &  S.  87.  Proc.  Rep.  340,  28  N.  Y.  W^eek.  Dig. 

'"Thompson    v.    8t.    Nicholas    Nat.  541,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  81,  1  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Bank.   54  Hun,   393,  27   X.  Y,   S.  R.  450. 
ISO.  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  491. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  351 

of  Procedure.^'  Prior  to  the  amendment  of  tlic  Code  of  Pro- 
cedure by  chap.  615  of  the  Laws  of  1865,  an  allowance  could  be 
granted  by  the  court  in  difficult  and  extraordinary  cases,  only 
where  a  trial  had  been  had.  Code  Proc.  §  309,  as  amended 
by  Laws  1857,  chap.  723,  §  14.  But  now  an  allowance  may 
be  granted  in  such  cases  if  a  defense  has  been  interposed  in  the 
action. 

An  allowance  can  be  granted  where  there  has  been  no  trial. 
The  allowance  is  not  given  as  a  counsel  fee  for  trying  the 
cause,^^  but  on  account  of  the  difficult  and  extraordinary  charac- 
ter of  the  case.^''  The  only  effect  of  want  of  litigation  on  the 
trial  would  be  to  reduce  the  amount  of  the  allowance,  not  to  de- 
feat it  altogether.^*^ 

278.  Allowance  when  the  complaint  is  dismissed. —  Therefore 
an  allowance  can  be  granted  when  the  complaint  is  dismissed 
upon  the  call  of  the  calendar,^'''  or  for  nonprosecution,^^  or  upon 
a  regular  default,^^  or  where  the  plaintiif  submits  to  a  nonsuit 
on  the  ruling  by  the  judge  upon  his  opening,^*^  or  where  the 
plaintiff  submits  to  a  nonsuit  while  the  defendant's  attorney  is 
addressing  the  jury.'^^  Bat  where  an  equity  case  is  put  on  the 
trial  term  calendar  for  the  trial  of  certain  issues,  and  is  stricken 
from  the  calendar  as  on  a  default,  costs  are  not  allowed  the  de- 
fendant ;  neither  can  an  additional  allowance  be  granted.^^ 

279.  —  upon  the  discontinuance  of  an  action. —  An  allowance 
can  be  granted  where  the  action  has  been  discontinued  either 

^^Rmidolph    V.     Foster,     3     E.     D.  -^Mora  v.   Great  ^Ycstern  Ins.  Co. 

Smith,  648,  4  Abb.  Pr.  262.  10  Bosw.  622. 

""nrQiiade  v.    'New   York   &   E.   R.  -'"Wood    v.    Illinois    C.    R.    Co.    20 

Co.  5  Duer,  613,  11  How.  Pr.  434.  How.  Pr.  285;    Shiels  v.  Wortmann, 

""^Dodd  V.  Curri/,  4  How.  Pr.   123;  30   N.   Y.   S.   R.    173,   8   N.   Y.   Supp. 

Laiprence  v.  Davis,  7  How.  Pr.  354;  199. 

Shannon  v.  Broiccr,  2  Abb.  Pr.  377.  ^'Allaire    v.    Lee,    4    Duer,    609,    1 

"Rogers  v.  Degen,  4  Bosw.  669,  19  Abb.  N.  C.  125. 

How.  Pr.  119,  10  Abb.  Pr.  313.  "'Toch  v.  Toch,  9  App.  Div.  501,  41 

"Rogers  v.  Degcn,  4  Bosw.  669,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  353. 
How.  Pr.  119.  10  Abb.  Pr.  313. 

""Mills  V.   Watson,   13   Jones   &   S. 
.->91. 


352  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

upon  stipulation,  which  leaves  the  matter  of  an  allowance  to  be 
disposed  of  by  the  court,  or  upon  an  order  obtained  ex  parte,^^  or 
upon  an  order  obtained  upon  notice.'"^^  An  additional  allowance 
can  be  granted  upon  the  discontinuance  by  the  plaintiff  after 
serving  an  amended  complaint,  and  before  the  service  of  the  de- 
fendant's answer  thereto,  an  issue  having  been  joined  by  answer 
to  the  original  complaint.^ ^ 

An  additional  allowance  can  be  granted  where  an  order  per- 
mitted the  plaintiff  to  discontinue  on  payment  of  costs,  to  be 
taxed  by  the  clerk  f^  or  where  the  parties  agreed  to  discontinue 
an  action  upon  the  payment  of  costs.^^  An  additional  allowance 
may  be  granted  as  a  condition  of  discontinuance,  where  there  is 
an  objection  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court.^^  Receiving  taxa- 
ble costs,  up  to  the  time  of  the  discontinuance  obtained  ex  parte, 
does  not  prejudice  a  pending  motion  for  additional  allowance.^^ 
The  receiving  of  disbursements  and  costs,  without  reserving  the 
right  to  move  for  additional  allowances,  will  be  a  bar  to  such  an 
application.^" 

280.  —  upon  offer  of  judgment. —  An  allowance  can  be  gi-anted 
upon  a  judgment  entered  upon  an  offer  of  judgment.^^     The 

^^Angier    v.    Hager.    51    App.    Div.  "^'ew  York  Hospital  Soc.  v.   Coe, 

171,  64  N.  Y.  Siipp.  092;  Folsom  v.  15  Hun,  440;  Coffin  v.  Coke,  4  Hun, 

Vmi  Wagner,  14  Abb.   Pr.  N.  S.  44,  616. 

7  Lans.  309.  ^^Broicn    v.    Safeguard   Ins.    Co.    7 

^*Hoivell  V.   Miller,    12   Daly,   277;  Abb.  Pr.  345. 

Harlem,    M.    &    F.    R.    Co.    v.    West-  -moult on  v.  Beeclier,  11  Hun,  192, 

Chester,  143  N.  Y.  59,  60  N.  Y.  S.  R.  53   How.   Pr.   86,  Affirming  52  How. 

349,  37  N.  E.  634;  Lockwood  v.  Sal-  Pr.  230,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  193. 

mon  River  Paper  Co.  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^"Lockman    v.    Ellis,    58  How.  Pr. 

303,   20  N.  Y.   Supp.  974;   StaUman  100. 

V.  Kimherly,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  813,   11  ^'Safety    Steam    Generator    Co.  v. 

X.  Y.  Supp.  518.  Dickson  Mfg.  Co.  61  Hun,  335,  21  N. 

^nioulton  V.  Beecher,  11  Hun,  192,  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  329,  40  N.  Y.  S. 

53  How.   Pr.  86.  Affirming  52   How.  R.  601,  16  X.  Y.  Supp  32;  Coates  v. 

Pr.  230,  1  Abb.  X.  C.  193.  Goddard,  2  Jones  &  S.  118;  Wing  v. 

''"Brown   v.    Safeguard   Ins.    Co.    7  De  Laliionda,  126  N.  Y.  680,  28  N. 

Abb.  Pr.  345;  Bright  v.  Mihvauker  &  E.  223. 
St.  P.  R.  Co.  1  Abb.  X.  C.  14;  Roiins 
V,  Gould,  1  Abb.  X.  C.  133;  Bryan  V. 
Dtirrie,  6  Abb.  X.  C.  135. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  353 

contrary  has  been  held  at  special  term,  hut  this  must  he  deemed 
U.  have  been  overruled  by  the  subsequent  decisions.'*^ 

281.  — upon  overruling  a  demurrer.— Upon  overruling  a  de- 
murrer, with  leave  to  the  party  to  plead  over  upon  payment  of 
costs,  the  majority  of  cases  hold  that  an  additional  allowance 
cannot  be  granted.*^  Where  the  court  of  appeals  has  held  that 
the  demurrer  to  the  complaint  was  insufficient,  and  ordered  judg- 
ment for  the  plaintiff,  with  leave  to  the  defendant  to  answer 
upon  payment  of  costs,  the  court  below  cannot  grant  an  addi- 
tional allowance  and  compel  the  defendant  to  pay  that.^^  But 
where  there  has  been  a  final  decision  upon  a  demurrer,  an  allow- 
ance can  be  granted.'*''  Or  where  a  demurrer  has  been  overruled, 
with  privilege  to  the  defendant  to  answer,  and  no  answer  is 
served,  an  allowance  can  be  granted  upon  the  final  judgment. ^^ 
An  additional  allowance  can  be  granted  upon  a  judgment  ren- 
dered upon  a  motion  for  judgment,  made  on  the  ground  that  the 
demurrer  was  frivolous."*'^  The  entry  of  an  interlocutory  judg- 
ment upon  the  decision  of  the  demurrer  is  not  a  bar  to  the 
successful  party  moving  for  an  additional  allowance.  The  judg- 
ment referred  to  in  General  Rule  45  is  the  final  judgment.^* 
But  where  a  demurrer  to  a  complaint  is  sustained  on  the  ground 
rhat  the  court  has  no  jurisdiction,  and  further  investigation  is 

"Pool  V.  Oshorn,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  S.  58 ;  Merchants'  Exch.  Nat.  Bank 
Rep.  232,  note;  Dadison  v.  Waring,  v.  Commercial  Warehouse  Co.  3 
fl  How.  Pr.  254.  .Jones  &  S.  214. 

*^Faij   V.    Muhllcer,    13    Daly,   314;        *^Lowry  v.  In7nan,  37  How.  'Pr.2S6, 
Merchants'  Exch.  Nat.  Bank  v.  Com-    6  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  394;  Victor  v.  Ilal- 
mercial  Warehouse  Co.  3  Jones  &  S.   stead,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  407,   14  N.  Y. 
214;   Hauselt    v.    Taussig,    3    N.  Y.    Supp.  516;  Kingsland  v.  New  York, 
Code  Rep.  23G;    De    Sf tickle    v.   Te-    52  Hun,  99,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 
huantepec    R.    Co.    30    Hun,    34,    65    323,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  497,  4  N.  Y.  Supp. 
How.  Pr.  288,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.    685 ;  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  v.  Har- 
410;      Eackett     v.     Equitable     Life   old,  30  Hun,  466. 
Assur.   /S'oc.   30  Misc.   530,  63  N.  Y.        ^'Darling    v.    Brewster,    55    N.  Y. 
Supp.    853;    Winne    v.    Fanning,    19    667;  Small  v.  Ludlow,  1  Hilt.  307. 
Misc.  410,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  262.     Con-        "First    Nat.     Bank     v.    Bush,    47 
tra,   Williams  v.  Kiernan,  4  Month.   How.  Pr.  78. 
L.  Bull.  41.  ^Abbey  v.   Wheeler,   57   App.   Div. 

"McDonald  v.  Mallory,  14  Jones  &    417,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  252. 
COSTS  23. 


354:  THJi  LAW    Oi-'  COSTS  liSI   NEW   YORK. 

necessary  to  fix  the  amount,  no  allowance  can  be  granted,  be- 
cause the  court  cannot  inquire  into  a  matter  over  which  it  hat^ 
no  jurisdiction.'*^ 

An  allowance  cannot  be  granted  till  all  the  issues  of  the  case 
are  settled,  where  some  defendants  answ^er  and  some  demur,  and 
then  only  on  notice  to  all  the  defendants,  because  only  $2,000 
additional  allowance  can  be  gTanted  to  all  of  the  parties  on  the 
same  side  of  a  f^ase.^° 

282.  To  whom  application  must  be  made. — The  allowance  must 
be  made  by  the  court,  and  not  by  the  justice  in  chambers.^^  The- 
provisions  of  §  769  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  must  pre- 
vail over  the  provisions  of  Rule  45.  Where  the  judge  who  pre- 
sided at  the  trial  of  the  case  makes  an  allowance  upon  a  motion 
made  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  §  769,  the  attorney  for  the- 
defeated  party  objecting  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  the  al- 
lowance will  be  set  aside.^^  The  application  for  additional  al- 
lowance must  be  made  to  the  court  before  which  the  trial  is 
had.^^  Where  the  motion  is  not  thus  made,  it  is  an  irregularity 
which  w'ill  be  deemed  waived  unless  objection  is  made  at  the  time 
of  the  application.^^  The  application  should  be  made  at  the 
term  at  which  the  case  is  tried,  or  before  the  justice  who  pre- 
sided.^'^  Where  a  complaint  is  dismissed  on  motion,  and  the 
judge  W'ho  granted  the  motion  has  had  presented  to  him  only  the 
facts  upon  which  the  motion  was  based,  the  reason  for  the  rule 

"•"Genet  v.  Delaware  d-  H.  Canal  Co.       "Wi7ei/  v.  Long  Island  R.   Co.  88 
57  Hun.  174,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.    Fun,  177,  68  N.  Y.  S.  E.  425,  34  N". 
82,  32   N.  Y.    S.    R.    209,   10  N.  Y.    Y.  Supp.  415. 
Siipp.  467.  "'Osborne  v.  Betts,  8  How.  Pr.  31; 

'"Bush  V.  O'Brien.  52  App.  Div.  Saratoga  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  McCoy,  9 
452,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  131.  How.   Pr.  339;   Dyclcman  v.  MeDon- 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3253;  General  aid,  5  How.  Pr.  121;  Van  Rensselaer 
Rules  of  Practice,  45 ;  Mann  v.  Tyler,  v.  Kidd,  5  How.  Pr.  242,  2  N.  Y. 
6  How.  Pr.  235.  Code    Rep.    224 ;    Saclcett   v.   Ball,   4 

^-II%in  V.  Salter,  92  N.  Y.  651;  Bear  How.  Pr.  71;  Flint  v.  Richardson,  2 
V.  American  Rapid  Teleg.  Co.  36  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  80;  Toch  v.  Toch^ 
Hun,  400.  9  App.  Div.  501,  41  N.  Y.  Supp.  353.. 

"Rule  452;   Hun  v.  Salter,  92  N. 
Y.  651. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWAA' CKS.  355 

that  the  application  must  be  made  to  the  judge  who  presided  at 
the  trial  ceases,  and  the  motion  may  be  made  before  any  other 
jiidge.^® 

Where  the  justice  who  presided  at  the  trial  passes  upon  the 
question  of  an  additional  allowance,  another  judge  at  the  special 
term  has  no  power  to  set  aside  or  reverse  it.  That  can  only  be 
done  by  appeal. ^^  A  party  is  not  entitled  to  an  additional  allow- 
ance unless  he  is  also  entitled  to  costs,  either  by  statute  or  l^y  a 
decision  of  the  court;  and  where,  in  an  equity  action,  the  trial 
justice  does  not  award  costs,  an  additional  allowance  cannot  be 
granted  by  another  justice.^'^  Such  justice  would  not  have  power 
to  grant  an  additional  allowance,  although  the  trial  justice  had 
granted  costs.  Where  costs  have  been  granted  by  the  trial  jus- 
tice and  another  justice  has  entertained  a  motion  for  an  addi- 
tional allowance,  the  latter  may  vacate  his  order,  whether  he 
gTanted  or  refused  an  additional  allowance,  and  direct  the  mo- 
tion for  additional  allowance  to  be  heard  before  the  trial  jus- 
tice. ^^ 

283.  Power  of  referee  to  grant  an  additional  allowance. — 
A  referee  awards  costs  in  an  action  referred  to  him  to  hear,  try, 
and  determine,  and  his  discretion  can  be  reviewed  only  by  ap- 
peal from  the  judgment;  but  an  additional  allowance  in  such 
an  action  is  gTanted  by  the  court,  the  referee  making  a  certifi- 
cate that  the  case  is  difficult  and  extraordinary.^'' 

284.  Upon  what  papers  the  application  should  be  made. —  It  is 

''Wilher  v.   Williams.  4  App.  Div.  Co.  70  Hun,  374,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

444,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  893:  HotaUng  v.  Rep.  180.  .54  KY.  S.  R.  286,  24  N.  Y. 

V.  Marsh,  14  Abb.  Pr.  161.  Supp.  422;  Couch  v.  Millard,  3  How. 

"■'Fisher  v.  Hepburn,  48  N.  Y.  41 ;  Pr.  N.  S.  22,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

Dresser  v.  Jennings,  3  Abb.  Pr.  240,  431 ;  Main  v.  Pope.  16  How.  Pr.  271 ; 

^Kahn  v.   Schmidt.   83   Hun,   541,  Howe  v.  Muir,  4  How.  Pr.  252,  3  N. 

05  N.  Y.  S.  R.  190,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  33.  Y.   Code  Rep.  21;    Gould  v.   Chapin, 

""Lottimer    v.    Livermore,  6    Daly,  4  How.  Pr.   185,  2  N.  Y.   Code  Rep. 

.lOl.  107.       Contra,      Gurney     v.      Union 

^"Proctor  V.   Soulier,   8   App.   Div.  Transfer  d-  Storage  Co.  25  Jones  & 

09,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  459;   Pinsker  v.  S.  444,  29  N.  Y.  S.  R.  274,  8  N.  Y. 

Pinsker,  44  App.  Div.  501,  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  549, 
Supp.  902:    Dode    v,    Manhattan    R. 


356  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

usual  to  ask  for  the  allowance  upon  tlie  coming  in  of  the  verdict, 
without  any  other  papers  than  those  already  in  the  case.  It  may 
be  made  later  in  that  term  without  notice  to  the  opposite  party, 
and  he  need  not  be  in  court.^^  Where  an  application  is  not  made 
at  that  term,  it  should  be  made  on  papers  showing  some  specific 
facts, — such  as  money  expended,  time  and  labor  consumed  on 
the  trial,  the  number  of  trials  and  postponements  and  arguments 
on  appeal,  whether  a  long  account  was  involved,  and  whether  a 
reference  was  had,  so  that  the  court  may  form  an  adequate  idea 
of  the  case,  and  if  an  appeal  is  taken,  so  that  the  appellate  court 
may  form  some  idea  of  the  facts.^^  The  clerk  need  not  have  a 
written  order  to  authorize  him  to  tax  an  additional  allowance, 
where  he  has  the  minutes  of  the  deputy  clerk  kept  on  the  trial, 
together  with  his  affidavit  that  an  additional  allowance  was 
granted.  That  is  sufficient  authority  for  him  to  tax  the  allow- 
ance.^^ Where  no  sura  is  mentioned  in  the  complaint  for  which 
judgment  is  demanded,  and  the  relief  is  not  in  money  damages, 
the  value  of  the  subject-matter  of  the  action  may  be  shown  by 
affidavits  upon  an  application  to  the  court  by  the  successful 
party  for  an  additional  allowance;®^  but  the  clerk  has  no  power 
to  take  proof  of  such  value  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  amount 
of  allowance.^^ 

285.  Allowance  when  both  parties  succeed. —  An  allowance 
may  be  made  when  both  parties  succeed  as  to  a  part  of  the  con- 
tention. The  defendant,  if  he  wishes  to  avoid  costs  and  addi- 
tional allowance,  should  mnke  an  offer  of  judgment.^' 

288.  — when  the  court  of  appeals  renders  judgment  absolute 

"Hlantner    v.    rile,  .32    Misc.  500,  Sunn.   905.   Affirmed    158   N.   Y.   735, 

66  N.  Y.  Supp.  3S7;  Mitchell  v.  Hall,  53  N.  E.  1126;  Coleman  v.  Chauncetj, 

7  How.  Pr.  490.  7  Pnbt.  578. 

'^Gori    V.    Smith,    6    Robt.    563,    3  "^Newton  v.  Rcid,  24  N.  Y.  Week. 

x\bb.  Pr.    N.    S.    51 ;    People  v.   New  Birr.  472. 

York  C.  R.  Co.  30  How.  Pr.  143.  ""Stale    Bank    v.    Smith,  85    Hun, 

*\^mith  V.  Coe,  7  Robt.  477.  200.   66   N.   Y.   S.  R.   483,   32  N.  Y. 

'^*T(ay<]rn  v.  Mattheirs.  4  App.  Div.  Supp.  999. 
338,   74   N.   Y.   S.  R.   589,   38   N.   Y. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  357 

upon  a  stipulation. —  Where  tlie  court  of  appeals  renders  judg- 
ment absolute  upon  the  usual  stipulation  of  the  parties,  and 
the  successful  party  has  not  had  an  opportunity  to  ask  for 
an  additional  allo^Aance,  the  court  below  has  power  to  grant  such 
an  allowance.^^  This  allowance  must  be  granted  upon  an  ap- 
plication to  the  court,  on  notice  after  the  usual  order  is  obtained 
upon  the  remittitur  ''that  the  judgment  of  the  court  of  appeals 
be  and  hereby  is  made  the  judgment  of  tliis  court,"  but  before 
finaJ  judgment  is  entered  upon  the  order.^^  The  court  of  origi- 
nal jurisdiction  has  no  power  to  make  any  order  in  the  case  until 
tJie  case  is  brought  back  to  tliat  court,  which  is  done  by  obtain- 
ing the  usual  order.  General  Rule  of  Practice  45  provides  that 
the  application  for  an  additional  allowance  shall  be  made  be- 
fore the  final  costs  are  adjusted.  There  are  cases  which  hold 
that  the  trial  court  has  no  power  to  make  any  allowance,^^  while 
other  cases  hold  that  the  courts  have  power  to  grant  the  allow- 
ance even  after  final  judgment  has  been  entered  upon  the  remit-, 
titur.^^  The  trial  court  certainly  has  power  to  grant  costs  in 
such  a  case  where  the  costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court, 
unless  the  court  of  appeals  has  passed  upon  and  disposed  of  that 
question.  If  the  trial  court  can  grant  the  general  costs  of  the 
action  it  certainly  has  tlie  power  to  grant  an  additional  allow- 
ance in  a  proper  case.  The  trial  court  has  power  to  set  aside 
the  taxation  of  costs  and  open  the  judgment  uj)on  an  applica- 
tion to  it.  This  the  court  must  do  when  it  grants  an  allowance 
after  final  judg-ment  is  entered.      See  §  279,  supra. 

Where  exceptions  are  ordered  heard  at  the  appellate  division 
in  the  first  instance,  it  has  no  power  to  award  an  additional  al- 
lowance upon  overruling  the  exceptions.     In  such  a  case,  after 

"Jerrnai7i  v.  Lake  Shore  &  M.  S.        '"Parrott  v.  Smcijer,  26  Hun,  46G; 
R.  Co.  31  Hun,  558.  Brovm  v.  Farmers'  Loan  d  T.  Co.  24 

'^Clarke  v.  Rochester,  29  How.  Pr.    Abb.  N.  C.   160.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe. 
97;   General  Rules  of  Practice,  45.        Rep.   131,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  337. 

""Eldridge  v.  Strenz,  7  Jones  &  S. 
295 ;  Mcfrregor  v.  Buell,  1  Keyes, 
153,  3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  86. 


358  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

obtaining  the  order  the  successful  party  should  a[)ply  upon  no- 
tice for  an  allowance.'''^ 

287.  Number  of  allowances  in  an  action. —  When  the  judgment 
is  reversed  the  additional  allowance  based  thereon  falls."^  If 
on  a  new  trial,  the  same  party  succeeds,  a  new  allowance  must 
be  granted.  The  former  allowance  cannot  be  taxed.'^^  There  is 
one  case  that  holds  otherwise,  but  it  is  now  of  very  doubtful 
authority. ''^^ 

In  an  ejectment  action  where  a  new  trial  is  had  pursuant  to 
§  1525  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  an  additional  allowance 
may  be  granted  on  the  second  trial,  although  one  was  granted  on 
the  former  trial  which  was  paid  in  order  to  entitle  the  party  to  a 
new  trial,  and  although  the  sum  of  the  two  allowances  exceed  5 
per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  property  in  cpiestion.'^^ 

288.  What  determines  the  fact  that  an  action  is  difficult  and 
extraordinary,  a.  In  general. — Wbether  a  case  is  difficult  and 
extraordinary  is  determined  by  the  facts  transpiring  in  the 
trial  court.  The  labor  and  expense  involved  in  an  appeal  is  not 
considered.  Therefore  an  allowance  cannot  properly  be  made 
in  a  controversy  upon  an  agreed  case  under  §  1279  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.'^^  This  case  overrules  several  general  term 
cases."^'    Whether  a  case  should  be  regarded  as  difficult  and  ex- 

''^Moslotoitz     V.      Hornherger,     20  ^^Howell  v.   Van  SlcJden,  70  N.  Y. 

Misc.  558,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  462.  595,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  1. 

''-Hides  V.  Waltermire,  7  How.  Pr.  '^Bolton    v.    Scliriever,   135    N.  Y. 

370;   Sleight  v.  Hancock,  4  Abb.  Pr.  65,   18  L.  R.  A.  242,  29  Abb.  N.  C. 

245;   M'Quade  v.  New  York  d  E.  R.  300,  47    N.    Y.    S.    E.  870,  31  N.  E. 

Co.  5  Duer,   613,   11  How.  Pr.   434;  1001;  Wing  v.  De  La  Rionda,  39  N. 

Monnet  v.  Merz,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  281,  Y.  S.  R.  119,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  533. 

54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  322,  24  N.  Y.  Supp!  '^People   v.    Fitchhurg    R.  Co.  133 

485.  N.  Y.  239,  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  907,  30  N. 

''HIeeker  v.  C.  R.  Remvngt07i  d  Son  E.  1011. 

Co.  62  App.  Div.  476,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  '"Kingsland  v.  Neio  York,  52  Hun, 

1072;  Fhinn  v.  Equitable  Life  Assur.  98,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  323,  22 

Soc.   18  Hun,  212;    Union  Trust  Co.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  497,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  685; 

V.  Whiton,  17  Hun,  594;  De  Stuckle  Neilson  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  3  Duer, 

V  Tehuantepec  R.   Co.   3   N.   Y.   Civ.  683;    New    York    Elev.    R.    Co.    v. 

Proc.  Rep.   411;    Bank   of  Mobile  v.  Harold,  30  Hun,  466. 
Phoenix  Ins.  Co.  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 
Rep.  212, 


ADDl'I'JOXAT.  ALLOWANCES.  359 

traordiiiaiy  rests  substantially  in  the  judginent  and  discretion 
of  the  judge  to  whom  the  application  is  made,  and  the  determi- 
nr.tion  of  the  question  usually  involves  so  many  considerations 
which  are  addressed  to  the  discretion  of  the  judge  that  the  ap- 
pellate court  rarely  interferesJ^  Each  case  must  be  decided  on 
its  own  circumstances."^® 

A  case  may  be  difficult  and  extraordinary  although  no  trial 
is  had,  and  the  plaintiff  discontinues  upon  payment  of  costs.^^ 

b.  Difficult  question  of  law. — A  case  is  difficult  and  extraor- 
dinary when  it  involves  the  expenditure  of  considerable  time  in 
the  examination  of  a  vexed  question  of  law,  although  the  trial 
occupied  but  a  short  time,^^  or  judgment  is  granted  upon  the 
ground  that  the  demurrer  is  frivolous.^^ 

c.  Difficult  question  of  fact. — A  case  is  difficult  and  extraor- 
dinary where  the  proof  requires  a  great  deal  of  work, — as,  the 
proof  of  the  sale  and  delivery  of  a  great  many  items  f^  or  many** 
or  expert  witnesses  are  necessary  f^  or  the  examination  of  a  long 
account.^^ 

d.  Length  of  time  of  trial. — The  fact  that  the  trial  of  the  case 
takes  an  unusually  long  time  is  an  element  in  deciding  that  a 

^Meycr  Ruhher  Co.  v.  Lester  Shoe  v.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385;  Lane  v. 
Co.  92  Hun,  52,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  740,  Van  Orden,  11  Abb.  X.  C.  228,  63 
?6  N.  Y.  Supp.  729;  Mutual  L.  Ins.  How.  Pr.  237;  National  Tradesmen's 
Co.  V.  CranwcU,  32  N.  Y.  S.  Pv.  37 G,  Bank  v.  Wetmore,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R. 
10  N.  Y.  Supp.  404;  Hanover  F.  Ins.  640,  Reversed  in  124  N.  Y.  241,  35  N. 
Co.  V.  Germania  F.  Ins.  Co.  138  N.  Y.  S.  R.  316,  26  X.  E.  548. 
Y.  252,  33  N.  E.  1065;  Downing  v.  ^-National  Dank  v.  Bush,  47  How. 
Marshall,  37    N.    Y.    380;   Bryon  v.    Pr.  78. 

Durrie,  6  Abb,  N.  C.   135;   Morss  v.        ^^National  Lead  Co.  v.  Dauchy,  22 
Bashrouck,  13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  393;    Misc.  372,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  379;   Fox 
Hurd  V.  Farmers'  Loan  d  T.  Co.  16    v.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385. 
X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  480.  ^^McCulIoch  v.  Dohson,  39  N.  Y.  S. 

'^Sackett  v.   Ball,  4  How.   Pr.   71,    R.  908,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  002. 
2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  47 :  Fox  v.  Gould,        ^Uotcard  v.  Rome  &   T.  PI.  Road 
5  How.  Pr.  278,  3  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.    Co.  4  How.  Pr.  416,    3    X.    Y.  Code 
209.  Rep.  41. 

^"Coffin  V.  Coke,  4  Hun,  616.  ^^Dorsett  v.  Ormiston,  53  Ai)p.  Div. 

"^Vnndei-veer  v.  Yanderveer,  17  X.    629,  65  X.  Y.  Supp.  931. 
Y.  S.  R.  648,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  897;  Fox 


360  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

cast  is  difficult  and  extraordinary,^^  but  does  not  itself  constitute 
a  case  difficult  and  extraordinaiy.^* 

e.  More  than  one  trial. — The  fact  that  there  has  been  more- 
than  one  trial  is  a  pertinent  fact.*^ 

/.  Eimnence  of  counsel. — The  eminence  of  counsel  engaged 
in  the  trial  is  a  pertinent  fact,®^  but  is  not  a  sufficient  reason  for 
allowing  a  large  sura.'*^  The  fact  that  upon  the  first  trial  an  al- 
lowance was  denied  is  no  ground  for  denying  it  upon  the  second 
trial.^^  But  where  the  first  trial  was  difficult  and  extraordinary^ 
and  the  second  trial  was  neither  difficult  nor  extraordinary,  an 
allowance  may  be  made  to  the  party  who  was  successful  on  both 
trials.^^ 

g.  Other  considerations. — The  amount  involved  in  the  liti- 
gation is  also  to  be  considered. '^^  An  extra  allowance  has  beeu' 
granted  when  the  complaint  was  dismissed  upon  the  failure  of 
tlie  plaintiff  to  appear,^^  or  upon  a  trial  where  the  plaintiff  has 
demanded  a  large  sum,''^  or  where  the  defendant  unnecessarily 
defends,®'^  or  where  the  defendants  unnecessarily  severed  their 
defense,  thereby  increasing  the  labor  of  the  plaintiff.^^ 

In  the  first  and  second  departments  the  statute  is  construed 
much  more  liberally  than  in  the  rest  of  the  state.     The  fact  that 

"Foa?  V.  Fox,    24    How.    Pr.  385;  ^'Sclncarlz    v.    Ponghlceepsie    Mut 

Dorsett  v.  Ormiston,    53    App.    Div.  F.  Ins.  Co.  10  How.  Pr.  93;  Sackett 

629,    65    N.    Y.    Supp.  931;  Fort  v.  v.  B(jU,  4  How.  Pr.  71,  2  N.  Y,  Corlc 

Gooding,  9  Barb.  388.  Rep.  47. 

^'Sands  v.  Sands,  6  How.  Pr.  453 ;  "-Fox  v.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385. 

Dexter  v.   Gardner,  5  How.  Pr.  417,  ^^Hoircll  v.   Van  Bidden,  70  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  80;  Hoioard  595,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  1. 

V.  Rome  d  T.   PI.  Road  Co.  4  How.  "^Fox    v.    Fox,    24    How.  Pr.  385  r 

Pr.  416,  3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  41;  Fox  Cornioell  v.  Parke,  52  Hun,  596,  2.3- 

V.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  829,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  905. 

^''Hoicell  V.  Van  Siclen,  8  Hun,  524,  Affirmed  with  no  opinion  in   123  N. 

54  How.  Pr.  264,  Affirmed  in  70  N.  Y.  657,    25    N.    E.    955;   Gooding  v. 

Y.   595,  4  Abb.   N.  C.   1 ;    Comins  v.  Brown,  35  Hun,   153. 

Jefferson  County,  3  Tliomp.  &  C.  296,  "•'Mills  v.   Watson,   13   Jones  &  S. 

Affirmed  in  64  N.  Y.  626;   Lahey  v.  591. 

Kortright,  26  -Jones  &  S.  576,  19  N.  ""'-Morrison  v.  Agate,  20  Hun,  23. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  80,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  "'Livingston    v.    Gidiiey,   25   How- 

112,   11   N.  Y.  Supp.  47.  Pr.   1. 

"^Fox  V.  Fox,  24  How.  Pr.  385.  "^Fort  v.  Gooding,  9  Barb.  388. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  361 

an  injunction  had  been  granted  in  a  case  In  wliich  tlie  plaintiff 
had  agreed  to  indemnify  the  defendant  is  not  an  answer  upon  the 
application  of  the  latter  for  an  additional  allowance,  although 
the  court  would  take  into  consideration  upon  that  part  of  tlie 
case  an  allowance  made  on  the  trial  of  the  main  issne.^^ 

289.  What  determines  the  fact  that  the  action  is  not  difficult  and 
extraordinary,  a.  Simple  question  of  law  or  fact. — A  party  has 
been  held  not  entitled  to  an  additional  allowance  when  the  ques- 
tion of  law  was  simple,^ *^^  or  judgment  was  given  on  a  frivolous 
answer,^^^  or  the  question  of  fact  was  easy,  although  witnesses 
were  brought  a  long  distance,^^^  or  the  party  had  never  been 
called  upon  to  meet  the  question  upon  a  trial/ °^  or  tlie  contest 
v.'as  between  defendants,  and  no  disj)ute  of  the  plaintiff's  claim 
was  made.^°^ 

h.  Length  of  time  of  trial. — An  allowance  is  sometimes  re- 
fused because  the  trial  occupied  but  a  short  time,^^^  or  was  pro- 
tracted because  the  party  who  succeeded  claimed  too  much.^*^^ 

c.  Difficult  and  extraordinary  c[aestion  decided  against  the 
prevailing  party. — If  the  questions  in  a  case  are  difficult  and  ex- 
traordinary, they  must  be  decided  in  favor  of  the  successful 
party,  to  entitle  him  to  an  extra  allowance.^""  If  tlie  action  is 
difficult  and  extraordinary^  because  the  plaintiff  advanced  claims 
which  he  aftei-wards  abandoned,  he  should  not  be  granted  an 
additional  allowance.^"* 

^^WilUams    v.    Western    V.    Teleg.  472;   Knauth  v.   Weatheim,  26  Abb> 

Co.  61  How.  Pr.  305.  K  C.  369,  14  N.  Y.  Supp.  391. 

^""Williamson  v.  Newhall,  15  N.  Y.  ^"*Foillon  v.  Cudlipp,  50  How.  Pr. 

Week.  Dig.  352;   Lozier  v.  Saratoga  366. 

Gas  d  E.  L.  cG  P.  Co.  59  App.  Div.  ^"'^Gillespy   v.    Bilbrough,    15    App, 

300,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  247;   Powers  v.  Div.  212,  44  N.  Y.  Siipp.  260;   Dex- 

Wolcott,  12  How.  Pr.  565.  ter  v.   Gardner,  5   How.  Pr.  417,  N. 

^"^Hale  V.  Prentice,   1   N.  Y.   Code  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  80. 

Pep.    81;    Beers    v.  Squire,  I  N.  Y.  "'"Sands  v.  Sands,  6  How.  Pr.  453. 

Code  Rep.  84.  ^"''Commissioners  of  Pilots  v.  Spof- 

^"-Gould  V.  Chapin,  4  How.  Pr.  185,  ford,  4  Hun,  74. 

2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.   107.  '"^Hinman  v.  Ryder,  12  Jones  &  S- 

^"^Duncan  \.  Dewitt,  7  Hun,   184;  330. 
Erum  V.  Steele,  7  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 


<J62  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  iSTEW  YOKIC. 

d.  Other  considerations. — Otlier  considerations  that  have  in- 
ilnenced  courts  in  refusing  an  additional  allowance  are  that  the 
plaintiff  recovers  on  a  mere  technicality,  when  justice  was 
;against  him,^°^ — as,  where  executors  failed  in  an  action  for 
doAver,  brought  by  their  testator  and  revived  in  their  names,  in 
Avhich  she  would  have  succeeded  ;^^*'  or  that  the  attorney  has  a 
-contingent  interest  in  a  large  recovery  ;^^^  or  where  the  plaintiff 
claimed  $300  and  recovered  $100;^^^  or  where  the  plaintiff 
failed  in  sustaining  his  claim  and  the  defendant  his  counter- 
claim, and  the  complaint  was  dismissed  i''^^  or  where  the  action 
is  not  extraordinary,  although  it  is  difficult  ;^^*  or  where  the  suc- 
■cessful  party  abandoned  the  only  question  that  made  the  case 
•difficult  and  extraordinary  ;^^^  or  where,  in  an  action  to  set  aside 
a  conveyance  as  fraudulent,  the  defendant  succeeded  on  account 
of  the  inadequacy  of  the  property  to  satisfy  the  liens  upon  it, 
and  his  conduct  was  such  that  it  justified  the  plaintiff  in  bring- 
ing tlie  action  ;^^^  or  where  two  actions  were  brought,  when  all 
the  questions  could  have  been  disposed  of  in  one  action  ;^^'^  or 
where  two  defendants  unnecessarily  defended  separately  and 
succeeded  ;^^^  or  where  the  defendant  was  surety  only;^^^  or 
where  the  plaintiff  made  an  affidavit  which  made  it  proper  for 
the  defendant  to  contest  tlie  action,  and  upon  the  trial  the  only 
question  was  the  truth  of  the  affidavit,  which  the  plaintiff  ex- 
plained so  that  he  recovered.^^^  Commissioners  apj^ointed  under 
the  Laws  of  1897,  chap.  378,  to  assess  damages  in  a  street  open- 

^'^Schultze  V.  New  York,  11  N.  Y.  "'Bahlirin  v.  Eeardon,  16  Jones  & 

€iv.  Pioc.  Rep.  54.  S.  1G6. 

"M/cTTeen  v.  Fish,  33  Hun,  28.  ^''SacJcett  v.  Ball,  4  How.  Pr.  71, 

">J//en  V.  Albany  R.  Co.  22  App.  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  47. 

Div.  222,  47  N.  Y,  Supp.  1017.  ^"^^  Matthew  son      v.      Thompson,     9 

"-Fish  V.  Forrance,  5  How.  Pr.  317.  How.  Pr.  231;  Tillman  v.  Powell,  13 

''^Hall   V.    United  Slates   Reflector  How.  Pr.  117. 

Co.  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  1.  '^"Gould  v.  Chapin,  4  How.  Pr.  185, 

"*Smith  V.   Lehigh    Valley   R.   Co.  2    N.    Y.    Code    Rep.     107;   Rice  v. 

77  App.  Div.  47,  SO  N.  Y.  Supp.  390.  Wright,  3  How.  Pr.  405. 

"'"•Rinman  v.  Ryder,  12  Jones  &  S.  ^'^"Kelly    v.    Chenango    Valley  Sav* 

330.  Bank,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  658.. 


ADDITIONAL  AI,T.O\VANCKS.  363 

ing  proceeding  are  not  entitled  to  an  additional  allowance,  nnless 
the  proceeding  is  nnusnally  difficult  and  extraordinary.^ ^^ 

290.  How  the  allowance  can  be  reviewed. —  When  an  allow- 
ance is  made,  it  becomes  a  part  of  the  judgment.  The  propriety 
of  the  allowance  may  be  reviewed  by  an  appeal  from  the  judg- 
ment, no  fonnal  exception  being  necessary  to  enable  the  appel- 
late division  to  review  the  discretion  or  the  legal  right  of  the 
court  to  make  the  award.^^^  The  court  of  appeals  can  pass  upon 
the  question  of  the  legal  right  involved. ^^^  Earlier  cases  held 
that  the  question  would  not  be  brought  up  on  appeal  from  the 
judgment,^^^  but  these  cases  must  now  be  considered  overruled 
by  the  case  of  Hanover  F.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Germania  F.  Ins.  Co.  But 
if  the  appeal  is  not  taken  from  the  whole  judgment,  but  from 
certain  portions  of  it,  not  including  the  additional  allowance, 
the  court  cannot  review  the  question  of  allowances.-^^^  The  bur- 
den is  on  the  appellant  to  show  the  error.^^**  If  the  papers  do 
not  show  the  am.ount  involved,  the  court  will  presume  that  the 
allowance  does  not  exceed  the  legal  amount.^  ^^  Usually  the 
entire  order  should  be  presented  to  the  appellate  court,  although 
the  appeal  is  taken  from  only  a  part  of  it.^^^  Where  counsel  is 
surprised  upon  a  motion  for  an  additional  allowance,  he  should 
move  upon  affidavits  to  vacate  the  award,  and,  upon  denial  of 
the  motion,  appeal  therefrom. ^^'^  Wliere  a  motion  for  an  addi- 
tional allowance  has  been  denied,  another  motion  for  the  same 

'■^/'e  street  Opening,  33  App.  Div.  ^-^Sprague  v.  Bartholdi   Hotel  Co. 

137,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  354.  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  828. 

'"Black    V.    Brooldyn    Heights    R.  ^'^Everinghani     v.    Vanderbilt,     12 

Co.  32  App.  Div.  468,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  Hun,  75. 

312.  ^^Hamilton   v.    Manhattan   R.  Co 

''^Hanover  F.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Germania  25  Jones  &  S.  491,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  156, 

F.  Ins.  Co.  138  N.  Y.  252,  52  N.  Y.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   164,  29  N. 

S.  R.  334,  33  N.  E.  1065.  Y.  S.  R.  28,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  .^40. 

^-^People    V.     Nero    York     d    S.    I.  ^'^Bancroft  v.  Home  Benefit  .isso. 

Ferry  Co.  7  Hun,  105.  26   -Tone.s  &   S.   492.  35  N.   Y.   S.  R. 

'■''New  Yo^-k  Life  Ins.  <£-  T.  Co.  v.  459,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  718. 
Baker,  38  App.   Div.   417,   56   N.   Y. 
Supp.  618. 


36-i  THE   LAW   OF  COSTS   IN   NEW    YORK. 

thing  is  irregular  and  will  be  denied,  unless  leave  of  the  court 
to  make  such  an  application  has  been  obtained. ^^'^ 

291.  Discretion  in  making  allowance  reviewed  by  what  courts. — 
The  trial  court  in  its  appellate  tenii  is  the  last  tribunal  to  re- 
view the  discretion  of  the  trial  judge  in  making  an  allowance. ^'^^ 

If  tliere  is  no  appellat-e  term  of  that  court, — as,  the  countv 
court, — there  can  be  no  review  of  the  discretion  of  the  judge  who 
made  the  award.  But  the  award  will  be  reviewed  by  any  court 
to  which  an  apjieal  from  the  judgment  lies,  if  some  rule  of  law 
is  violated,  or  an  allowance  is  denied  on  tlie  ground  of  want  of 
authority.^^^  Where,  through  inadvertence,  the  allowance  i& 
slightly  in  excess  of  the  sum  allowed  by  statute,  the  remedy  is 
by  motion  to  correct  the  judgment,  not  by  appeal.^"^'^ 

292,  Necessity  of  general  costs. —  An  allowance  can  be  granted 
only  to  the  party  entitled  to  tax  general  costs. ^^^  If  costs  ar& 
granted  neither  by  statute  nor  judgment  an  allowance  cannot  be 
granted.^ -"^  The  right  to  tax  costs  on  appeal  is  not  sufficient  ;^^*' 
liut  the  defendant's  right  txD  tax  costs  because  the  plaintiff  re- 
covers less  than  $50  is  snffioient,^^^'^  or  the  defendant's  right  to. 

^""Manhattan   R.    Co.   v.    Klipstein,  ly  Bank,  92  N.  Y.  401;  Southwick  v. 

84  Ilun,  579,  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.  850,  32  HoiUhiolck,  49   N.  Y.   510;    Krekeler 

N.  Y.  Su])p.  729.  V.  Rifter,  62    X.    Y.    375;    Noycs  v. 

'",Sf/n'eZs  V.   Wortmann,    120   N.   Y.  Children's  Aid  Soc.  70  N.  Y.  481. 

650,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  134,  27  N.  E.  379;  '''Kraushaar    v.    Meyer,  72    N.  Y.. 

Krekeler  v.  Ritter,    62    N.    Y.    372;  602. 

Clarke  v.   Rochester,  34  N.  Y.   355;  "'Jordan  v.   Hess,  54   N.   Y.  S.  R. 

McCulloch  V.  Dobson,  133  N.  Y.  114,  326,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  489. 

44  N.    Y.    S.    R.    19,    30  N.  E.  641;  '-^Kahn  v.   Schmidt,   83   Hnii,   541,. 

Woodhridge  v.  First  Nat.  Bank,  166  65  N.  Y.  S.  R.   190,  32  N.  Y.  Supp. 

N.  Y.  238,  59  N.  E.  836;   Carney  v.  33. 

Reilly,   18  Misc.   11,  75  N.  Y.   S.  R.  ""Savage  v.  Allen,  2  Tlionip.  &  C. 

440,  40  N.  Y.   Supp.   1123;    Mills  v.  474;    Clarke  v.  Rochester,  34   N.   Y. 

Watson,  13  Jones  &  S.  591;  Gooding  355;  Bcals  v.  Benjamin,  29  How.  Pr. 

V.  Brown,  35    Hun,    153;    Peojjle  v.  101;     People    v.    Central    R.  Co.  30 

Neio  York  C.  R.  Co.  29  N.  Y.  418;  How.    Pr.    148;    Van    Rensselaer    v. 

Ogdensburgh  &  L.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Ver-  Kidd,  5  How.  Pr.  242,  3  N.  Y.  Code 

mont  (£•  C.  R.  Co.  63  N.  Y.  176;  Gori  Rep.   224;    2[artin   v.   McCormick,  3 

V.   Smith,    6   Robt.    563;    Gorham  v.  Sandf.  755;  M'Quade  y.  Neio  York  d 

Tnnis.  115  N.  Y.  87,  21  N.  E.  722.  E.  R.  Co.  5  Duer,  613,  11  How.  Pr. 

"-Shiels   V.   Wortmann,    126   N.   Y.  434;  Wolfe  v.  Van  Nostrand,  2  N.  Y. 

650,   37   N.   Y.   S.   R.    134,   27   N.   E.  570;  Couch  v.  Millard,  41  Hun,  212. 

379;    Conanghty    v.    Saratoga    Conn-  "'United  Press  v.  New  York  Press 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  365 

tax  costs  because  he  made  an  offer  more  favorable  than  the  plain- 
tiff's recovery. ^^^ 

293.  Ey  what  statute  governed. —  An  additional  allowance  is 
governed  by  the  law  in  force  at  the  time  of  the  rendition  of  the 
verdict,  not  by  that  of  tlie  time  of  the  entry  of  the  judgment.^^^ 

294.  Power  of  the  court  over  the  allowance. —  Judgment  may 
be  entered  nunc  pro  tunc  as  of  the  day  of  the  verdict,  under 
§  763  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  where,  after  the  hearing, 
but  before  the  decision  of  a  motion  for  additional  allowance,  one 
of  the  opposing  parties  and  their  attorney  dies.^^** 

Where  a  plaintiff  brings  an  action  for  money  damages  and  the 
■defendant  succeeds,  the  referee  who  heard  the  case  cannot  limit 
the  right  of  the  defendant  to  apply  to  tlie  court  for  an  additional 
allowance.-^ ■^^  The  trial  judge  does  not  exhaust  his  power  over 
the  granting  of  an  additional  allowance,  where,  in  granting  the 
plaintiff  tlie  injunction  prayed,  he  sends  the  question  of  damages 
to  a  referee,  and  orders  that  upon  the  coming  in  of  his  report 
the  plaintiff  shall  have  final  judgment  for  damages,  costs,  and 
additional  allowance  to  be  fixed  by  the  court.  If  the  plaintiff 
decides  not  to  go  on  with  the  reference  and  waives  his  claim  for 
damages,  an  additional  allowance  may  be  granted  or  refused. ■'^^ 

Where  an  additional  allowance  has  been  inadvertently  made 
in  excess  of  the  amount  allowed  by  law,  the  court  has  the  power 
to  order  the  attorney  who  has  received  it  to  return  the  excess  of 
tlie  legal  amount.-' '^^    Where  one  additional  allowance  is  made  to 

€o.  164  N.  Y.  406,  53  L.  R.  A.  288,  Contra,     Magnin    v.     Dinsmore,     47 

58  N.    E.    527.    in    effect  overruling  How.  Pr.  11,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  331. 

Murray  v.    Uohinson,    9    Hun,    137;  ^^^CooJc  v.  New  York  Floating  Dry 

Finder  v.  ^ioolhoff,  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  Dock  Co.  1  Hilt.  556. 

433.  ^'"Arthur  v.  Schriever,  42  N.  Y.  S. 

^^"Landon    v.    Van    Etten,  57  Hun,  R.  12,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  610. 

122,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  78.  32  ^"Ract  v.  Duviard-Dhne,  21  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  439,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  802;  S.  R.  736,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  156. 

Commisfiwriers  of  Pilots  v.  Spofford,  '^^-Raiclinson  v.  Brninerd  d  A.  Co. 

3  Hun,  57,  5  Tlionip.  &  C.  453;  Brady  53  App.  Div.  147,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  762. 

V.    Durhrow,    2    E.    D.    Smith,    78;  ^^^Coofter  v.   Cooper,   51   App.  Div. 

lUrsr.h spring  v.  Boe,  20  Abb.   N.   C.  595,  64  N.  Y.  Supp.  901. 
402,   13   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    124. 


366  THE  i.A^V  OF  COSTS  IJT  :XEW  YORK. 

several  defendants,  and  upon  appeal  the  judgment  is  affirmed  as 
to  some  and  reversed  as  to  others,  the  court  can  order  that  the 
successful  defendants  tax  their  proportional  share  of  the  entire 
allowance.-^^'^ 

295.  Amount  claimed  in  the  pleadings. —  Where  an  averment 
of  value  contained  in  one  pleading  is  denied  bj  the  pleading  of 
the  opposite  party  the  averment  of  the  value  is  neutralized  for 
the  purpose  of  making  an  award,  and  extrinsic  proof  thereof 
must  be  given  to  give  the  court  as  a  basis  on  which  to  make  an 
award. -^^^  Where  the  amount  claimed  in  the  complaint  is  larger 
than  the  recovery  the  additional  allowance  must  be  computed 
upon  the  amount  of  the  recovery. ^^^  Where  the  plaintiff  is  de- 
feated the  basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  amount  claim- 
ed.-'^'^  Upon  the  report  of  a  referee  who  finds  for  plaintiff,  with 
interest  from  a  certain  day,  interest  should  be  computed  on  the 
principal  to  the  date  of  the  report,  to  obtain  the  basis  for  an  al- 
lowance. ^^^  The  statement  of  counsel  in  his  opening  address^ 
that  plaintiff'  was  entitled  to  a  cextain  sum,  has,  in  the  absence 
of  any  other  evidence  of  the  amount  involved,  been  held  suf- 
ficient to  sustain  an  allowance  to  the  defendant.^^^  When  the 
plaintiff  commences  an  action  with  a  summons  and  notice  which 
contains  a  statement  of  the  amount  for  which  judgment  will 
be  taken  upon  default,  and  he  is  defeated  in  the  action,  he  is 
bound  by  the  statement  as  to  the  amount  involved  in  the 
action.^^®     When  there  is  no  counterclaim,  and  the  defendant 

^**Metropolitan      Elev.    R.    Co.    v.  Co.  89  Hun,  316,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  226, 

Duggin,  .58  Hun,   156,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  35  N.    Y.    Supp.    566;   Carpenter  v. 

Proc.  Rep.  255,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  836,  Shook,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  226,  17  N.  Y. 

11  N.  Y.  Supp.  353.  Supp.  257. 

^*'TIanover  F.  Ins.  Co.  v.  Germania  ^*^Clegg  v.   Aikens,   17   Abb.  N.  C. 

F.  Ins.  Co.  138  N.  Y.  252,  33  N.  E.  88,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  249. 

1065;   Israel  v.  Metropolitan  It.  Co.  '^'^Ihitty  v.  Person,    6    N.    Y.    Civ. 

10  Misc.  722,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  638,  31  Proc.  Rep.  25. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  816.  ^''^Adams  v.  Arkenhurgh,  106  N.  Y. 

^^^Yilkinson  v.  Tiffany,  4  Abb.  Pr.  615,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  132,  11  N. 

98:   ^yoor1hridge  v.  First  Nat.  Bank,  Y.  S.  R.  121,  13  N.  E.  594;  Sentenis 

45  App.  Div.  166,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  258.  v.  Laden;  140  N.  Y.  463,  37  Am.  St. 

'''Hart  V.   OftdniHhurg  &  L.  C.  R.  l^ep.  569,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  831,  35  N. 


ADDITION  A  I,  ALl.OWAACKS.  36T 

admits  that  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  recover  for  a  certain  por- 
tion of  the  claim  sned  upon,  and  the  plaintiff  recovers  judgment,, 
the  amount  of  tjie  judgment  is  always  the  basis  of  an  additional 
allowance,  not  the  amount  in  dispute. ^''^ 

296.  Motive  of  plaintiff  in  commencing  the  action. —  An  addi- 
tional allowance  cannot  be  granted  to  the  defendant  on  the 
ground  that  the  plaintiff  brought  the  action  in  bad  faith  and  for 
the  pui'pose  of  embarrassing  the  defendant  so  that  negotiations 
could  not  be  completed  to  raise  money  to  pay  off  the  indebted- 
ness.^^^  l^or  is  the  motive  of  the  plaintiff  in  purchasing  the- 
notes  sued  upon  a  proper  reason  for  granting  tlie  defendant  an 
additional  allowance.^^^  jSTor  should  such  an  allowance  be 
gi-anted  to  the  successful  defendant,  when  his  actions  were  so- 
suspicious  that  the  plaintiff  was  justified  in  bringing  the 
action. ^^^  The  defendant  should  not  be  compelled  to  pay  an  ad- 
ditional allowance,  where  the  conduct  of  the  plaintiff  misled  him- 
so  that  he  interposed  a  defense.-'''^ 

297.  Allowance  in  taxpayer's  action. — In  a  taxpayer's  action, 
when  the  plaintiff  is  defeated,  an  additional  allowance  can  be 
granted  to  the  defendant. ^""^  An  allowance  can  also  be  granted 
to  the  plaintiff  in  such  a  case,  where  he  is  successful. •^^'^  Where 
a  taxpayer  seeks  to  restrain  the  performance  of  a  contract,  the 
basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  contract  price,  not  the 
profits  thereon.^^^    In  an  action  to  have  bonds  declared  void,  the 

E.  650;    Proctor   v.    Soulier,  8  App.  ferson  County,  3  Thomp.   &  C.  296. 

Div.  69,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  459.  Affirmed  in  64  N.  Y.  626;  Barker  v. 

^""Austin  V.   Eartwig,   17   Jones   &  Oswegatchie,  62  Hun,  208.  41   N.  Y. 

S.  256.  S.  E.  831,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  734;  Hart 

^^■McConnell  v.  Manhattan  Constr.  v.   Xew  York,   16  App.  Div.  227,  44 

Co.  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  310.  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  767;   Gordon  v.  Strong, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  870,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  226.  15  App.  Div.  519,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  481. 

^-'^Burnett  v.  Westfall,  15  How.  Pr  ^^''Chase  v.  Syracuse,  34  Misc.  144,. 

420.  69  N.  Y.   Supp.   469;   People  ex  rel. 

^^*Baldioin  v.  Reardon,  16  Jones  &  Morgan    v.    Westchester    County,  39' 

S.  166.  X.  Y.  S.  R.  798,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.\580. 

^^''Kelly   V.    Chenango    Valley   Sav.  ^^Barker  v.   Oswegatchie,  62  Hun. 

Bank,  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  658.  208,  41   N.  Y.   S.   R.   831.   16   N.   Y. 

^^Freeman  v.  Brooks,  33  Misc.  450,  Supp.  734 ;  Mingay  v.  Holly  Mfg.  Co.. 

68  N.  Y.  Supp.  437 ;   Comins  v.  Jef-  99  N.  Y.  270,  1  K  E.  785. 


368  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

basis  of  an  allowance  is  the  value  of  the  bonds.^^''  But  where 
tlie  action  is  brought  to  recover  the  interest  upon  the  bonds,  the 
amount  of  interest  sought  to  be  recovered,  and  not  the  value  of 
the  bonds,  is  the  basis  of  an  additional  allowance  ;^*^"  or,  in  an 
action  to  restrain  the  laying  out  of  a  street,  the  cost  of  laying  it 
cut  in  the  cheapest  way  provided  in  the  ordinance.^ ^^ 

298.  Actions  to  apportion  a  tax  or  assessment. —  Under  the  old 
Code,  in  an  action  to  apportion  a  tax  or  assessment  upon  certain 
parcels  of  land,  where  the  entire  parcel  was  liable  to  be  sold  for 
taxes  and  one  owner  \vished  to  pay  his  share,  it  was  held  that 
there  was  no  authority  for  granting  an  additional  allowance.^ ^^ 

299.  Ileal  actions,  a.  Basis  of  an  allowance  in  an  action  on  a 
lease. — When  the  subject-matter  of  an  action  is  a  lease,  the 
basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  value  of  the  lease.  This 
is  not  measured  by  the  amount  of  rent  reserved,  but  is  the  value 
of  the  use  of  the  premises  for  the  term,  less  the  amount  of  rent 
tliat  must  be  paid  to  occupy  them.^*^^  Where  the  plaintiff  owns 
a  fractional  share  of  the  lease,  the  additional  allowance  must  be 
computed  only  upon  that  fractional  part  of  the  entire  value.^*^* 
An  addit(jnal  allowance  may  be  granted  to  a  successful  defend- 
ant in  an  action  brought  for  damages  to  a  long  lease  held  by  the 
plaintiff,  on  the  alleged  ground  that  the  defendant  caused  the 
tenants  of  the  plaintiff  to  leave.-' ''^ 

h.  —  in  injunction  actions. — In  an  action  to  restrain  a 
gi'antee  from  carrying  on  business  contrary  to  the  covenants  in 
a  deed,  an  additional  allowance  must  be  computed  upon  the 
amount  of  damages  recovered,  not  on  the  value  of  the  real  es- 

^^''SicJcles    V.    Richardson,  14    Hun,  072,  65  How.  Pr.  05,  12  Ahb.  N.  0. 

110.  19;   Conies  v.  Ooddnrd,  2  Jonos  &  S. 

'«"For//7    V.    GrecDirich,    133   N.  Y.  118;  Koehler  v.  Brady,  22  Apn.  Div. 

152.  44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  519,  30  N.  E.  842.  624,  47    N.    Y.    Supp.    98* :   Ondens- 

^"RocJicsfer  d  H.  Vallej/  R.  Co.  v.  hurqli  &  Jj.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Vermont  d 

Rochester,    17   App.  Div.  257,  45  N.  C.  R.  Co.  63  N.  Y.  176. 

Y.  Supp.  687.  ^"^Slruthers    v.    Pearce,    51    N.  Y. 

i^Laws  of  1855,  chap.  327;   Pow-  3G5. 

ers  V.  Barr,  24  Barb.   142.  ^'^'^ Morrison  v.  Agate,  20  Hun,  23. 

^''^Heihnan    v.    Lazarus,    90  N.  Y. 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  369 

tate.*^^  The  basis  upon  which  an  additional  allowance  must  be 
computed  in  an  action  to  restrain  the  removal  of  bark  before  the 
close  of  the  peeling  season,  is  the  value  of  the  right  to  remove 
tlie  bark  before  the  close  of  the  season.^ '^^ 

Where  it  is  sought  to  enjoin  the  defendant  from  using  a  cer- 
tain ap]3aratus  over  a  portion  of  its  road,  the  basis  of  an  allow- 
ance is  the  value  of  the  use  of  the  apparatus  which  is  sought  to 
be  enjoined.-'®^  In  an  action  to  restrain  the  defendant  from 
draining  impure  water  into  an  artificial  lake,  and  for  damages 
for  past  acts,  where  the  question  of  damages  has  been  tacitly 
abandoned,  and  the  question  litigated  was  the  title  to  the  land 
under  the  water,  the  basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  value 
of  the  land,  not  the  amount  of  damages  claimed  in  the  com- 
plaint.i«9 

c.  —  in  actions  for  specific  performance. — In  an  action  for 
the  specific  performance  of  a  contract  for  the  conveyance  of  real 
property  or  the  transfer  of  personal  property  the  basis  of  an  ad- 
ditional allowance  is  the  value  of  the  property,  to  compel  the 
transfer  of  which  the  action  is  brought.^"*  Where  a  title  is  de- 
fective and  the  purchaser  brings  an  action  to  recover  back  the 
money  advanced  on  the  contract  and  his  expenses  incurred  in  the 
examination  of  the  title,  the  basis  is  the  amount  of  the  recovery, 
not  the  value  of  the  proiierty.-^"^^  In  an  action  to  compel  the  de- 
fendant, who  took  title  in  his  own  name  for  the  benefit  of  the 
plaintiff,  as  well  as  himself,  to  convey  to  the  plaintiff,  an  addi- 
tional allowance  can  be  made,  based  upon  the  plaintiff's  interest 

"'Mtlmitic   Dock    Co.    v.  JAlhij,  45  279,   67   X.   Y.   S.   R.   741,  33   N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  499.  Supp.  1055. 

^"''Lyon  V.  Belchford,  8  N.  Y'.  Civ.  ''^^Deuierman  v.  Gainsborg.  54  App. 

Proc.  Rep.  229,  note.  Div.  577,  G6  JST.  Y.  Supp.  1009. 

^^Hudson     Elver     Teleph.     Co.    v.  ^''"Gurnet/    v.     Union     Transfer    d- 

Waiervllet  Tump,  d  R.  Co.  135  N.  Y  Storage  Co.  25  Jones  &  S.  444,  29  N. 

393,  17  L.  R.  A.  674,  31  Am.  St.  Rep.  Y.  S.  R.  274,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  549. 

SS8,  48   N.  Y.   S.   R.   417,  32   N.  E.  ^''Moore  v.  Appleby,  108  N.  Y.  237, 

148;    Empire    City    Subway     Co.    v.  15  N.  E.  377. 
Broadicay  &   8.  A.   R.   Co.   87   Hun, 
COSTS   24, 


•370  TlIK  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  ISTKW   VOKK. 

in  tlie  premises.-^'-  In  an  a(*tion  to  conijx-l  the  specific  perform- 
ance of  a  land  contract  the  basis  is  the  value  of  the  property 
which  the  purchaser  is  adjudged  to  accept.  The  basis  is  the 
same  when  the  purchaser  brings  an  action  to  be  relieved  of  his 
contract,  and  the  defendant  asks  that  the  plaintiff  be  compelled 
to  fulfil,  which  the  court  grants.^""  Under  the  old  Code  an 
additional  allowance  could  not  be  made  in  these  cascs.^"* 

d.  —  in  ejectment  actions. — Where  the  plaintiff  seeks  to  re- 
cover property  from  the  defendant,  which  the  court  decides  be- 
longs to  the  defendant,  the  basis  is  the  value  of  the  property  in 
dispute.^"'"  The  value  of  the  property  affected  is  the  proper 
basis  of  an  allowance  in  an  action  to  have  deeds  declared  mort- 
gages.-^^® Where  the  plaintiff  seeks  to  recover  real  property, 
and  damages  for  the  occupation  of  the  same,  the  basis  of  an  ex- 
tra allowance  is  the  value  of  tlie  real  estate,  and  the  amount  of 
damages  recovered  or  sought  to  be  recovered.  If  the  defendant 
won,  the  basis  would  be  the  value  of  the  real  property  and  the 
amount  of  damages  claimed  in  the  complaint.^'^'^  An  objection 
tliat  the  value  of  the  real  estate  has  not  been  shown  must  be 
taken  at  the  time  the  allow^ance  is  made.^"^ 

e.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  imisances. — Where  the  plaintiff 
obtains  an  injunction  restraining  the  defendant  from  oveiHlow- 
ing  his  lands  the  basis  of  an  allowance  is  the  damages  recovered, 
and  not  the  value  of  the  land.^'^ 

/.  —  in  actions  for  tn'spass. — The  value  of  the  real  property 
eaimot  be  considered  in  an  action  for  trespass,  where  there  is  no 
contest  as  to  that;  but  only  the  damages  can  be  considered.     But 

'"()«w(>j    V.    Quinn,    69    App.  Div.  ^"Eanlc  v.  Grote,    18    Jones    &    S. 

598,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  83.  275,  Affirmed  in  110  N.  Y.  12,  17  N. 

"U.ahe)/  V.   Kortrif/ht,  2G  Jone.s  &  E.  (505;   Dresser  v.  Jennings,  3  Abb. 

S    57G    32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  112,  11  N.  Y.  Pr.  240;   Burton  v.  Tremper,  27   N. 

Supp.  47.  Y.   Week.   Dig.  246,   10  N.  Y.   S.   R. 

'"irce/Vs    V.    Hoiilhwick,    12    How.  029. 

Pr.  170.  ^'"Dresser  v.  Jennings,  3   Abb.   Pr. 

i"iri«ia?/xs    V.     Wrslrni    U.    Teleg.  240. 

Co.  61  How.  Pr.  :?0.">.  ^'"Rolhcru  v.  .Ycip  York  Rubber  Co. 

""Burke  V.  Cau'lrr,  63  Jlnrb.  r,:y>.  90  X.  Y.  30. 


ALiJ)rilONAI.  AI.I.UWA^CKS.  371 

where  tlie  paramount  question  is  the  title  of  the  real  property 
the  basis  is  the  value  of  such  property,  and  not  tlie  damages  re- 
covered.^^'* While  the  pleadings  furnish  the  sole  evidence  as  to 
what  is  the  subject-matter  involved,^ ^^  yet  the  value  thereof, 
when  it  has  not  been  shown  by  the  pleadings  or  the  evidence  in 
the  case,  may  be  shown  by  affidavits  upon  the  motion  for  an  ad- 
ditional allowance.^ ^^  The  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs  can- 
not take  evidence  of  the  value  of  the  real  property  involved  in 
the  action. ^''^■''  In  an  action  for  damages  for  trespass  on  lands 
outside  the  state  where  the  plaintiff  makes  default,  the  supreme 
court  has  power  to  grant  an  additional  allowance,  and  it  can  be 
computed  upon  the  amount  of  damages  claimed.^ ^* 

Where  the  plaintiff  succeeds  in  restraining  the  completion  of 
a  pier  and  in  causing  the  removal  of  what  had  been  erected,  the 
basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  right  to  erect  the  struc- 
ture, and  not  the  title  to  the  materials,  or  the  value  of  the  struc- 
ture. ^'^•^ 

g.  —  in  actions  against  railroads. —  Where  the  plaintiff 
brings  an  action  to  compel  the  defendant  to  repair  and  operate 
its  road  the  basis  is  the  value  of  the  road.^^*^  In  an  action  for 
damages  to  an  abutting  o^vner  from  the  constrtiction  of  the  de- 
fendant's road,  an  additional  allowance  can  be  had,  not  only  for 
past  damages,  but  also  for  damages  for  the  easements  taken, 
called  fee  damages.  The  "fee  damages"'  represent  the  subject- 
uintter  involved.'^"     An  additional  allowance  can  be  made   in 

"^"Warren  v.  Buckley,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  463,  37  Am.  St.  Rep.  569,  5.5  N.  Y. 

323;  Powers  v.  Conroy,  47  How.  Pr.  S.  R.  831,  35  N.  E.  650. 

84;  Ehle  v.  Quackenboss,  6  Hill,  537.  ^^'Teople  v.  Neic  York  cG  8.  I.  Ferry 

^^Conaughty   v.    Saratoga    County  Co.  68  N.  Y.  71. 

Bank,  92  N.  Y.  401,  404.  ''"People  v.  Albany  d  V.  R.  Co.  16 

^-flayderi    v.     .Matthews,    4    App.  Abb.  Pr.  465. 

Div.  338,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  905;   Con-  "^'Dode    v.    Manhattan    R.   Co.   70 

aughty  v.  Saratoga  County  Bank,  28  Hun,  374,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

Hun,  374.  180,   54   N.   Y.   S.  R.   286,   24   N.   Y. 

'^XeiDton  V.  Reid,  24  N.  Y.  Week.  Supp.  422,  Affirmed  in  140  N.  Y.  637, 

Big.  472.  55   N.   Y.   S.   R.  931.  35   N.   E.  892; 

"^Sewfems    v.    Ladew.     140   N.   Y.  .Johnson  v.  Shelter    Island    Grove   d 


372  THK  I.AW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YORK. 

such  an  action,  when  the  phiintiff  succeeds,  to  the  codefendants, 
who  were  necessary  parties,  but  who  refused  to  unite  as  plain- 
tiffs,^** The  amount  that  the  plaintiff  claims  that  his  premises 
have  been  damaged  is  the  basis  of  an  allowance,  when  the  de- 
fendant succeeds  in  an  action  for  damages  to  rental  value.^*^  In 
an  action  to  restrain  the  defendant  from  erecting  buildings  and 
thus  interfering  with  the  plaintiff's  light  and  air,  the  value  of 
the  easement  is  the  basis  of  an  additional  allowance.^^^ 

li.  —  in  'partition  actions. — In  partition  actions  the  basis 
upon  which  the  allowance  is  granted  is  the  entire  property,  not 
the  plaintiff's  share.  The  rents  that  have  been  collected  by  the 
receiver  pending  the  action  are  not  to  be  considered  real  estate 
for  the  purpose  of  computing  allowances.^ ^^  An  allowance 
shoiild  not  be  made  to  the  plaintiff's  wife,  who  has  only  an  in- 
choate right  of  dower;  nor  to  his  infant  daughter,  whose  guard- 
ian ad  litem  is  entitled  to  taxable  costs;  nor  to  the  mortgagee  of 
plaintiff's  share.^^^  An  allowance  can  be  made  to  both  plaintiff 
and  defendant,  but  not  to  exceed  $2,000  to  the  plaintiff  and 
$2,000  to  all  the  defendants.^^^  Under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  as  amended  in  1899,  the  court  has  power  to  al- 
low the  defendant  an  extra  allowance,  even  where  there  has  been 
an  actual  partition.^®*  A  defense  is  not  interposed  so  as  to  en- 
title the  plaintiff  to  an  additional  allowance,  where  one  of  the 
defendants  alleges  that  another  defendant  is  indebted  to  her. 
The  issue  thus  raised  does  not  tend  to  defeat  the  plaintiff's  re- 
Camp  Meeting  Asso.  122  N.  Y.  330.  d  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  122  N.  Y.  330, 
33  N.  Y.  S.  Pv.  514,  25  N.  E.  484:  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  514,  25  N.  E.  484. 
Roberts  v.  'Neio  Yorlc  Elev.  R.  Co.  12  '^^^Doremns  v.  Crosby,  66  Hun,  125, 
Misc.  345,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  386,  33  N.  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  808,  20  N.  Y.  Supp, 
Y'.  Supp.  685.  906. 

^^^Roherts  v.  Neto  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  '^^-Doremus  v.  Crosby,  66  Hun,  125, 
12  Misc.  345,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  386,  33  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  808,  20  N.  Y.  Supp. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  685.  906. 

"=7srrrpZ  v.  Metropolitan  R.  Co.  10        ^^''Weed  v.   Paine,   31   Hun,    10,   13 
Misc.  722,  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  638,  31  N.    Abb.  N.  C.  200. 
Y.  Supp.  816.  ^^%'rossman    v.    WycJcoff,    64  App. 

'"^Lat timer  v.  Livermore,  72  N.  Y.    Div.  554,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  337. 
174;  Johnson  v.  Shelter  Island  Grove 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCES.  373 

liei.^^^  Where  an  allowanr'.e  has  been  made  in  a  decree  for  a 
partition  and  sale,  a  further  allowance  cannot  be  made  on  mak- 
ing the  decree,  confirming  tlie  sale,  and  directing  the  distribution 
of  the  proceeds.  ^'^'^ 

L  —  in  rnortgage  foreclosures. — An  additional  allowance  can 
l>t;  made  in  a  mortgage  foreclosure  the  same  as  in  any  other  case, 
where  there  has  been  a  trial.^^^  An  allowance  may  be  made 
where  defendant  unnecessarily  defends  a  mortgage  foreclos- 
ure.-^^^ 

In  a  mortgage  foreclosure  the  allowance  cannot  exceed  21/^ 
per  cent  of  the  sum  in  controversy,  or  $200,  although  the  case  is 
difficult  and  litigated.^''^  The  reason  of  this  is  that  another  per 
eentage  is  always  recovered,  as  a  matter  of  course.^^*^  An  addi- 
tional allowance  of  $100  to  the  defendant  in  dismissing  a  com- 
plaint to  foreclose  a  $5,000  mortgage  is  not  excessivc.^'^^  The 
limitation  imposed  by  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  as 
to  mortgag*^  foreclosures  does  not  apply  to  foreclosures  upon 
leasehold  estates,  as  they  are  personal  properfy.-'^^  ISTor  can  an 
allowance  be  made  under  subd.  1  of  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Prccedure.^^^      See  section  120,  subd.  j.,  ante. 

j.  — in  actions  to  set  aside  transfers  as  fraudulent. — In  ac- 
tions to  set  aside  conveyances  or  mortgages  as  made  in  fraud  of 
creditors,   the  basis  upon  which  the   additional   allowance,   if 

^^Defemlorf  v.  Defendorf,  42  App.  1  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  15;  O'Neill  v. 
Div.  16G,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  163.  Gray,  39  Hun,  566;   Ferris  v.  Hard, 

'^Brewer  v.  Brewer,  11  Hun,   147,    15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Ecp.   171,  17  N. 
Affirmed,  it  seems,  as  Bremer  v.  Pen-    Y.  S.  R.  364,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  9. 
niman,  72  N.  Y.   603,  without  opin-        "^O'Neill  v.  Gray.,    39    Hun,    566; 
ion.  Rosa  v.  .Jenkins,  31  Hun,  384.     Con- 

^^Bockes  V.  Kilmer,  8  N.  Y.  Week,  tra,  Bockes  v.  Hathorn,  17  Hun,  87- 
Dig.  156;  Hunt  v.  Chapman,  62  N.  -"Wunf?  v.  IFc^wa)/,  13  N.  Y.  Supp. 
Y.'^SSS,  1  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  15,  which    527. 

is  explained  by  chap.  431  of  Laws  of  '"-nuntingion  v.  Moore,  59  Hun, 
1876;  Mui-ray  v.  Church,  1  Him,  49.  351,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  160,  36 
3  Thomp.  &  C.  145.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  541,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  97. 

^"^Gidney  v.  Livingston,  25  How.  -"^Barnes  v.  Meyer,  25  N.  Y.  Civ. 
Pr.  1.        '  Proc.  Rep.  372,  75  N.  Y.  S.  R.  649, 

'^  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3253,  subdiv.    41  N.  Y.  Supp,  210. 
1;  Hunt  V.  Chapman,  62  N.  Y.  333, 


374  TJIE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW    iOKK. 

granted,  miist  be  computed,  is  the  sum  of  the  judgincMits  which 
the  plaintiff  represents,  and  not  the  value  of  the  real  estate.^** 
This  is  the  basis,  whichever  party  wins."**'^  Where  an  action  is 
brought  to  set  aside  a  transfer  of  a  mortgage  as  fraudulent,  on 
behalf  of  the  plaintiff  and  other  creditors  whose  claims  are  set 
out  in  the  complaint,  the  amount  of  the  allowance  must  be  com- 
puted upon  the  total  of  the  debts.^*'^ 

300.  Allowance  in  actions  against  corporations. —  In  an  action 
to  restrain  a  corporation  from  issuing  its  bonds  the  basis  of  an 
additional  allowance  is  the  market  value  of  the  bonds,  not  their 
par  value.-*'"  In  an  action  to  restrain  the  defendant  from  the 
further  exercise  of  its  corporate  functions  the  basis  upon  which 
the  allowance  must  be  computed  is  the  value  of  its  franchise,  not 
the  value  of  its  assets.-"^ 

301.  — in  actions  relating  to  a  fund. —  In  an  action  by  a  stock- 
holder against  a  corporation  in  reference  to  a  fund  in  which  the 
plaintiff  has,  or  claims,  a  share,  the  basis  of  an  additional  allow- 
ance must  be  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  share  of  the  fund/"^ 
except  where  he  brings  the  action  for  the  benefit  of  others  inter- 
ested in  the  fund,  when  an  additional  allowance  can  be  computed 
upon  the  amount  recovered.^^*^  If  the  action  is  not  so  brought, 
and  the  other  parties  entitled  to  share  are  made  parties  defend- 

""^Potter    V.    Farrington,    24  Hun,  Bank,  92  N.  Y.  401 ;  People  v.  Roch- 

551,  12  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  283;  Hoos  ester  Dime  Sav.  d   L.  Asso.  7  App. 

V.  Person,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  530;  Div.  350,  39  N.  Y.   Supp.   939;   Peo- 

Nalional  Tradesmen's  Bank  v.  Wet-  pie  v.  Ulster  &    D.    R.    Co.  58  Hun, 

more,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  640 ;  McConnell  266,   34   N.  Y.   S.   R.   983,   12   N.   Y. 

V.   Manhattan  Constr.   Co.   16  N.  Y.  Supp.  303,  Affirmed  in  128  N.  Y.  240, 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  310,  21  N.  Y.  S.  R.  40   N.  Y.   S.  R.  280,  28  N.   E.   635; 

870,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  226;   Remington  People  v.   Rockaway  Beach  Improv. 

Paper  Co.  v.  O'Douglierty,  18  N.  Y.  Co.  28  Hun,  356. 

Week.  Dig.  190.  -°^Parish  v.  'Neio  York  ^^roduce  Ex- 

-"'^T.  Neio  Mfg.   Co.  v.   Calway,  23  ehange,  54  App.  Div.   323,   66  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  239,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  613;   Mills    v.    Ross,  39    App. 

Supp.  950.  Div.  563,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  680;   Dev- 

-'^Iloos  v.  Person,  15  N.  Y.  Week,  lin  v.  New  York,  15  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

Diir.  530.  31. 

-"'Wood  v.  Tory,  47  Hun,  550,   15  '-'"Riley  v.  Eulhert,  13  N.  Y.  Week. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  209.  Dig.   101. 

^'^Conaughty    v.    Saratoga    County 


ADDITIONAL  AIXOWANCES.  375 

ant  and  come  in  and  prove  tlieir  claims,  they  are  not  entitled  to 
f'osts  nor  to  an  additional  allowance.^ ^-^ 

302.  —  in  actions  relating  to  wills. —  In  an  action  to  set  aside 
the  probate  of  a  mil  the  amount  involved  is  the  amount  of  the 
estate.  If  the  plaintiff  defaults,  the  defendant  can  prove  his 
case  and  is  then  entitled,  in  a  proper  case,  to  an  additional  al- 
lowance.-^^ 

303.  —  in  actions  upon  insurance  policies. —  In  an  action  t-o  re- 
instate a  life  insurance  policy  the  basis  is  the  surrender  value  of 
the  policy,  not  the  amount  of  the  policy.- ^^  In  an  action  against 
'  'ne  of  several  indemnitors  in  a  Lloyds  insurance  the  basis  of  an 
additional  allowance  is  the  amount  sought  to  be  recovered  of  this 
defendant,  and  not  the  amount  of  the  loss.-^"* 

304.  —  in  action  in  relation  to  annuities. —  In  an  action  to 
charge  an  annuity  upon  a  fund  the  basis  of  an  additional  allow- 
ance is  the  amount  due  upon  the  annuity  at  the  time  of  the  trial 
and  the  value  of  the  future  instalments,  based  upon  the  North- 
ampton tables.^^^ 

305.  — in  actions  relating  to  the  capital  stock  of  corpora- 
tions.—  In  the  absence  of  proof  the  court  may,  in  making  an 
additional  allowance,  assmne  that  bank  stock  is  worth  par,  but 
not  more.^^^ 

In  an  action  to  restrain  the  defendant  from  selling,  without 
notice,  stock  pledged  by  the  plaintiff  as  collateral  security,  the 
basis  of  an  additional  allowance  is  the  value  of  this  right,  not 
the  value  of  the  stock  pledged  or  sold.^^'  In  an  action  to  redeem 
stock  upon  paying  an  unpaid  assessment  the  basis  of  an  addi- 

''"Devlin  v.  Neio  York,  15  Abb.  Pr.  ^'Arthur  v.  Dalton,   14  App.  Div. 

N.  S.  31.  115.  43  TSr.  Y.  Supp.  581. 

•^^Delmar  v.  Dehnar,  65  App.  Div.  ""Smith  v.  Baker,  42  Hun,  504. 

582,   72  N.  Y.   Supp.  959.  -"Sinalhcood    v.    Scluoleferinq,    10 

^^Strauss   v.    Union   Cent.   L.   Ins.  Misc.  103,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  504,  31  N. 

Co.  33  Misc.  571,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  931.  Y.  Supp.  149. 

''*Laird  v.  Lit  tie  field,  34  App.  Div. 
43,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  1082. 


376  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  A^EW  YOKK. 

tional  allowance  is  the  value  of  the  stock  in  question,  less  the 
amount  of  assessments  unpaid.^^^ 

306.  — in  actions  to  recover  damages  for  negligently  causing 
death. —  Where,  upon  the  coming  in  of  a  verdict  in  a  negligence 
action,  the  plaintiff  moves  for  an  extra  allowance,  which  is 
granted  by  way  of  a  stated  percentage,  but  witli  no  direction  or 
intimation  that  the  percentage  was  allowed  upon  anything  be- 
yond the  verdict,  the  computation  should  be  based  upon  the  ver- 
dict, and  not  upon  the  verdict  plus  the  interest  which  the  clerk 
is  required  to  add  to  the  damages  by  §  1904  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.^^^  But  where  the  allowance  is  granted,  expressly 
covering  the  verdict  and  interest,  the  computation  must  be  made 
upon  the  verdict  plus  the  interest.^^^ 

307.  —  in  partnership  accountings. —  A  plaintiff  in  a  partner- 
ship accounting  can  be  granted  an  allowance  only  upon  his  share 
of  the  partnership  assets.^^^  In  an  action  by  one  partner  to  set 
aside  a  transfer  of  property  on  the  ground  that  it  is  partnership 
assets,  he  cannot  be  granted  an  allowance,  in  case  of  his  success,, 
because  the  plaintiff's  interest  therein  cannot  be  ascertained  un- 
til after  a  partnership  accounting.^^"  Upon  a  partnership  ac- 
counting, where  it  appears  that  there  is  not  enough  to  pay  the 
creditors  in  full,  neither  of  the  parties  should  be  granted  an 
allowance,  because  it  would  be  taking  their  creditors'  money  to 
pay  a  claim  of  their  debtor.^^^^    Where  the  plaintiff  submits  tO' 

'"Wee/.-s    V.    8ilver     Islet     Consol.  buckle  v.  Schultz,  69  Hun,  183,  53  N. 

Min.  &  Lands  Co.  26  Jones  &  S.  247,  Y.  S.  E,.  598,    23    N.    Y.  Supp.  611; 

32  N.  Y.  S.  E.  417,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  Adams  v.  Arl:enhurf)li,  106  N.  Y.  615, 

48.  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dis?.   132,   11   N.  Y. 

""^Seifter    v.    Brooklyn    Heights  R.  S.  R.  121,  13  N.  E.  594. 

Co.  53  App.  Div.  443,  65  N.  Y".  Supp.  —Maloy    v.    Associated    Lace-Mak- 

1123;    Sinne  v.   New  York,  8  N.   Y.  crs'  Co.  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  735,  7  N.  Y. 

Civ.   Proc.    252,    note;    3    Month.   L.  Supp.  958;  Spits  v.  Tousey,  22  N.  Y. 

Bull.  51.  Week.  Dic^.  446. 

^Bord  V.  New  York  C.  <&  H.  R.  R.  "=a  Smith  v.   Green,   8   N.   Y.   Civ. 

Co.  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  1,  14  Abb.  N.  Proc.  Rep.   163;   Struthers  v.  Chris- 

C.  496,  6  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  222.  lal,  3  Daly,  327. 

^-^Hashrouck     v.    Marks,    58    App. 
Div.  33,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  510;  Hagen- 


^UJDITIOIS^AI.  A1.LOWANCES.  37T 

a  nonsuit  in  an  action  for  an  accounting,  after  the  defendant 
makes  his  account  an  additional  allowance  to  the  defendant  is 
proper."^"  Sometimes  in  an  action  for  an  accounting  an  allow- 
ance is  made  to  all  the  parties,  payable  out  of  the  fund.^-^ 

The  plaintiff  should  not  be  granted  an  allow^ance  where  he  ha& 
been  defeated  on  a  large  portion  of  his  claim,^^^  or  where  the 
trial  is  occupied  with  the  defendant's  counterclaim,  upon  which 
the  defendant  was  successful.^^*' 

308.  —  in  actions  to  restrain  use  of  trademark. —  The  basis  of 
an  allowance  in  an  action  to  restrain  the  use  of  a  trademark  and 
for  damages  for  use  of  the  same  is  the  value  of  the  trademark, 
and  the  amount  of  damages  recovered.^^^  If  there  is  no  proof 
of  the  value  of  the  trademark,  it  can  be  computed  only  on  the 
amount  of  damages  recovered.^^®  "Where  the  defendant  wins- 
and  the  plaintiff  has  asked  for  no  sum  as  damages  in  his  com- 
plaint, there  is  no  basis  upon  which  to  gTant  the  defendant  an 
additional  allowance.^^^  But  if  the  plaintiff  has  demanded  a 
certain  sum  as  damages  in  his  complaint,  an  allow^ance  based  on 
such  demand  can  be  allowed  the  defcndant.^^^ 

309.  —  when  the  defendant  sets  up  a  counterclaim. —  Where  an 
answer  sets  up  a  counterclaim  the  basis  upon  which  an  allowance 
is  granted  is  the  sum  of  the  amount  claimed  in  the  complaint^ 
and  the  amount  of  the  coimterclaim.^^^ 

^"^Shiels  V.  Wortmann,  30  N.  Y.  S.  ^Collins    v.    liexjnoUs    Card  Mfg. 

R.  173,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  799.  Co.  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  45. 

^^Chesler  v.  Jumel,    2    Silv.    Sup.  ''•'Jaeger's     Sanitary    Woolen   8ys- 

Ct.  179,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  230,  5  N.  Y.  tern  Co.    v.    Le    Boutillier,  63  Hun,. 

Supp.  823.  297,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  6,  43 

-'Hands  V.  Sands,  6,  How.  Pr.  453.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  381,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  786. 

==«A'ew  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co.  v.  ""J/wwro  v.  Smith,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Carhart,  39  Hun,  363.  841,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  708. 

^^Perkins  v.   Heert,   14  IMisc.   425,  ^^Barclay  v.   Culver,  66  How.  Pr. 

71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  342,   4   N.   Y.    Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    365; 

434;    Waterman  v.   Shipman,   47   N.  Woonsocket    Rubber     Co.    v.    Rubber 

Y.   S.  R.   418,   19  N.  Y.   Supp.   976;  Clothing  Co.  62  How.  Pr.  180,   1  N. 

Munroe  v.  Smith,  23  Abb.  N.  C.  275,  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  350,  4  Month.  L. 

17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  158,  25  N.  Bull.  3;   Vihnar  v.  Schall,  61  N.  Y. 
Y.  S.  R.  624,  6    N.    Y.    Supp.  426; 
Coales  V.  Coddnrd.  2  Jones  &  S.  118. 


378  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NK\\    VOJJK. 

Where  no  amount  is  claimed  either  in  the  comphiint  or  in  the 
counterclaim  the  allowance  must  be  computed  on  the  amount  of 
the  recoverj."^'^  But  where  the  defendant  sets  up  a  counter- 
claim for  an  unliquidated  amount  and  recovers  any  sum  thereon, 
tlie  plaintiff,  who  recovers  judgment,  cannot  be  allowed  any  ad- 
ditional allowance  for  any  amount  on  the  counterclaim.^^^  The 
plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  an  allowance  where  the  defendant  con- 
cedes his  claim,  but  asserts  a  counterclaim  upon  which  he  obtains 
a  substantial  recovery,  and  thus,  in  reality,  is  the  successful 
party,  although  the  plaintiff  may  be  entitled  to  judgment.^^* 
Nor  is  he  entitled  to  an  allowance  based  on  the  defendant's  coun- 
terclaim, w^hcn  there  has  been  no  judgment  in  favor  of  the  plain- 
tiff upon  it.^^^ 

310.  Effect  of  the  defendant  winning  by  pleading  the  statute  of 
limitations. —  An  extra  allowance  may  be  granted  to  a  defendant 
who  w^ins  by  pleading  the  statute  of  limitations. ^^*^  If  the  action 
is  not  difficult  and  extraordinary  in  other  respects,  an  allowance 
should  be  denied.-'^^ 

311.  Actions  in  which  there  is  no  basis  for  an  additional  allow- 
ance, a.  In  general. — Though  a  possible  money  value  may 
accrue  incidently,  it  does  not  warrant  the  granting  of  an 
additional  allowance  to  the  successful  party.^^^  Thus,  where 
the  plaintiff  succeeds  in  restraining  the  common  council  of  a 
city  from  arbitrarily  setting  aside  the  report  of  commissioners 

564;   Williams  v.  Western  V.  Teleg.  ^^'"Hamirutmi  v.  Jordan,  27  Jones  & 

Co.  61  How.  Pr.  305;  Barnes  v.  Dens-  S.  95,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  434,   13  N.  Y. 

low,  30  N.  Y.  S.  R.  315,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  Siipp.  803. 

53,  Affirmed  without  opinion  in   130  ""'"People  v.  Clarke,  9  N.  Y.  349. 

N.  Y.   687,  30  N.   E.   67;   Lissberger  ■'^'' Adams  v.  Htern,  29  Hun,  280. 

V.  Sclioenberg  Metal  Co.  2  N.  Y.  City  ■''^Schneider  v.  Rochester,  50  App. 

Ct.  Rep.   158.  Div.  22,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  360;  People 

-''Tolan  V.  Carr,  12  Daly,  520,  19  ex  rel.  Winans  v.  Adams,  128  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Bi^.  484.  129,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  159,  38 

"^Uates  V.   Fish  Bros.   Wagon  Co.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  880,  27  N.  E.  1075;  Hus- 

50  App.  Div.  38,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  649.  ted  v.  Thomson,  38  App.  Div.  315,  57 

^^Commercial  Nat.  Bank  v.  Hand,  N.  Y.  Supp.  9. 
27  App.  Div.   145,    50    N.    Y.   Supp. 
515;    Neio  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  R.  Co. 
v.  Carhart,  39  Hun,  363. 


ADDITIONAL  AIJ.OWANOES.  379 

in  a  condenmatlon  proceeding,  an  allowance  cannot  be  made, 
based  upon  the  amount  of  the  award,  as  the  common  council  may 
pass  upon  the  matter  judicially,  and  set  it  aside.^^^ 

h.  Quo  warranto. — Where  an  action  is  brought  to  try  the  title 
to  a  public  office,  there  is  no  basis  for  an  additional  allowance. 
The  principal  subject  of  the  action  is  the  office,  not  the  salary.^'*^* 
In  an  action  to  remove  an  officer  of  a  corporation  the  subject- 
matter  involved  is  the  conduct  of  the  defendant,  which  can  have 
no  money  value,^'^^  or  the  title  to  the  office,  which  has  no  money 
value. "^^ 

c.  Actions  to  restrain  the  use  of  a  trademark. — When  the  de- 
fendant succeeds  in  an  action  to  restrain  the  use  of  a  trade- 
mark, and  the  court  decides  that  there  is  no  trademark  right, 
there  is  no  basis  for  an  extra  allowance.^^^  The  court  has  no 
power  to  ascertain,  by  reference  or  otherwise,  tlie  value  of  the 
trademark.  In  such  a  case  an  allowance  made  by  the  court 
witliGut  any  allegation  in  the  complaint  of  the  amount  of  dam- 
ages for  which  judgment  is  asked,  nor  of  any  proof  thereof  upon 
the  trial,  -will  be  set  aside.^^*  If  the  complaint  asked  for  a  cer- 
tain sum  as  damages,  then  an  allowance  could  be  made  to  the 
successful  defendant,  because  the  action  would  be,  not  only  to 
restrain  the  use  of  the  trademark,  but  also  for  damages.  An 
allowance  mil  be  refused  to  the  plaintiff  in  such  an  action, 
where  his  trademark  is  sustained,  but  no  danuiges  awarded  him. 
The  subject-matter  involved  was  the  damage  to  the  trade- 
mark."*^ 

^Schneider  v.  Rochester,  50  App.  -*^Dr.     Jaeger's    Sanitary    Woolen 

Div.  22,  6.3  N.  Y.  Supp.  360.  System  Co.  v.  Le  Boutillier,  63  Hun, 

-'^People  ex  rel.  Giles  v.  Flagg,  25  297,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  6,  43 

Barb.  652,  15  How.  Pr.  36;   Voorhis  N.  Y.  S.  R.  381,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  786. 

V.  French,  15  Jones  &  S.  364,  61  How.  ^"Z)e  Long  v.  Ve  Long  Hook  &  Eye 

Pr.     161;     Wilkinson    v.    Tiffany,    4  Co.  89  Hun,  399,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  16J. 

Abb.  Pr.  99.  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  509. 

-"People  V.   Giroiix,   29  Hun,   248.  -*''Volger    v.    Force,    63    App.    Div. 

^People  ex  rel.  Winans  v.  Adams,  122,  71   N.  Y.  Supp.   209;    Coaies  v. 

128   N.  Y.   129,  21   N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Goddard,  2  Jones  &  S.  118;  Spofford 

Rep.  159,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  880,  27  N.  v.  Texas  Land  Co.  9  Jones  &  S.  228 
E,  1075. 


380  THE  J-AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

d.  Real  actions. — Where  the  lessee  brings  an  action  to  compel 
the  lessor  to  name  an  umpire  to  fix  the  value  of  buildings  erected 
by  the  lessee,  or  to  fix  the  rental  value  of  a  new  lease,  no  addi- 
tional allowance  can  be  granted,  as  the  subject  of  the  action  is- 
not  capable  of  a  money  valuation.-'*^  No  allowance  can  be 
granted  to  set  aside  a  deed  given  for  convenience,^^ '^  nor  in  an 
action  to  restrain  the  defendant  from  proceeding  in  dispos- 
session proceedings,-^^  nor  to  restrain  him  from  increasing  the 
height  of  a  j)arty  wall  f'^''*  nor  to  restrain  him  from  erecting 
buildings  within  a  certain  line  of  the  street,  although  damages 
were  claimed  in  the  complaint,  but  none  were  recovered  f""^  nor 
to  restrain  the  erection  of  a  building  upon  land  adjoining  the 
plaintiff's  premises,  in  which  the  plaintiff  claimed  an  easement, 
unless  the  value  of  that  easement  is  proved  f^'^  nor  in  an  action  to 
reform  a  contract  and  restrain  the  defendant  from  running  cars 
over  plaintiff's  road,  where  the  defendant  w^on  f^^  nor  in  an  ac- 
tion to  restrain  the  maintenance  of  a  street  railway  ;^^^  nor  in 
an  action  to  restrain  the  execution  of  a  final  determination  in 
the  proceedings  for  a  forcible  entry  and  detainer  ;^^^  nor  in  an 
action  to  restrain  the  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage  ;-'^^  nor  on  a  sunt 
fixed  as  the  value  of  easements  in  an  action  to  restrain  the 
operation  of  a  railroad  f'^^  nor  in  an  action  to  restrain  a  rail- 
road from  building  upon  the  route  laid  out  by  it,  and  to  compel 

^^''Smith    V.    St.    Fhillp's    Church,  "-^-Christopher  d  Tenth  8t.  R.   Co. 

107  N.  Y.  610,  14  N.  E.  S25.  v.  Txcenty-third  St.  R.  Co.  48  N,  Y. 

^^'Donovun  v.  Wheeler,  67  Hiin,  68,  S.  R.  805,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  556. 

51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  411,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  54.  "-^^Black  v.  Brooklyn  Heights  R.  Co.- 

"^^Grissler  v.  Stuyvesant,  67  Barb.  32  App.  Div.  468,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  312. 

81.  -"^Sheehy  v.  Kelly,  33  Hun,  543. 

-"'Musgrave  v.   Sherwood,  29  Hun,  '-'Sprong  v.  Snyder,  6  How.  Pr.  11. 

475.  -■•'''Bolger  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R. 

"■^Bradley  v.   Walker,   28   Jones   &  Co.  29  Jones  &  S.  459,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.- 

S.   324,  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   1,  399,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  430;  Bhimenthal 

44  N.  Y.  S.  R.  23,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  383.  v.   \ew  York  Elcr.  R.  Co.  42  N.  Y-_ 

-^^Johnson  v.  Shelter  Island  Grove  S.  R.  683,  17  X.  Y.  Supp.  481. 
<€  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  47  Hun,  374. 
28  N.  Y.  Weak.  Dig.  59,  14  N.  Y.  S. 
R.  576. 


ADDITIONAL   ALLOWANCES.  381 

it  to  take  aiiotLev  ixmte;"^^  nor  in  an  action  In-  tlio  people  to  com- 
pel the  defendant  to  remove  a  dam,  the  subject-matter  of  tiie 
litigation  being  the  right  of  the  state  to  have  the  Avater  flow  iin- 
■obstrnct^d  ;^'''^  nor  in  an  action  to  restrain  the  continuance  of  a 
nuisance  in  diverting  and  polluting  the  water  of  a  stream, 
where  the  plaintiif  does  not  seek  to  recover  damages.  The  only 
measure  of  damages  iu  such  a  case  is  the  damage  to  the  plaintiff, 
not  the  difference  in  the  value  of  the  defendant's  property  as  it 
was  at  the  commencement  of  the  action,  and  its  value  should 
jilaintiff  succeed.^''"  I^^or  should  an  allowance  be  granted  in  an 
action  to  restrain  the  operation  of  a  railroad,  where  damages  to 
the  easement  are  nominal  and  the  injimction  can  be  obviated  by 
the  payment  of  a  gross  sum.  An  allowance  cannot  be  based  on 
this  sum.-^^  Nor  should  an  allowance  be  gTauted  in  an  action 
to  have  a  resulting  trust  declared  as  to  a  leasehold  interest  in 
property,  and  the  complaint  is  dismissed.^^^ 

e.  Actions  for  injunctions. — The  same  rule  applies  where  the 
•subject-matter  of  the  action  is  injunctive  relief  in  relation  to 
personal  property.^^^ 

/.  Actions  in  relation  to  ivills. — In  an  action  to  construe  a 
will,  where  the  demurrer  of  a  defendant  is  sustained  there  is  no 
liasis  of  an  additional  allowance.  If  the  defendant  had  won 
upon  a  trial  of  an  issue  of  fact,  there  would  be  a  basis.  The 
•decision  upon  the  demurrer  is  simply  that  the  plaintiff  has  not  a 
right  to  have  the  will  construed.^"^    An  allowance  was  refused  to 

-■'People  V.   Genesee   Valley   Canal  49  App.  Div.  423,  G3  N.  Y.  Supp.  383. 

i?.  Co.  95  N.  Y.  060.  29  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272. 

"^People  V.  Page,  39  App.  Div.  110,  -^^Diamond  Match  Co.  v.  Roeher,  35 

56  N.  Y.  Supp.  834,  58  N.  y.  Supp.  Hun,    421 :     Contes    v.     Goddard,    2 

■239.  Jones   &   S.   118;    Spofford  v.    Texas 

■'^Godley  v.  7\>i  r  f^alt  Co.  3  App.  Land  Co.  9  Jones  &  S.  228 :  Hanover 

Div.  17,  7.3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  530,  37  N.  Y.  F.  his.  Co.  v.  Gennania  P.  Ins.  Co. 

■Supp.  988.  63  Hun,  275,  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^5i,  18 

^'Gray    v.     Manhattan    R.     Co.    3  N.   Y.   Supp.   50. 

Misc.  239,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  905.  22  N".  -"'Opit-  v.    Ham  men.  41    Arp.  Div. 

Y.  Supp.  771.  468.  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  987. 

"'Werner   v.   Franklin    Kal.    lianl; 


382  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IJM    .XKW    VOltK. 

the  various  parties  in  an  action  to  pi-ovo  a  Avill,  the  original  not 
being  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  where  all  the  parties  asked 
for  the  same  judgment."^'  In  an  action  for  the  construction  of 
a  will,  where  he  is  successful  the  plaintiff  is  the  only  person  en- 
titled to  an  additional  allowance.^^*'  The  allowance  of  counsel 
fees  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  trial  court.^^''^  Nor  can 
an  allowance  be  granted  in  an  action  to  construe  a  will,  where 
the  c(;iii])]aint  is  dismissed  upon  the  defendant's  motion,  no  evi- 
denc-o  having  been  taken, ^^^ 

g.  Actions  for  an  acconiding. — There  is  no  basis  for  an  addi- 
tional allowance  where  the  plaintiff  asks  for  no  sum  in  his  com- 
])]aint,  but  asks  for  an  accounting  and  judgment  for  such  sum 
as  may  be  found  his  due,  and  it  appears  that  there  is  nothing- 
due  him,^""  or  that  he  is  not  entitled  to  an  accounting,^^^  or 
that  the  estate  is  insolvent,^^^  or  where  there  is  no  dispute  as  to 
the  amount  due  the  ])laintiff.^'^"  An  additional  allowance  cannot 
be  granted  in  an  action  in  wdiich  the  trustees  ask  to  be  relieved 
from  their  trust,  and  subsequently  discontinue  the  action  ;-'^* 
nor  in  an  action  to  remove  a  general  assignee,  and  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  receiver  of  the  pro2:)erty  of  the  assignor,  when 
the  action  was  discontinued  before  the  trial.^'^^ 

h.  Matrimonial  actions. — The  court  has  no  power  to  grant  an 
additional  allowance  in  a  divorce  action. ^^^ 

'^U-Yilh  V.  Camphell,  53  Barb.  32.5.  -'-Weaver  v.  Ely,  83  N.  Y.  Sfl ;  Pat- 

"^■Wcst  V.  Place,  4  Misc.  19,  23  N.  leyson   v.   Burnett,    1    Silv.   Sup.   Ct. 

Y.  Supp.  1089;  Downing  \.  Marshall,  166,   17   N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    115, 

37  N.  \'.  380;  Brinckerhoff  v.  Farias,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  363,  4  N.  Y.  Supp.  $121. 

52    Aj.p.    Div.    256,    65    N.    Y.    Supp.  """Hitiman  V.  Ryder,  12  Jones  &  S. 

358.  3.30. 

-^m'etmorc    v.    Parker.    52    N.    Y.  -'"Kttapp  v.  Hammersley.   13  N.  Y. 

450.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  258. 

"^^Perkim  v.  V.liitney,  34  N.  Y.  S.  -"•Meyer    v.     Hasquin,     20     N.     Y. 

R.  951,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  184.  Week.   Dig.   98. 

"""Ahell  V.  Eolden,  39  N.  Y.  S.  R.  -'•"Aiherlon    v.    Atherton.    82    Hun. 

5,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  64.  179,   64   N.   Y.   S.   R.   798,  31    N.   Y. 

"^Coleman    v.    Chauncey.    7    Robt.  Supp.  984;   Yan  Vleck  v.  Van  Vleek^ 

578;     Adams    v.    ^vlliran,    42    Hun.  21  App.  Div.  274.  631,  47  N.  Y.  Supp. 

278.  470,  472;  Xeivion  v.  Newton,  8  N.  Y> 


AJ)1)JT10NAI.  ALl.OWA^^CES.  383 

i.  Actions  in  fornui  pauperis. — An  allowance  Avill  be  refused 
a  plaintiff  sning  as  a  poor  person,  where  he  has  mac>3  an  agree- 
ment with  his  attorney  that  he  is  to  have  a  reasonable  compensa- 
tion.^"' 

j.  Various  cases.— Is  or  can  an  allowance  be  granted  in  an 
action  to  reform  a  contract  f''^  nor  in  an  action  brought  to  obtain 
some  sort  of  relief  in  respect  to  a  release,  including  an  injunction 
against  its  use;^"^  nor  to  vacate  an  award,  where  the  only  con- 
troversy is  whether  the  award  shall  stand. ^*^" 

312.  What  is  a  proper  allowance,  a.  In  general — The  allow- 
ance should  be  a  reasonable  and  moderate  counsel  fee  under  the 
circumstances  of  each  case.  Where  the  plaintiff  sued  on  nine- 
teen causes  of  action  and  recovered  over  $3,000,  and  tlie  de- 
fendant had  judgment  for  over  $11,000,  an  allowance  to  the 
plaintiff  of  5  per  cent  of  his  recovery,  and  an  allowance  to  the 
defendant  of  $500,  was  held  proper.-^'*^  In  a  taxpayer's  action 
to  restrain  the  levying  of  a  tax  for  the  payment  of  $300,000  of 
railroad  bonds  an  allowance  of  $700  was  held  proper.^^^  Where 
the  plaintiff  was  allowed  $1,000  in  an  action  to  restrain  the 
levA'ing  of  a  tax  of  $2,5,000,  this  was  held  proper.^^^  In  an 
action  upon  on  assigned  claim  for  $7,500  the  defendant  set  up 
a  counterclaim  for  $20,000  and  was  allowed  $9,000,  but  as  the 
plaintiff  sued  as  assignee,  no  aflimiative  judgment  could  be  ren- 
dered, and  an  allowance  of  $750  was  held  proper.'^^'* 

6.  Allowances  to  guardiaiis  ad  litem. — An  allowance  granted 

Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  224,  note;  Benfley  v.  '-^Boffnuin    v.   Be   Graaf,   39   Hun. 

Beiitleif.?i  Moiiih.Jj.BnU.  76:  Pounf-  648. 

ney  v.Pountneif,  32  N.  Y.  R.  R.  335,  -^'Diiranf   v.   Ahendroth,    15   N.   Y. 

10    N.    Y.    Snpp.    192;    McCarthy    v.  Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   36,    16   N.   Y.   S.   R. 

McCarthy,  137   N.  Y.   500,  33  X.  E.  263.  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  537. 

550.  -"-Caniins    v.    Jefferson    County,    3 

^'Marx  V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  3  N.  Tliouip.  &  C.  269. 

Y.  Supp.  113.  ^^Morgan   v.    Westchester   County, 

'"'Heert  v.  Cruyer,  14  Misc.  508,  70  39  N.  \^  S.  R.  798,  15  N.  Y.  Supp. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  68S.  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  1063.  580. 

^"Rusted  V.  Thomson,  38  App.  Div.  -'^*Zahr!sl-ie  v.  Central  Vermont  B. 

315,  57  N.  Y  Supp.  9.  Co.    13   K  Y.   Supp.   735. 


^84  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS   IK   jMEW    YOKIv. 

to  a  guardian  ad  litem  is  independent  of  the  allowance  given 
under  §  3253  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  must  not  be 
included  in  the  sum  of  the  allowances  in  ascertaining  whether 
the  allowances  exceed  the  statutory  limit  of  5  per  cent  upon  the 
amount  involved.^®^ 

c.  — in  taxpayer's  actions. — In  a  ta:spayer's  action  which 
charged  fraud,  of  which  no  proof  was  offered  upon  the  trial,  and 
the  complaint  was  dismissed  at  the  close  of  the  plaintiff's  case, 
-an  allowance  of  $2,000  was  reduced  to  $500,  because  the  trial 
was  short.^^^ 

d.  — in  actions  in  relation  to  wills. — An  allowance  of  $1,000 
to  a  defendant  was  reduced  to  $250  in  an  action  to  declare  in- 
valid the  probate  of  a  will  disposing  of  an  estate  of  $200,000, 
where  the  complaint  was  dismissed  upon  the  motion  of  the  de- 
fendant. The  defendant  had  not  prepared  for  the  trial,  but  had 
simply  engaged  counsel.^**^ 

e.  — in  various  cases. — An  allowance  will  be  striclcen  out 
where  the  conduct  of  the  party  does  not  commend  itself  to  tlie 
court.^^^  An  additional  allowance  has  been  denied  a  defendant 
who  did  not  succeed  upon  the  answer  first  interposed,  but  upon 
an  amended  answer  served  after  an  adverse  decision  in  tlie  ap- 
pellate court.^^^  Where  a  servant  failed  in  her  action  against 
lier  master  for  false  arrest,  an  allowance  of  $1,000  was  set  aside 
as  savoring  of  a  punishment  for  the  temerity  displayed  by  the 
plaintiff  in  suing  the  defendant.^^'^ 

An  allowance  should  not  be  made  to  a  defendant  because  the 
cause  of  action  does  not  survive  the  death  of  the  plaintiff,  who 

^'Roherfs  v.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  "^Colion    v.     Morrissy,    6    N.    Y. 

12  Misc.  345,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  386,  33  Week.  Big.  165. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  685;  Weed  v.  Paine,  31  -^"Genet    v.   Delavare   d   H.   Canal 

Hun,   10,   13  Abb.  N.  C.  200;   Union  Co.  49  App.  Div.  645,  63  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Ins.  Co.  V.  Van  Rensselaer,  4  Paige,  230. 

85.  ^^"Dann  v.   Wormser,  38  App.  Div. 

^^'Gorilnn   v.   F^tronfj,   15   App.   Div.  400,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  474. 
519,  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  481. 

^^''fJcar/rist  v.  Sigrist.  20  App.  Div. 
536,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  949. 


ADUITIONAL  AIJ.OWANCES.  385 

had  a  good  cause  of  action.-^^  A  trustee  ought  not  to  be  made 
to  pay  an  additional  allowance,  where  he  defends  an  action  in 
the  interest  of  others  r''-  or  to  settle  the  right  to  the  fund.^^^  An 
allowance  to  all  the  parties,  which  exceeds  5  per  cent  of  the  sum 
involved,  will  be  reduced  to  the  legal  amount  of  5  per  cent  upon 
the  sum  involved. ^^* 

313.  Allowances  in  special  proceedings. — The  same  limit  as  to 
allowances  applies  in  special  proceedings  as  in  actions.  An  al- 
lowance in  excess  of  the  legal  limit  ^vill  be  reduced  by  the  appel- 
late court.^^^ 

An  extra  allowance  cannot  be  made  in  a  special  proceeding,^^® 
where  tlie  costs  are  fixed  by  §  3240  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure.^^^  Except  in  the  first  and  second  judicial  district  in  a 
special  proceeding  by  certiorari  to  review  an  assessment  under 
chap.  269  of  the  Laws  of  1880,  and  acts  amending  the  same, 
the  court  may  allow  an  additional  allowance.  Under  §  3372  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  an  additional  allowance  may  be 
granted  to  a  defendant  in  a  proceeding  instituted  under  the  con- 
demnation law.  A  proceeding  taken  under  other  acts,  although 
for  the  condemnation  of  property,  do  not  come  within  the  pur- 
view of  §  3372  of  the  Code  of  Ci^^l  Procedure,  and  an  allowance 
cannot  be  made  therein. ^^^ 

314.  Additional  allowances  as  a  matter  of  right. —  In  certain 
actions  the  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  certain  percentages  if  he  re- 

^'McKeen  v.   Fish,  33  Hun,   28.  ""^Re    Grade    Crossing    Comrs.    20 

'^GraJiam  v.  New  York  Life  Ins.  £  App.  Div.  271,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  1070; 

T.  Co.  46  Him,  261.  Re  IJolden,  126  N.  Y.  589,  26  N.  Y. 

=»'FieW  V.  New  York,  38  Hun,  590.  S.  R.  507,  27  N.  E.  1063;   Re  Simp- 

'"^Neio     York     Breiceries     Co.     v.  son,  26  Hun,  459. 

Nichols,  55  N.  Y.  S.  R.  179,  25  N.  Y.  '"'"Re  Brooklyn,  148  N.  Y.   107,  42 

Supp.    425;    Eraser  v.   McNaughton,  N.  E.   413. 

58  Hun,  30,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  347,  11  '''/?e  Brooklyn,   148  N.  Y.   107,  42 

N.  Y.  Supp.  384:   Moore  v.  Appleby,  N.  E.  413. 
108  N.  Y.  237,  15  N.  E.  377. 

^^''Hynes    v.    McDermott,    14    Daly, 
104,  3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  582. 
COSTS  25. 


oSG  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  JNEW  YORK. 

covers  costs.  These  allowances  are  contained  in  §  3252  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  is  as  follows :  ''Wliere  the  action 
is  brought  to  foreclose  a  mortgage  upon  real  property,  or  for 
tJie  partition  of  real  property,  or  to  procure  an  adjudication 
upon  a  will  or  other  instrument  in  writing,  or  to  compel  tJie 
determination  of  a  claim  to  real  property,  or  where,  in  any 
action,  a  warrant  of  attachment  against  property  has  been  issued, 
the  plaintiff,  if  a  final  judgment  is  rendered  in  his  favor,  and  he 
recovers  costs,  is  entitled  to  recover,  in  addition  to  the  costs  pre- 
scribed in  the  last  section,  the  following  percentages,  to  be  es- 
timated upon  the  amount  found  to  be  due  upon  the  mortgage ; 
or  the  value  of  the  property  partitioned,  affected  by  the  adjudi- 
cation upon  the  will  or  other  instrument,  or  the  claim  to  which 
is  determined;  or  the  value  of  the  property  attached,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  sum  recovered  or  claimed ;  as  the  case  may  be : 

"Upon  a  smn  not  exceeding  $200,  10  per  cent. 

"Upon  an  additional  sum  not  exceeding  $400,  5  per  cent. 

"Upon  an  additional  sum  not  exceeding  $1,000,  2  per  cent. 

"Where  such  an  action  is  settled  before  judgment,  the  plaintiff 
is  entitled  to  a  percentage  upon  the  amount  paid  or  secured 
upon  the  settlement,  at  one  half  of  those  rates.  In  an  action  to 
foreclose  a  mortgag-e  upon  real  property,  where  a  part  of  the 
mortgage  debt  is  not  due,  if  the  final  judgment  directs  the  sale 
of  the  whole  property,  as  prescribed  in  §  1637  of  this  act,  the 
percentages  specified  in  this  section  must  be  computed  upon  the 
whole  sum  unpaid  upon  the  mortgage.  But  if  it  directs  the  sale 
of  a  part  only,  as  prescribed  in  §  1636  of  this  act,  they  must  be 
computed  upon  the  sum  actually  due ;  and  if  the  court  thereafter 
grants  an  order,  directing  the  sale  of  the  remainder,  or  a  part 
thereof,  the  percentages  must  be  computed  upon  the  amount 
then  due :  but  the  aggregate  of  the  percentages  shall  not  exceed 
the  sum  which  would  have  been  alloAved  if  the  entire  sum  se- 
cured by  the  mortgage  had  been  due  when  final  judgment  was 


ADDITIONAL  ALLOW  AX  CJ:S.  387 

rendered."  These  allowances  are  a  matter  of  right  to  die  plain- 
tiff if  he  recovers  conts.  i^o  motion  or  order  is  necessary,  and 
the  clerk  must  tax  these  allowances  as  of  course."'^""*  These  al- 
lowances can  be  taxed  only  by  the  plaintiff.^""  But  he  must  re- 
cover costs  to  be  entitled  to  tax  these  allowunces.^'^^ 

These  allowances  cannot  be  taxed  in  any  cases  other  than 
those  mentioned  in  the  statute.  The  words  "'to  compel  the  de- 
tennination  of  a  claim  to  real  property"  have  a  definite  meaning, 
and  refer  only  to  an  action  in  which  the  parties  must  assert  their 
claim  to  the  real  property  or  be  barred  from  asserting  any  claim 
to  that  property  in  the  future."-'^  An  allowance  cannot  be  taxed 
in  an  action  to  foreclose  a  mechanic's  lien,^^^  nor  to  compel  the 
specific  performance  of  a  land  contract,"*^^  nor  to  restrain  the 
foreclosure  of  a  mortgage,^''^  nor  to  set  aside  a  conveyance  as 
fraudulent.^"^ 

315.  Additional  allowances  in  attachment  actions. —  The  allow- 
ance granted  in  attachment  actions  under  §  3252  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  can  be  taxed  only  when  the  property  is  at- 
tached,^*^'^  or  where  the  attachment  is  issued  and  is  not  set  aside 
pending  the  action.^"^  Where  an  attachment  is  vacated  upon 
the  defendant  giving  a  bond,  the  allowance  is  properly  computed 
upon  the  amount  of  the  bond,  which  tfjok  the  place  of  the  prop- 
erty.309 

The  amount  of  the  recovery  is  not  the  value  of  tlic  property 

^Bunt    V.    Middleirook,    14    How,  ^"8proiuj  v.  Snyder,  6  How.  Pr.  11, 

Pr.  EOO.  N.  Y.  Code  Eep.  N.  S.  178. 

^Devlin  v.  New  York,  15  Abb.  Pr.  '-^Buchanan    v.    Morrell,    6    Duer, 

N.  S.  31.  658,  13  How.  Pr.  296. 

^^Williams  v.  Eernon,  13  Abb.  Pr.  "^Tisher  v.   English,   4   Month.   L. 

297;  Eotaling  v.  Marsh,  14  Abb.  Pr.  Bull.  37. 

161,    Eeversing    13    Abb.    Pr.    297;  '"Hselin  v.   Graijdon,  26   How.  Pr. 

Downing  v.  Marshall,  37  N.  Y.  380.  05. 

""^-Wright  V.  Reusens,  39  N.  Y.  S.  ^''Hannover    yat.   Bank    v.    Linne- 

R.  802,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  590.  worth,    7    Hun,    235;    Woodward    v. 

^"'Randolph    v.    Foster,    3    E.    D.  Grier,  2   E.   D.   Smitli,   51,   2   N.   Y. 

Smith,  648,  4  Abb.  Pr.  262.  Code  Rep.  13 :  Jackson  v.  Figanlcre, 

"^Weeks  v.  Southwick,  12  How.  Pr.  15  How.  Pr.  224:  Pratt  v.  Conkey,  15 

170.  How.  Pr.  27. 


388  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

attached  within  §  3252  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Wliere 
the  sheriff  does  not  make  a  return  with  customary  appraisal  of 
"value,  the  defendant  should  show,  by  affidavit  or  otherwise,  tlie 
value  of  the  property  attached.  Where  the  property  attached  ex- 
ceeds in  value  the  amount  of  the  recovery,  the  allowance  should 
be  computed  upon  the  amount  of  the  recovery.^^*^  Discontinu- 
ance upon  the  payment  of  costs  in  an  attachment  action  entitles 
the  plaintiff  to  include  a  full  allowance.^^^  The  plaintiff  has 
no  right  to  this  allowance  in  attachment,  unless  he  recovers  a 
judgment,  or  there  is  a  settlement  which  recognizes  that  he 
would  be  entitled  to  a  judgment.^^^ 

^"Fetchman  v.  Davenport,  8  N.  Y.  ^^-Pratt  v.  Conkey,  15  How.  Pr.  27; 

Civ,   Proc.  Rep.  220,  note;   Brace  v.  Bosttmck   v.   Tioga  R.   Co.    17   How. 

Beatty,  5  Abb.  Pr.  221.  Pr.  456.     Contra,  Gelpeck  v.  Leather 

"^Broion   v.    Saferjuard  Ins.   Co.   7  Cloth  Co.  12  Abb.  Pr.  3G1,  note. 
Abb.  Pr.  345. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

SEVERAL  CAUSES  OF   ACTION;  DIFFERENT    PLAINTIFFS  OR   DE- 
FENDANTS ENTITLED  TO  DIFFERENT  RELIEF. 

316.  When  several  causes  are  united  in  one  action. 

a.  Statute. 

b.  What  recovery  the  defendant  must  have  to  entitle  him  to  costs. 

c.  Action  in  conversion  to  recover  several  chattels. 

d.  When  the  action  is  in  equity. 

317.  Where  two  actions  are  tried  together. 

3 IS.  Where  the  plaintiff  wins  against  some  of  the  defendants  and  loses  as 
to  others. 
a.  In  general. 
h.  Wliere  all  the  defendants  have  the  same  attorney. 

c.  W'here  the  defendants  appear  by  different  attorneys. 

d.  Costs  on  appeal. 

319.  When  costs  are  allowed  upon  the  successful  plea  of  infancy. 

320.  When  costs  are  allowed  against  a  codefendant. 

321.  Rights  and  liability  of  codefendants  when  one  suffers  default  and  the 

other  contests  the  action. 

322.  Costs  where  plaintiff  recovers  judgment  against  all  the  defendants. 

316.  When  several  causes  are  united  in  one  action,  a.  Stat- 
ute.— Section  3234  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  as  fol- 
lows: "In  an  action  specified  in  §  322S  of  this  act,  wherein  the 
complaint  sets  forth  separately  two  or  more  causes  of  action, 
upon  which  issues  of  fact  are  joined,  if  the  plaintiff  recovers 
upon  one  or  more  of  the  issues,  and  the  defendant  upon  the  other 
or  others,  each  party  is  entitled  to  costs  against  the  adverse  party, 
unless  it  is  certified  tliat  the  substantial  cause  of  action  was  the 
same  upon  each  issue ;  in  which  case  the  plaintiff  only  is  entitled 
to  costs.  Costs  to  which  a  party  is  so  entitled  must  be  included 
in  the  final  judgment  by  adding  them  to,  or  offsetting  them 
against,  the  sum  awarded  to  the  prevailing  party,  or  otherwise, 
as  the  case  requires,  but  this  section  does  not  entitle  a  plaintiff 
to  costs  in  a  case  specified  in  subd.  4  of  §  3228  of  this  act,  where 

he  is  not  entitled  to  costs,  as  prescril^ed  in  tliat  subdivision." 

389 


390  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

I.  What  recover;!  the  defendant  must  have  to  entitle  him  to 
costs. — To  entitle  the  defendant  to  costs  in  an  action  where  tlie 
complaint  sets  up  two  or  more  causes  of  action,  and  the  plaintiff 
does  not  recover  on  all,  but  the  defendant  recovers  on  one  or 
more,  there  must  be  an  affirmative  verdict  on  the  merits  for  the 
defendant,  so  tliat  it  will  be  a  bar  to  another  action  on  the  same 
cause  of  action.  A  failure  of  proof  on  the  part  of  the  plaintiff^ 
or  a  direction  of  nonsuit  by  the  court  is  not  sufficient.^  If  an 
action  is  brought  to  recover  two  different  things,  for  each  of 
which  an  action  might  be  maintained,  but  the  complaint  states 
but  one  cause  of  action,  and  the  plaintiff  succeeds  as  to  one  or 
more  and  the  defendant  succeeds  as  to  one  or  more,  the  plain- 
tiff alone  is  entitled  to  costs.  The  complaint  must  set  forth 
separately  two  or  more  causes  of  action  to  permit  the  defendant 
to  recover  costs  when  he  succeeds  as  to  a  part  of  the  matter  at 
issue.^  Where  the  defendant  has  an  affirmative  verdict  or  find- 
ing in  his  favor  on  the  merits  upon  any  of  the  causes  of  action 
set  forth  in  the  complaint,  he  is  entitled  to  costs,  although  the 
plaintiff  is  entitled  to  judgment  on  other  causes  of  action.* 

^Reilly  v.   Lee,  .33   App.   Div.   201,  Supp.    508;    McCarthy   v.    Innis,    61 

28  N.  y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  170.  G  N.  Y.  Hun,  354,  21   N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

Anno.  Gas.  136,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  336.  333,   40   N.   Y.   S.   R.   682,    15   N.   Y. 

^Bnrvs  v.  Delaware,  L.  d  W.  R.  Co.  Supp.  855. 
135  N.  Y.  268,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  106,  ^Newell  Universal  Mill  Co.  v.  Mux- 
31  N.  E.  1080;  Heath  v.  Forhes,  IS  low,  115  N.  Y.  170,  17  N.  Y.  Civ. 
N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  207,  11  N.  Y.  Proc.  Rep.  238,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545, 
Supp.  87:  Cooper  v.  Jolly,  30  Hun,  21  N.  E.  1048.  In  eflfect  overruling 
224,  Affirmed  in  96  N.  Y.  667 ;  Briygs  Coon  v.  Diefendorf,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 
V.  Allen,  4  Hill,  538:  Williard  v.  Rep.  293,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  389.  The 
Sirachan,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  latter  case  was  based  very  largely 
452;  Crosley  v.  Cobb,  42  Hun,  166;  upon  Aclcerman  v.  De  Lude,  36  Hun, 
Reed  v.  Batten,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  44,  which  was  expressly  overruled  in 
Rep.  272,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  708,  not  the  priiieipal  ease.  Barlow  v.  Bar- 
following  Blufthfield  v.  Blashficld,  41  low,  35  Hun,  50;  Bull  v.  Ketchum,  2 
Him,  249;   Durant  v.  Abendroth,   13  Denio,   188. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  434 ;  Crittenden  ■^Welling   v.    Ivoroyd   Mfg.    Co.    15 

V.  Crittenden,  1  Hill,  359;  People  v.  App.   Div.   116,  4   N.  Y.   Anno.   Cas. 

Feeler,    12    Wend.    480;     Qiiinby    v.  145.  44  N.  Y.  Supp.  374;   McCarthy 

Clafiin,  39  N.  Y,  S.  R.  793,  15  N.  Y.  v.  Innis,  61  Hun,  354,  15  N.  Y.  Supp. 


SEVERAI,   CAUSES   OF  ACTION".  391 

Costs  awarded  to  both  parties  in  the  same  action  should  be  set 
off  against  each  other  and  judgment  entered  for  the  difference.* 
"Where  a  plaintiff  set  forth  in  her  complaint  three  causes  of 
action  to  recover  the  same  premises,  claiming  a  dower  interest 
in  the  first  count,  and  in  fee  in  the  other  two,  and  she  won  on  the 
first,  the  defendant  was  held  entitled  to  costs.®  Where  a  plain- 
tiff sets  forth  three  causes  of  action,  claiming  a  different  frac- 
tional part  of  the  same  property  in  each  count,  and  each  count 
requires  the  same  proof,  but  they  differ  from  one  another  to 
meet  the  uncertain  views  of  the  jury  upon  a  conflict  of  the  evi- 
dence, or  the  opinion  of  the  court  upon  some  question  of  law,  the 
defendant  is  not  entitled  to  costs  where  the  plaintiff  recovers  on 
only  one  of  the  counts."^  Section  3234  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
■cedure  is  substantially  the  same  as  2  Rev.  Stat.  617,  §  26  (2 
Edm.  641)  ;  therefore  cases  decided  under  the  Revised  Statute 
are  applicable  to  the  law  at  the  present  time.  When  the  Code 
of  Procedure  was  enacted,  this  provision  was  repealed,  and  was 
not  incorporated  therein.  Decisions  rendered  while  the  Code  of 
Procedure  was  in  force  are,  therefore,  not  now  applicable.* 
Where  the  complaint  is  amended  at  the  trial  so  that  the  plaintiff 
may  recover  on  all  the  causes  of  action  set  forth,  the  defendant 
is  not  entitled  to  costs,  although  he  would  have  succeeded  upon 
the  issues  presented  by  the  original  pleadings.^ 

c.  Action  in  coiiversion  to  recover  several  chattels. — Where  an 

8.55;    Cooper  v.  Jolly,   30  Hun,  224,  Hudson  v.  Guttenberg,  9  Abb.  N.  C. 

Affirmed  in  9G  N.  Y.  667 ;  Dougherty  415. 

V.   Metropolitan  L.   Ins.   Co.   3   App.  ^Genet  v.  Delmoare  d-  H.  Canal  Co. 

Div.  314,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  258;  Crane  136  N.  Y.  217,  49  N.   Y.   S.  R.  201, 

V.  Miller,  27  App.  Div.  630,  50  N.  Y.  32  K  E.  851. 

Supp.   675:   Browning  v.  New  York,  '^Crittenden   v.   Crittenden,    1   Hill, 

L.  E.  d  ^Y.  R.  Co.  64  Hun,  513,  22  359. 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   193,  46  N.  Y.  'Martin  v.  Martin,  3  How.  Pr.  202. 

S.  R.  505,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  453;  Blash-  ^Watson  v.  Gardiner,  50  N.  Y.  671 ; 

field  V.  Blash  field,  41  Hun,  249;  Ury  Stoddard  v.  Clarice,  9  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

V.   Wilde,    15   N.   Y.  Civ.   Proc.   Rep.  310. 

451,  19  X.  Y.  S.  R.  674,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  'Dougherty  v.  Metropolitan  L.  Ins. 

791;     Mooshrngger    v.    Kaufman,     7  Co.  3  App.  Div.  313,  73  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

App.  Div.  380,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  213;  739,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  258. 


392  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOIIK. 

action  is  brought  to  recover  several  cliattels,  and  tlie  complaint 
states  but  one  cause  of  action,  if  the  plaintiff  recovers  property 
of  the  value  of  more  than  $50,  the  defendant  is  not  entitled  to 
costs.  The  complaint  must  set  forth  separately  two  or  more 
causes  of  action,  to  permit  the  defendant  to  recover  costs  when  he 
succeeds  as  to  a  part  of  the  property.^*^  The  defendant  is  not 
without  protection  in  such  a  case,  as  he  can  make  an  offer  of 
judgment  which  will  protect  him  as  to  future  costs.^^ 

d.  When  the  action  is  in  equity. — In  equity,  costs  may  be  re- 
fused to  both  parties,  where  each  party  recovers  on  one  or  more 
causes  of  action.^^  The  certificate  mentioned  in  §  3234  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  is  meant  to  cover  those  cases  where  the 
pleader  has  set  forth  the  same  cause  of  action  in  several  differ- 
ent ways,  and  not  two  distinct  causes  of  action  in  which  the  same 
legal  conclusion  arises.^^ 

317.  Where  two  actions  are  tried  together. — Where  two  actions 
at  law  are  tried  together,  and  it  is  stipulated  that  one  action 
shall  abide  the  event  of  the  other  a  full  bill  of  costs  can  be  taxed 
in  each  case,  including  a  trial  fee.^^  It  was  held  that,  where 
parties  stipulated  tliat  a  certain  action  be  stayed  till  the  determi- 
nation of  another  action,  and  that  the  result  in  the  latter  case 
be  adopted  as  final  in  the  former  case,  and  that  either  party 
have  a  right  to  enter  judgment  therein  the  same  as  if  a  trial  had 
been  had  therein,  the  successful  party  was  entitled  to  costs  up 

^"KUhurn  v.   Lowe,    37   Hun,   237;  McDonald,    9    Hun,    23;    Hudson    v. 

Newell    Universal  Mill   Co.   v.   Mux-  OiUtenierg,  9  Ahh.  "N.  C.  il5;  Barker 

low,   115   N.   Y.    170,    17   N.   Y.   Civ.  v.  Laney,  7  App.  Div.  352,  40  N.  Y. 

Proe.  Rep.  238,  24  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545,  Supp.  66. 

21  N.  E.  1048,  Overruling  Ackerman  "Teator  v.  Neic  York  Mut.  Sav.  & 

V.  De  Ludc,  36  Hun,  44.  Loan  Asso.  32   Misc.   542,   67   N.  Y. 

"A'eetZ  V.  Batten,  22  Abb.  N.  C.  69,  Supp.  15. 

17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  272,  6  N.  Y.  "A'oc/i.   v.    Koch,    1    City   Ct.   Rep. 

Supp.  708,  255;  Eildehrant  v.  Crawford,  6  Lans. 

^^Tucker    v.    Utica,    35    App.    Div.  502;  Hauselt  v.  Godfrey,  3 '^.  Y.  Civ. 

173,   54   N.   Y.    Supp.   855;    West  v.  Proe.  Rep.   116;   Law  v.  Jackson  ex 

Utica,  71  Hun,  540,  54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  dem.  Lansing,  2  Wend.  209. 
Oil,   24    N.   Y.    Supp.    1075;    Law  v. 


SEVERAL   CAUSES  OF  ACTIo:X.  393 

to  tlie  time  of  the  stipulation,  and  a  trial  feo.^-''  Costs  in  such 
cases  follow  the  right  to  a  judgment,  unless  the  parties,  by  stip- 
ulation, have  waived  their  right  to  costs.  "Where  a  plaintiff 
brings  several  actions  to  recover  for  the  same  cause  of  action, 
and  recovers  damages,  he  is  entitled  to  a  full  bill  of  costs  in  one 
action  and  his  disbursements  in  the  others.-'^  In  equity  the  court 
will  make  such  an  allowance  of  costs  as  justice  requires,  in  spite 
of  the  stipulation  of  the  parties.  In  such  actions  there  is  no 
absolute  right  to  costs,  and  parties  cannot,  by  stipulation,  take 
away  from  the  court  its  right  to  exercise  its  discretion.  Where 
four  tenants  in  common  brought  four  separate  actions  for  an 
injunction,  or  damages  to  their  property,  which  actions  were 
tried  as  one,  and  but  one  record  upon  appeal  was  made,  but 
one  bill  of  costs  was  allowed,  because  they  could  all  have  joined 
in  one  action.-^' 

A  plaintiff  was  allowed  two  bills  of  costs  where  he  brought  two 
actions  upon  two  separate  judgments  to  set  aside  a  transfer  as 
being  in  fraud  of  creditors,  and  succeeded  in  his  actions. ^^ 

Where  several  plaintiffs  brought  an  action  against  the  de- 
fendant for  damages  which  acciiied  to  them  severally,  the  plain- 
tiff who  won  was  held  entitled  to  costs,  and  the  defendant  was 
held  entitled  to  costs  against  the  plaintiffs  he  defeated.  The  de- 
fendant should  enter  one  judgment  against  all  of  the  unsuccess- 
ful plaintiffs.  The  remedy  where  he  fails  to  do  this  is  to  apply 
to  the  court  to  correct  this  irregularity,  and  not  to  move  to  set 
the  judgment  aside. ^'^ 

318.  Where  the  plaintiff  wins  against  some  of  the  defendants 
and  loses  as  to  others.  a.  In  general. —  In  an  action  at  law 
against  several  defendants,  wdiere  the  plaintiff  succeeds  against 

''Wmlenreid    v.    WUson,    2    N.    Y.  Co.  22  App.  Div.  501,  48  N.  Y.  Siipp. 

Wpok.  Die:.  108.  80. 

^"ifooshrvofjer  v.  Kaufman,  7  App.  ^'Clark  v.  MacDonald,  G2  Hun.  149, 

Div.  380,  40'n.  Y.  Supp.  213;  QuhiY.  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  753,  16  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Bowe,   11   Abb.   N.   C.   115,   10  Daly,  493. 

505.  ^^KnoivUon  v.  Pierce,  41  How.  Pr. 

"^YoodtoortJl  V.  Brool-hjn   Elev.  R.  361. 


394  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IK  NEW  YORK. 

one  or  more  defendaiits,  but  not  against  all,  lie  is  entitled  to 
costs,  as  of  course.  In  such  a  case  costs  may  be  awarded  to  the 
successful  defendants  in  the  discretion  of  tlie  trial  court,  in 
actions  at  law  or  in  equity,  and  upon  application  to  it.^"  The 
application  must  be  made  to  the  court,  although  the  action  is 
tried  before  a  referee.^^ 

To  entitle  a  defendant  to  costs  against  the  plaintiff  in  such 
cases  it  must  apjDoar  that  he  did  not  unite  in  an  answer  and  was 
not  united  in  interest  with  a  defendant  against  whom  the  plain- 
tiff was  entitled  to  costs.^^ 

b.  Where  all  the  defendants  have  the  same  attorney. — It  is 
fatal  to  the  rights  of  a  successful  defendant  that  he  has  united 
in  an  answer  with  an  unsuccessful  defendant.^'  In  such  a  case 
the  direction  of  the  court  that  he  have  costs  is  of  no  avail.  The 
court  has  no  power  to  award  him  costs.^^  It  has  been  held  that 
if  they  answer  separately,  setting  up  different  defenses,  but  by 
the  same  attorney,  it  is  sufficient  to  allow  the  successful  defend- 
ant costs.^''  Where  the  summons  is  served  on  the  defendants  at 
such  long  intervals  that  the  attorney  for  both  defendants  is  com- 
pelled to  serve  separate  answers,  it  is  proper  to  allow  the  de- 
fendants, upon  their  succeeding  in  the  action,  two  bills  of 
cost-s.^^    Where  the  successful  defendant  is  alloAved  costs,  he  can 

"""Tan  Gelder  v.  Van  Gelder,  84  N.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  390;   Churchill  v. 

Y.  658;  Williams  v.  Blnmer,  49  How.  Wagner,  23  Misc.  .595,  52  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Pr.   12;   Marks  v.  Bard,  1   Abb.   Pr.  252. 

63 ;  Williams  v.  Eorgan,  13  How.  Pr.        ^^Krafft  v.  Wilson,  3  How.  Pr.  N. 

138;    Code  Civ.   Proc.   §   3229;    Allis  S.   18,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  359; 

V.  Wheeler,  56  N.  Y.  50;  Busted  v.  Downing  v.  Marshall,  37  N.  Y.  380; 

Van  Ness,  1  App.  Div.  120,  72  N.  Y.  Allis  v  Wheeler,  56  N.  Y.  50;   Park 

S.  R.  28,  36  N.  Y.  Supp.  1043;   Fix-  v.  Spaulding,  10  Hun,  128. 
ley  V.  Rockioell,  Sheldon,  267;  Eau-        -"Pierce   v.    Broivn,    8    Jones    &    S. 

self  V.  Vilmar,  76  ISl.  Y.  630.  398;  Eodgkins  v.  Mead,  17  K  Y.  Civ. 

"iYeto  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  v.  PhUa-  Proc.  Rep.  16,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  937,  5 

d-elphia  Architeciural  Iron  Co.  18  N.  X.   Y.  Supp.   435;    Wheeler  v.   Eeer- 

Y.  Week.  Dig.  325.  mans,   3   Sandf.   Ch.   597 ;    Zeisler  v. 

"^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3229;   Allis  v.  SSicinmann,     21     Jones     &     S.     184; 

Wheeler,    56    N.     Y.     50;     Park    v.  Walker  v.  Russell,  16  How.   Pr.   91, 

Spaulding,  10  Hun,  128.  7  Abb.  Pr.  452,  note. 

^^^awyer  v.  Thurher,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.        ""Mazet  v.  Grow,  24  Abb.  N.  C.  374, 

Proc.  Rep.  204:   Frazer  v.   Eunf,  18  18  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  178,  31  N. 


SEVEIJAJ.   CAI  SICS  OF  ACTION.  395 

tax  a  full  bill  of  costs,  althougli  the  plaintiff  is  limitod  in  the 
amount  of  his  costs  against  the  unsuccessful  defendant  to  a  sum 
equal  to  the  verdict.^^ 

If  one  bill  of  costs  is  awarded  to  two  successful  defendants, 
and  upon  the  appeal  the  judgnnent  is  affirmed,  as  to  one,  without 
costs,  but  reversed  as  to  the  other,  with  costs  to  abide  the  event, 
tlie  successful  defendant  may  collect  the  costs  awarded  to  both 
defendants,  and  may  maintain  an  action  on  the  bond  given  to 
both  upon  appeal.^^  The  defeated  defendant  is  not  a  necessary 
party  to  such  an  action.  When  the  judgment  was  reversed,  the 
defeated  defendant  ceased  to  have  any  interest  in  the  costs  or 
to  the  undertaking  on  appeal.-^  There  can  be  no  doubt  what- 
ever that  these  costs  are  not  given  as  of  course,  and  there  seems 
to  be  no  good  reason  why  they  should  not  be  awarded  to  a  suc- 
cessful defendant,  who  is  not  united  in  interest  and  does  not 
unite  in  an  answer  with  an  unsuccessful  defendant,  but  employs 
the  same  attorney.  Under  the  Code  of  Procedure  the  successful 
defendants  were  entitled  to  costs  against  the  plaintiff,  as  of 
course.^'^  The  old  Code  also  allowed  costs  to  each  successful  de- 
fendant who  put  iu  a  separate  answer,  although  they  all  had  the 
same  attorney.^^ 

c.  Where  the  defendants  appear  hy  different  attorneys. — ^A 
defendant  who  is  not  united  in  interest  with  the  other  defend- 
ants, and  appears  by  separate  attorney,  will  usually  be  allowed 
his  costs  in  case  he  succeeds,  whether  the  other  defendants  suc- 
ceed or  not.^^     If  the  attorney  for  one  of  the  defendants  with- 

Y.   S.  R.   972,   10   K   Y.   Supp.   743;  ^"Daniels   v.    Lyon,    9    N.    Y.    549; 

Lindslay  v.  Deafendorf,  43  How.  Pr.  Gardner  v.  Waller,  22  How.  Pi-.  405. 

W.  ^'Pierce   v.   Broicn,    8    Jones   &    S. 

""Stone  V.  Duffy,  3  Sandf.  761,  N.  398. 

Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  129.  -Forrest  v.  Thompson,  8  N.  Y.  S. 

^Fritchie  v.  EoJden,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  R.  345;  Lane  v.  Van  Orden,  11  Abb. 

Proc.  Rep.  84,  32  N.  Y.  S.  R.  276,  11  N.  C.  228,   63  How.   Pr.  237;   Royce 

N.  Y.  Supp.  171.  V.  Jones,  23  Hun,  452;  Delaware,  L. 

"^Johnstone    v.    Conner,    13    N.    Y.  rf-  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Burlcard,  40  Hun,  625, 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  19,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  702.  2  jST.  Y.  S.  R.  184;  Hinds  v.  Myers, 


396  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  I^'  ^'E\V   YOKIC. 

draws  from  the  case  upon  appeal,  he  will  not  be  allowed  costs 
after  such  withdrawal.""  The  right  to  separate  bills  of  costs- 
on  the  part  of  the  defendants  is  determined  bv  the  manner  in 
which  they  answer  the  complaint.  The  fact  that  they  appear 
by  diiferent  attorneys  upon  an  appeal  cannot  change  their  right 
to  costs,  as  determined  by  their  appearance  in  the  trial  court^* 

If  separate  bills  of  costs  are  awarded,  only  one  judgment 
should  be  entered  and  the  disbursements  in  the  bills  of  costs 
should  not  be  duplicated.^^  There  can  be  only  one  judgment  if 
tlie  plaintiff  wins  as  to  one  defendant  and  loses  as  to  the  other.^*^ 

Costs  will  not  be  awarded  to  several  defendants  who  have  ap- 
peared by  separate  attorneys,  when  the  severance  is  made  for 
the  purpose  of  increasing  costs.^'^  Where  a  complaint  is  dis- 
missed upon  tlie  call  of  the  calendar  on  the  ground  that  it  does 
not  state  a  cause  of  action,  only  one  bill  of  costs  will  be  allow^ed 
to  several  defendants  who  appeared  by  separate  attorneys.  The 
complaint  being  clearly  insufficient  the  court  could  have  passed 
upon  the  question  upon  a  joint  demurrer. '^^  The  burden  rests 
upon  the  plaintiff  to  show  that  the  severance  w^as  made  for  the- 
purpose  of  increasing  the  costs.^^  It  is  usually  fatal  to  an  al- 
lowance to  the  successful  defendant  of  a  separate  bill  of  costs 
to  the  several  defendants,  that  the  attorneys  who  appear  for  the 
several  defendants  are  partners,^"  or  that  one  of  the  attorneys 

4  How.  Pr.  35G,   3  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  Lindslay  v.  Deafendorf,  43  How.  Pr. 

48;  Decker  v.  Gardiner,  8  X.  Y.  29;  90;    New  York  &  N.  II.     R.   Co.  v. 

Neio  York  &  IV.  E.  R.  Co.  v.  Schuyler,  Schuyler,    29    How.    Pr.    89 ;    Slater 

29  How.  Pr.  89;  Olifiers  v.  Belmont,  Bank  v.  Sturdy,  15  Abb.  Pr.  75. 

15  Misc.  120,  71  N.  Y.  S.  R.  836,  36  ^Bailey  v.  Johnson,  1  Daly,  61. 

N.    Y.    Supp.    813;    Eequembourg   v.  ^"Delaicare,  L.  d- W.  R.  Co.  v.  Burk- 

Bookstaver,  54  Hun,  88,  26  N.  Y.  S.  nrd,   40   Hun,   625;    Wolf  v.  Di  La- 

R.  479,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  217.  renzo,  22  Misc.  323,  49  N.  Y.  Supp. 

""^Wheatland   v.    Taylor,    20   X.    Y.  191;   Pickert  v.  Windecker,  73  Hun, 

Week.  Dig.  33.  476,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  12,  26  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^^Wilhur  V,   ^Yil1sey,   13   How.   Pr.  437;  Forrest  v.  Thompson,  8  N.  Y.  S, 

506.  R.  345. 

^Ten  Broeclc  v.  Paifje,  6  Hill,  267.  "^Crofts  v.  Rockefeller,  6  How.  Pr. 

^•"Wehh  V.  Bulger,  4  Hill,  588.  9,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  177;  Brooh- 

^'Royce    v.    Jones,    23    Hun,    452;  icay  v.  Jeioett,  16  Barb.  590. 


SEVERAL   CAUSES  OF  ACTION.  397 

is  a  clerk  for  the  other  attorney,^^  or  that  the  attorneys  occupy 
the  same  office,^^  or  that  one  attorney  was  retained  by  the  attor- 
ney for  another  defendant.**^  Defendants  who  are  partners,  or 
who  were  partners  at  the  time  the  liability  was  incurred,  will 
not  usually  be  allowed  separate  bills  of  costs;  but  where  their 
relations  are  now  hostile,  or  they  reside  at  a  distance  from  each 
other  and  the  court  can  see  that  their  appearance  by  different 
attorneys  is  not  made  to  oppress  the  plaintiff,  but  to  protect  their 
own  interests,  separate  bills  of  costs  will  usually  be  allowed.** 
The  fact  that  the  defendants  ceased  to  be  partners  before  the 
liability  was  incurred  is  usually  sufficient  to  place  the  burden 
on  tlie  plaintiff  to  show  that  the  severance  was  collusive."*^  Where 
one  bill  of  costs  is  allowed  to  tvvo  defendants,  and  one  of  the 
defendants  enters  up  judgment  taxing  the  entire  bill  of  costs, 
the  other  defendant  cannot  enter  up  judgment  taxing  another 
bill  of  costs.  Only  one  final  judgment  can  bo  entered  in  an 
action.  If  the  one  already  entered  is  not  proper,  it  should  be 
corrected  on  motion.*^ 

Where,  after  service  of  the  answer,  one  attorney  withdraws 
and  another  attorney  appears  for  his  client  and  all  the  other 
defendants,  costs  will  usually  be  allowed  to  the  client  whose  at- 
torney witlidrew,  up  to  such  withdrawal,  and  a  full  bill  of  costs 
will  be  allowed  for  the  services  of  the  other  attorney."*^  The 
plaintiff'  can  tax  but  one  bill  of  costs  where  he  succeeds  as  to 
all  the  defendants,  although  they  have  appeared  by  different  at- 
torneys.*^    Where  the  plaintiff  accepts  separate  offers  of  judg- 

*^Ilowell  V.  Veith,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  ^""Arnow  v.  Fergnson,  50  N.  Y.  S. 

Rep.    405;     Perry    v.    Livingston,    G  E..  509,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  195. 

How.  Pr.  404.  ^X'usteUanos  v.  Beauville,  2  Sandf. 

^"Slater   Bank   v.    Sturdy,    15    Abb.  670;  Harper  v.  Vhamherlain,  14  Abb. 

Pr.  75.  Pr.  408. 

^^Yilliams  v.  Cassady,  22  Hun,  180,  '"Latham  v.  BUss,  13  How  Pr.  416: 

59  How.  Pr.  490.  Codding  v.  Scott,  1  Misc.  485,  49  N. 

"^Bridgeport   F.   tf-    M.    Ins.    Co.   v.  Y.   S.   R.   884,   21    N.   Y.   Supp.   473; 

Wilson,  7  Bosw.  699,  12  Abb.  Pr.  209.  Mechanics'   &   T.   Nat.  Bank  v.   Wi- 

20  How.  Pr.  511.  riant,   16   N.   Y.    S.   R.    904,    1    N.   Y. 

"''Milligan  V.  Jtobinson,  ^S  How.  Fr.  Supp.   659;   Phipps  v.   Van  Cott,   15 

380.  How.  Pr.   110;   Everson  v.   Gehrmnn, 


o9S  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

ment  made  by  tlie  defendants,  and  tlien  obtains  an  order  sever- 
ing the  action,  he  is  only  entitled  to  one  bill  of  costs. "^^  Under 
the  old  civil  damage  act,  judgments  could  be  taken  against  the 
defendants  in  different  amounts,  and  separate  bills  of  costs  could 
be  taxed  against  them.^*^  The  order  of  the  judge  granting  or 
refusing  separate  bills  of  costs,  or  awarding  costs  to  certain  de- 
fendants and  refusing  them  to  others,  is  final  until  reversed,  and 
a  judgment  entered  contrary  to  such  order  will  be  set  aside  as 
irregular,^^  Costs  may  be  awarded  to  tbe  several  defendants  at 
any  time  after  judgment,  and  where  the  plaintiff  moves  to  set 
aside  the  costs  taxed  by  the  separate  defendants  on  the  ground 
that  none  had  been  allowed,  the  court,  upon  the  hearing  of  the 
motion,  has  power  to  finally  dispose  of  the  question  of  costs.^^ 

d.  Costs  on  appeal. — Where  all  the  defendants  unite  in  one 
appeal  and  the  judgment  is  reversed,  with  costs  to  the  appellants,, 
only  one  bill  of  costs  can  be  taxed,^^  although  the  court  below 
had  granted  the  defendants  separate  bills  of  costs.^^ 

319.  When  costs  are  allowed  upon  the  successful  plea  of  in- 
fancy.—  A  defendant  who  succeeds  in  establishing  his  plea  of 
infancy  is  entitled  to  the  same  costs  as  if  he  had  succeeded  upon 
any  other  defense  where  costs  are  a  matter  of  right,  and  in  an 
action  where  costs  are  in  tJie  discretion  of  the  court  he  may  be 
allowed  costs  if  he  establishes  that  fact  on  the  trial. ^^  If  the 
plaintiff  had  wished  to  avoid  paying  costs,  he  should  have  moved 
to  discontinue  when  the  answer  was  served,  and  not  forced  the 
defendant  to  establish  his  defense."^     If  the  plaintiff  is  allowed 

2    Abb.    Pr.    413;    Buell   v.    Gay,    13  ^V on  Keller  \.  Schulting,  ^f>  'iio\r. 

How.  Pr.  31.  Pr.  139. 

^''Codding  v.  Bcott,  1  ]\Iisc.  485,  49  ^^Siveet  v.  Mowry,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R- 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  473.  262,  20  N.  Y.  Siipp.  294,  Affirmed  in 

^Mclntyre  v.  Wyjme,  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  138  N.  Y.  650,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  87,  34 

Proc.  Rep.  208,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  540;  N.  E.   388;   Fischer  v.  Langhcin,  31 

Comstock  V.  Ealleck,  4  Sandf.  671;  Hun,  272. 

Buell  V.  Gay,  13  How.  Pr.  31,  contra.  ^'Willdow  v.  BelL  18  How.  Pr.  397; 

'^Arnoro  v.  Ferguson,  5  Silv.  Sup.  Bank  of  Attica  v.  Wolf,  18  How.  Pr. 

Ct.  237,  8  N.  Y.  Supp.  715.  102;  Zink  v.  Attenhurg,  IS  How.  Pr. 

^•'And^-pirs    v.     M  oiler,    20     N.     Y.  108. 

Week.  Di".  377.  ^Cnyler  v.  Coats,  10  How.  Pr.  14U 


SEVKEAL   CAUSES  OF  ACTION.  399 

to  proceed  to  trial  -without  notice  of  infancy  the  court  may  well^ 
where  costs  are  in  its  discretion,  refuse  to  allow  costs,^^  or  it 
may  refuse  costs  where  the  defendant  escapes  a  moral  liability 
upon  such  a  plea.^^ 

320.  When  costs  are  allowed  against  a  codefendant. — Costs  will 
not  be  awarded  to  one  defendant  against  a  codefendant,  unless 
he  is  a  necessary  party  to  the  action,^^  and  it  becomes  necessary 
in  the  adjustment  of  the  ultimate  rights  of  the  parties.^'' 

321.  Rights  and  liability  of  codefendants  when  one  suffers  de- 
fault and  the  other  contests  the  action. —  A  defendant  who  suc- 
cessfully defends  an  action  at  law,  while  his  codefendant  makes 
default,  is  not  entitled  to  costs,  as  of  course,  but  his  costs  are 
discretionary  with  the  court  under  §  3229,  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.  This  has  been  the  law  since  1851.  Before  that  time 
he  would  have  been  entitled  to  costs,  as  of  course. *^^  A  defend- 
ant who  makes  default  is  liable  for  the  costs  incurred  by  his  co- 
defendant  in  his  unsuccessful  efforts  in  defending  the  action. ^^ 
Where  one  of  two  or  more  defendants  suffers  default,  the  plain- 
tiff may  enter  up  judgment  against  him,  with  costs;  but  if  the 
plaintiff  does  not  do  this,  but  waits  until  tlie  issues  of  the  action 
have  been  determined,  and  enters  up  judgment  against  all  the 
defendants,  his  rights  against  the  defaulting  defendant  under 
that  judgment  cease  upon  the  reversal  of  that  judgment  by  the 
appellate  court.  The  plaintiff,  however,  may,  upon  propei* 
proof,  enter  up  against  the  defaulting  defendant  the  same  judg- 

Hinds  V.  Myers,  4  How.  Pr.  35G,  3  N.  1  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.   18,  63  N.  Y.  S. 

Y.  Code  Rep.  48.  R.  149,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  895;  Allis  v. 

"Irwin    V.     O'Connor,     15    N.    Y.  ^Yheeler,  5Q  N.  Y.  50;  Koijce  v.  Jones, 

Week.  Dig.  124.  23  Hun,  453;  Yamaio  Trading  Co.  v. 

^Yamato  Trading  Co.  v.   Hoexter,  Hoexter,    44    Hun,    491;    Daniels    v. 

44  Hun,  491.  Lyon,   9   N.   Y.   549    (commenced  be- 

^^Roberts  v.  ^^ew  Yorh  Elev.  R.  Co.  fore   1851). 
155  N.  Y.  31,  49  N.  E.  262.  "-Cailvn  v.  Billings,  4  Abb.  Pr.  248,. 

""People  V.  Albany  £  S.  R.  Co.   5  13   How.   Pr.   511;    Warner  v.   Ford, 

Lans.  25;  Bndd  v.  Munroe,   18  Him,  17  How.  Pr.  54;  Delatour  v.  Bricker,. 

316.  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  22. 

'^Eastman   v.    Gray,    81    Hun.    362, 


400  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IIS'  XEW   YOItK. 

ment  that  he  might  have  entered  up  as  soon  as  the  default  oc- 
curred. He  may  do  this  at  any  time,  even  after  the  contesting 
defendants  liave  obtained  final  judgment  against  him.^^  Where 
one  of  two  or  more  defendants  pays  the  judgment  and  costs 
taken  against  all  the  defendants,  and  the  other  defendant  upon 
appeal  subsequently  obtains  a  new  trial,  with  costs  to  the  defend- 
ant to  abide  the  event,  all  questions  of  accrued  costs  is  at  an 
end.  If  the  successful  defendant  obtains  leave  of  the  court  to 
set  up  payment  by  his  codefendant,  he  will,  upon  proving  pay- 
ment, be  entitled  to  the  entire  costs  of  the  action.^*  Where  one 
defendant  demurs  and  one  answers,  and  the  plaintiff  is  success- 
ful in  both  cases,  he  is  entitled  to  but  one  bill  of  costs,  with  dis- 
bursements, in  the  trial  court,  but  to  two  bills  of  costs  in  the  ap- 
pellate court.  ^^ 

322.  Costs  where  plaintiff  recovers  judgment  against  all  the  de- 
fendants.—  Where  there  are  two  or  more  defendants  who  appear 
by  different  attorneys,  and  the  plaintiff  recovers  judgment 
against  all  of  them,  he  is  entitled  to  tax  but  one  bill  of  costs.^** 
There  are  two  decisions  to  the  contrary.  One  was  decided  in 
1851  under  the  Code  of  Procedure  and  is  now  of  very  little 
authority.^^  The  other  case  was  an  action  under  the  civil  dam- 
age act,  where  the  action  was  brought  against  the  liquor  dealer 
and  his  landlord.  The  jury  was  instructed  that  they  might 
bring  in  a  verdict  in  different  amounts  against  the  two  defend- 
ants. Such  a  verdict  was  rendered,  and  tlie  court  held  that  sepa- 
rate judgments,  \vith  full  costs  against  each,  might  be  entered.^^ 
These  cases  do  not  change  the  rule  as  above  stated. 

'^HoioJc  V.  Bishop,  10  Hun,  509.  nanf,   16   X.   Y.   S.   R.   002,   1   N.  Y. 

^Broicn  v.  Richardson,  7  Eobt.  57.  Supp.  659;    Pratt  v.  Allen,   19  How. 

"'rratt  V.  Allen,  19  How.  Pr.  450.  Pr.  450. 

^^iiell  V.    Gay,    13   How.   Pr.   31;  "Comstoch    v.    nalleck,    4    Sandf. 

Codding    v.    Scott,    1    Misc.    485,    49  671. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  473;  "'Mclnfijre  v.  Wi/nne,  21  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Mechanics'  d   T.   Nat.   Bank   v.   Wi-  Proc.  Rep.  208,   16  N.  Y.  Supp.  540. 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

VARIOUS  PROVISIONS  IN  RELATION  TO  COSTS. 

323.  Costs  on  consolidation  of  two  or  more  actions. 

324.  Costs  on  severance  of  an  action. 

a.  Statute. 

6.  In  general. 

c.  Severance  after  answer. 

325.  Costs  upon  granting  an  order  of  interpleader. 

326.  Costs  as  affected  by  lack  of  jurisdiction. 

327.  Costs  as  governed  by  stipulation. 

328.  Commencement  of  an  action  without  authority. 

329.  When  the  judge  informs  the  jury  of  the  efiect  of  their  verdict  upon 

the  question  of  costs. 

330.  Costs  after  entry  of  judgment. 

331.  Costs  upon  an  accounting. 

332.  When  costs  are  made  payable  out  of  a  fund. 

333.  Costs  payable  a  guardian  ad  litem. 

a.  Costs  allowed  to  a  guardian  ad  litem. 

b.  Amount. 

334.  Costs  allowed  against  a  general  guardian. 

335.  Costs  in  various  cases. 
335a.Voluntary  appearance. 

323.  Costs  on  consolidation  of  two  or  more  actions. —  Wlien  two 
or  more  actions  are  consolidated  under  the  provisions  of  §  817 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  thev  are  at  an  end,  and  only  the 
consolidated  action  remains.  No  costs  in  those  actions  can  be 
taxed  upon  the  final  judgment,  unless  it  is  so  provided  in  the 
order  of  consolidation.^  If  the  order  does  not  provide  for  the 
costs  already  accrued,  the  party  feeling  aggrieved  should  ap- 
peal; otherwise,  he  is  concluded  by  the  order.^  If  a  consoli- 
dated action  is  settled  after  the  amended,  complaint  and  answer 

^Blale  V.  Michigan  S.  &  2V.  /.  R.  ^Train  v.   Davidson,   11   App.   Div. 

Co.  17  How.  Pr.  228;   German  Exch.  027,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.   1133;   Wm.  H. 

Bank  V.  Kroder,  14  J.Iisc.  179,  35  N.  Frank  Brewing  Co.  v.  New  York,  19 

Y.  Supp.  380;   Ualsey  v.  McGallum,  App.  Div.  628,  46  N.  Y.  Supp.  24. 
2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  338. 

costs  26.  401 


402  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

have  been  served,  and  before  it  is  placed  upon  the  calendar^ 
only  costs  before  notice  of  trial  can  be  taxed,  although  the  origi- 
nal actions  may  have  been  on  the  calendar.^  Costs  of  tae  mo- 
tion of  consolidation  should  be  granted,  unless  a  satisfactory 
reason  is  shown  for  bringing  two  actions.* 

324.  Costs  on  severance  of  an  action,  a.  Statute.  —  Section 
3231  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  provides  for  costs  when  the 
plaintiff  brings  several  actions  upon  the  same  claim,  and  is  as 
follows :  "Where  two  or  more  actions  are  brought,  in  a  case  speci- 
fied in  §  454  of  this  act,  or  otherwise  for  the  same  cause  of 
action,  against  persons  who  might  have  been  joined  as  defend- 
ants in  one  action,  costs,  other  than  disbursements,  cannot  be  re- 
covered upon  the  final  judgiuent,  by  the  plaintiff,  in  more  than 
one  action,  which  shall  be  at  his  election.  But  this  prohibition 
does  not  apply  to  a  case  where  the  plaintiff  joins,  as  defendants,, 
in  each  action  brought,  all  the  persons  liable,  not  previously 
sued,  who  can,  with  reasonable  diligence,  be  found  within  the 
state ;  or  if  the  action  is  brought  in  the  city  court  of  the  city  of 
Kew  York,  or  a  county  court,  within  the  city  or  county,  as  the 
case  may  be,  where  the  court  is  located." 

&.  In  general. — Where  the  plaintiff  brings  several  actions 
against  several  defendants,  when  one  action  would  have  sufficed, 
he  can  recover  costs,  other  than  disbursements,  in  but  one 
action.^  This  applies  to  actions  for  torts,  as  well  as  to  actions 
on  contract.*^  It  does  not  apply  to  a  case  where,  upon  the  motion 
of  one  defendant,  the  complaint  is  dismissed  as  to  him,  but  the 
plaintiff  succeeds  in  reversing  that  order  and  ultimately  obtains 
judgment  against  both  defendants  in  separate  actions.'^  Where 
a  plaintiff  brings  two  actions  upon  two  separate  judgments  to 

^Hiscox    V.     New    Yorker    Staats-  Haas,  25  Iliin,  266;   Pratt  v.  Allen,. 

Zeitmui,  3  Misc.   110,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  19  How.  Pr.  450. 

131,  23  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  87,  52  "Quin    v.   Bowe,    10   Daly,   505,    11 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  212,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  682.  Abb.  X.  C.   115. 

^Banh  of  Uniled  States  v.  Strong,  Lihhott    v.    Johnstoxo-n,    G.    &    K. 

0  Wend.  451.  Horse  R.  Co.  24  Hun,  135. 

'Code  Civ.  Proe.  §  3231;  Levin  v. 


VARIOUS  PROVISIONS   IN   RELATION   TO    COSTS.  403 

reach  tlie  same  property,  and  both  cases  are  tried  together  and 
he  succeeds  only  as  to  a  part  of  the  property  sought  to  be  reach- 
edj  he  may  be  allowed  costs  in  both  actions.* 

c.  Severance  after  ansiuer. — AVliere  the  plaintiff  enters  up 
judgment  under  the  provisions  of  §  511  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  for  the  part  admitted,  and  continues  the  action,  he  is 
not  entitled  to  costs  upon  such  entry  of  judgment.  He  is  only 
entitled  to  costs  in  case  he  recovers  enough  on  the  balance  to  en- 
title him  to  costs.^  If  he  elects  not  to  continue  the  action  for  the 
balance  he  is  entitled  to  the  same  costs  as  upon  the  final  judg- 
ment in  any  other  case. 

325.  Costs  upon  granting  an  order  of  interpleader, —  Costs  upon 
granting  an  order  of  interpleader  under  §  820  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  'are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  The  origi- 
nal defendant,  if  free  from  fault  p^nd  making  no  claim  upon  the 
fund,  is  not  usually  compelled  to  pay  costs,^^  but  is  usually 
allowed  motion  costs  and  costs  before  notice  of  trial  ($20)  out 
of  the  fund.-^^  In  an  action  of  interpleader  the  unsuccessful 
claimant  may  be  compelled  to  pay,  not  only  the  costs  of  the 
plaintiff,  but  also  the  costs  of  his  codefendant.-'^  By  the  order 
of  interpleader  and  service  of  the  supplemental  complaint  and 
answer,  the  action  becomes  an  equitable  action,  although  it  was 
a  legal  action  before,  and  costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court, 
as  in  most  equitable  actions.^^    Section  820  of  the  Code  of  Civil 

"Clark  V.  MacDonald,  62  Hun,  149,  "Miller  v.  De  Peyster,  1  Abb.  Pr, 

41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  753,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  234;  Richards  v.  Salter,  6  Joluis  Ch. 

493.  448. 

^Waite  V.  F.  J.  Kaldenherg  Co.  68  ^^Yindecler  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co. 

Fun,  528,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  595,  22  N.  12  App.  Div.  73,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  358; 

Y.   Supp.   1006.  Dinley  v.   McCullar/h,    92   Hun,   454, 

"*S,")Ze?/   V.    Equitahle   JAfe    Assur.  72  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  36  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Soc.  24  Jones  &  S.  274,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  1007;   Cronin  v.  Cronin,  3  How.  Pr. 

Proe.  Rep.  316,   18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  834,  N.   S.   184.   9  N.   Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep. 

3  N.  Y.  Supp.  8.  137;    Bedell    v.    Hoffman,    2    Paige, 

"Broyer  v.  Ritter,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  199;  Clark  v.  Mosher.  107  N.  Y.  118, 

688,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  574;  Bowery  Sav.  1  Am.  St.  Rep.  798,  14  N.  E.  96. 
Bank  v.  Mahler,  13  Jones  &  S.  619,  1 
Month.  L.  Bull.  30. 


404  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Procedure  is  substituted  for  the  old  action  of  interpleader  and 
is  governed  by  the  same  principles.^* 

326.  Costs  as  affected  by  lack  of  jurisdiction. —  The  defendant 
is  entitled  to  costs  upon  the  dismissal  of  a  complaint  because  the 
court  has  no  jurisdiction,  when  the  lack  of  jurisdiction  is  not 
apparent  upon  the  face  of  the  complaint/^  whether  such  lack 
is  raised  by  the  answer  or  appears  upon  the  trial.^°  The  rule 
that  costs  cannot  be  allowed  upon  the  dismissal  of  a  complaint 
for  want  of  jurisdiction  only  applies  when  the  lack  of  jurisdie- 
tion  appears  upon  the  face  of  tlie  summons  and  complaint.^' 

The  plaintiff  in  bringing  the  action  submits  himself  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court,  and  the  court  has  power  to  award  costs 
against  him,  although  it  decides  that  it  has  not  jurisdiction  of 
the  action. ^^ 

327.  Costs  as  governed  by  stipulation. — The  right  that  parties 
have  or  may  have  to  the  costs  in  an  action  may  be  waived  by  a 
stipulation  between  the  parties.  Where  the  parties  stipulate  that 
neither  shall  have  costs  of  the  action,  none  will  be  awarded.^* 
Where  the  parties  upon  an  appeal  stipulated  that  costs  on  appeal 
were  to  be  allowed  in  the  event  of  the  court  deciding  a  certain 
question,  but  the  case  was  decided  on  another  point,  no  costs 
were  allowed  to  either  party.^*^  If  a  party  te  an  action  agrees 
to  pay  the  costs  and  disbursements  of  another  party  to  the  action, 

^*Windecker  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.  "Harriott    v.     "New    Jersey    R.    & 

12  App.  Div.  73,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  358 :  Transp.  Co.  1   Daly,  377 ;   Malone  v. 

Scliell  V.  Lowe,  75  Hun,  43,  26  N.  Y.  Clarlc,  2  Hill,  657 ;  Humiston  v.  Bal- 

Siipp.  991;  Wenstrom  Electric  Co.  v.  lard,   40   How.    Pr.   40,   63   Barb.   9; 

Bloomer,  85  Him,  389,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  GormJy  v.  Mcintosh,  22  Barb.  271. 

903;    Pustet    v.    Flannelly,    60    How.  ^''Day  v.   Sun   Ins.   Office,   40   App. 

Pr.  67.  Div.  305,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  1033;  Thiem 

^'•"Cumherland  Coal  d  I.  Co.  v.  Eoff-  v.  Madden,  27  Hun,  371;  Simmons  v. 

man  Steam  Coal  Co.  39  Barb.  16,  15  Simmons,  32  Him,  551 ;  Donnelly  v. 

Abb.  Pr.  78;  Hunt  v.  Genet,  14  Daly,  Lihhy,  1  Sweeny,  259. 

225,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  275;  Xin^r  V.  Poo ie,  ^"Simon  v.   O'Brien,   87   Hun,    160, 

36  Barb.  242.  67  N.  Y.  S.  R.  460,  33  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"McMalwn  v.  Mutual  Ben.  L.  Ins.  815. 

Co.    3    Bosw.    044,    8    Abb.    Pr.   297;  ^"Moses  v.  McDivitt,  2  Abb.  N.  C. 

Harriott  v.  Neir  Jersey  R.  &  Transp.  47. 
Co.  1  Daly,  377. 


VAKIOUS   PROVISIONS   IN   RELATION    TO    COSTS.  405 

as  a  consideration  for  the  second  party's  doing  or  refraining 
from  doing  certain  acts  in  that  action,  the  court  can  enforce  that 
stipulation  by  a  motion  in  tlie  action.  The  promisee  will  not  be 
compelled  to  bring  an  action  to  enforce  his  rights  under  the 
stipulation.^^  A  party  may  bar  himself  of  costs  in  the  action, 
when,  by  his  acquiescence,  the  record  of  the  case  is  changed 
in  open  court,  so  that  it  appears  that  he  is  not  entitled  to  costs.^^ 
WTiere  a  judgment  in  an  action  at  law  is  rendered  for  a  party 
under  a  stipulation,  which  is  silent  on  the  question  of  costs,  the 
prevailing  party  is  entitled  to  enter  up  a  judgment  for  the 
amount  mentioned  in  the  stipulation,  together  with  costs,  be- 
cause costs  follow  as  a  matter  of  course,  and  if  the  defendant 
wished  to  protect  himself  from  them,  he  should  have  inserted 
that  provision  in  his  stipulation.^^  The  plaintiff  is  sometimes 
allowed  costs  and  an  additional  allowance,  where  the  judgment 
is  entered  by  a  stipulation  which  is  ambiguous  on  that  ques- 
tion.^* A  trustee  "\vill  not  be  allowed  to  make  an  improvident 
stipulation  as  to  costs  and  disbursements,  and  the  court  will  re- 
lieve him  from  such  a  stipulation  upon  his  motion  for  that  re- 
lief, but  will  not  grant  him  costs  of  the  motion,  although  it  is 
contested  and  he  succeeds.^^  Parties  will  not  be  allowed  to  stip- 
ulate that  the  successful  party  should  tax  costs  in  excess  of  the 
rate  allowed  by  law.^^ 

328.  Commencement  of  an  action  without  authority. —  Where 
attorneys  commence  an  action  without  authority,  they  will  be 
compelled  to  pay  the  costs  awarded  against  the  plaintiff.^'^  This 
relief  Avill  be  obtained  on  a  motion  made  in  the  action. ^^ 

"Kelsei/  V.   Sargent,  40  Hun,   150.  -^O'Keefe    v.     Shipherd,    23    Hun, 

2  N.  Y.  S.  R.  669.  171. 

^-Topliff  V.   Freeman,   25   N.   Y.   S.  -''Post    v.    Charlesicorth,    66    Hun, 

R.  102,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  304.  256.  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  168. 

"iri?i(7  V.   'New  York  &  E.  R.  Co.  "Tost    v.    Charlesicorth,    66    Hun, 

1  Hilt.  235.  256,   21    N.   Y.    Supp.    168;    Vilas   v. 

""'Horgan   v.    Ricker,    15    N.    Y.    S.  Plattsbiirgh  d  M.  R.  Co.   123  N.  Y. 

R.  330.  450.  svh  nam.   VUas  v.  Butler,  9  L. 

'^Cowen  V.  King,  54  App.  Div.  331.  R.  A.  844,  20  Am.  St.  Rep.  771,  25 

66  N.  Y.   Supp.  621.  N.  E.  941. 


406  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

329.  When  the  judge  informs  the  jury  of  the  effect  of  their  ver- 
dict upon  the  question  of  costs. —  It  is  not  reversible  error  for  the 
judge  to  infonn  a  jury  in  actions  where  punitive  damages  are 
given,  of  the  effect  of  their  verdict  upon  the  question  of  costs, 
since  the  measure  of  such  damages  is  in  the  discretion  of  the 
jury,  and  costs  are  themselves  punitive.^^  But  in  actions  on  con- 
tract it  is  reversible  error  to  instruct  the  jury  as  to  the  right  of 
the  parties  as  to  costs  upon  the  amount  of  their  verdict,  because 
in  these  actions  the  recovery  is  to  be  determined  on  fixed  prin- 
ciples.^^ But  a  mere  reference  to  the  effect  of  their  verdict  upon 
the  question  of  costs  in  an  action  on  contract,  with  a  direction 
that  they  "must  find  a  verdict  upon  the  evidence,  and  that 
alone,"  is  not  reversible  error.^^  Objection  must  be  made  to 
such  instruction  at  the  time  it  is  given ;  if  not  then  taken,  it 
cannot  be  raised  later.^^  The  judge  is  not  bound  to  give  these 
instructions  in  any  case.^^  But  where  he  attempts  to  inform  the 
jury  of  the  law  on  this  point  and  misstates  the  law,  this  is  such 
an  error  that  a  new  trial  will  be  granted.^^ 

330.  Costs  after  entry  of  judgment. —  All  proceedings  subse- 
quent to  the  enti-y  of  a  final  judgment  are  motions,  and  only  mo- 
tion costs  can  be  taxed  for  such  proceedings.^^  The  usual  terms 
imposed  upon  the  opening  of  a  judgment  are  all  the  costs  taxed 
in  the  judgment  and  the  costs  of  opposing  the  motion  to  open 
the  judgment.^ ^     Where  a  judgment  was  reversed  upon  an  ap- 

"Munson  v.  Curtis,  15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Big.  290;  Kanna  v.  Kester,  15  N.  Y. 

Proc.  Rep.   131,  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  349,  Week.  Dig.  119. 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  828;  Waffle  v.  Dillen-  ^'Elliott   v.   Brown,   2    Wend.   497, 

hack,  38  N.  Y.  53,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  20  Am.   Dec.   644;    Waffle  v.   Dillen- 

457;    Nolton  v.   Moses,   3   Barb.   31;  hack,  38  N.  Y.  53,  4  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

Elliott   V.   Broicn,  2    Wend.   497,   20  457;  Betvcy  v.  Riley,  17  N.  Y.  Week. 

Am.  Dec.  644.  Dig.   573. 

^Munson  v.  Curtis,  15  N.  Y.  Civ  ^'Smith  v.   Ferris,  2   N.   Y.   Week. 

Proc.  Rep.  131.  17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  349,  Dig.  163. 

1  N.  Y.  Supp.  828;  Lattimer  v.  Hill,  ^'Bishop  v.  Hendrich,  82  Hun,  333, 

8  Hun,  171.  64  N.  Y.  S.  R.  100,  31  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^Tucker  v.   Ely,   37   Hun,   565,   20  502,  Affirmed  on  this  opinion  in  146 

N.  Y.  Week.  TH^.  380.  N.  Y.  398,  42  N.  E.  542. 

"Andretos  v.  Miles,  15  N.  Y.  Week.  ^Born  v.  Schrenkeisen,  20  Jones  & 


VARIOUS   PROVISIOA-S    IN    RELATION    TO    COSTS.  40 Y 

peal  because  the  plaintiff  was  held  bound  by  the  recitals  in  an- 
other judgment  between  the  same  parties,  he  was  allowed  to 
amend  the  recitals  in  the  judgment  in  the  fonner  action  upon 
the  payment  of  all  the  costs  in  the  latter  action,  including  the 
costs  of  the  motion  to  make  the  amendment,  and  costs  of  the  ap- 
peal from  the  order  refusing  him  the  right  to  make  the  amend- 
ment.^^ The  special  term  has  no  power  upon  a  motion  to  alter 
a  judgment  as  to  costs.  Such  a  change  can  only  be  made  after 
a  rehearing  before  the  trial  judge,  when  the  case. has  been  sent 
back  to  him  by  a  reversal  of  the  judgment  by  the  appellate 
court.^^  The  special  term  has  a  right  to  set  aside  a  judgment 
Avith  the  costs  of  motion,  when,  in  its  discretion,  justice  will  be 
promoted  thereby. ^^ 

331.  Costs  upon  an  accounting. —  Costs  and  allowances  upon 
an  accounting  cannot  be  awarded  till  final  judgment."^*^  The 
plaintiff  will  not  be  charged  with  costs  upon  an  accounting,  be- 
cause it  appears  that  there  is  a  small  sum  due  to  the  defendant, 
where  the  action  was  necessary  to  close  up  a  matter.^^  For  al- 
lowances in  these  actions,  see  §  307,  a)ite. 

332.  When  costs  are  made  payable  out  of  a  fund. —  Costs  will 
not  be  awarded  out  of  a  fund  to  each  claimant,  as  of  course,  but 
the  allowance  of  costs  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  court.  If  the 
fund  is  not  large  enougli  to  pay  all  claimants  in  full,  each  party 
will  usually  be  compelled  to  pay  his  own  costs,  except  the  plain- 
tiff" who  instituted  the  action  and  has  had  the  burden  of  carrying 
it  on.  A  mere  custodian  of  a  fund  has  no  claim  to  costs  unless  he 
has  done  something  to  aid  the  court  in  tlie  proper  disposition  of 

S.  219,  Affirmed  in  110  N.  Y.  55,  16  ^"Rudd  v.  RoUnson,  54  Hun,  339, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  412,  17  N.  E.  339.  27   N.   Y.    S.   R.   98,   7   N.   Y.    Supp. 

^^Jones  V.  NeiDton,  47  N.  Y.  S.  R.  535,   Reversed   on   other   grounds   in 

217,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  786.  126  N.  Y.   113,   12  L.  R.  A.  473,  22 

''McLean  v.  Stewart,  14  Hun,  472,  Am.  St.  Rep.  816,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  500, 

Distinguishing    Rogers    v.    Ivcrs,    23  26  N.  E.  1046. 

Hun,  424;  Roclcivell  v.  Carpenter,  25  ^^Garvey  v.  Owens,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Hun,  529.  133,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  349. 

'^Mutual   L.    Ins.    Co.    v.    Kroehle, 
29  Misc.  481,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  944. 


-108  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  quest.ion.'*^  The  depositary  will  not  be  charged  with  costs^ 
where  there  has  been  no  default  or  breach  of  contract  on  his 
part.^^  But  where  there  is  no  other  claimant,  costs  will  be 
awarded  against  the  depositary  the  same  as  in  any  other  action.** 
The  costs  of  the  motion  and  the  appeals  therefrom  can  be  or- 
dered paid  out  of  an  attached  fund  upon  the  attxjrneys  for  the 
different  claimants  signing  a  stipulation  to  that  effect.*^ 

333.  Costs  payable  to  a  guardian  ad  litem,  a.  Costs  allowed  a 
guardian  ad  litem. — A  guardian  ad  litem,  in  an  action  in  equity 
or  in  a  proceeding  in  surrogate's  court  can  only  be  awarded 
taxable  costs,  including  an  extra  allowance  in  a  proper  case,  pay- 
able out  of  the  fund.  The  court  may  award  him  a  sum  in  excess 
thereof,  but  such  sum  must  be  payable  out  of  the  estate  of  the 
infant*^  The  court  will  refuse  an  allowance  to  a  guardian  ad 
litem,  when  the  fund  from  which  it  is  to  be  paid  is  small  and  the 
action  needless.*'  And  it  may  order  tbat  the  guardian  be  paid 
out  of  the  fund  a  gross  sum  less  than  the  taxable  disburse- 
ments.*^ But  where  the  plaintiff  succeeds  against  the  infant, 
and  the  fund  is  not  large  enough  to  pay  the  plaintiff's  costs,  he 
is  not  personally  liable  for  the  costs  allowed  to  the  guardian  ad 
litem.'^^  Where  a  defendant  is  appointed  guardian  ad  litem,  for 
a  codefendant,  and  his  answer  is  practically  the  same  in  both 
capacities,  he  should  be  allowed,  in  case  of  his  success,  costs  per- 
sonally, and  not  as  guardian.^*^ 

^Collins  V.  Oceanic  Steam  Nav.  Co.  Doremus  v.  Croshy,  66  Hun,  125,  20 

1   N.  Y.   Week.   Dig.   12;   Pierson  v.  N.   Y.    Supp.    906.      Contra,   Roberts 

Drexel,  11  Abb.  N.  C.  150.  v.   A'eio  York  Kiev.  R.  Co.   12  Misc. 

^Bushnell   v.    Chaittauqua   County  345,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  685 ;   Neio  York 

Nat.  Bank,  74  N.  Y.  290.  Life  Ins.  cC-  T.  Co.  v.  Sands,  26  Misc. 

**Darenport  v.   Bank   for   Savings,  252,  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  741. 

36  Hun,  303.  "Sands  v.  Sands,  30  Misc.  338,  63 

^'Re  Huliert  Bros.  &  Co.  29  Misc.  N.  Y.  Supp.  481. 

484,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  959.  ^'Eivell  v.   Hubbard,  46  App.  Div. 

*'Re  Robinson,  40  App.  Div.  30,  57  283,  61  N.  Y.  Supp.  790. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  523;    Union  Ins.  Co.  v.  *''niU  v.  Lee,  4  App.  Div.   154,  74 

Van  Rensselaer,  4  Paige,  85;  Gott  v.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  506,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  641. 

Cook,    7    Paige,    521;     Downing    v.  '"Browne  v.   Murdock,   12  Abb.  N,. 

Marshall,  37  N.  Y.  380;  Re  Eolden,  C.   360. 
126  N.  Y.  589,  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  504; 


VARIOUS   PROVISIONS   IN   RELATION    TO    COSTS.  40^ 

h.  Amount. — Where  tlie  general  answer  of  an  infant  compels 
the  plaintiff  to  prove  his  case,  the  guardian  is  entitled  to  costs 
after  notice  of  trial,  and  trial  fee.*^-^ 

334.  Costs  allowed  against  a  general  guardian. —  A  guardian  is 
properly  chargeable  with  the  costs  of  any  proceedings  brought  to 
compel  him  to  account  for  the  property  of  his  ward,  or  any  pro- 
ceedings caused  by  his  failure  to  properly  administer  his  ward's 
estate  and  properly  account  therefor.^^ 

335.  Costs  in  various  cases. —  Where  an  action  was  brought  to 
restrain  a  common  council  from  entering  into  a  contract  contraiy 
to  law,  the  costs,  upon  tlie  plaintiff's  succeeding,  should  be  al- 
lowed against  those  members  of  the  common  council  whose  con- 
duct made  the  action  necessary.^" 

In  an  action  against  the  mayor  of  a  city  to  recover  the  award 
for  property  taken,  allowed  to  unknown  owners,  the  mayor  can 
stop  the  running  of  interest  by  a  payment  of  tlie  amount  to  the 
city  treasurer,  but  such  payment  does  not  relieve  the  mayor  of 
costs,  since  the  action  must  be  tried  to  settle  the  issues.^* 

Costs  should  be  allowed  against  a  Seneca  Indian  the  same  as 
against  any  other  person,  when  he  sues  for  a  personal  claim. 
General  Laws,  chap.  5,  §  55,  which  provides  that  the  costs- 
awarded  in  an  action  against  a  Seneca  Indian  are  to  be  paid  by 
a  warrant  of  the  comptroller  upon  the  state  treasurer,  applies 
only  to  actions  in  relation  to  the  real  property  belonging  to  the 
tribe.-^^ 

In  an  action  for  conversion  or  replevin,  where  the  property  is 
in  the  possession  of  a  warehouseman,  he  is  not  a  necessary  or 
proper  party  defendant,  unless  he  claims  some  right,  title,  or 
interest  in  the  chattel  other  than  a  lawful  lien  for  lawful 
charges  growing  out  of  the  care  and  custody  of  such  chattel.     If 

^Ufoosevelt    v.     Schermerliorn,     32  ^^Bradhurst  v.  New  York,  20  Jones 

Misc.  287,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  366.  &   S.  51. 

^^Spehnan  v.  Terry,  74  N.  Y.  448;  '■''Grouse  v.  Neio  York,  P.  &  0.  R. 

Knothe    v.    Kaiser,    2    Hun,    515,    5  Co.  49  Hiin,  576,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  711.. 

Thonip.  &  C.  4.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  453. 

^Booti   V.    Utica,    5   Misc.    391,   26 
N.  Y.  Supp.  932. 


410  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  lA'   NEW  YORK. 

tlie  lega.lity  or  amount  of  such  charges  be  disputed,  the  ware- 
houseman may  be  made  a  party  to  the  action  for  the  purpose  of 
determining  that  issue  only,  and  shall  recover  costs  if  his  claim 
be  substantially  sustained.    Laws  of  1892,  chap.  G08,  §  2. 

335a.  Voluntary  appearance. —  The  voluntary  appearance  of 
a  defendant  in  an  action  is,  for  all  the  purposes  of  the  action, 
the  equivalent  of  personal  service  of  the  summons  upon  him,  and 
entitles  the  plaintiff  to  the  same  costs,  under  Code  Civ.  Proc. 
§  3251,  subd.  1,  for  each  additional  defendant  served  with  the 
summons,  as  he  would  have  been  entitled  to  had  the  summons 
been  personally  served.''" 

^Schwinger  v.  Eickox,  46  How.  Pr. 
lU. 


CHAPTEE  XXVJL 

LIABILITY   OF   SL'RETIEfS   AND   PERSONS   BENEFICIALLY   INTER- 
ESTED. 

336.  Liability  of  sureties  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  division  of  the 
supreme  court. 

o3V. to  the  court  of  appeals. 

338.  —  upon  a  bond  given  for  the  arrest  of  a  party. 

339. upon  an  appeal  in  an  ejectment  action. 

340. in  an  attachment  action. 

341. ^  in  a  replevin  action. 

342. upon  the  granting  of  an  injunction. 

343.  Eight  of  sureties  to  be  reimbursed. 

344.  Right  of  municipalities  to  enforce  liability  of  sureties. 

345.  Extent  of  liability  of  surety. 

346.  —  upon  an  appeal  from  a  justice's  court  to  a  county  court. 

347.  —  on  undertakings  given  in  a  surrogate's  court. 

348.  Statutory  liability  of  persons  beneficially  interested. 

349.  How  this  liability  is  enforced. 

350.  Liability  of  absolute  assignee  of  a  cause  of  action. 

351.  — of   person   to    whom    a    cause   of   action    is    assigned    as    collateral 

security. 

352.  —  of  attorney  who  is  to  receive  a  contingent  fee. 

353.  —  of  assignor. 

354.  When  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings  is  liable  for  costs. 

355.  Liability  of  a  general  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  creditors. 

356.  When  a  person  is  beneficially  interested. 

357.  Liability  for    commencing    an  action    in  the    name  of  a    nonexistent 

plaintiff. 

358.  When  a  person  is  not  beneficially  interested. 

359.  Liability  for  defending  an  action  in  ejectment. 

360.  Liability  outside  of  statute, 

336.  Liability  of  sureties  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  divi- 
sion of  the  supreme  court. — An  action  cannot  be  maintained  upon 
an  undertaking  given  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  divi- 
sion of  the  supreme  court,  until  ten  days  have  expired  after 
the  service  upon  tlie  attorney  for  the  appellant  and  upon  the 
sureties  upon  such  undertaking,  of  a  written  notice  of  entry  of 

411 


412  THE  I. AW  OF  COSTS  IK   NKW   YOKK. 

a  jiidg-nicnt  or  order  affirming  the  judgment  or  order  appealed 
from  or  dismissing  the  appeal.^  This  provision  only  applies  to 
undertakings  given  in  the  cases  enumerated.  In  other  cases  no 
notice  of  tlie  entry  of  judgment  is  necessary,  before  bringing  an 
action  upon  the  undertaking.^  After  an  appeal  to  the  court  of 
appeals  has  been  perfected  and  security  given  thereupon  to  stay 
the  execution  of  the  judgment  or  order  appealed  from,  an  action 
cannot  be  maintained  upon  the  undertaking  given  upon  the  pre- 
ceding appeal  until  tlie  final  determination  of  the  appeal  to  the 
court  of  appeals.^ 

A  surety  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  division  is  not  re- 
lieved from  liability  upon  a  reversal  by  that  court,  but  he  is 
liable  if  the  court  of  appeals  affirms  the  original  judgment.* 
Interest  beyond  the  penalty  is  always  recoverable.^ 

S37. to  the  court  of  appeals. — The  sureties  upon  an  ap- 
peal to  the  court  of  appeals  are  primarily  liable  for  all  the  costs 
of  the  action.^  The  liability  for  costs  in  the  court  below  rests 
primarily  upon  them,  and  their  release  by  a  judgment  creditor 
releases  the  sureties  upon  the  undertaking  given  below. "^  Where 
an  appeal  is  dismissed  because  the  appellant  did  not  give  a  new 
undertaking  as  required  by  the  court  of  appeals,  the  sureties 
are  liable  only  for  the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals.^  The  sure- 
ties upon  an  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals  from  a  judgment  of 
the  appellate  division  reversing  a  judgment  of  the  trial  court  and 
directing  a  new  trial  are  liable,  upon  the  affirmance  by  the  cx)urt 
of  appeals  of  the  judgment  appealed  from,  only  for  costs  in  the 

*Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  1300.  ^^caman  v.   McReynolds,   50  How. 

^Gali7iger  v.  Engelhardt,   2fi   Misc.  Pr.  421;  Lijon  v.  Clark,  8  N.  Y.  148; 

49,   55   N.   Y.    Supp.   334;    Barber  v.  Brainard  v.  Jones,  18  N.  Y.  35. 

h'ufherford,  12  Misc.  33,  06  N.  Y.  S.  "Culliford  v.  Walser,  158  N.  y.  65, 

E.  000,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  89;   Weil  v.  70  Am.  St.  Rep.  437,  52  N.  E.  648; 

Kempf,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  379.  Chester  v.  Broderick,  131  N.  Y.  549,. 

'  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §   1309.  30  N.  E.  507. 

*Ii'obinson   v.   Plimpton,   25    N.    Y.  'Hinckley  v.  Kreitz,  58  N.  Y.  583, 

484;  Traver  v.  Nichols,  7  Wend.  434;  Rathhone  v.  Wa--ren,  10  Johns.  586. 

Ball    V.     Gardner,    21     Wend.    270;  ^Galinger  v.  Engelhardt,  26  Misc. 

Smith  V.  Grouse,  24  Barb.  433.  49,  55  N.  Y.  Supp.  334. 


LIABIT.ITY  OF  SURETIES  AND  PERSONS^  ETC.  413 

•court  of  appeals,  because  the  undertaking-  is  given  merely  to  per- 
fect an  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals,  and  not  to  operate  as  a 
staj.^ 

A  surety  is  liable  for  the  costs  of  an  action  to  enforce  his  lia- 
bility, in  addition  to  the  amount  of  damages  which  the  plaintiff 
may  recover,  and  these  costs  may  exceed  the  amount  of  the 
bond.^*^  The  damages  may  be  equal  to  the  full  amount  of  tlie 
penalty  of  the  bond,^^  but  the  amount  of  costs  awarded  the  plain- 
tiff in  a  judgment  against  the  principal  alone  cannot  be  included 
in  the  damages  because  the  sureties  could  have  been  sued  with- 
out bringing  an  action  against  the  principal.-*^  A  surety  cannot 
be  made  to  pay  the  costs  awarded  in  an  action  brought  to  set 
aside  a  settlement  made  by  the  assured  with  the  principal.^ ^ 
When  a  surety  has  the  option  of  not  paying  a  claim  till  the  lia- 
bility of  the  principal  is  determined  by  a  suit,  he  cannot  be  made 
to  pay  the  costs  of  the  action  which  determined  the  liability,  al- 
though the  action  was  defended  at  his  request. ^"^  In  an  action 
against  the  sureties  upon  an  undertaking  upon  an  appeal  to  the 
court  of  appeals,  a  complaint  which  alleges  that  the  court  of  ap- 
peals affirmed  the  order  appealed  from,  with  costs,  and  that  a 
specific  sum  was  duly  awarded  as  costs  and  disbursements,  is 
sufficient  to  allow  proof  of  all  the  necessary  facts  to  entitle  the 
plaintiff  to  recover.^ ^ 

338.  —  upon  a  bond  given  for  the  arrest  of  a  party. —  The  un- 
dertaking given  on  an  order  of  arrest  under  §  559  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure  does  not  cover  the  general  costs  of  the  action, 

^Burden  v.   Lowe,  85  N.   Y.   2-il;  N.  Y.  109,  63  N.  E.  1073;   Douglass 

Post  V.  Doremus,  60  N.  Y.  371;  Ben-  v.  Howland,  24  Wend.  35. 

nett  V.  American  Surety  Co.  73  App.  ^^Douglass  v.  Ferris,  138  N.  Y.  192, 

Div.  468,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  207.  34  Am.  St.  Rep.  435,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

"A-ew?  York  v.  Ryan,  9  Daly,  316.  138,  33  N.  E.  1041. 

"]\'ei(7  York  v.  Sibberns,  10  N.  Y.  ^*Fernald  v.  Providence  Washing- 
Week.   Dif?.   294.  ton  Ins.  Co.  27  App.  Div.  137,  50  N. 

^^Brooklyn    ex    rel.    Stadlmair    v.  Y.  Supp.  838. 

Willard,    16  N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.   315;  ^'^Baxter  \.  Lancaster.  i)S  A]}^.  Jiiv. 

Thomson  v.  American  Surety  Co.  170  380,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  1092. 


414  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

but  only  sucli  costs  as  are  awarded  as  accruing  directly  from  tlie 
arrest.-'*'  Therefore,  it  is  no  answer  to  an  action  upon  such  an 
undertaking  to  allege  that  the  costs  in  the  action  have  been 
paid,-*'  Sureties  upon  an  undertaking  given  on  an  order  of  ar- 
rest of  the  defendant,  cannot  be  made,  by  proceeding  under 
§  3247  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  to  pay  the  costs  of  an 
unsuccessful  action,  wliicli  tliey  have  carried  on  to  protect  them- 
selves from  liability.  The  defendant's  leraedy  is  by  an  action 
on  the  undertaking.^^ 

339. upon   an  appeal   in  an  ejectment   action. —  Sureties 

on  the  bond  of  the  defendant  on  appeal  in  an  action  in  ejectment 
are  not  liable  for  the  costs  of  the  second  trial,  where  the  defend- 
ant paid  the  costs  of  the  first  trial,  but  they  are  liable  for  the 
use  and  occupation,  according  to  their  undertaking.^®  In  an 
action  against  an  heir  or  devisee  the  defendant  is  liable  only  for 
his  proportionate  share  of  the  debt,  but  he  may  be  compelled  to 
pay  a  full  bill  of  costs  in  an  action  in  which  he  is  the  sole  dc- 
fendant.^° 

340. in  an  attachment  action. —  Sureties  on  attachment 

are  entitled  to  all  payments  made  by  their  principal,  and  they 
are  not  liable  for  the  costs  of  an  appeal  taken  by  their  principal 
when  the  attachment  was  dissolved  at  special  term.^^  They  are 
liable  for  the  costs  of  the  action  where  the  attaching  creditor  suf- 
fers default.^^  The  surety  upon  an  attachment  is  liable  for  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  remove  tlie  attachment,  and  also  for  the 

^'Sutorius  V.  North,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^^Clason  v.  Kehoe,  87  Hun,  368,  68 

Proc.  Rep.  162,  36  N.  Y.  S.  R.  873,  N.  Y.  S.  R.  336,  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  431. 

13  N.  Y.  Supp.  557.  -"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §   1839;  Fink  v. 

^-■Sperry  v.  Hellman,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Berg,  50  Hun,  211,   19  N.   Y.   S.  R. 

Proc.  Rep.  218,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  258,  322,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  851. 

13  N.  Y.  Supp.  899;  Sutoriiis  v.  Dun-  -'Jktere  v.  Armstrong,  26  Hun,  19, 

stati,  27   Jones   &  S.    166,    13   N.   Y.  62  How.  Pr.  515. 

Supp.   601.  "Lee    v.     Homer,    37     Hun,    634; 

^'Metropolitan      Concert      Co.      v.  Currie  v.  Riley,  14  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig. 

Sperry,  58  Hun,  470,  35  N.  Y.  S.  R.  407;    Edvmrds  v.   Jiodine,   11    Paige, 

611,    12   N.   Y.    Supp.   494,   AfTirmed  223;    Aldrick   v.    Reynolds,    1    Barb, 

without  opini/m  in  125  N.  Y.  750,  27  Cli.  613. 
N.  E.  408. 


LIABILITY  or  SURETIES  AND  PEKSONS^  ETC.  415 

costs  of  the  action  when  tlie  defendant  wins."^  Where  the  de- 
fendant makes  reasonable  efforts  to  vacate  the  attachment,  he 
may  recover  of  the  sureties  the  costs  of  the  trial,  which  was  nec- 
essary to  vacate  the  attachments^ 

341. in  a  replevin  action. — The    undertaking    given    by 

the  plaintiff  in  a  replevin  action  covers  the  costs  of  the  defend- 
ant,^^  and  also  the  costs  of  an  appeal  from  the  judgment  ren- 
dered in  the  action. ^^  Likewise  the  undertaking  given  by  the 
defendant  in  such  an  action,  in  order  that  he  might  retain  the 
chattel,  covers  the  costs  of  the  plaintiff  if  he  succeeds.^'^ 

342. upon  the  granting  of  an  injunction. —  The  sureties 

upon  a  bond  given  upon  the  granting  or  continuing  of  an  in- 
junction are  liable,  in  addition  to  the  special  damage  provided 
for  in  the  bond,  for  the  costs  and  disbursements  in  procuring  an 
order  of  reference  to  assess  the  damages  caused  by  the  injunc- 
tion, and  for  the  services  of  counsel  upon  such  reference,  to- 
gether with  the  fees  of  the  referee  and  stenographer  upon  such 
reference,^^  and  for  the  counsel  fees  upon  a  successful  motion  to 
dissolve  the  injunction.^^  But  they  are  not  liable  for  counsel 
fees  in  opposing  the  motion  for,  or  the  continuance  of,  an  in- 
junction, because  the  surety  agrees  to  respond  for  damages  re- 
sulting to  him  because  of  the  granting  of  the  injunction.^" 
Where  on  the  service  of  the  answer  an  injunction  was  dissolved 
and  a  reference  was  had  to  compute  tlie  amount  of  damages,  it 
was  held  that  the  defendant  was  entitled  to  charge  costs  before 

^^Tpng  V.  American  Surety  Co.  69  112.3;    O'Connor  v.   New  York  d   Y. 

App.  Div.  137,  74  N.  Y.   Siipp.  502.  Land  Improv.  Co.  8  Misc.  243.  59  N. 

-^Tyng  v.  American  Surety  Co.  69  Y.  S.  R.  218,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  544. 

App.  Div.  137,  74  N.  Y.  Supp.  502.  "-"Hovey  v.   Rubber-Tip   Pencil  Co. 

■'"Wisconsin  M.  d  F.  Ins.  Co.  Bank  3  Jones  &  S.  81,   12  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S. 

V.  Hobbs,  22  How.  Pr.  494.  360.  Affirmed  in  50  N.  Y.  335. 

'^Tibbies  v.  O'Connor,  28  Barb.  538.  ^"Youngs     v.    McDonald,    56    App. 

"John    Church    Co.    v.    Dorsey,  38  Div.   14^8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  461,  67 

Misc.  542,  77  N.  Y.  Supp.  1065.  N.  Y.  Supp.  375;  Whiteside  v.  Notjac 

^Youngs    v.     McDonald,   56     App.  Cottage  Asso.  84  Hun,  555,  32  N.  Y. 

Div.  14,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  461,  67  Supp.  724;  Randall  v.  Carpenter,  88 

N.    Y.    Supp.    375,.  Affirmed  without  N.  Y.  294. 
opinion   in    166  N.  Y.   639.   60  N.   E. 


416  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

notice  of  trial,  costs  of  a  motion  to  dissolve  the  injunction,  and 
counsel  fee  for  drawing  up  the  answer  and  preparing  to  argue 
the  motion  for  dissolution.^^ 

The  sureties  are  not  liable  for  the  costs  of  an  unsuccessful 
motion  to  dissolve  an  injunction,  which  is  denied  upon  the  merits 
or  for  irregularity,^"  nor  for  the  costs  of  an  unsuccessful  appeal 
from  the  order  denying  the  motion  to  dissolve  the  injunction. 
If  tlie  party  had  been  successful  the  surety  would  have  been 
liable.^"^  But  where  such  a  motion  is  denied,  not  upon  the  mer- 
its nor  for  an  irregularity,  but  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  the 
successful  defendant  may  recover  the  costs  of  such  a  motion 
against  the  sureties.^'*  The  sureties  given  upon  an  order  to 
show  cause  why  an  injunction  pendente  lite  should  not  issue, 
which  order  restrained  the  defendants  until  the  further  order  of 
tlie  court,  are  not  liable  for  the  counsel  fee  in  opposing  the  mo- 
tion to  gTant  the  injunction  pendente  lite,  when  the  injunction 
is  denied,  and,  as  the  temporary  injunction  would  have  expired 
upon  the  return  day,  counsel  fees  were  not  necessary  to  dissolve 
it.^^  They  are  not  liable  for  counsel  fees  incurred  by  the  de- 
fendant for  the  trial  of  the  action.  To  render  them  liable  it 
must  appear  that  the  defendant  had  made  all  reasonable  and 
proper  efforts  to  obtain  a  dissolution  of  the  injunction,  and  had 
failed,  so  tliat  the  trial  of  the  action  was  necessary  to  get  rid  of 
the  preliminary  injunction.^^  Where  an  additional  allowance 
has  been  granted  to  cover  the  expenses  of  a  motion  to  dissolve 

*^Willett  V.  Scovil,  4  Abb.  Pr.  405.  ^^Youngs     v.     McDonald,    56    App. 

''Allen  V.  Brown,  5  Lans.  511.  Con-  Div.  14,  8  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  4G1,  67 

tra,  Harrison  v.   Harrison,  75  Hun,  N.    Y.    Supp.    375,  Affirmed  without 

191,   58   X.   Y.   S.   R.    106,   20   N.   Y.  opinion  in   166  N.  Y.  639,  60  N.  E. 

Supp.  905.  1123;    Andrews  v.    Glenville  Woolen 

^Childs  V.  Lyons,  3  Robt.  704.  Co.  50  N.  Y.  282;   Nortlirup  v.  Gar- 

"^Andreics  v.  Glenville  Woolen  Co.  rett,     17     Hun,     497;    Whiteside   v. 

50  N.  Y.  287;  Disbrow  v.  Garcia,  52  Xoyac  Cottage  Asso.  84  Hun,  555,  32 

N.  Y.   654;   Rose  v.  Post,  56  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  Supp.  724.   See  Allen  v.  Broicn, 

603.  5  Lans.   511;    Newton  v.  Russell,  87 

"'-Su-eet  V.  Mowry,  71  Ilun.  381,  25  N.  Y.  531. 
N.  Y.  Supp.  32. 


LIABILITY  OF  SURETIES  AND  PERSONS^  ETC.  417 

the  injunction  and  connsel  fees  npon  the  trial,  the  defendant 
shoidd  not  be  allowed  those  expenses  npon  a  reference  to  ascer- 
tain the  damages  sustained  by  the  in j  unction. ^'^ 

But  a  denial  of  an  additional  allowance  is  not  a  bar  to  recov- 
ery for  such  services  upon  the  reference.'^^  Where  the  trial  is 
not  principally  in  consequence  of  the  injunction  the  expenses  of 
the  trial  cannot  be  recovered  of  the  sureties.^''  ^STor  are  the}' 
liable  for  the  counsel  fees  incurred  upon  the  trial  of  the  action, 
where  tlie  injunction  was  granted  upon  notice  and  the  defendant 
did  not  oppose  it,  and  no  motion  was  made  to  vacate  it.^'^  A  de- 
fendant will  be  denied  costs  upon  the  dissolution  of  an  injunc- 
tion where  the  action  sought  to  be  restrained  is  the  use  of  a 
trademark  which  practises  a  deception  upon  the  people.  While 
the  plaintiif  might  justly  be  required  to  pay  costs  the  defendant 
ought  not  to  receive  them,'*^  A  defendant  cannot  be  allowed  to 
prove,  upon  the  motion  to  dissolve  an  injunction,  facts  which 
occurred  after  the  commencement  of  the  action,  except  upon 
terms  which  are  usually  all  of  the  plaintiff's  costs  to  date  and 
the  releasing  of  the  plaintiff  and  his  sureties  from  all  liability 
upon  the  bonds  given  to  procure  the  injunction.'^^ 

343.  Right  of  sureties  to  be  reimbursed. —  A  surety  is  entitled 
to  be  reimbursed  out  of  the  security  given  to  him  by  his  princi- 
pal for  his  costs,  disbursements,  and  counsel  fees  in  an  action 
"brought  to  hold  him  liable  for  the  default  of  his  principal,  and 
which  he  successfully  defends.^^  A  surety  or  giiarantor  cannot 
recover  of  the  principal  debtor  the  amount  of  costs  which  he  has 
"been  compelled  to  pay  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  avoid  pay- 
ing the  claim  for  which  he  became   surety.'*^     A  grantee  in   a 

^Wishroic  v.  Garcia,  52  N.  Y.  655.        *^Smith  v.  Syracuse  d  G.  R.  Co.  4 

^Park  V.  Miisgrave,  6  Hun,  223.  Month.  L.  Bull.  75. 

^"Neivton  v.  Russell,  87  N.  Y.  531.        *^Allany  v.  Andrews,  29  App.  Div. 

*'>Phoovix  Bridge   Co.   v.    Keystone  20,  52  N.  Y.   Supp.   1129. 
Bridge  Co.   10  App.  Div.   176,  41  N.        ^Peet  v.  Kent,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  134; 

Y.   Supp.   891;    Hovey  v.  Rubber-Tip  Sturdevnnt  v.  Riley,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Pencil  Co.  50  N.  Y.  336.  896,  8  N.  Y.  Supp!  281. 

*^Fetridge  v.  Wells,  4  Abb.  Pr.  144, 
13  How.  Pr.  385. 
COSTS   27. 


418  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

deed  may  recover  of  the  grantor  the  taxable  costs,  disbursements, 
and  his  own  coimsel  fee,  incurred  in  an  action  bronght  to  enforce 
a  restriction  in  the  grantor's  deed,  of  which  the  grantee  was 
ignorant.*^  Sureties  on  an  undertaking  have  no  right  to  compel 
the  creditor  to  sell  a  pledge  of  the  principal  debtor  in  his  hands 
because  they  liave  unconditionally  promised  to  pay  the  debt.^^ 

And  upon  a  mortgage  foreclosure  they  are  not  entitled  to  have 
the  costs  of  the  action  first  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale,, 
even  if  the  judgment  provides  that  the  costs  shall  be  so  paid,'*'^ 

344.  Right  of  municipalities  to  enforce  liability  of  sureties. — 
^Vhere  the  costs  awarded  in  an  action  or  special  proceeding,  to 
public  officers  become,  by  force  of  a  statute,  the  property  of  a 
municipality,  tlie  municipality  may  maintain  an  action  in  its 
own  name  against  the  sureties  given  to  its  officers  in  such  action 
or  special  proceeding,  and  the  officers  are  not  necessary  parties 
to  an  action  against  the  sureties  upon  their  undertaking.^^ 

345.  Extent  of  liability  of  surety. —  Where  a  sui-ety  has  given 
a  bond  to  save  another  harmless  from  certain  demands,  and  the 
assured  has  been  sued  thereon,  the  surety  is  liable  only  for  the 
costs  incurred  up  to  the  time  papers  were  served  on  the  assured, 
unless  he  at  once  informs  the  surety  of  that  fact  and  requests  the 
surety  to  take  care  of  the  action.  The  costs  accruing  after  the 
service  of  the  summons  are  unnecessar)^'^^ 

346.  — upon  an  appeal  from  a  justice's  court  to  a  county 
court. —  An  undertaking  given  uj^on  an  appeal  from  a  judgment 
of  a  justice's  court  to  a  county  court  covers  the  costs  of  a  de- 
murrer  which  the  plaintiff  interposes  to  an  answer  that  the  de- 
fendant is  allowed  to  interpose  in  the  county  court.  The  fact 
that  an  appeal  has  been  taken  from  the  order  overruling  the  de- 

^Charman  v.  Hibbler,  31  App.  Div.  Div.  191,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1031;  Suth- 

477,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  212.  erland    v.    Carr,  85    N.  Y.  105;  Au- 

*^8terne  v.  Talhott,  89  Hun,  308,  35  burn  Bd.  of  Edu.  v.  Quick,  99  N.  Y. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  412.  138,  1  N.  E.  533. 

"Leopold  V.  Epstein,  54  App.  Div.        *^8teinhart  v.  Doellncr,  2  Jones  & 

133,  66  N.  Y.  Supp.  414.  S.  218. 

"IVeu?    York    v.    Bannan,  42    App. 


LIABILITY  OF  SUKETIES   AND  PERSONS,   ETC.  419 

miirrcr  is  no  answer  to  an  action  on  the  undertaking,  until  a  stay 
is  obtained. ^^ 

347.  —  on  undertakings  given  in  a  surrogate's  court. —  The 
surety  on  the  bond  of  an  administrator  is  not  liable  for  the  costs 
which  the  surrogate,  upon  an  accounting,  makes  payable  directly 
to  the  attorneys,  because  the  surrogate  has  no  power  to  make 
such  an  allowance.  The  allowances  should  have  been  made  to 
Khe  client.^-^  The  sureties  are  as  much  liable  for  the  costs 
awarded  upon  the  removal  of  a  guardian  as  for  the  amount  of 
the  infant's  money  in  the  hands  of  the  removed  guardian. ^^  If 
an  allowance  is  made  upon  an  accounting  which  is  computed 
upon  a  wrong  basis  or  any  other  excess  of  jurisdiction  the  sure- 
ties can  raise  the  question  in  an  action  against  them  to  recover 
such  allowance.^'^  An  attorney  for  an  assignee  for  the  bene- 
fit of  creditors  cannot  maintain  an  action  against  the  assignee's 
sureties,  when  the  assignee  fails  to  pay  him  the  amount  directed 
by  the  court  to  be  paid  to  the  attorney,  unless  the  surety  was  a 
party  to  the  proceedings  and  is  bound  thereby,  or  there  is  an  ad- 
judication that  the  attorney  lias  a  claim  against  the  assigned 
estate.^'* 

348.  Statutory  liability  of  persons  beneficially  interested. — 
The  liability  of  third  persons  for  costs  is  now  regulated  by 
§  3247  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  is  a  re-enactment 
of  the  corresponding  provision  in  the  Revised  Statutes.^^  Under 
§  321  of  the  Code  of  Procedure,  with  a  different  wording  it  was 
held  that  a  person  defending  in  the  name  of  another  could  be 

"Trandell  v.  Bicker,  32  Misc.  258,  Div.  128,  U  N.  Y.  Supp.  1020;  Doug- 

66  N.  Y.   Supp.  352;   Rice  v.   Whit-  lass  v.  Ferris,  138  N.  Y.  192,  34  Am. 

lock,  16  Abb.  Pr.  225;   Channing  v.  St.  Eep.  435,  33  N.  E.  1041. 

Moore,  11  N.  Y.  S.  R.  670;  Eeehner  '•'^Brotcning     v.     Vanderhoven,     55 

V.  Townsend,  8  Abb.  Pr.  234.  How.  Pr.  97. 

"McMahon  v.  Smith,  20  Misc.  305,  ^Wan  Slyck  v.  Bush,  24  Jones  &  S. 

45  N.  Y.  Supp.  665;  Wiicoajv. /Smif^,  478,    4    N.    Y.    Supp.  710;  Mars/i  v, 

26  Barb.  316;   Devin  v.  Patchin,  26  Avery,  81  N.  Y.  29. 

N.  Y.  441-449.  ''2    Rev.    Stat.    619,    §    44,    2    Ed- 

"Fhillijys    V.    Liebmann,    10    App.  moiids'  Stat.  515,  §  41. 


420  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

charged  with  costs.''^  The  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  has  taken 
the  phraseology  of  the  Uevised  Statute  instead  of  the  Code  of 
Procedure.  Under  the  Revised  Statutes  it  was  held  that  the  pro- 
visions applied  to  one  prosecuting  an  action,  not  one  defend- 
ing/''^ and  the  same  construction  has  been  placed  on  the  present 
statute.^* 

Where  the  statute  provides  that  the  gi^antee  may  maintain  an 
action  in  ejectment  in  the  name  of  his  grantor,  because  the  con- 
veyance under  which  he  claims  is  void  on  the  ground  that  the 
property  was  held  adversely  to  his  grantor,  the  defendant,  in  the 
event  of  his  success,  cannot  tax  costs  against  the  nominal  plain- 
tiff, but  may  be  allowed  to  tax  costs  against  the  grantee,^^ 

349.  How  this  liability  is  enforced. — The  liability  of  a  third 
person  is  enforced  by  an  order  of  the  court,  under  §  3247  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^*^  Where  the  court  decided  that  a 
third  party  should  pay  costs  of  an  action,  his  liability  was,  un- 
der the  old  Code,  enforced  by  attachment.^^  Where  it  has  been 
adjudged  that  a  third  party  is  liable  for  costs  of  an  action,  as 
being  the  party  beneficially  interested,  and  certified  copies  of  the 
orders  are  served  upon  him  and  a  demand  made  for  the  payment 
of  the  costs,  application  may  be  made  and  an  order  thereon 
granted  to  punish  him  for  contempt  for  failing  to  pay  costs  as 
directed,  and  fining  him  the  amount  of  the  costs,  and  no  further 
proof  is  necessary  to  show  that  his  refusal  to  pay  costs  did  de- 
feat, impair,  impede,  or  prejudice  the  rights  of  the  opposite 
party.  The  fact  that  the  order  directs  payment  of  the  costs  to 
the  defendant's  attorney  is  iramaterial.^^ 

^Wolcott  V.  Holcomh,  31  N.  Y.  126.  E.  508,  17  N.  Y.  Siipp.  237;  Bovrdon 

"Miller   V.    Adsit,    18    Wend.    672;  v.  Martin,  74  Hun,  246,  56  N.  Y.  S. 

Rijers  V.  Hedges,  1  Hill,  646;  Bender-  R.  314,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  378;  Wolcott 

nagle  v.  Cocks,  19  Wend.  151.  v.  Holcomb,  31   N.  Y.   125. 

^Peetsch  v.  Quinn,  12  Misc.  61,  1        ^'Marvin  v.  Marvin,  78  N.  Y.  541; 

N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  282,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Morrison  v.  Lester,  11  Hun,  618,  15 

Proc.  Rep.  394,  66  K  Y.  S.  R.  689,  Hun,  538.     Contra,  Remington  Paper 

33  N.  Y.  Supp.  87.  Co.    v.    O'Doughertij,   6     N.    Y.    Civ. 

»Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  1501.  Proc  Rep.  70. 

"Henrictis  v.  Englert,  43  N.  Y.  S.        "'Tucker  v.  Gilman,  20  N.  Y.  Civ. 


LIABILITY  OF  SUKETIES  AND  PERSONS^  ETC.  421 

It  is  within  the  discretion  of  the  court  to  deny  a  motion  to 
compel  a  j)crson  to  pay  the  costs  of  an  action  in  which  he  was 
beneficially  interested,  as  having  been  prematurely  made,  if  an 
appeal  is  pending  undetermined,  although  the  appellant  has  not 
given  an  undertaking  on  the  appeal,  and  no  stay  of  proceedings 
has  been  granted.®^  The  notice  of  motion  must  be  served  on  the 
party  sought  to  be  charged.  It  is  not  enough  to  serve  it  upon  the 
attorney  who  has  appeared  for  the  plaintiff  in  the  action,  as 
his  authority  ceased  with  the  entry  of  the  judgment,  and  the 
very  question  in  issue  is  whether  the  attorney  for  the  plaintiff 
is  the  attorney  for  the  third  party.*^^ 

350.  Liability  of  absolute  assignee  of  a  cause  of  action. — 
Where  a  party  takes  an  absolute  assignment  of  a  pending  action, 
be  becomes  liable  for  the  whole  costs  the  same  as  if  he  were 
originally  a  party.**^  The  same  liability  also  attaclies  where  a 
judgment  is  assigned,  which  is  reversed  on  appeal.^® 

351.  —  of  person  to  whom  a  cause  of  action  is  assigned  as  col- 
lateral security. — If  he  takes  an  assignment  of  a  cause  of  action 
as  collateral  security,  he  is  not  liable  for  the  costs  of  the  ac- 
tion.^^  But  where  an  assignee  prosecutes  the  action  himself  he 
is  liable  for  costs.*^^ 

Proc.  Rep.  397,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  958,  v.  Fowler,  14  Jones    &    S.    351;    Re 

14  N.  Y.  Supp.  392.  Tymt,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  234. 

^^Slauson  v.   Watkins,   14  Jones  &  ""Tucker  y.   GUman,  58   Hun,   167, 

S.  172.  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.   9G2,  11  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"^Henry    v.    Derby,    21  Jones  &  S.  555,  Affirmed  in    125   N.  Y.   714,   26 

125,  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  106.  N.  E.  756. 

'^Genet  \.  Davenport,  58  N.  Y.  607;  ^Teck  v.  Yorks,  75  N.  Y.  421;  Mil- 

Columbia  Ins.  Co.  v.  Stevens,  37  N.  ler  v.  Franklin,  20  Wend.  630;  Wol- 

Y.     536;     Jordan    v.    Sherwood,    10  cott  v.  Holeomh,  Z\  ^.  Y.  124:-,  Dowl- 

Wend.     622;     Miller    v.     Adsit,     18  ingr  v.  Bnc/.wfif,  .52  N.  Y.  658,  15  Abb. 

Wend.    672;    Creighton   v.  Ingersoll,  Pr.  N.  S.  190;   Thorn  v.  Beard,  139 

20  Barb.  541 ;   Carnahan  v.  Pond,  15  N.  Y.  482,  54  IST.  y.  g.  r.  807,  34  N. 

Abb.  Pr.   194;    Tticker  v.  GUman,  58  E.  1100. 

Hun,  167,  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  962,  11  N.  "^Whitney  v.   Cooper,   1   Hill,  629; 

Y.  Supp.  555,  Affirmed  in  125  N.  Y.  Schoolcraft    v.    Lathrop,  5    Cow.  17; 

714,    26     N.     E.     756;    Ohnstead    v.  Murray   v.    Hendricksmi,  6   Abb.  Pr. 

Keyes,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  1 ;  Wolcott  96,  1  Bosw.  35;  People  ex  rel.  Bailey 

V.  Ilolcoinh,  31  N.  Y.  125;  Merceron  v,   Albany  Mayor's   Court  Judges,  9 


422  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

"Wliere  the  cause  of  action  is  not  transferable  and  the  judg- 
ment is  afterwards  vacated  or  reversed  the  assignee  is  not  liable 
for  costs.*^^  The  assignment  of  a  claim  pending  the  action  will 
not  prejudice  the  defendant  in  offsetting  against  any  recovery 
the  costs  that  may  be  awarded  him  in  the  action. 

352.  —  of  attorney  who  is  to  receive  a  contingent  fee. —  An 
attorney  is  not  liable  for  the  costs  as  an  assignee,  where  he  has  an 
agreement  to  receive  a  certain  per  cent  of  the  recovery  for  his 
services  in  the  action.'^  Where  an  attorney  moved  to  dismiss 
the  complaint  on  the  ground  that  the  parties  had  collusively  set- 
tled the  case  to  deprive  him  of  his  costs,  and  after  the  motion 
had  been  denied  he  made  a  motion  for  leave  to  renew  it,  he  is 
properly  charged  with  the  costs  of  the  last  motion,  upon  its  re- 
fusah"^^ 

353.  —  of  assignor. —  A  person  cannot  escape  liability  for  the 
costs  of  an  action  when  the  assignment  is  merely  colorable,  al- 
though such  assignment  was  made  before  the  action  was  com- 
menced.'^^ The  decision  of  the  trial  court  directing  a  verdict  foj' 
the  defendant  on  the  ground  that  the  plaintiff  is  not  the  real 
party  in  interest  establishes  the  fact  of  the  beneficial  interest  of 
the  pretended  assignor  for  the  purpose  of  charging  him  with  the 
costs  of  the  action.'^^  A  person  who  assigns  a  cause  of  action 
for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  giving  security  for  costs  may  be  com- 
pelled to  pay  the  costs  of  an  unsuccessful  action  brought  by  his 
assignee.'^^  A  party  who  assigns  his  cause  of  action  pending  the 
action  is  still  liable  for  the  costs  of  the  action.'^^ 

Wend.  480;    Carnahan    v.    Pond,    15  '-Winanfs  v.  Blanchard,   12  N.  Y. 

Abb.  Pr.  194.  S.  R.  3S4. 

"^Tucker  v.   Oilman,  58  Hun,   167,  '='i?e  Tynrj,  17  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  234. 

33  N.  Y.   S.  R.  962,   11   N.  Y.   Supp.  ''Pendleton   v.   Johnson,   21    N.   Y. 

555,  Affirmed   in   125   N.  Y.   714,  26  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  272,  18  N.  Y.  Supp. 

N.  E.  756.  211. 

''"Green  v.  Lee,  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  'Hlrosfent  v.  Tallman,  2  How.  Pr. 

131 ;  Banta  v.  Naughton,  7  N.  Y.  S.  147. 
R.  384;  Code  Civ    Proc.  §  3247. 

''Eisner  v.  TJnmel,  6  Hun,  234,  Af- 
firmed in  06  N.  Y.  046. 


LIABILITY  OF  SURETIES  AND  PERSONS,  ETC.        ^         423 

354.  When  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings  is  liable  for 
costs. —  A  judgment  creditor  will  not  be  liable  for  costs  awarded 
against  a  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings,''^'^  unless  the 
action  was  brought  at  the  sole  suggestion  and  urgency  of  such 
party  and  was  virtually  conducted  by  him,  especially  where  it 
was  not  brought  by  the  direction  or  leave  of  the  court.'^'^  This 
is  so,  even  as  to  costs  awarded  against  him  as  a  defendant. '^^  A 
receiver  in  supplementaiy  proceedings  must  either  file  the  writ- 
ten request  of  the  creditor  to  bring  an  action  which  makes  the 
judgment  creditor  liable  personally  or  a  bond.'^^  Motion  costs 
awarded  against  a  receiver  may  be  ordered  paid  by  the  judg- 
ment creditors  when  the  receiver  acts  at  the  instigation  of  the 
■creditors  and  for  their  benefit.^*^ 

355.  Liability  of  a  general  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  cred- 
itors.—  Wliere  a  general  assignee  refuses  to  continue  the  defense 
in  a  replevin  action  brought  against  his  assignor,  but  the  plain- 
tiff obtains  an  order  bringing  him  in  unless  he  make  an  offer  of 
judgment  with  costs  to  date,  and  the  defendant  makes  such  an 
offer,  the  plaintiff  cannot  recover  his  costs  out  of  the  fund,  be- 
cause the  assignee  has  not  intermeddled  in  the  action  nor  claimed 
the  goods.^^ 

''^Cutter  V.  ReiJh/,  5  Robt.  637,  31  441  ;  Wheeler  v.  Wright,  23  How.  Pr. 

HoTV.  Pr.  472;   Whitnei/  v.  Cooper,  1  228,  14  Abb.  Pr.  353. 

Hill,  632;  Colvardv.  Oliver,  7  Wend.  "Rule    79;    M'Hench  v.  M'Hench, 

497;    Miller  v.   Franklin,   20   Wend.  7  Hill,  204;  Thompson  v.  BleCloskey, 

«30;    Bliss    v.    Otis,    1    Denio,  6.56;  5  Month.    L.    Bull.    19;     Wheeler  v. 

Giles  V.   Halbert,   12  N.  Y.  32;   Mc-  Wright,  23  How.  Pr.  228,  14  Abb.  Pr. 

Harg  v.  Donelhj,  27  Barb.  100;   Gal-  353. 

lation  V.  Smith,  48  How.  Pr.  477.  ^"Interior  Conduit  &  Insulation  Co. 

"Cutter  V.  Reilly,  5  Bobt.  637,  31  v.  Alexander,  27  Misc.  598,  59  N.  Y. 

How.    Pr.    472;    Wheeler   v.    Wright,  Siipp.    126;    Ward  v.  Roy,   69  N.  Y. 

23   How.   Pr.   228,    14  Abb.   Pr.   353;  96;  Bourdons.  Martin,  84  Hun,  179, 

Ward  V.  Roy,  69  N.  Y.  96;  O'Conner  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  441. 

V.  Merchants'  Bank,  64  Hun,  624,  22  ^^McCarthy     v.    Wright,    56    Hun, 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  393,  19  N.  Y.  387,  31  N.    Y.    S.    R.    371,  10  N.  Y. 

Supp.  319;  Droegev.  Baxter,  77  App.  Supp.  824;   Taylor  v.  Bolmer,  2  De- 

Dlv.  78,  79  N.  Y.  Supp.  29.  nio,    193;     Miller     v.    Franklin,    20 

'"■Bourdon  v.  Martin,  84  Hun.  179,  Wend.    630;    Heather  v.   Isleil,   14  N. 

€5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  716,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  46. 


424  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

356.  When  a  person  is  beneficially  interested. —  A  pcarty  who 
agrees  to  can-j  on  a  suit  for  another  and  to  have  a  share  of  the 
proceeds  is  beneficially  interested  and  is  liable  for  the  costs  re- 
covered against  the  nominal  plaintiff.^^  But  where  he  has  trans- 
ferred his  interest,  and  takes  no  part  in  the  action,  he  is  not 
liable.^^  An  assignor  of  a  cause  of  action,  who  is  to  receive  a 
portion  of  the  expected  recovery,  is  beneficially  interested  and  is 
liable  for  the  costs  of  the  action,  although  he  did  not  employ  the 
attorney  nor  furnish  funds  to  carry  on  the  action.^^  A  party 
is  liable  for  costs  where  he  lu'ings  an  action  in  the  name  of  an- 
other, without  authority.  This  applies  to  a  case  where  the  action 
is  brought  in  the  name  of  the  people  or  of  an  officer,  where  the 
party  has  not  complied  with  the  statutory  requirements.^^ 

357.  Liability  for  commencing  an  action  in  the  name  of  a  non- 
existent plaintiff. — A  party  is  liable  for  the  costs  of  an  action 
which  he  has  instituted  in  the  name  of  a  nonexistent  plaintiff,^* 
or  by  persons  claiming  to  be  trustees  of  a  coi*poration,  and  it  is 
adjudged  that  ihej  are  not  trustees  and  have  no  authority  to 
bring  the  action.^^ 

358.  When  a  person  is  not  beneficially  interested. — It  is  not 
enough  that,  had  the  action  succeeded,  the  recovery  would  have 
been  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  a  third  person.  He  must  be 
chargeable  with  having  brought  the  action.^ ^     ^Miere  a  third 

"^nUes  V.  Halbert,  12  N.  Y.  32.  Pcrrigo    v.    Doivdall,    25    Hun,  234 ; 

*^Br(i(Ucy  v.   Van  Buren,  22  N.  Y.  Slauson  v.  Watlcins,  95  N.  Y.   369; 

Week.  Dig.  568.  Winants  v.  Blanchard,  12  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

^Merceron   v.    Foivler,  14    Jones  &  384;   Waring  v.  Barret,  2  Cow.  460; 

S.  351 ;   Wheeler  v.  Wright,  14  Abb.  Pendleton  v.  Johnston,  21  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Pr.  353,  23  How.  Pr.  228;   Voorhces  Proo.  Rep.  272,  18  K  Y.  Supp.  211. 

V.  McCartney,  51  X.  Y.  387;  Bliss  v.  ^'Baptist  Soc.  v.  Loomis,  49  Hun, 

Otis,  1  Denio,  650;  Giles  v.  Halbert,  414,  22  N.  Y.  S.  R.  485,  3  N.  Y.  Supp. 

12  N.  Y.  32;   Whitney  v.  Cooper,  1  572. 

Hill,  629.  ^"Greenu-ood  v.  Marvin,  11  N.  Y.  S. 

'^Jobbitt  V.  Giles,  10  X.  Y.  Week.  R.  235;    Whitney  v.   Cooper,   1  Hill, 

Dig.  523.  629;    McHarg    v.    Donelly,  27    Barb. 

^Metropolitan   Addressing  &  Mail-  100;   Hone  v.  De  Peyster,  106  N.  Y. 

ing  Co.  v.  Goodenongh.  21  N.  Y.  Civ.  645,  13  N.  E.  778;  Elliot  v.  Lewicky, 

Proc.  Rep.  208,  18  X.  Y.  Supp.  212;  19  Jones  &  S.  51,  7  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 


LIABILITY  OF  SURETIES  AND  PERSONS^  ETC.  425' 

party  advises  a  plaintiff  that  he  has  a  good  cause  of  action,  and 
furnishes  him  money  to  prosecute  the  action,  because  he  thinks 
that  the  plaintiff  has  a  righteous  cause,  he  is  not  beneficially 
interested  so  as  to  be  liable  for  costs  in  case  the  plaintiff  fails.^* 

359.  Liability  for  defending  an  action  in  ejectment. —  A  land- 
lord who  defends  an  action  in  ejectment  brought  against  his 
tenant,^"  or  a  grantor  who  defends  such  an  action  against  his 
grantee,^^  or  a  mortgagee  who  defends  such  an  action  against 
his  mortgagor,  may  be  compelled  to  pay  costs.^^ 

360.  Liability  outside  of  statute. — A  party  who  has  fraudu- 
lently procured  the  execution  of  a  will  is  a  proper  party  in  an 
action  to  set  aside  such  will  that  he  may  be  charged  with  costs.^^ 
It  is  proper  to  make  a  person  a  party  defendant  in  an  equity 
action,  although  he  only  signed  the  agTcement  upon  which  th& 
action  was  based,  as  agent,  where  he  defied  the  orders  of  the 
court  in  relation  to  the  agreement.  In  such  a  case  costs  may  be 
properly  imposed  upon  him.^^  Where  parties  are  brought  in  on 
their  own  aj)plication  in  a  proceeding  to  punish  a  receiver  for 
contempt,  and  fail  in  their  contention,  they  are  properly  charge- 
able with  the  costs  of  the  proceeding.^'* 

Rep.  82;  Slauson  v.  Watkins,  95  N-  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  405,  52  N. 

Y.  369.  Y.  Supp.  854. 

"/(•e  Harwood,  50  N.  Y.  S.  R.  114,  ^'Bradt/  v.  McCosker,  1  N.  Y.  214. 

21  N.  Y.  Supp.  572.  ^'Cooper  v.  Toionsend,  37  N.  Y.  S. 

'"I'errigo  v.  Dowdall,  25  Hun,  234.  R.   122,   13  N.  Y.  Supp.  760. 

"^Farmers'     Loan     <&     T.     Co.     v.  ^'"Pierce  v.  Lees,  17  App.  Div.  346, 

Kursch,  5  N.  Y.  558.  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  294. 

"^Sand  V.  Church,  32  App.  Div.  139, 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 

STAY  FOR  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS. 

361.  In  general. 

362.  Procedure  to  obtain  stay. 

363.  When  the  actions  are  'brought  in  different  courts. 

364.  Stay  when  the  cause  of  action  is  assigned. 

365.  Party  seeking  stay  must  be  interested  in  collecting  the  unpaid  costs. 

366.  Different  actions  arising  from  the  same  cause. 

367.  Party  suing  in  forma  pauperis. 
308.  When  an  infant  will  be  stayed. 

369.  Wlien  a  party  is  entitled  to  a  stay. 

370.  When  the  stay  becomes  operative. 

371.  What  proceedings  are  stayed. 

372.  How  the  stay  may  be  waived. 

373.  How  the  stay  is  terminated. 

361.  In  general. — The  court  lias  an  inherent  power  to  stay  the 
vexatious  and  annoying  proceedings  of  a  party,  until  he  pays  the 
costs  of  a  former  proceeding/  which  power  it  wall  exercise  upon 
application  to  it.  The  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  also  provides 
for  a  stay  of  proceedings  for  the  nonpayment  of  motion  costs. 
iSTo  application  is  necessary  to  invoke  this  statutory  stay,  except 
the  service  upon  the  adverse  party  of  the  order  requiring  the 
payment  of  the  costs.  Upon  the  expiration  of  ten  days  after 
such  service  the  stay  is  in  operation.^ 

362.  Procedure  to  obtain  stay.— The  motion  for  a  stay  should 
be  made  in  the  action  sought  to  he  stayed,^  and  should  be  based 
on  affidavits  showing  all  the  facts  upon  which  a  stay  is  asked.* 
Such  a  motion  may  be  made  at  any  time  before  the  trial  of  the 

^Foley  V.  Baihhorne.  12  Hun.  5S9,  ^Dederick  v.  TJoysradt,  4  How.  Pr. 
ileyer  v.  Brid,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  72.    350,  3  X.  Y.  Code  Pvep.  86. 

-Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  779;   Thaule  v.        ^IJUderhrand    v.    Ogden,  1    Monlli. 
Frost,  1   Abb.    N.    C.    298;   Lyo72S  v.    L.   Bull.   74. 
Murat,  54  How.  Pr.  23,  4  Abb.  N.  C. 
13;   Hazard  v.  Wilson,  3  Abb.  N.  C. 
50.     See  how  waived,  §  372.  infra. 

42G 


STAY  FOK  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS.  427 

second  action/''  or  even  during  the  litigation  of  that  action.^  But 
such  a  motion  cannot  be  made  after  judgment  is  perfected  in  the 
second  action.'^  In  the  district  courts  of  ISTew  York  the  applica- 
tion should  be  made  before  the  joinder  of  issue.^  To  entitle  the 
defendant  to  such  an  order  he  must  show  a  good  defense,  either 
by  an  answer  served  or  by  an  affidavit  of  merits,^  Upon  a  mo- 
tion for  a  stay  the  court  may  compel  the  plaintiff  to  pay  not 
only  the  costs  in  the  first  action,  but  also  the  costs  of  the  motion 
for  a  stay,  before  he  is  allowed  to  proceed.^ ^  The  granting  of 
the  stay  is  not  an  absolute  right,  but  depends  upon  the  discretion 
of  the  court.^^  The  failure  to  pay  costs  of  a  former  action  is  a 
mere  irregTilarity,  and  does  not  deprive  the  court  of  jurisdiction 
of  a  second  action  for  the  same  cause,  unless  such  adjudication 
was  upon  the  merits. -^^  The  defendant  is  not  bound  to  issue  an 
execution  to  collect  costs,  nor  can  he  be  defeated,  upon  his  appli- 
cation for  a  stay,  on  the  ground  of  laclies.^^ 

363.  When  the  actions  are  brought  in  different  courts. —  It 
makes  no  difference  that  the  second  action  is  brought  in  a  dif- 
ferent court,^^  although  the  former  action  was  brought  in  a  Fed- 

^Cuyler    v.  Vanderioerk,    1    Johns.  380;  Barton  v.  gjieis,  73  N.  Y.  133; 

Cas.  247.  Morgenstern  v.  Zinli,  6  Misc.  418,  27 

'^Jackson    ex    deni.    Williamson    v.  N.  Y.  Supp.  299. 

Miller,  3  Cow.  57.  ^-Patchen  v.  Delatvare  d-  H.  Canal 

''Fifield  V.  Brown,  2  Cow.  503;  Sal-  Co.  62  App.  Div.  543,  71  N.  Y.  Supp. 

ters  V.  Ralph,  15  Abb.  Pr.  273.  122;  JVesseJs  v.  Boettcher,  142  N.  Y. 

Woullaire  v.   Wise,    19   Misc.   C59,  212,  36  N.  E.  883;  Foster  v.  Bowen, 

44  N.  Y.  Supp.  510;  iVoe  v.  Gregory,  1  Code  Rep.    N.    S.    236;   Barton  v. 

■8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  21.  Speis,  73  N.  Y.  133. 

^Faulkner  v.  Cody,  28  Misc.  66,  59  ^"Doyle  v.  Fecorder  Printing  Co.  30 

N.  Y.  Supp.  807.  Hun,  645. 

^"Edwards  v.  Ninth  Ave.  R.  Co.  22  ^-^Farrell     v.    Neio    York     Juvenile 

How.  Pr.  444.  Asylum,  2    App.    Div.    496,  3  N.  Y. 

^^Dare    v.    Murphy,    18  Abb.  N.  C.  Anno.  Cas.  13,  74  N.  Y.  S.  R.  414,  37 

466,   12  N.  Y.  Civ.   Proc.  Rep.   388;  N.   Y.   Supp.   1118;   Sprague  v.  Bar- 

McMahon  v.  Mutual  Ben.  L.  Ins.  Co.  tholdi  Hotel  Co.  68  Hun,  555,  52  N. 

12  Abb.  Pr.  28;  Drake  v.  New  York  Y.  S.  R.  663,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.   1000; 

Iron  Mine,  71  Hun,  211,  54  N.  Y.  &  Morgenstern  v.  Ziiik,  6  Misc.  418,  27 

R.  211,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  518;   Griffin  N.  Y.  Supp.  299;  Edwards  v.  Ninth 

V.  Round  Lake  Camp  Meeting  Asso.  Ave.  R.  Co.  22  How.  Pr.  444;  Thomp- 

26  Hun,  314;  Ex  parte  Stone,  3  Cow.  son  v.  Burchell,  16  Jones  &  S.  537; 


428  TJIK   J. AW   OL"   COSTS   IN   NEW   YORK. 

eral  court. -"^  But  this  rule  does  not  apply  if  the  former  action 
was  brought  in  the  courts  of  another  state. ^^  It  makes  no  differ- 
ence that  the  action  is  one  for  divorce,  separation,  or  annulment 
of  a  marriage,  nor  that  it  is  brought  by  the  husband  or  by  the 
wife.^^  A  receiver  will  be  stayed  in  an  action  for  the  same 
cause,  until  the  costs  of  the  former  action  are  paid,  when  the 
first  action  was  dismissed  because  of  the  irregularity  of  his  ap- 
pointment.^^ The  district  courts  of  New  York  have  the  same 
power  as  the  supreme  court  to  grant  a  stay  in  the  second  action 
till  the  costs  in  the  former  are  paid.-^^  A  justice  of  the  peace  has 
not  that  power.^*^  The  payment  of  the  costs  of  the  former  action 
is  a  sufficient  answer  to  the  defendant's  motion  for  a  stay.^^ 

364.  Stay  when  the  cause  of  action  is  assigned. — An  unsuccess- 
ful plaintiff  cannot,  by  assigning  his  cause  of  action  confer  upon 
his  assignee  any  other  or  different  rights  than  he  himself  had, 
and  the  assignee  will  be  stayed  in  the  second  action  till  the  costs 
of  the  former  action  are  paid.^^  A  plaintiff'  who  has  become 
such  by  substitution  cannot  appeal  from  a  judgment  against  his 
predecessor  dismissing  the  complaint,  until  the  costs  of  a  motion 
by  the  former  plaintiff  to  set  aside  the  judgment  are  paid.^^ 

365.  Party  seeking  stay  must  be  interested  in  collecting  the  un- 

Perkins  v.  Hinman,  19  Johns.  237;  Co.  8  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  272;  Garde- 
Griffin  V.  Round  Lake  Camp  Meeting  nier  v.  Osioego  Mut.  Sav.  d  Aid  Asso. 
Asso.  26  Hun,  314;  Bush  v.  Lathrop,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  30,  17  N.  Y.  Supp. 
22  N.  Y.  535;  Totmg  v.  Guij,  12  Hun,  394;  Richardson  v.  White,  27  How. 
325.  Pr.     155;      Sponld'mg     v.    Amcricnn 

^Jackson  ex  dem.  Allen  v.  Carpen-  Wood  Board  Co.  58  App.  Div.  314, 

ter,  3  Cow.  22.  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  945;  Murray  v.  Cam- 

^Mulio  V.  Ingalls,  15  Abb.  Pr.  429.  eron,  38  N.   Y.   S.  R.  793,   15  N.  Y. 

^''Eephurn  v.  Hepburn,  54  How.  Pr.  Supp.   13;    Hill  v.   Grant,  2  Tliomp. 

466,  2  Month.  L.  Bull.  90;  I\Hchols  v.  &  C.  467;  Barton  v.  Speis,  73  N.  Y. 

Nichols,  18  Jones  &  S.  251.  133;      MacWhinnie    v.    Cameron,    57 

^Baies  v.  Dlckerson,  35  N.  Y.   S.  Hun,  463,   19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

R.  928,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  773.  168,   32   N.   Y.   S.   R.   985,   11   N.   Y. 

"Leicis  V.  Davis,  8  Daly,  185.  Supp.  20. 

^Youle    V.    Brotherton,    10  Johns.        -^Gardenier  v.  Eldred,  21  N.  Y.  Civ. 

363.  Proc.  Rep.  221,  40  N.  Y.  S.  R.  225, 

'^Lewis  V.  Davis,  8  Daly,  185.  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  819. 

-'Hebbard  v.  United  States  L.  Ins. 


STAY   FOR  :N^0NPAYMENT  OF  COSTS.  429 

paid  costs. — A  second  action  for  the  same  cause  will  not  be  stayed 
where  the  defendant  in  the  second  action  has  not,  at  the  time 
the  application  for  a  stay  is  made,  an  interest  in  the  collection  of 
the  costs  of  the  first  action.  A  second  action  will  not  be  stayed 
imtil  the  costs  in  the  first  action  are  paid,  where  it  is  brought 
against  the  same  defendant,  but  the  first  action  was  against  the 
•defendant  personally  and  the  second  against  him  in  a  repre- 
sentative capacity.^"* 

Where,  after  the  first  action,  the  defendant  has  transferred 
liis  interest  in  the  disputed  property  to  another,  the  second  action 
against  the  assignee  will  not  be  stayed  until  the  costs  of  the 
former  action  are  paid,  because  the  defendant  in  the  second  ac- 
tion has  no  interest  in  enforcing  the  payment  of  the  costs  in  the 
first  action.^ ^  But  where  the  second  action  is  brought  against  the 
■defendant  in  the  first  action  and  his  assignee,  the  plaintiff  will 
1)6  stayed  in  the  second  action  as  to  botli  defendants. ^*^  So,  a  sec- 
ond action  mil  not  be  stayed  against  the  defendant  in  the  first 
action  where  he  has  assigned  the  costs  in  that  action  and  has  no 
interest  in  the  application.^'^ 

A  stay  will  not  be  granted  in  an  action  where  the  parties  seek- 
ing the  stay  were  not  parties  to  the  former  action.-^  jSTor  will 
an  action  be  stayed  for  the  nonpayment  of  costs,  where  the  plain- 
tiff in  the  second  action  claims  under  the  same  title  as  the  plain- 
tiff in  the  former  action,  but  was  not  a  party  to  that  action. ^^ 
The  court  can  grant  a  stay  in  the  second  action,  although  new  de- 
fendants have  been  included  in  that  action. ^"^ 

366.  Different    actions  arising  from    the  same    cause. —  Where 

"Vetterlein     v.     Barnes,    43    Hun,  -^Sinrpsoi     v.     Brcirster,    j    Paige, 

437;  Beemer  v.  McCoy,    2    City    Ct.  24.5. 

Hep.  29G;   Jackson  ex  dem.  Livings-  '"^Bolton   v.    Corse,    15   Jones   &    S. 

ton  V.  Edwards,   1   Cow.   138;   Rich-  493;  Jackson  ex  dem.  Clark  v.  Clark, 

■ardson  v.  White,  27  How.  Pr.  155.  1  Cow.  140. 

"""■Bolton    V.    Corse,    15  -Jones  &  S.  ^"Ten  Broeck  v.  Reynolds,  13  How. 

493.  Pr.  462. 

'"^Kentish  v.   Tatham,   6  Hill,  372;  ^"Kentish   v.  Taiham,  6  Hill,  372; 

Hill  V.  Grant,  2  Thomp.  &  C.  467.  Pierson  v.  Lydecker,  1  Law.  Rec.  177. 


430  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  second  action  involves  the  same  title,  but  relates  to  different 
land,  the  action  will  not  be  stayed/'^  Where  the  plaintiff  has  a 
cause  of  action  in  tort,  and  one  ex  contractu  arising  from  the 
same  cause,  the  causes  of  action  are  distinct,  and  where  he  has 
been  defeated  in  one  he  will  not  be  stayed  in  the  second  till  the 
costs  of  the  first  are  paid.^^  Where  the  plaintiff  in  the  first 
action  claimed  to  be  a  factor,  and  sought  to  foreclose  his  lien, 
and  the  court  held  that  he  was  the  owner,  taking  under  a  war- 
ranty, the  defendant  will  be  stayed  in  an  action  upon  the  war- 
ranty until  the  costs  of  the  first  action  are  paid.  Both  actions 
are  brought  upon  the  same  contract  and  relate  to  the  same  sub- 
ject-matter.^^ 

367.  Party  suing  in  forma  pauperis.—  A  plaintiff  suing  in 
forma  pauperis  will  not  be  stayed  till  the  costs  in  a  fonner  action 
for  the  same  cause  are  paid."^^  But  motion  costs  incurred  in  the 
same  action,  before  the  plaintiff  had  obtained  leave  to  sue  as  a 
poor  person,  will  act  as  a  stay.^^ 

368.  When  an  infant  will  be  stayed. — An  appeal  by  an  infant 
by  a  guardian  ad  litem  who  has  become  insolvent  will  not  be 
stayed  until  the  costs  of  the  trial  are  paid.^® 

369.  When  a  party  is  entitled  to  a  stay. —  Where  an  equity  ac- 
tion is  dismissed  without  prejudice  to  an  action  at  law  upon  the 
same  contract,  which  was  sought  to  be  reformed  in  the  former 
action,  the  action  at  law  will  not  be  stayed  because  of  the 
nonpayment  of  costs  of  the  equity  action.  The  words  "without 
prejudice"  mean  that  the  plaintiff  is  at  liberty  to  prosecute  an 
action  at  law  the  same  as  if  no  previous  action  had  been  brought 

^Stewart  v.  Hilton,  27  Misc.  239,  "Code  Civ.   Proc.   §   461;    Herbert 

58  N.   Y.   Supp.   415.  v.  Drake,  2  X.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  175; 

^-Arnold  v.  Clark,  9  Daly,  259.  Harris  v.  Mutual  L.  Ins.  Co.   18  N. 

'■''Spaidding     v.     American     Wood  Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.     195,     10    N.    Y. 

Board  Co.  58  App.  Div.  314,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  473. 

Supp.  945;  Spraguc  v.  Bartlioldi  Ho-  ^I.yons  v.  Murat,  4  Abb.  N.  C.  13. 

tel  Co.  68  Hun,  555,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  '"Wice    v.    Commercial    Ins.   Co.   7 

1090;     Thompson     v.     Burchell,     16  Daly,  258,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  325. 
Jones  &  S.  537. 


STAY   i<'OR  ^NOJMPAYMEKT  OF  COSTS.  431 

tliereon.^'''  There  is  no  presumption  tliat  costs  are  paid,  and 
when  the  defendant  moves  for  a  stay  the  burden  is  on  the  plain- 
tiff to  prove  that  they  have  been  paid.^*^  It  must  appear  from 
the  record  that  the  actions  are  identical,  and  that  the  relief 
sought  in  each  is  similar.^^ 

A  stay  will  not  be  granted  until  the  first  action  is  ended,  be- 
cause until  that  time  the  defendant  is  not  entitled  to  costs.  An 
action  is  not  ended  till  an  order  of  discontinuance  is  entered.  It 
cannot  be  discontinued  on  mere  notice."*^  Wliere  a  motion  for 
a  stay  is  denied  on  the  ground  that  the  former  action  is  not 
ended  the  defendant  may  make  another  motion  without  obtain- 
ing leave  of  the  court,  after  the  final  judgment  has  been  entered 
in  the  former  action.^^  The  imprisonment  of  the  judgment 
debtor  is  a  satisfaction  of  the  judgment  as  long  as  it  continues. 
Therefore,  a  new  action  for  the  same  cause  will  not  be  stayed 
while  the  plaintiff  is  imprisoned  under  a  body  execution  issued 
in  the  former  action.^^ 

370.  When  the  stay  becomes  operative. —  The  stay  for  non- 
payment of  the  costs  required  to  be  paid  by  an  order  mentioned 
in  §  779  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  does  not  commence  until 
the  expiration  of  ten  days  after  the  personal  service  of  a  copy  of 
the  order,  or  twenty  days,  if  the  service  is  by  mail.*^  Costs  im- 
posed as  a  condition  of  the  discontinuance  of  an  action  must  be 
taxed  by  the  defendant  before  the  nonpayment  thereof  will  oper- 

'"8leels    V.    Bodhie,    68  App.  Div.  mer,  32   Misc.   388,   66  N".   Y.   Supp. 

217,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.   1093;   Davis  v.  721;  Wellman  v.  Frost,  38  Hun,  3S9; 

Duffie,  3  Abb.  Pr.  363,  5  Duer,  688.  Feeder  v.  Lockivood,  30  Misc.  531,  62 

^Acjer     V.      Ager,     1      Month.    L.  N.  Y.  Supp.  713;  Pettibone  v.  Dralce- 

Bull.2.  ford,  1  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  141;  Canavel- 

^Wrnold  v.  Clark,  9  Daly,  259.  lo  v.  Michael  &  Co.  31  Misc.  170,  63 

*°Bishop  V.  Bislwj},  7  Robt.  194.  N.  Y.   Supp.   967;    Verplank  v.   Ken- 

^Noonan  v.  Neio  York,  L.  E.  &  W.  dall,   15   Jones   &   S.   513;    Margulies 

R.  Co.  68  Hiui,  387,  52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  v.  Damrosch,  23  Misc.   77,  51   N.  Y. 

203.  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  860.  Supp.    833;     Rohinson    v.    Klein,  31 

^Eaton  V.  Wpckoff,  4  Wend.  203.  Abb.  N.  C.  481.  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  73,  3a 

"Marks  v.  King,  66  How.  Pr.  453,  N.  Y.  Supp.  262.     Contra,  Hazard  v. 

13  Abb.  N.  C.  374;   Austi^i  v.   Wit-  Wilson,  3  Abb.  N.  C.  50. 


432  THE  i-A\V  OK  COSTS  IX  XEW  YOUK. 

ato  as  a  stay  to  tlio  comiiiciiccinont  of  a  soeond  action  for  tlic  same 
■caiise.'*^  Where  bv  stipulation  of  the  ])arties  a  new  order  is  sub- 
stitnted  in  pLace  of  a  former  order,  there  must  be  a  service  of  a 
copy  of  tlie  second  order  to  entitle  the  party  to  a  stay.^"* 

371.  What  proceedings  are  stayed. —  A  star  for  nonpayment  of 
motion  costs  is  regnlatc^l  by  the  Code  of  Civil  Procednre  and 
the  court  has  no  power  to  grant  a  stay  more  extensive  than  that 
provided  by  law^■*°  A  party  under  a  stay  which  has  not  been 
waived  cannot  move  the  case,  when  it  is  reached  on  the  call  of 
the  calendar.  If  he  does  move  the  case,  any  judgment  obtained 
by  him  will  be  set  aside.'*^  ISTor  can  he  make  a  motion  in  the 
case."*^  Nor  enter  up  judgment  because  the  answer  is  not  prop- 
erly verified.'*'^  The  nonpayment  of  motion  costs  will  not  stay 
any  proceedings  necessary  to  enable  the  party  in  default  to  re- 
view the  order  by  motion''*^  or  by  an  ap]'»eal  r'^  nor  a  motion  for 
retaxing  the  costs  of  such  an  appeal  ;^-  nor  to  set  aside  a  body 
execution  issued  to  collect  the  judgment  entered  ;^^  nor  a  motion 
by  an  administrator  to  be  substituted  as  a  party  in  the  place  of 
the  deceased,  whose  proceedings  were  stayed,  because  only  a 
party  can  be  stayed,  and  the  administrator  will  not  be  a  party 
till  the  motion  is  granted.^'*  A  third  party  will  not  be  restrained 
till  the  costs  of  a  party  to  the  action  are  paid  f^  nor  Avill  a  party 
be  stayed  from  making  a  motion  to  compel  the  opposite  party  to 
enter  the  judgment  in  the  action. ^^    A  failure  to  pay  costs  in  a 

**PeopIe  V.  Ticeed,  5  Hun,  382.  hocher  Cool  Co.  25  Misc.  309,  54  N. 

*'^Thalceimer  v.  Hays,   6   N.   Y.   S.  Y.   Riipp.   566. 

R.   125,  26.  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  209.  '•-Thalceimer  v.   Tlni/s.   6   N.  Y.   S. 

*^Feist  V.  ^^ew  York,  15  App.  Div.  R.  125,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  209. 

495,  44  N.  Y.  Siipp.  497.  "'Knoft  v.  EUsirorth,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

*'Bron:n  v.  GrisicoJd,  23  Hun,  618.  568;     National    Bank    v.  Honsee.  15 

*mational  Bank  v.  Honsee.  15  Abb.  Abb.  N.  C.  488.  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  200, 

X.  C.  488.  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  200,  7  N.  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  350. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  350.  '-^Chiie  v.  Emerich,  16  N.  Y.   Civ. 

*mooney  v.  liyerson,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   123.  19  N.  Y.  S.  R.  710, 

Proc.  Rep.  435.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  874. 

"'Marsh  v.  Woolsey,  14  Hun.  1.  '^'- Foley  v.  liathbone,  4  N.  Y.  Week. 

"-4)?o«;v»i07/.s,    4    Abb.     N.    C.    11:  Die.  55. 

Weehaicken  Wharf    Co.    v.    Knicker-  "^Ten  Eyck  v.   Wanoick,  24  N.  Y. 


STAY  FOK  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS.  433 

supplementary  proceeding  stays  only  the  supplementary  pro- 
ceedings, and  not  the  proceedings  in  the  action. ^^  A  motion  for 
the  same  relief  as  the  motion  in  which  the  unpaid  costs  were 
incurred  will  be  stayed  till  the  costs  of  the  former  motion  are 
paid.^^  A  party  under  a  stay  cannot  place  the  cause  on  the 
short  cause  calendar,^^  but  placing  it  on  that  calendar  before  the 
costs  are  paid  is  not  a  contempt  of  court. ^°  Where  a  party  un- 
der a  stay  is  ready  to  proceed  with  the  trial  whenever  it  is  moved 
by  the  opposite  party,  the  latter  cannot  take  a  default  or  an  in- 
quest. His  only  right  is  to  insist  upon  his  stay,  and  demand 
that  the  opposite  party  shall  not  move  the  case.  If  he  moves  the 
case  the  party  under  a  stay  can  assert  all  his  rights  as  though 
he  had  not  been  under  a  stay.  The  moving  of  the  cause  for  trial 
is  a  waiver  of  the  stay,^^ 

A  party  under  a  stay  cannot  take  an  onward  movement  in  the 
action.  He  cannot  serve  a  reply  to  a  counterclaim  set  up  in  the 
answer,  but  he  has  the  right  to  serv^e  a  defensive  pleading.  He 
may  serve  an  answer  although  he  has  not  paid  motion  costs.  He 
is  not  the  aggressor  in  the  action.^^  A  party  to  whom  motion 
costs  are  ordered  paid  may  serve  an  answer  setting  up  a  counter- 
claim, before  the  stay  becomes  effective,  and  such  service  is  not 
a  waiver  of  the  stay.  The  defendant  may  insist  upon  his  stay 
when  the  plaintiff  serves  his  reply  to  the  counterclaim.®^ 

Costs  awarded  upon  an  appeal  to  the  appellate  division  of  the 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  6,  63  N.  Y.  S.  R.  165,  "'Kisenlord  v.  Clum,  52  Hun,  461, 

30  N.  Y.  Supp.  859.  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  147,  24  N. 

"'Godfrey  v.  Pell,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  Y.  S.  R.  102,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  512. 

69.  '^'■Randell  v.  Ahrisqueta,  20  Abb.  N. 

^Thaule  v.  Frost,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  298.  C.  292,  2  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  303. 

"'^McHnqh  v.  Astroplie,  2  Misc.  478,  ^^RoUnson  v.  Klein,  31  Abb.  N.  C. 

51  N.  Y.'S.  R.   142,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  481,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  73,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

79.  262;    Lyons  v.   Murat,  4  Abb.  N.  C. 

"^Powell    V.    Schenck,  6    App.  Div.  13,  54  How.  Pr.  23;  Thaule  v.  Frost, 

130,  39  N.  Y.  Supp.  877.  1  Abb.  N.  C.  298. 
COSTS  28. 


434  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

supreme  court  on  an  appeal  from  an  order  aet  as  a  stay  under 
§  779  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  The  amendment  to  this 
section  by  chap.  181  of  the  Laws  of  1884  settled  the  conflict  of 
authority  upon  this  poiut.^* 

372.  How  the  stay  may  be  waived, — The  party  who  is  entitled 
to  the  stay  may  waive  the  same  by  taking  an  onward  movement 
in  the  case, — as,  by  serving  a  notice  of  trial,^^  or  by  not  insist- 
ing upon  it  when  the  opposite  party  makes  a  movement  in  the 
action, — as,  by  accepting  the  notice  of  trial  from  the  party  in  de- 
fault,^^  or  arguing  a  motion  on  its  merits  and  taking  an  appeal 
therefrom  f'  or  by  proceeding  with  the  case  without  further  ob- 
jection, after  the  court  has  held  that  the  stay  can  be  determined 
by  payment  of  the  costs  at  that  time  f^  or  by  arguing  a  motion 
upon  its  merits  A\dthout  claiming  a  stay.^^  A  party  does  not 
waive  the  stay  by  serving  a  pleading. '^^ 

373.  How  the  stay  is  terminated. — As  soon  as  the  costs  are 
paid,  either  to  the  attorney  of  the  opposite  party ,'^^  or  to  the 
sheriff  upon  an  execution,  the  stay  is  terminated. '^^    It  has  been 

"Co/ien     V.    Krulewitch,    81     App.  531,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  713;   Verplanck 

Div.  147,  80  N.  Y.  Supp.  689;  Hunt  v.  Kendall,  15  Jones  &  S.  513. 

V.  Sullivan,  79  App.  Div.  119,  79  N.  ^Verplanck  v.  Kendall,  15  Jones  & 

Y.   Supp.   708;   Mclntyre  v.   German  S.  513. 

Sav.  Bank,  59    Hun,    536,    13  N.  Y.  "'Ally.  Gen.  v.  Continental  L.  Ins. 

Supp.   674;    McEugh  v.  Astrophe,  2  Co.  38  Hun,  521. 

Misc.  478,  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  142,  22  N.  ^Moore  v.  Moore,  44  App.  Div.  253, 

Y.  Supp.  79;     Cohu    v.     Eusson,  25  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 

Jones  &  S.  222,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  '^Kiefer  v.  Grand  Trunk  R.  Co.  37 

Rep.  434,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  811,  6  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  306,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  860; 

Supp.    512;    Phipps    v.    Carman,    26  Re  Loftus,  41  N.  Y.  S.  R.  357,  16  N. 

Hun,  518.     The  cases  rendered  obso-  Y.  Supp.  327. 

lete  by  the  amendment  of   1884  are  '"'Robinson  v.  Klein,  31  Abb.  N.  C. 

Verplanck  v.  Kendall,  15  Jones  &  S.  481,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  73,  30  N.  Y.  Supp. 

513;  Eisenlord  v.  Clum,  52  Hun,  461,  262;   Lyons  v.  Murat,  4  Abb.  N.  C. 

17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  147,  24  N.  13,  54  How.  Pr.  23;  Marks  v.  King, 

Y.  S.  R.  402,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  512.   Con-  13  Abb.  N.  C.  374,  66  How.  Pr.  453. 

tra,  Tan  Woert  v.  Ackley,  56  Hun,  '"^Moore  v.  Moore,  44  App.  Div.  253, 

375,  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  673.  60  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 

'^Reeder    v.    Lockwood,   30    Misc.  ^^Brown  v.  Kahn,  17  Hun,  599. 


STAY  FOE  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS.  435 

held  at  special  term  that  a  party  who  has  not  paid  motion  costs 
may  make  a  motion  in  the  action,  and  if  the  opposite  party  upon 
the  argument  objects  to  the  hearing  of  the  motion  on  the  ground 
that  the  former  costs  are  not  paid,  the  moving  party  may  ob- 
viate that  objection  by  then  paying  the  costs  of  the  former  mo- 
tion.^^ 

^^Moore  v.  Moore,  44  App.  Div.  253, 
60  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 


CHAPTEE  XXIX. 

TAXATION  OF  COSTS. 

374.  In  general. 

375.  Notice  of  taxation. 

376.  Hetaxation. 

377.  Power  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs. 

378.  Duty  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs. 

o.  In  general. 

b.  Entering  judgment  upon  a  remittitur. 

c.  Upon  special  proceedings. 

379.  Procedure  upon  a  review  of  taxation  of  costs. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Papers  used  upon  appeal  from  the  taxation  of  the  clerk. 

c.  How  the  discretion  of  the  court  or  referee  in  awarding  costs  is 

reviewed. 

d.  E.ight  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  lost  by  laches. 

e.  Right  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  waived  by  apix-al. 

f.  Procedure  upon  appeal  from  the  order  of  the  special  term. 

g.  Appeal  lies  to  what  courts. 

380.  Kow  costs  are  taxed  upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal. 

374.  In  general. —  The  statute  governing  the  taxation  of  costs 
is  found  in  §§  3262-3267  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

Costs  may  be  taxed  upon  notice,  as  required  in  §  3263  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure;  or,  where  it  is  important  that  the 
judgment  he  entered  at  once,  the  costs  may  be  taxed  ex  parte 
and  notice  of  retaxation  given  as  provided  by  §  3264  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.  All  the  parties  interested  in  the  question 
of  costs  may  stipulate  that  the  costs  be  taxed  at  a  certain  sum. 
Then  no  notice  of  taxation  or  retaxation  is  necessary.  Where 
both  parties  are  entitled  to  costs,  or  one  party  is  entitled  to  the 
recovery  and  tlie  other  to  the  costs,  only  one  judgment  should  be 
entered.     If  the  plaintiff  does  not  enter  judgment,  the  defend- 

43G 


TAXATION  OF  COSTS. 


437 


ant  can  obtain  leave  from  the  court  to  do  it.^  If  one  of  several 
defendants  has  not  paid  interlocutory  costs  awarded  against  him, 
but  not  against  the  other  defendants,  only  one  judgment  can  be 
entered,  but  different  sums  may  be  taxed  against  the  different 
parties,  and  the  interlocutory  costs  may  be  taxed  against  the 
proper  party.^ 

There  is  no  authority  for  severing  an  action  after  judgment 
for  the  purpose  of  taxing  such  costs.^  The  clerk  should  tax  the 
costs,  where  a  case  is  put  over  the  term  and  the  parties  cannot 
agree  upon  the  amount  of  costs.^ 

375.  Notice  of  taxation. —  It  is  no  objection  to  a  notice  of  ad- 
justment of  costs  that  it  was  given  before  the  right  to  recover 
costs  was  established,  provided  that  the  right  to  such  costs  as 
were  taxed,  existed  at  the  date  for  which  the  notice  was  given.^ 
A  letter  proposing  to  tax  a  bill  of  costs  at  a  certain  time  is  not 
a  notice  of  taxation,  and  a  taxation  of  costs  on  such  notice  is 
irregular.^  A  party  who  does  not  appear  before  the  taxing  offi- 
cer waives  his  right  to  object  to  the  amount.'^  Where  it  is  sworn 
positively  that  no  notice  of  adjustment  of  costs  has  been  re- 
ceived, the  opposite  party  must  show  the  time  and  manner  of 
serving  such  notice.^  If  the  notice  is  not  served  the  required 
time  before  the  taxation,  such  taxation  is  irregular.^  If  the  op- 
posite party  does  not  appear  on  the  day  for  which  the  taxation 
w^as  noticed  the  costs  may  be  taxed  on  a  subsequent  day  without 
any  further  notice.^''  An  assignee  for  creditors  should  give  no- 
tice of  taxation  of  his  costs  and  expenses  to  all  the  parties  who 

^Johnson    v.    Farrell,  10    Abb.  Pr.  "Brown    v.    Ferguson,  2    How.  Pr. 

384;   Reilly  v.  Lee,  85  Hun,  315,   66  128. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  460,  32  N.  Y.  Supp.  976;  'Uitickley  v.  Boardman,  3  Cai.  134. 

Runnell  v.  Griffin,  8  Abb.  Pr.  39.  ^Van  Wyck  v.  Reid,   10  How.   Pr. 

^Code  Civ.  Proc.  §§  779,  1246.  366. 

^Fox  V.  Muller,  31  Misc.  470,  64  N.  ^Bissell  v.  Dayton,  2  How.  Pr.  80. 

Y.   Supp.   388.  ^"Cooper  v.  Astor,  1  Johns.  Cas.  32. 

*0'Loughlin  v.  Hammond,  12  N.  Y.  Contra,  Bissell  v.  Dayton,  2  How.  Pr. 

Civ.   Proc.   Rep.   171.  80. 

'Anonymons,  4  Sandf.  693. 


438  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

have  appeared.^ ^  A  defendant  who  appears  is  entitled  to  notice 
of  adjustment  of  costs,  although  he  omits  to  answer,  and  the 
judgment  without  notice  to  him  is  irregular.^^  A  person  who 
will  eventually  be  compelled  to  pay  the  costs  of  an  action  may, 
by  motion,  have  the  costs  therein  taxed  at  the  proper  amount, 
although  he  is  not  a  party  to  that  action,^^ 

376.  Retaxation. —  Where  costs  are  taxed  without  notice,  the 
amount,  as  adjusted  at  that  time,  is  final.  If,  upon  retaxation, 
the  amount  of  costs  is  reduced,  the  judgment  is  not  changed,  but 
the  amount  of  the  reduction  is  credited  upon  the  execution.^* 
Where  costs  are  inserted  in  a  judgrtient  without  taxation,  this  is 
a  mere  irregularity  which  should  be  cured  by  a  motion.  The 
objection  cannot  be  taken  upon  appeal  from  the  final  judg- 
ments^ Where  costs  have  been  taxed  -without  notice  the  rem- 
edy is  by  motion,  as  provided  in  §  3264  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure, and  not  by  an  appeal  from  the  judgment. -^^  Upon  such 
a  motion  the  affidavit  of  the  moving  party  should  show  to  what 
items  objection  is  made.-''^  WTiere  one  of  two  defendants  enters 
up  a  judgment  with  costs,  a  codefendant  who  objects  to  the  tax- 
ation of  costs  should  move  to  have  the  judgment  opened  and  cor- 
rected, and  then  tax  his  costs  and  enter  the  proper  judgment.-^^ 
The  court  will  not  order  a  retaxation  of  costs,  where  the  judg- 
ment debtor  has  paid  the  costs  previous  to  the  motion.-'^ 

377.  Power  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs. —  The  clerk 

"72e  Boiolhy,  34  Misc.   311,   G9   N.  ''^Hecla    Consol.    Gold   Min.    Co.    v. 

Y.  Supp.  783.  O'Neill,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  143, 

^Elson  V.  Sew  York  Equitable  Ins.  51  N.  Y.  S.  R.  43Q,  22  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Co.  2  Sandf.  6.54,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  130. 

30;    Gilmartin    v.    Smith,    4    Sandf.  '"/le  Plattsbiirgh,  27  App.  Div.  353, 

684.  50  N.  Y.  Supp.   356. 

"Keelcr  v.  Keeler,  102  N.  Y.  30,  1  ",/ermain  v.  Lake  Shore  d-  M.  S. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  673,  6  N.  E.  678.  R.  Co.  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  58. 

^*netoitt  V.   City  Mills,   136  N.  Y.  "Haiiselt  v.  Bonner,  17  N.  Y.  Civ. 

211,  49    N.    Y.    S.    R.  335,  32  N.  E.  Proc.  Rep.  320,  25  N.  Y.  S.  R.  36,  6 

768:   Baker  v.  Codding.  3  Misc.  512,  N.  Y.  Supp.  473,  Affirmed  in  117  N. 

52  N.  Y.  S.  R.  416,  23  X.  Y.  Supp.  5;  Y.  634,  22  N.  E.  1129. 

Dix  V.  Palmer,  5  How.  Pr.  233.  "Day  v.  Beach,  1  IIow.  Pr.  236. 


TAXATION  OF  COSTS.  439 

can  tax  costs  only  as  allowed  by  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^'' 
The  costs  and  disbursements  which  may  be  taxed  are  confined  to 
business  done  in  court  in  the  progress  of  a  cause.^^ 

The  certificate  of  the  trial  judge  as  to  any  fact  is  conclusive 
upon  the  clerk,  and  he  cannot  disregard  it.^^  If  the  certificate 
is  incorrect  it  should  be  corrected  on  motion,  not  by  retaxation  of 
costs.^^  The  clerk  has  no  power  to  refuse  to  tax  separate  bills 
of  costs,  proposed  by  defendants  who  answered  separately,  on 
the  ground  that  such  separation  was  unnecessary  and  collusive. 
The  remedy  of  the  plaintiff  is  by  a  motion  in  court  for  the  relief 
to  which  he  deems  himself  entitled.^*  The  clerk  must  follow 
the  order  or  judg-ment,  and  if  that  is  not  right  the  remedy  is  to 
appeal  therefrom,  or  by  an  application  to  the  court  for  that  re- 
lief, not  to  move  for  a  retaxation  of  costs.^^  Where  there  is  no 
verdict,  report  of  a  referee,  or  order  of  the  court  awarding  costs 
the  clerk  should  refuse  to  tax  costs.  If  the  party  thinks  that  he 
is  entitled  to  costs  he  should  apply  to  the  court  for  an  order  re- 
quiring the  clerk  to  tax  his  costs.-^ 

The  clerk  should  decide  questions  of  fact  raised  by  conflicting 
affidavits.  The  special  term  should  pass  on  questions  of  law.^'^ 
The  only  way  of  presenting  legal  evidence  before  the  clerk  is  by 
affidavits.^^  The  clerk  exhausts  his  powers  on  one  hearing  be- 
fore him.^^  After  the  clerk  has  once  taxed  costs,  he  cannot,  in 
the  absence  of  both  parties,  again  retax  costs.^*^ 

^Neioman  v.  G-reiff,  3    N.    Y.    Civ.  !N".  Y.  Supp.  566;   Schum  v.  Roches- 

Proc.  Rep.  362.  ter,  16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  218,  20 

*^Lynch  v.  Meyers,  3  Daly,  256.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  547,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  512; 

"Cooley  V.  Cumminys,  24  Jones  &  Beam  v.  Sullivan,  13  Abb.  N.  C.  371 ; 

S.  521,  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  145,  Olcott  v.  MacLean,  11  Hun,  394. 

24  N.  Y.   S.  R.   172,  4  N.   Y.   Supp.  -"Bailey  v.  Stone,  41  How.  Pr.  346. 

531.  ^Crosley  v.   Cohb,  37  Hun,  271,  9 

'^Van  G elder  v.  Hallenheck,  15  N.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  322. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  333,   18  N.  Y.   S.  ^Lyman    v.  Young    Men's    Cosmo- 

R.  19,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252.  poUtan   Cluh.   38   App.   Div.   220,  56 

'■'^Williams    v.    Cassady,    22     Hun,  N.  Y.  Supp.  712. 

180,  59  How.  Pr.  490.  -"Larlcin  v.  Steele,  25  Hun,  254. 

^Manhattan    R.    Co.    v.   Youmans,  *^Murdock  v.  Adams,  10  Hun,  566. 
81  Hun,  82,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  562,  30 


440  THE  ],AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

378.  Duty  of  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs,  a.  Tn  gen- 
eral.— T]ie  duty  of  tlie  clerk  upon  the  taxation  of  costs  is  defined 
by  §  3206  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  He  sliould  examine 
the  charges,^^  and  should  correct  all  errors.'^^  If  the  affidavit  of 
a  disbursement  shows  that  the  item  is  not  properly  taxable,  he 
should  disallow  it,  although  there  is  no  opposing  alfidavit.^^  In 
taxing  the  referee's  fees,  he  should  be  satisfied  that  the  number 
of  days  for  which  a  charge  is  sought  to  be  taxed  was  necessarily- 
spent  on  the  reference.^* 

h.  Entering  judgment  upon  a  remittitur. — Generally,  where 
a  judgment  is  affirmed  with  costs,  the  clerk  has  power  to  tax  the 
costs  upon  entering  judgment  upon  the  remittitur.^ ^  If  the 
clerk  has  not  the  power  to  adjust  the  costs  the  court  has  power 
to  so  adjust  them.^^ 

c.  Upon  special  proceedings. — The  clerk  may  tax  costs  on  a 
mandamus,^'^  but  not  in  special  proceedings, — as,  in  street  open- 
ing cases.^^ 

379.  Procedure  upon  a  review  of  taxation  of  costs,  a.  In  gen- 
eral.— "Where  the  costs  are  improperly  taxed  the  remedy  is  not 
by  an  appeal  from  the  judgment,  but  by  a  motion  to  readjust 
costs,  and  the  deduction,  if  any,  should  be  taken  from  the  judg- 
ment.^^     An  action  in  equity  will  not  lie  to  correct  the  error. '*'^ 

h.  Papers  nsed  upon  appeal  from  the  taxation  of  the  clerh. — 
Upon  an  appeal  from  the  taxation  by  the  clerk,  only  those  papers 
can  be  used  which  were  used  before  the  clerk,  as  this  is  in  the 
nature  of  an  appeal  from  the  clerk's  rulings.''^      Where  oral  ob- 

"^Beldinq    v.    Conlclin,  4    How.  Pr.  "^KcJh/  v.  Plum,  50  How.  Pr.  236. 

196,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  112;  Stimson  ^Cochran  v.  Ingersoll,  11  Hun,  342. 

V.  Hvfjgins.  16  Barb.  658,  9  How.  Pr.  "'People    ex    rel.    Sanders   v.    Gol- 

86.  bortie,  20  How.  Pr.  378. 

•^-Rogers  v.  Rogers.  2  Paige,  458.  ^^Re  Fourth  Ave.  11  Abb.  Pr.  189. 

"/?ic/.:  V.  /,'ee.sc,  52  Him,  125,  17  N.  "''Watson    v.    Gardiner,    50    N.    Y. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  110,  23  N.  Y.  S.  671;   Beattie  v.  Qua,  15  Barb.   132; 

R.  404,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  121;  Delcomyn  Andrews  v.  Cross,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  92. 

V.  Chamberlain,  48  How.  Pr.  409.  *°Neic  York  v.  Cornell,  9  Hun,  215. 

"Broicn  v.  Windmuller,  4  .Tones  &  "Remington  Paper  Co.  v.  O'Brien, 

S.  75,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  359.  18  N.  Y.   Week.  Dig.  209;   Evans  v. 


TAXATION  or  COSTS.  .  441 

jections  are  made  and  sustained,  the  oi^posite  party  ean  present 
affidavits  sli owing  what  toolv  place  before  the  clerk,  and  this  does 
not  allow  the  opposite  party  to  submit  an  affidavit  on  the  mer- 
its.^^  An  affidavit  of  what  took  place  before  the  clerk  is  not 
necessarv  when  the  clerk  ffives  his  reasons  for  his  decision.^* 
The  papers  thus  used  nec^d  not  be  filed  if  they  are  presented  to 
the  clerk  and  he  is  appraised  of  their  contents.*^  AVhere  costs 
have  been  taxed  by  default,  which  is  properly  excused,  the  court 
may  send  the  matter  back  to  the  clerk  to  act  on  de  novo.'^^ 

The  appellant  should  show  by  affidavit  that  the  taxation  was 
opposed,  and  that  the  items  objected  to  were  taxed  by  the  taxing 
officer  over  his  objection.'*''  The  special  term  has  a  right  to  re- 
view the  question  of  costs  before  the  entry  of  judgment.^'^  The 
appellate  division  of  the  supreme  court  may  make  an  original 
order  of  retaxation  when  the  matter  is  brought  before  it,  al- 
though it  usually  refrains  from  so  doing  until  the  matter  has 
been  passed  on  by  the  special  term.^^  It  may  do  this  althoug'h 
no  appeal  has  been  taken  from  the  taxation  of  the  clerk.*^ 

c.  How  the  discretion  of  the  court  or  referee  in  awarding 
costs  is  revieived. — In  equity  actions  where  the  discretion  as  to 
costs  has  been  exercised  by  the  court  or  referee,  such  discretion 
cannot  be  reviewed  at  special  term,  but  only  by  an  appeal  from 

Silbermnnn,  7  App.  Div.   139,  40  N.  *'\]Iattheics  v.  Mafson,  3  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Y.  Supp.  298;  Li/on  ex  dem.  Eden  v.  Proc.  Rep.    157. 

Wilkes,  1  Cow.  591;   Smith  v.  Kerr,  ^Constantine    v.     Ymi    ^^'inkle,    2 

15  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pvep.   126;  Wehh  How.   Pr.   273;    Cuyler  v.    Coats,   10 

V.   Croshy,   11   Pai^e,   193;   Shultz  v.  How.  Pr.  141;   Lotti  v.  Krakauer,  1 

Whitney,  9  Abb.  Pr.  71,  17  How.  Pr.  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Rep.  60,  1  N.  Y.  Civ. 

471;   Varnum  v.    Wheeler,    9    N.  Y.  Proc.     Rep.     312,     note;     People    v. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  421;    Comly  v.   'New  Oakes,    1    How.    Pr.    195;    Wilder   v. 

York,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.    (Mc-  Wheeler,  1  How.  Pr.  136;   Cutter  v. 

Carty)   306.  Morris,  41  Hmi,  575,  7  N.  Y.   S.  R. 

*^Lyman    v.    Young    Men's  Cosmo-  426,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Disf.  254. 

politan  Club,  38  App.  Div.  220,  56  N'.  "Mooshrugficr  v.  Kaufman,  7  App. 

Y.  Supp.  712;   Weio    v.    Crosby,    11  Div.  380,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  213. 

Paiere,   193.  ^''Anonymous     v.     Anonymous,    10 

*^yeio  York  v.  Best,  19  App.  Div.  How.  Pr.  353. 

68.  45  N.  Y.  Supp.  970.  "CoTiw    v.    Husson,    13  Daly,  334; 

**Evans  v.  Silbermann,  7  App.  Div.  Whipple  v.  Williams,  4  How.  Pr.  28. 
139,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  298. 


442  THE  I.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

the  judgment  upon  proper  exceptions/^'*  Where  one  of  the  par- 
ties enters  a  judgment  for  costs  not  warranted  by  the  decision, 
the  opposite  party  should  move  to  correct  the  judgment  in  that 
respect  at  special  term,^^  or  call  the  attention  of  the  appellate 
court  to  that  fact  upon  an  appeal  from  the  judgment. ^^ 

d.  Right  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  lost  by  ladies. — The 
motion  to  review  the  taxation  of  costs  should  be  made  promptly 
and  before  the  costs  are  paid,'^'^  as  the  right  may  be  lost  by 
laches.  ^^ 

e.  Right  to  revleiv  the  taxation  of  costs  xuaived  by  appeal.^ 
A  party  who  appeals  from  a  judgment  waives  his  objection  to  its 
regularity. ^'^  But  where  a  party  appeals  from  a  judgment  be- 
fore he  learns  that  the  clerk  has  decided  who  was  entitled  to 
costs,  he  is  not  estopped  from  reviewing  the  clerk's  taxation  of 
costs.^^  IS^or  does  a  party,  by  appealing  from  a  judgment  en- 
tered upon  the  report  of  a  referee,  which  gave  costs  to  neither 
party,  waive  his  right  to  move  for  a  correction  of  the  judg- 
ment.^' But  a  party  waives  his  right  to  review  the  allowance  of 
costs  when  he  enters  the  judgment  himself.^^ 

'^"Kiernan  v.  Agricultural  his.  Co.  Dresser  v.  Wiokes,  2  Abb.  Pr.  460; 

3  App.  Div.  26,  74  N.  Y.  S.  E.  417,  Gvckenhcimer  v.  Angevine,  16  Hun, 

37  N.    Y.    Supp.    1070;    Marshall  v.  453;  Mooers  v.  f^otmders,  6  Ch.  Sent. 

Boyer,  52  Hun,   181,  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  75;   Morris  v.  Mullctt,  1  Johns.  Ch. 

302,  5  N".  Y.  Supp..  150;  Rosa  v.  Jen-  44;   McLean  v.  Forivard,  1  Cow.  49. 

Ji-ins,  31  Hun,  384.  '^'Slecman  v.  Ilotchkiss,  45  N.  Y.  S. 

^^Marshall  v.  Boi/er,  52  Hun,   181,  R.  749.  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  533;  Pfaudler 

23  N.  Y.    S.    R.    302,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  Barm  Extracting  Bunging  Apparatus 

150;    Jones   v.   Jones,   71    Hun,   519,  Co.  v.  Sor^eHf,  43  Hun,  154,  25  N.  Y. 

54  N.  Y.  S.  R.  885,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  Wock.  Dig.  483,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  413; 

103;  Briggs  v.  Hilton,  99  N.  Y.  517,  Stevens  v.  Neio  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  26 

52  Am.  Rep.  63,  3  N.  E.  51;  Sahater  Jones  &  S.  569,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

V.  Sahnter,  7  App.  Div.  70,  39  N.  Y.  Rep.  350,  31  N.  Y.  S.  R.  404,  9  N.  Y. 

Supp.  958.  Supp.    707 ;    Guckenheimer   v.  Ange- 

^Marshall  v.  Boi/er.  52  Hun,   181,  vine.  16  Hun,  453. 

23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  302.  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  150.  ^Le  Roy  v.  Broxcne,  54  Hun,   584, 

"^Collomh  V.  Ca.ldirell,  5  How.  Pr.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.   125.  28  N. 

336,  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  N.  S.  41;  Scher-  Y.  S.  R.  210,  8  X.  Y.  Supp.  82. 

merhorn   v.    Van    Voast,  5  How.  Pr.  ^''Marshall  v.  Boyer,  52  Hun,   181, 

458:   Day  v.  Beach,  1  How.  Pr.  236.  23  N.  Y.  S.  R.  303,  5  X.  Y.  Supp.  150. 

'-^Penfield    v.    James,    4    Hun,    69;  ''^Burrows  v.  Butler,  38  Hun,  121. 


TAXATION  OF  COSTS. 


443 


f.  Procedure  upon  appeal  from  the  order  of  the  special  term. 
' — Upon  an  ap])eal  from  an  order  resettling  costs  the  recitals  in 
the  order  will  be  conclusive,  where  none  of  the  papers  are  before 
the  appellate  court. '^^  AVhere  it  does  not  appear  just  what  items 
were  allowed  and  what  objections  were  made  by  the  appellant, 
the  court  will  not  examine  the  matter,  but  will  affirm  the  order.^'' 
A  party  cannot  raise  the  point  that  the  affidavits  before  the 
<;lerk  were  insufficient,  when  he  did  not  object  to  the  affidavits  at 
the  special  term.  If  he  had  objected  at  special  term  the  judge 
could  have  sent  the  matter  back  to  the  clerk  with  instructions 
to  tax  the  costs  upon  the  filing  of  proper  affidavits. ^^  Where  an 
order  has  been  made  in  the  allowance  of  costs,  the  party  feeling 
aggrieved  exhausts  his  remedies  upon  appealing  from  that  order, 
and  that  question  is  never,  after  the  decision  upon  appeal,  an 
open  one.*^^  Oral  statements  made  on  the  appeal,  and  which 
w^ere  not  before  the  clerk  upon  the  taxation,  cannot  control  the 
decision  of  the  court. ^^ 

g.  Appeal  lies  to  ivhat  courts. — An  appeal  does  not  lie  to  the 
court  of  appeals  from  an  order  of  the  appellate  division  of  the 
supreme  court,  readjusting  the  costs  in  an  action.^^  But  upon 
an  appeal  from  the  judgment  in  the  action,  the  question  as  to 
which  party  is  entitled  to  costs  is  a  matter  of  strict  legal  right, 
and  may  be  reviewed  by  that  court.^^  Where  the  question  is, 
which  party  is  entitled  to  costs,  the  court  of  appeals  will  re"\dew 
that  question  upon  appeal  from  an  order. ^° 

^^Atkivson  V.    Truesdell,   28   N.   Y.  41  N.  Y.  362;  7706  v.  Sanhorn.  .Se  N. 

S.  R.  585,  7  N.  Y.  Supp.  801.  Y.  93,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  189,  35  How. 

"^Matthews  v.  Mattheivs,  14  N.  Y.  Pr.   197;   Clarle  v.  Rochester.  34  N. 

Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  399,   17  N.  Y.  S.  R.  Y.   355;    McGregor  v.   McGreqor,   32 

994,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  222.  IST.  Y.  479. 

^'Rieger  v.  Svmn,  2  Misc.  467,   51  «Wop  v.   Sanhorn.  36  X.   Y.   93.   3 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  140.  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  1037.  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  189,  35  How.  Pr.  197: 

'^Brofher^'on  v.  ConsauUis,  5  N.  Y.  8t.  John  v.  West,  4  How.  Pr.  329,  3 

S.  R.   105.  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  85;  Tallman  v.  Hin- 

"^Wolff  V.  Horn,  9  Misc.  100,  29  N.  maji,  10  How.  Pr.  89. 

Y.   Supp.   75.  "^Slurgis  v.  Spofford,  58  N.  Y.  103. 

'^People  ex  rel.  Clute  v.  Boardman, 


444  tup:  t.aw  of  costs  in  >kw  yokk. 

380.  How  costs   are   taxed   upon   the  decision   of  an   appeal. — 

Where  a  respondent  charges  too  much  costs  upon  tlie  dismissal 
of  an  ajipeal,  the  appellant's  remedy  is  by  a  motion  in  the  court 
below. "^  A  judgment  of  affirmance  should  not  contain  costs 
included  in  a  previous  judgment,  but  should  contain  only  the 
costs  of  that  appeal.  Where  previous  costs  are  included  in  a 
judgment  of  affimiance,  the  error  sliould  be  corrected  on  motion 
in  the  court  below. ''^  Where  the  judgment  below  diflers  from 
the  remittitur  in  respect  to  costs,  the  remedy  is  by  a  motion  in 
the  court  below  to  correct  the  judgment.^*^  The  appellant  is 
bound  by  the  judgment  entered  upon  the  remittitur,  if  he  does 
not  seek  to  have  it  corrected.'^*^  Where  an  order  is  reversed  a 
judgment  cannot  be  entered  upon  the  remittitur,  as  the  costs  are 
interlocutory  and  do  not  authorize  the  entry  of  a  judgment.  If 
such  a  judgment  is  entered,  the  proper  practice  is  to  move  in  the 
court  below  to  set  it  aside.'^^  Where  the  appellate  division 
grants  special  motion  costs,  no  taxation  is  necessary.  The  ordei* 
is  sufficient  in  itself.  Where  disbursements,  to  be  taxed  by  the 
clerk,  are  also  granted,  this  is  authority  to  the  clerk  to  tax  the 
disbursements.  The  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  and  not  the 
clerk  of  the  appellate  division,  should  tax  such  costs  and  dis- 
bursements."^^ Upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal  from  a  decision 
of  a  surrogate,  it  is  proper  to  enter  a  judgment  and  to  tax  the 
cost.''^^ 

"Dresser  v.  Brooks,  2  N.  Y.  559,  4  Bouton  v.  Welch,  59  App.  Div.  288, 

How.  Pr.  207,  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  130.  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  407. 

^^Beardsleif    ticythe   Co.   v.    Foster,  ''^Brown  v.  Leigh,  50  N.  Y.  427,  1.? 

36  N.  Y.  561,  34  How.  Pr.  97.  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  305;  Code  Civ.  Proc. 

^'Patten  v.  Stitt,  50  N.  Y.  591.  §  311. 

""'Lesster  v.  Lawyers'  Surety  Co.  50  ''^Margulies  v.  Damrosch,  23  Misc. 

App.  Div.   181,    189,    .30    N.Y.   Civ.  77,  51  N.  Y.  Snpp.  833. 

Proc.  Kep.  388,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  804;  '^Vadley  v.  Davis,  38  Hun,  186. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

COSTS  ON  APJ'EALS, 
381.  Statute. 
582.  In  general. 

383.  Costs  when  appeal  is  taken  from  tlie  judgnient  and  order. 

384.  Meaning  of  the  word  "argument."' 

385.  Costs  as  affected  by  irregularities. 

386.  Several  appeals  in  the  same  case. 

387.  Appeal  to  correct  an  error  of  computation. 

388.  Right  to  appeal  lost  by  accepting  costs. 

389.  Costs  of  a  reargument. 

390.  Costs  in  tlie  court  of  appeals. 

a.  Meaning  of  the  vsrords  "with  costs." 

b.  How  the  order  of  the  court  is  interpreted  or  corrected. 

c.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event." 

d.  Meaning  of  the  words  "without  costs." 

e.  When  the  costs  are  a  matter  of  right. 

f.  When  the  court  of  appeals  has  power  to  review  the  question  of 

costs. 

g.  When  the  decision  of  one  appeal  makes  the  consideration  of  an- 

other appeal  useless. 

h.  When  the  question  was  not  presented  to  the  court  below. 

i.  When  there  are  several  parties  on  tlie  side  entitled  to  costs. 

j.  Amount  of  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals. 

k.  Punitive  costs. 
I.  Costs  allowed   upon   withdrawing  appeal. 

m.  Terms  imposed  upon  opening  a  default. 

n.  Waiver  of  right  to  appeal  from  the  interpretation  of  the  court  be- 
low of  the  order  of  the  court  of  appeals. 

o.  Allowances  to  counsel  in  cases  where  the  offense  charged  is  pun- 
ishable with  death. 

391.  Cost  in  the  appellate  division. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Meaning  of  the  words  "v\dth  costs." 

c.  Costs  of  an  order. 

d.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event." 

e.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  the  appellant  to  abide  the 

event." 

f.  Meaning  of  the  words  "without  costs." 

g.  E.xceptions  ordered  heard  at  the  appellate  division  in  the  first  in- 

stance. 
h.  Verdict  directed,  subject  to  the  opinion  of  the  appellate  division. 

445 


446  Tiir:  i.aw  of  costs  in  new  york. 

392.  Costs  when  a  judgment  is  rcvorsed. 

393.  Allowance  of  separate  bills  of  oosts. 

394.  When  costs  will  be  denied  to  the  succe.*sful  party. 

395.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  orders. 

c.  Statute. 
6.  In  general. 

396.  Costs  upon  orders  overruling  or  sustaining  demurrers. 

397.  Costs  upon  the  dismissal  of  an  appeal. 

398.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  order  of  county  court  granting  a  new  trial. 

399.  Costs  upon  appeals  in  bastardy  proceedings. 

381.  Statute. —  Costs  upon  appeals  are  governed  by  §  3238  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  is  as  follows: 

"Upon  an  appeal  from  the  final  judgment  in  an  action,  the 
recovery  of  costs  is  regulated  as  follows : 

"I.  In  an  action  specified  in  §  3228  of  this  act  the  respondent 
is  entitled  to  costs  upon  the  afilrmance,  and  the  appellant 
upon  the  reversal,  of  the  judgment  appealed  from;  except  that, 
where  a  new  trial  is  directed,  costs  may  be  awarded  to  either 
party,  absolutely  or  to  abide  the  event,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 

"II.  In  every  other  action,  and  also  where  the  final  judgment 
appealed  from  is  affirmed  in  part  and  reversed  in  part,  costs  may 
be  awarded  in  like  manner,  in  the  discretion  of  the  court." 

It  wall  be  noticed  that  unless  the  action  is  one  of  those  speci- 
fied in  §  3228  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  the  costs  of  the 
appeal  is  in  the  discretion  of  the  appellate  court,  although  one  of 
the  parties  succeeds  wholl}'  in  liis  contention. 

382.  In  general. — The  party  who  .succeeds  on  the  main  issue 
is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  the  appeal.^  A  party  must  be  success- 
ful upon  all  the  main  issues  of  the  appeal  to  be  entitled  to  costs.^ 
Costs  will  not  be  allowed  to  either  party  if  the  appellant  fails 

^People     ex     rcl.    Ryder    v.    Kiiu/s  X.     Y.    444;     Anonymous,   12  Johns. 

County,  76  Mun,  71,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  340:  Pickett  v.  Barron,  29  Barb.  505; 

857.  Duffy  v.  Dimcan,  32  Barb.  587;  8taf- 

^WilUams    v.    Fitshugh,    44    Barb,  ford  v.  Molt,  3  Paige,  100. 
321,  Modified  on  another  point  in  37 


COSTS  ON  APrKAT.S.  447 

partly  because  lii"?  appeal  is  too  broad. ^  Costs  will  be  allowed  to 
neither  when  both  succeed,  and  the  order  or  judgment  appealed 
from  is  modified  ;^  or  both  appeal  and  do  not  succeed  f  or  one 
abandons  his  appeal  and  the  other  fails  in  his  appeaP  or  suc- 
ceeds only  in  part;^  or  where  both  parties  appeal  and  the  judg- 
ment is  reversed  because  of  errors  committed  by  both  parties.* 

Where  an  appellant  takes  two  appeals  to  review  the  same  ques- 
tion, the  appeal  that  is  improperly  brought  will  be  dismissed 
with  costs  against  the  appellant.^  A  respondent  who  took  an  ap- 
peal to  secure  an  expression  of  the  appellate  court  in  case  of 
reversal  will  be  compelled  to  pay  costs  of  his  appeal  upon  an 
affirmance  of  the  judgment.  The  fact  that  he  only  argued  for 
an  affirmance  does  not  change  this  rule.^^ 

If  costs  are  discretionary  upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal,  and 
the  order  is  silent  as  to  costs,  none  are  awarded  to  either  party. -^^ 

If  the  appellate  court  makes  an  erroneous  direction  in  regard 
to  costs,  the  party  feeling  aggrieved  thereby  should  move  in  that 
court  for  a  modification  of  the  order  in  that  respect,  and  not 
make  a  motion  in  the  court  of  original  jurisdiction  to  correct  the 
alleged  error.  ^ - 

383.  Costs  when  appeal  is  taken  from  the  judgment  and  order. — 
Costs  cannot  be  taxed  upon  an  appeal  from  the  judgment  and 
also  from  the  order  denying  a  motion  for  a  new  triaP^     Subdi- 

'IVewton  V.  Russell,  87  N.  Y.  527.  ^"TompHns    County    v.    Bristol,  58 

'Re  Scholle,  14  Hun.  14.  How.  Pr.  3. 

'Smith  V.  Savin,  69  Hun,  311,  30  "Pennell  v.  Wilson,  5  Robt.  674,  2 

Abb.  N.  C.  192,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  378,  Robt.  505,  2  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  466:  Nel- 

23    N.     Y.     Supp.     568;    Delafield   v.  lis  v.  DeForrest,    6    How.    Pr.    413; 

Westfield,  41  App.  Div.  24,  58  N.  Y.  Savage  v.  Darroio,  4  How.  Pr.  74,  2 

Supp.  277 ;  Tompkins  County  v.  Bris-  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  57. 

tol,  58  How.  Pr.  3;  Salter  v.  XJtica,  &  ^-ClarJc  v.  Sullivan,  19  N.  Y.  Civ. 

B.  River  R.  Co.  86  N.  Y.  401.  Proc.  Rep.   147,  31   N.  Y.  S.  R.  756, 

'Leftioich  v.  Clinton,  4  Lans.  176.  10  N.  Y.  Supp.  397;  but  see  Gray  v. 

^Kiah  V.   Grenier,   1   Thomp.  &   C.  Hannah,  3  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  183. 

388.  "Van  Alen  v.  American  Nat.  Bank, 

'Sander  v.  Neio  York  d  H.  R.  Co.  10  Abb.    Pr.    N.    S.    331 ;     West  v. 

42  App.  Div.  618,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  127.  Lynch,  1    N.    Y.    City  Ct.  Rep.  174; 

\A  bhey  v.  Wheeler,  170  N.  Y.  122,  Bullard  v.  Pearsall,  46  How.  Pr.  383, 

62  N.  E.  1074.  Affirmed    in    Court    of    Appeals,  46 


448  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IX  XEW  YORK. 

vision  2  of  §  3239  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  does  not  apply 
to  an  appeal  from  an  interlocutory  judi^ient  and  also  from  an 
order  denying  a  new  trial  made  under  §  1010  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  which  latter  section  raises  questions  entirely 
distinct  from  those  raised  under  the  interlocutory  judgment. 
The  order  and  judgment  referred  to  in  §  3239  of  the  Code  is  an 
order  refusing  a  new  trial  upon  the  merits,  in  which  case  appeals 
from  both  judgment  and  order  are  unnecessar)\^*  An  appeal 
from  a  judg-ment  and  also  from  an  order  denying  a  motion  for  a 
new  trial  upon  the  ground  of  newly  discovered  evidence  is  not 
within  the  provisions  of  §  3239  subd.  2,  and  costs  on  each  appeal 
•can  be  allowed.^ ^  If  the  appeal  from  the  judgment  is  heard  and 
decided,  and  later  a  separate  appeal  is  taken  from  the  order  de- 
nying a  new  trial,  costs  upon  both  appeals  may  be  allowed.^ ^ 

384.  Meaning  of  the  word  "argument." —  The  word  "argu- 
ment" in  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Ci^al  Procedure  is  not  to  be  con- 
strued to  mean  an  oral  argument  only,  but  it  means  the  submis- 
sion to  the  court  of  a  printed  brief.  The  successful  party  is 
entitled  to  tax  costs  for  argument,  not^^'ithstanding  that  the  case 
was  submitted  without  oral  argument.^''^ 

385.  Costs  as  affected  by  irregularities. —  '^o  costs  will  be  al- 
lowed where  the  respondent  consents  to  a  reversal  to  correct  an 
irregularity  in  the  report  of  the  referee.^ ^  Nor  will  costs  be 
allowed  a  successful  appellant,  even  to  abide  the  event,  where  he 
■does  not  print  his  case  as  required  by  the  court  rules,  but  prints 
in  small  capitals  or  italics  all  evidence  favorable  to  hini.^*^ 

How.    Pr.    530;    Syms  v.  Neio  York,  18  Abb.    N.    C.    459,    12  X.  Y.  Civ. 

105  N.  Y.  15.3,  6  N.  Y.  S.  R.  830,  26  Proc.  Rep.   121. 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  135.  11  N.  E.  369;  "Malcolm  v.   Hamill,  65  How.  Pr. 

r^   ^     n-      V         s  -^o-^o  506,    4   N.    Y.    Civ.    Proc.   Rep.    221. 

■Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3239.  '           „       ,            rr-n         ^Q  xxt^^a 

,,:      ,    „,      , ^:„  Contra,    People   v.    Txlton,  18  Wend. 


"Garrett    v.  Vi^ood.   61     App.    Div. 


514. 


293,  70  N.  Y.  Siipp.  358.  ^^Rchultheis  v.   Mclnermi,  27   Abb. 

^'■Streep    v.    McLougJdiu,  36    Misc.  -s-    q    ^^3    24  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

165,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  1061.  157,   37   N    y.   S.   R.   537,   13   X.   Y. 

"iv'ee/er  v.  Barrett's  P.  d-  E.  Dye-  Supp.  684. 

♦np-^sfoths/imertf,  22  Jones  &  S.  550,  ^^Fuchs  v.   \Vm.   H.  Sweeney  Mfg. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  449 

386.  Several  appeals  in  the  same  case. —  The  parties  to  two  or 
more  actions  can  stipulate  that  tliey  be  tried  together,  and  if 
they  so  stipulate  only  one  bill  of  costs  will  be  allowed  f*^  or  they 
may  stipulate  tliat  costs  may  be  taxed  in  each.^^  On  the  other 
hand,  if  there  is  more  tlian  one  appeal  in  tlie  same  case,  altliough 
all  are  embraced  in  one  notice  of  appeal,  costs  will  be  allowed  in 
each  case,  and  disbursements  in  one.^^ 

387.  Appeal  to  correct  an  error  of  computation. —  Where  a 
mistalvc  has  been  made  in  computation,  and  the  attention  of  the 
court  below  has  not  been  called  to  it  and  a  chance  given  to  that 
court  to  correct  the  mistake,  and  the  judgment  is  modified  only 
in  that  respect,  costs  will  be  given  to  the  respondent.^''  The  re- 
spondent, in  such  a  case,  will  relieve  himself  of  all  liability  for 
costs  if  he  serves  upon  his  opponent  a  written  offer  tO'  allow  a 
deduction  of  the  amount  of  the  error.-"*  After  such  an  offer  a 
judgment  was  modified,  Avitli  costs  to  the  respondent,  where  the 
error  was  shared  by  the  referee  and  counsel  on  both  sides  and 
consisted  in  rejecting  certain  items  which  were  supposed  to  be 
barred  by  the  statute  of  limitations.^^  Where  the  plaintiff  gives 
evidence  of  matter  not  embraced  within  his  complaint  and  the 
defendant  objects,  without  stating  the  grounds  of  his  objection, 
a  new  trial  will  be  granted,  costs  to  abide  the  event,  or  the  judg- 
ment will  be  reduced  that  amount,  vnth  costs  to  the  plaintiff. 
The  defendant  cannot  defeat  the  plaintiff's  right  to  costs,  because 
he  did  not  direct  the  attention  of  the  trial  court  to  the  exact  ob- 
jection to  the  evidence.-^ 

Co.  34  N.  Y.  S.  R.  925,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  13  Jones  &  S.  1,  Affirmed  in  82  N.  Y. 

870.  1 ;    B(tnh   of   Stfracuse   v.    Wisconsin 

^"King  v.  Brush,  5  Alb.  L.  J.  137.  M.  d  F.  Ins.  Co.  Bank,  36  N.  Y.  S. 

^mausclt  V.  Godfrey,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  R.  584,  12  N.  Y.  Supp.  952. 

Proc.  Rep.  116.  -*KempIe  v.  Darroio,  7  .Jones  &  S. 

"'^Brassington    v.    Rolirs,    3    Misc.  447. 

262,   52   N".   Y.    S.   R.   252,   22   N.   Y.  "'■Perrine  v.  Hoichkiss,  2  Tliomp.  & 

Supp.   1053;   Hianton  v.  King,  76  N.  C.   370.    . 

Y.    5S5 ;     Goodridge    v.     Connor,    66  -'^Zimmerman    v.    Lo7ig    Island    R. 

How.   Pr.    143.  Co.  14  App.  Div.  562,  43  N.  Y.  Supp. 

"'Clark  V.  Geerij,  8  .Jones  &  S.  227;  883. 
Thomson  \.    Bank   of  British   N.   A. 
COSTS    20. 


450  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  KEW  YORK. 

388.  Right  to  appeal  lost  by  accepting  costs. —  It  is  well  settled 
that  a  party  who  accepts  the  part  of  an  order  favorable  to  him- 
self is  thereby  bound  by  the  whole  order,  and  cannot  appeal 
therefrom.  A  party  who  receives  the  costs  wliich  the  opposite 
party  is  directed  to  pay  as  the  condition  of  a  favor  cannot  appeal 
from  the  order  granting  the  favor.^^  If  the  money  is  received 
before  the  appeal  is  taken,  the  right  to  appeal  is  waived ;  if  after 
the  appeal  is  taken,  the  ajopeal  is  waived.^^  But  where  the  pay- 
ment of  costs  is  absolute,  and  is  not  made  dependent  upon  the 
accepting  of  the  favor  asked,  the  party  may  appeal  after  receiv- 
ing the  costs.^^  A  party  who  is  coerced  into  paying  costs  by  an 
execution  is  not  thereby  deprived  of  his  right  to  appeal.^"  The 
acceptance  by  the  attorney  of  the  costs  allowed  in  the  judgment 
precludes  the  party  from  appealing  from  the  judgment.^^ 

389.  Costs  of  a  reargument. —  Where  a  case  is  reargued  at  thr 
instance  of  the  court  by  reason  of  the  disqualification  of  one  or 
more  of  its  members,  or  because  of  an  even  division  of  the  court 
as  constituted  at  the  time  of  the  argument,  and,  on  account  of  the 
change  of  the  personnel  of  the  court,  an  opportunity  is  given  to 
bi'eak  the  deadlock,  or  whatever  the  reason,  so  long  as  no  blame 
attaches  to  the  party  claiming  the  costs,  he  is  entitled  to  as  many 
argument  fees  as  he  makes  arguments.  But  he  is  not  entitled 
to  have  the  item  of  $20  before  notice  of  argument  taxed  more 
than  once."'^ 

"Taussig   v.    Hart,    1    Jones    &    S.  198,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  1112;  Enapp  v. 

157;    Platz  v.   Cohoes,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  Broivn,  45  N.  Y.  207. 

392;  Lewis  v.  Irving  F.  Ins.  Co.  15  -"Farmers'  Loan  &  T.  Co.  v.  Bank- 

Abb.  140.  note;  Lupton  v.  Jewett,  1  ers  d  M.  Teleg.  Co.   109  N.  Y.   342, 

Robt.   639,    19  Abb.   Pr.   320;    f^mith  16  N.  E.  539;  Re  Amsterdam  Water 

V.  Savin.  69  Hun,  311,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  Co7nrs.  36  Hun,  534. 

192,   53   N.   Y.   S.   R.   378,  23   N.  Y.  ""Burch   v.    Keicbunj,   4    How.    Pr. 

Supp.   568.  145. 

"^Radway  v.    Graham,   4   Abb.   Pr.  ^'Carll   v.    Oaldey,    97    X.   Y.    633; 

468;    Wood  v.   Richardson,   91   Hun,  Bennett  v.  Van  Si/ckel,  18  N.  Y.  481. 

3.32,   72   N.   Y.    S.   R.    103,   36   N.   Y.  ^-Roherson    v.     Rochester    FoUino 

Supp.  1001 ;   Lewis  v.  Irving,  F.  Ins.  Box  Co.  68  App.  Div.  528,  73  N.  Y. 

Co.   15  Abb.  Pr.    140,  note;   Logeling  Supp.  898:    }fiUer  v.   King,  32  App. 

V.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  5  App.  Div.  Div.  349,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  1041;  Sweet 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  451 

390.  Costs  in  the  court  of  appeals,  a.  Meaning  of  the  words 
"with  costs." — The  words  ''with  costs,"  when  used  by  the  court 
of  appeals  in  an  order  of  affirmance  or  reversal,  where  the  allow- 
ance of  costs  is  discretionary,  means  costs  in  that  court  only.^^ 
If  the  successful  party  is  entitled  under  the  order  to  a  final  judg- 
ment, he  can  tax  only  the  costs  that  have  theretofore  been 
awarded  him,  in  addition  to  the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals.  If 
the  courts  below  have  awarded  costs  to  his  opponent,  they  have 
not  exercised  their  discretion  in  his  favor,  and  therefore  he  is 
not  entitled  to  costs  in  those  courts. "*  In  an  equity  action  the 
trial  court,  in  entering  up  judgment  upon  a  remittitur  from  the 
court  of  appeals,  which  orders  judgment  absolute,  "with  costs," 
for  a  party  who  lias  not  been  allowed  costs  theretofore,  may 
grant  the  successful  party  costs  in  the  trial  court  and  an  addi- 
tional allowance."^  If  the  court  of  appeals  assumes  to  deal  with 
the  whole  subject  of  costs,  and  wipes  out  and  reverses  the  judg- 
ment or  decree  appealed  from,  with  costs,  that  includes  all  the 
costs  in  the  inferior  courts."'^  In  an  equity  action  the  trial  court, 
in  entering  up  judginent  absolute  upon  a  remittitur  from  the 
court  of  appeals  for  a  party,  "with  costs,"  may,  where  he  had 
been  allowed  by  the  court  of  appeals  costs  in  the  trial  court,  also 
give  him  an  additional  allowance. ^^  In  an  action  at  law  the  trial 
court  may,  upon  entering  judgment  absohite  for  a  party  upon  a 
remittitur  from  the  court  of  appeals,  grant  an  additional  allow- 
ance for  the  first  time.^^     In  equity  actions,  if  the  successful 

V.     Chapman,     53     How.     Pr.     253;  13  K  Y.  Week.  Dig.  128;  People  ex 

O ucJcenheimer  v.  Angevine,   16  Hun,  i-el.   Morris  v.   Randall,   8   Daly,  81. 

453.  ^*Thomas   v.    Erans,    50   Hun,   441, 

^Re  Amsterdam  Water  Comrs.  104  20  N.  Y.   S.   R.   884,  3  N.  Y.   Supp. 

N.  Y.  677,   1   Silv.  Ct.  App.  351,  25  297;  People  ex  r el.  Morris  v.  Randall, 

N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  393,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  8  Daly,  81 ;  Re  Protestant  Episcopal 

744,  10  N.  E.  545;  Sisters  of  Charity  Piihlic  School,  86  N.  Y.  396. 

V.  Kelly,  68  N.  Y.  628;  Re  Hood,  17  '^''Barnard  v.  Hall,  143  N.  Y.  339, 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  705,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  833;  38   N.   E.   301. 

People  V.  Mercantile  Credit  Guaranty  ^'^Rc  Hood,  30  Hun,  472. 

ro.  35  Misc.  755,  72  N.  Y.  Supp.  373;  ^Hascall  v.   Kinrj,   165  N.  Y.   288, 

Hurley    v.    Bronm,    55    App.    Div.    8,  59  N.  E.   132. 

67  N.  Y.  Supp.  279;  Byrnes  v.  Baer,  ^Jeniiaiii   v.   Lale   Shore  d   M.   S. 


452  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

part}'  has  not  been  allowed  costs  in  the  appellate  division  npon 
the  original  appeal  he  cannot  tax  the  costs  in  that  court.^''  The 
only  remedy  of  the  party  in  such  event  is  by  motion  in  the  court 
of  appeals  to  amend  the  remittitur  to  allow  him  costs  in  the  ap- 
pellate division,  or  else  for  permission  to  apply  to  that  court  for 
costs,  so  that  it  may  exercise  its  discretion  in  his  favor.^®  After 
a  final  verdict  in  favor  of  a  party  who  has  had  successive  defeats, 
or  a  reversal  which  vacates  all  previous  orders  respecting  costs, 
the  successful  party  has  a  right  to  apply  to  the  court  for  the 
proper  order  for  costs  in  the  proceedings  in  which  he  has  been 
unjustly  vexed. ^^ 

b.  Ho IV  the  order  of  the  court  is  interpreted  or  corrected. — 
There  is  no  power  in  the  courts  below  to  award  costs  in  those 
courts,  after  the  court  of  appeals  has  passed  upon  the  whole 
question  of  costs.  The  court  below  must  enter  up  the  judgment 
directed  by  the  court  of  appeals,  without  changing  it  in  any  par- 
ticular.'*^ It  cannot  allow  separate  bills  of  costs  to  different  de- 
fendants for  the  first  time.^'"  Where  the  court  of  appeals  afRnu'^ 
the  judgments  of  the  special  term  and  the  appellate  division,  the 
costs  adjudicated  in  those  courts  become  the  judgment  of  the 
court  of  appeals.  The  courts  below  cannot  alter  the  judgment 
of  this  court  in  that  respect  any  more  than  in  any  other  respect. 
If  the  appellant  wishes  to  have  the  costs  at  special  term  and  the 
appellate  division  reduced,  he  should  return  the  remittitur  to  the 
court  of  appeals  and  make  his  motion  to  amend  it  in  that  re- 

R.  Co.  31  Hun,  558;  Savage  v.  Allen,  *^Bcnjamin  v.   Ver   Nooy,   36   App. 

2  Tliomp.  &  C.  474;  Burdett  v.  Lowe,  Div.   581,  29  N.   Y.  Civ.   Proe.   Rep. 

22  Hun,  588;  Parrott  v.  Sawyer,  26  120,   55  N.  Y.   Supp.   790;    Brown  v. 

TJun.  466,  T\eii\sing  to  ioWow  Eldridge  Farmers'  Loan  d-  T.  Co.  24  Abl).  N. 

V.  Sirens,   7    Jones    &    S.    295;    Mc-  C.  100,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  131, 

Gregor  v.  Buell,  1  Keyes,  153,  citing  9  X.  Y.  Supp.  337. 

Yon  Keller  v.  Schulting,  45  How.  Pr.  *-People  v.  Mercantile  Credit  Guar- 

139.  anty  Co.  35  Misc.  755,  72  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^"Thomofi  V.   Evans,   50   Hun,   441,  373;    Re  Hood.   17   N.  Y.   S.  R.  705, 

20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  297.  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  833. 

"/ZeZc/;-    V.    h'einheiiner,    28    N.    Y.  "Re  New  York,  W.  S.  &  B.  R.  Co. 

Week.  Dig.  347,  14  N.  Y.  S.  R.  405.  28  Hun,  .505. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  453 

spect.'**  A  defendant  may  be  allowed  costs  in  different  actions, 
where  there  is  a  stipulation  that  but  one  set  of  papers  be  made 
up,  and  that  the  other  actions  abide  the  result  of  that  one, — 
especially  where  the  plaintiff  had  entered  up  separate  bills  of 
costs  in  each  case  upon  the  decision  in  the  trial  court  and  in  the 
general  term,  because  this  shows  how  the  stipulation  was  con- 
strued.^^ If  there  was  any  doubt  in  the  mind  of  the  successful 
litigants,  they  should  have  moved  in  the  court  of  appeals  to 
amend  the  remittitur.'*^  The  court  below  cannot  modify  the 
costs  granted  in  that  court  to  the  successful  party,  after  judg- 
ment absolute  has  been  rendered  in  the  court  of  appeals.  If  any 
change  is  desired  the  application  must  be  made  to  the  court  of 
appeals.'*^  The  appellate  division  cannot  modify  the  decision 
of  the  court  of  appeals  by  deducting  its  costs  after  the  latter  has 
reversed  the  judgment  of  the  former,  unless  the  plaintiff  stipu- 
lates to  deduct  certain  sums  from  the  judgment ;  but  if  the  stip- 
ulation is  given,  the  judg-ment  is  affirmed.  The  court  of  appeals 
could  have  made  that  deduction  if  it  had  desired.^^  The  danger 
of  appealing  from  a  judgment  of  the  appellate  division  ordering 
a  new  trial  is  well  illustrated  in  a  case  where  the  plaintiff'  sued 
for  an  accounting,  and  the  complaint  was  dismissed,  the  general 
term  ordered  a  new  trial,  and  the  defendant  appealed  to  the 
court  of  appeals  with  the  usual  stipulation.  That  court 
ordered  judgment  absolute  for  the  plaintiff,  'Svith  costs."  Upon 
the  reference  ordered  upon  the  accounting,  it  was  found  that 
there  was  a  balance  due  the  defendant,  but  that  he  was  not  en- 
titled to  judgTnent  for  damages,  nor  coiild  he  tax  his  disburse- 
ments ;  but  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  a  judgment  for  his 
costs.'*^ 

**8heridan   v.   Andrews,    80    N.   Y.        ^'SHcoll   v.   Burlce,    13   Jones   &   S. 
G48,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  117.  526. 

*'Hauselt  v.  Godfrey,  11  Daly,  276.        '^Rust  v.   Hauselt,    14  Jones  &   S. 

"^Isola  V.  Weier,  12  App.  Div.  267,    38,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  148. 
42  N.  Y.  Supp.  615. 

"^heridiui   v.    Andrews,    80    N.    Y. 
648,  10  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  117. 


454  THE  I.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

c.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event." — 
Under  §  3238  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  the  court  of  ap- 
peals on  the  reversal  of  a  judgment  and  the  granting  of  a  new 
trial  has  power  to  award  costs  absolutely  to  either  party,  or  to 
abide  the  event.  "To  abide  the  event"  means,  in  legal  or  equit- 
able actions,  all  the  costs  of  the  action  up  to  and  including  this 
court.^"^  Where  the  court  of  appeals  reverses  a  judgment,  with 
costs  to  abide  the  event,  the  party  who  is  finally  successful  upon 
all  the  main  issues  is  entitled  to  tax  all  the  costs  of  the  action, 
including  the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals,  and,  if  the  trial  court 
so  directs,  the  costs  of  the  last  trial. ^^  But  where  neither  party 
is  entirely  successful  upon  the  final  trial,  the  costs  of  the  entire 
action  rests  in  the  discretion  of  the  trial  court.'^"  If  it  is  an  ac- 
tion where  the  prevailing  party  is  entitled  to  costs  as  a  matter  of 
right,  he  can  tax  all  the  costs  of  the  action,  including  those  of  the 
last  trial,  without  any  direction  of  the  trial  court.^^  But  in  an 
action  at  law  where,  upon  a  reversal,  the  costs  are  given  to  one 
party  to  abide  the  event,  and  the  other  party  is  eventually  suc- 
cessful, the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals  cannot  be  taxed  by  any- 
one. The  other  costs,  however,  can  be  taxed  by  the  successful 
party.^'* 

d.  Meaning  of  the  words  "without  costs." — The  words  "with- 
out costs''  apply  only  to  the  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals.^^ 
Where  the  court  of  appeals  reverses  a  judgment,  "without  costs,'' 
the  court  below  cannot  for  the  first  time  add  the  costs  of  the 

^Franey  v.  Smith,  126  N.  Y.  658,  '■■■Isaacs     v.     Neio     York     Plaster 

37   N.  Y.   S.  R.   480,  27   N.   E.  559;  Works,  11  Jones  &  S.  397,  4  Abb.  N. 

First    Nat.     Bank     v.    Fourth    Nat.  C.  4;   IJowell  v.  Van  Siclen,  8  Hun, 

Bank,  84  N.  Y.  469.  524,  AfTirmed  without  opinion  in  70 

'KMott    V.    Consumers    Ice    Co.    8  N.  Y.  595,  4  Abb.  N.  C.   1. 

Daly,  244;  Thomas  v.  Evans,  50  Hun,  ^*Belt  v.   American  Cent.   Ins.   Co. 

441  i  20  N.  Y.  S.  R.  884,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  33  App.  Div.  239,  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  363. 

297;  Poicers  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  20  ^'McGregor  v.  Buell,  1  Koyes,  153, 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   78,   14  N.  Y.  3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  86,  33  How."  Pr.  450. 
Supp.  130. 

'■■Mandeville  v.  Avert/.  44  N.  Y.  S. 
R.  1,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  429. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  455 

general  term.^^  Where  the  court  of  appeals  reverses  a  judgment, 
"without  costs/'  and  sends  the  case  back  for  the  court  of  original 
jurisdiction  to  proceed  upon  according  to  the  law  as  laid  down 
by  the  court  of  appeals,  the  court  below  has  a  right  to  pass  upon 
the  question  of  costs  de  novo.^'^ 

Where  the  defeated  party  in  the  court  of  appeals,  appeals  to 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  which  reverses,  with  costs  to 
the  appellant  in  that  court,  several  remedies  given  by  the  state 
courts,  and  leaves  the  judgment  in  other  respects  unchanged,  and 
the  court  of  appeals  sends  the  remittitur  from  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  to  the  special  term,  "without  costs,"  the  court  of 
appeals  has  disposed  of  the  question  of  costs  in  the  state  courts, 
and  the  special  term  has  no  right  to  allow  costs  to  any  party 
when  it  enters  up  judg-raent  upon  the  remittitur.^^  The  burden 
is  on  the  party  against  whom  costs  were  given  in  the  lower  courts 
to  prove  that  the  court  of  appeals  has  exempted  him  from  the 
payment  of  those  costs  when  it  modifies  a  judgment,  "without 
costs."  This  can  be  determined  upon  a  motion  in  the  trial 
court,  and  the  evidence  must  be  found  in  the  opinion  and  the 
remittitur  of  the  court  of  appeals.^" 

When  the  court  of  appeals  in  an  equity  action  affirms  a  judg- 
ment and  orders  judgment  absolute,  "without  costs  to  either 
party,"  that  means  all  the  costs  in  the  action,  including  those  in 
that  court.^^ 

e.  When  the  costs  are  a  matter  of  right. — An  altogether  dif- 
ferent question  is  presented  when  the  plaintiff  seeks  to  recover 
a  money  judgment,  or  a  judgment  that  entitles  him  to  costs,  as 
of  covirse.  Then  the  successful  party  is  entitled,  upon  entry  of 
final  judgment,  to  costs  for  all  regular  proceedings  in  the  trial 

'^McGregor  v.  Btiell,  1  Kej'es,  153,  -'^Callanan  v.  Gilman,  23  Jones  &  S. 

3  Abb.  App.  Dec.  8G,  33  How.  Pr.  450.  511,    18   N.   Y.   S.   R.   397,   28   N.   Y. 

"Hognn  v.  Kavanaugh,   139   N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  406,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  702. 

620,  34  N.  E.  1046.  ^"Patten    v.    Stitt,    50    N.    Y.    591, 

^Stevens  v.  Central  Nat.  Bank,  168  Affirming  2  Jones  &  S.  346. 
N.  Y.  560,  61  N.  E.  904. 


456  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

court,  except  motion  costs  that  may  have  been  awarded  to  his 
opponent,  either  absolutely  or  to  abide  the  event,®^  also  to  all 
tlie  costs  of  all  the  appeals,  unless  they  were  awarded  to  his  op- 
ponent, either  absolutely  or  to  abide  the  event,  and  the  judgment 
or  order  thus  awarding  costs  stands  unreversed.  If  the  judg- 
ment or  order  has  been  reversed,  costs  of  that  appeal  will  be  de- 
termined by  the  final  issue  of  the  action. ^^  The  court  of  appeals 
in  such  an  action  has  discretion  as  to  costs  only  when  the  judg- 
ment is  reversed  in  part  and  affirmed  in  part,  or  where  a  new 
trial  is  granted.  The  addition  to  a  judgment  in  that  court  of 
the  words  "with  costs"  or  "without  costs"  cannot  affect  the  right 
of  the  prevailing  party.^^  A  plaintiff  is  entitled  to  tax  the  costs 
in  the  appellate  division,  although  they  were  awarded  to  the  de- 
fendant to  abide  the  event,  when  the  court  of  appeals  orders 
judgment  for  the  plaintiff,  "with  costs,"  and  the  prevailing  party 
is  entitled  to  costs,  as  of  course.''* 

/.  When  the  court  of  appeals  has  power  to  review  the  question 
of  costs. — The  court  of  appeals  will  review  the  determination  of 
the  courts  below,  even  upon  a  discretionary  order  as  to  costs, 
where  it  appears  that  the  decision  was  based  on  the  ground  of 
lack  of  power  to  grant  the  application,^^  An  appeal  lies  to  the 
court  of  appeals  from  the  conditions  imposed  in  an  order  of  re- 
versal that  the  appellant  should  not  bring  an  action  against  the 
respondent.  Such  a  condition  attached  to  the  order  cannot 
stand,  but  such  a  condition  attached  to  the  allowance  of  costs  is 

'^Prioe  V.   Price,   61   Hun,   604,   16  49  N.   Y.   660;    McJniyre  v.   German 

N.  Y.  Supp.  359;  Murtha  v.  Curley,  Sav.  Bank,  59  Hun,  536,  20  N.  Y.  Civ. 

92  N.  Y.  360;  Re  Protestant  Episco-  Proc.  Rep.  209,  37  N.  Y.  S.  R.  545, 

pal    Public    School,    86    N.    Y.    397;  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  674. 

Murtha  v.  Curley,  92  N.  Y.  359.  '^Murtha  v.  Curley,  92  N.  Y.  359, 

^Donovan  v.  Vandemark,  22  Hun,  65  How.  Pr.  807,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

307.     Contra.  Bigler  v.  Pinkney,  24  Rep.   366;   Explained  in  Re  Amster- 

Hun,  224.     The  latter  case  is  not  a  dam   Water   Comrs.    104   N.   Y.   677, 

well-considered  case  and  is  at  vari-  10  N.  E.  545;   Revere  Copper  Co.  v. 

ance  with  the  trend  of  decisions.  Dimmock,  29  Hun,  299. 

'^Tompkins   County   v.   Bristol,   58  '^'Tolman  v.  Syracuse,  B.  &  N.  Y. 

How.    Pr.    3;    Combs    v.    Combs,    25  R.  Co.  92  N.  Y.  353. 
Hun,  279;  Ayers  v.  Western  R.  Corp. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  457 

proper.^^  An  appeal  lies  to  the  court  of  appeals  from  an  order 
reversing  an  order  of  the  special  term  and  imposing  costs  abso- 
lutely upon  the  respondent,  because  in  this  respect  it  is  a  final 
determination.'^'^  The  court  of  ap})eals  can  adjust  the  payment 
of  costs  where  the  plaintiff  failed  in  liis  appeal  against  two  re- 
spondents, and  therefore  would  have  to  pay  to  both,  and  one  of 
these  respondents  failed  as  to  the  other,  by  simply  ordering  the 
plaintiff  to  pay  one  bill  of  costs  to  the  respondent  who  succeeded 
as  to  all  parties,  instead  of  ordering  the  plaintiff  to  pay  costs  to 
the  successful  respondent,  and  he  to  the  other. ^^ 

g.  When  the  decision  of  one  appeal  makes  the  consideration 
of  another  appeal  useless. — In  an  action  for  the  constrviction  of 
u  will  and  an  accounting,  where  both  parties  appeal,  the  appeal 
on  the  accounting  was  not  considered,  as  it  could  not  be  until  it 
was  settled  that  the  plaintiff  was  entitled  to  a  construction  of  the 
will.  When  this  was  decided  adversely  to  him,  costs  were  ad- 
justed as  if  there  had  been  but  one  appeal.^^ 

h.  ^Yhen  the  queslion  was  not  presented  to  the  court  helow. — 
The  court  of  appeals  in  modifying  a  judgment  will  not  allow  the 
appellant  costs  in  the  appellate  division,  when  he  succeeds  in  the 
court  of  appeals  upon  a  point  not  raised  below, '^^  And  it  has  re- 
fused to  allow  either  party  costs  in  any  court,  where  one  party 
was  right  on  the  pleading,  but  in  default  upon  the  payment.'^ ^ 

i.  When  there  are  several  parties  on  the  side  entitled  to  costs. 
— The  court  of  appeals  may  award  one  bill  of  costs  to  several  de- 
fendants who  have  answered  separately  and  have  been  allowed 
separate  bills  of  costs  below.  In  such  case  "costs  to  respond- 
ents" means  one  bill  of  costs.  Upon  an  affirmance  of  a  judg- 
ment in  an  equity  action  the  court  of  appeals  cannot  review  the 

''Chapin  v.  Foster,  101  N.  Y.  1,  '"'Griswold  v.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R. 
3  N.  E.  786.  Co.   122  N.  Y.   G40,  3  Silv.  Ct.  App. 

^'Bergen  v.  Carman.  70  X.  Y.  146.    126.  33  N.  Y.  S.  R.  642,  25  N.  E.  361. 

'^Merchants  cC-  T.  Nat.  Bank  v.  New  ''^Morris  v.  Wheeler,  45  N.  Y.  708. 
Toric,  97  N.  Y.  355. 

"^Chipman   v.    Montgomery,    63    N. 
Y.  221. 


458  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

discretion  of  the  court  Lelow.'^^  wiiere  the  court  of  appeals 
reverses  a  judgTuent  wholly  as  to  one  of  two  defendants,  and 
orders  judgment  absolute  for  him,  costs  are  properly  awarded  to 
him.'^^  Even  in  legal  actions  one  of  two  defendants,  who  suc- 
ceeds in  reversing  a  judgment  as  to  him,  is  not  entitled  to  costs, 
as  of  course,  because  the  afRrmance  was  only  in  part  and  costs 
were  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  under  subd.  2,  of  §  3238  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^*  Where  one  attorney  appears  for 
a  plaintiff  in  partition,  and  also  for  the  guardian  of  an  infant, 
two  bills  of  costs  will  not  be  taxed  in  the  absence  of  explicit  di- 
rections to  that  effect.  "^^ 

Where  the  court  of  appeals  affirms  a  judgment  with  costs  to 
the  respondents,  and  there  are  two  respondents,  one  the  plaintiff 
and  the  other  defendant,  and  the  issue  between  the  defendants 
had  no  relation  to  the  main  issue,  two  bills  of  costs  may  be 
awarded,'^®  The  successful  party  may  tax  two  bills  of  costs 
where  the  appeal  was  from  two  orders,  and  the  remittitur  says 
that  "the  appeals  from  the  orders  of  the  appellate  division  of  the 
supreme  court  herein  be,  and  the  same  are,  dismissed  with 
costs."" 

y.  Amount  of  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals. — Upon  an  appeal 
from  an  order  to  the  court  of  appeals,  full  costs  are  allowed.''^ 
A  defendant  who  is  prosecuted  for  an  act  done  as  a  public  officer 
is  entitled  to  double  costs  in  the  court  of  appeals,  as  well  as  in 
the  court  below.^^ 

'"Van  Gelder  v.  Van  GeJder,  84  N.  ''^Lesster  v.  Lawyers'  Surety  Co.  29 

Y.  658:   Herrington  v.  Robertson,  71  Misc.   779.   62  N.   Y.   Supp.  430. 

N.  Y.  280;  Taylor  v.  Koot,  48  N.  Y.  "Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3239;   Hall  v. 

687;     Von    Keller    v.    Schultmg,    45  Emmons,   40   How.   Pr.    137,   9   Abb. 

How.  Pr.  139.  Pr.   N.   8.   453,   note;    White  v.  An- 

''^Montgomery      County     Bank     v.  thony,  23  X.  Y.  164;  Webb  v.  Norton, 

Albany  City  Bank,  7  N.  Y.  459.  10  How.  Pr.  117;   Tauton  v.  Groh,  9 

''*MetropoUtan  Elev.  R.  Co.  v.  Dug-  Abb.  Pr.  X.  S.  453;  Broun  v.  Leigh, 

gin,   33   X.   Y.   S.   R.   992,    11    X.   Y.  52  N.  Y.  78. 

Supp.  819.  '"Barkle  v.   Luce,    1   X.   Y.   239,   3 

'"■HaJslcad  v.   Halstead,   2   Thomp.  How.   Pr.   236. 
&  C.  673. 

'"Reynolds  v.  .Etna  L.  Tns.  Co.  30 
Misc.  152,  61  X.  Y.  Supp.  901. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  459 

h.  Punitive  costs. — Where  there  is  no  merit  in  tlie  appeal  by 
die  defendant  the  court  will  add  10  per  cent  to  the  amount  of  the 
judgment  under  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procediire.^^  This 
is  comj)nted  upon  the  judgment  of  the  trial  court  and  upon  that 
■of  the  appellate  division,  but  not  upon  the  interest  on  the  judg- 
ments.^^ Punitive  costs  of  5  per  cent  were  allowed  to  the  plain- 
tiff against  the  defendants  for  a  delay  caused  by  their  appeal, 
•which  had  no  merit,  where  the  action  was  to  recover  money  out 
of  which  the  defendants  had  tried  to  defraud  the  plaintiff.^^ 
Punitive  costs  are  properly  awarded  where  the  appeal  has  no 
merit  and  tlie  appellant  submits  no  points  and  points  out  no 
error  in  the  judgment  of  the  court  below.^^  But  they  will  not  be 
awarded  against  a  defendant,  where  he  has  appealed  from  an  er- 
roneous exclusion  of  evidence,  and  upon  the  new  trial  granted 
upon  his  appeal  the  evidence  given  by  him  falls  far  short  of  his 
■offer  upon  the  former  trial,  because  he  has  caused  no  delay  by  his 
appeals,  although  his  last  appeal  had  very  little  merit.^^  Where 
the  same  question  has  been  decided  against  the  appellant 
in  another  case,  and  the  appellant  still  persists  in  its  ap- 
peal, punitive  costs  are  properly  awarded  under  §  3251  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^  But  where  the  appeal  presents  de- 
batable questions  that  have  not  been  settled  at  the  time  the  ap- 
peal is  taken,  the  appellant  should  not  be  punished  by  way  of 
increased  costs. ^'^ 

Z.  Costs  alloiced  upon  ivithdrawinrj  appeal. — An  appellant 
■was  allowed  to  withdraw  an  appeal  "upon  payment  of  all  costs 

*^Cohen  v.   "New   York,    128   N.   Y.  ^'Doij  v.  Eoth,  18  N.  Y.  448. 

594,  3   Silv.  Ct.  App.  501,  21   N.  Y.  ^*Warjier  v.  Lrssler,  33  N.  Y.  29fi. 

Giv.  Proc.  Rep.   124.  38  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^"Blazy  v.  McLean,  146  N.  Y.  390, 

846,    27     N.     E.     1074;    Peterson   v.  40  N.  E.  733. 

Diclcel,  8  Abb.  Pr.  259.  ^Jackson  v.  Rochester,   124  N.  Y. 

^-Adnms   v.   PerUns,   25   How.   Pr.  624,  3   Silv.  Ct.  App.  341,  35  N.  Y. 

.368;  Degener  v.  TJndenvood,  31  Abb.  S.  R.  73,  26  N.  E.  326. 

IJ.  C.  479,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  30  N.  "Tisdale  v.  Delaware  d   H.  Canal 
Y.  Siipp.  399 ;  Becler  v.  Metropolitan 
Elev.  R.  Co.  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  400. 


4G0  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

before  notice  of  arguniont."  Tlie  respondent  moved  to  amend 
the  remittitur  and  decision  so  that  it  woukl  read  ''upon  payment 
of  all  costs  in  this  action  in  all  courts,  incurred  before  the  notice 
of  argument  in  this  court."  The  court  held  that  the  decision 
meant  costs  in  this  court.^^ 

m.  Terms  imposed  upon  opening  a  default. — A  default  regu- 
larly taken  was  opened  upon  payment  of  taxable  costs  of  the 
term,  of  opposing  the  motion,  and  a  counsel  fee  of  $50  for  at- 
tending, prepared  to  argue  the  case.^^  Where  an  appeal  is  dis- 
missed after  an  argument  on  its  merits,  general  costs  are  al- 
lowed, and  not  motion  costs,^*^  except  where  the  respondent 
should  have  moved  to  dismiss  the  appeal,  instead  of  noticing  it 
for  argument.^^  If  the  appeal  is  dismissed  upon  a  motion  for 
that  purpose,  only  motion  costs  can  be  collected.'^^ 

71.  Waiver  of  right  to  appeal  from  the  interpretation  of  the 
court  helow  of  the  order  of  the  court  of  appeals. — A  party  waives 
his  right  to  have  the  question  of  the  amount  of  costs  allowed  to 
him  by  the  court  of  appeals  reviewed  by  the  court,  where  he 
enters  up  judgment  which  is  satisfied,  and  then  appeals  from  the 
order.  He  must  refrain  from  entering  the  judgment,  but  must 
appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  court  as  to  the  amount  of  costs, 
in  order  that  all  which  he  may  be  entitled  to  may  form  part  of 
the  judgment  for  all  time.  There  can  be  but  one  final  judgment 
in  an  action.^"^ 

0.  AUoivanccs  to  counsel  in  cases  where  the  offense  charged  is 
punishable  with  death. — Upon  an  appeal  from  a  sentence  of 
death,  the  court  of  appeals  can  allow  counsel  a  sum  for  compen- 
sation, not  exceeding  $500  besides  disbursements  for  services  in 

Co.   116  N.   Y.   416,  26   N.  Y.   S.   R.  ^'Williams  v.  Fitch,  15  Barb.  654; 

857,  22  N.  E.  700.  Webb.  v.   Norton,   10  How.   Pr,   117. 

^Broadwav   Sav.  hist.   v.   Pelham,  ^-Webb  v.  Norton,  10  How.  Pr.  117. 

148  N.  Y.  737,  42  N.  E.  722.  ^^Prentiss  v.  Boivden,  14  Misc.  185, 

'"f^Iade  V.  Warren,  1  N.  Y.  431.  2  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  163,  25  N.  Y.  Civ. 

^White  V.  Anthont/,  23  N.  Y.  164;  Proc.  Pep.  144,  70  N.  Y.  S.  R.  517, 

Webb  V.   Norton,   10  How.   Pr.   117.  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  653. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  461 

that  court,  although  the  trial  court  had  made  an  allowance  of 
$500  and  disbursements  for  the  serv^ice  of  counsel  there.^^  Sec- 
tion 458  of  the  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure  requires  a  case  to  be 
made  the  same  as  in  civil  actions.  Counsel  must  aid  the  court 
by  preparing  a  case,  and  the  failure  to  do  this  is  properly  taken 
into  consideration  in  passing  upon  his  application  for  compensa- 
tion.^^ 

391.  Costs  in  the  appellate  division,  a.  In  general. —  Every 
court  has  a  right  to  interpret  its  own  orders,  and  therefore  the 
different  appellate  divisions  may  interpret  the  same  order  differ- 
ently, because  different  things  were  meant,  although  they  used 
the  same  words.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  where  a  party 
is  entitled  to  costs,  of  course,  as  specified  in  §  3228  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure,  no  court  can  take  away  from  him  those  costs. 
The  party  finally  successful  is  entitled,  upon  the  entry  of  a  final 
judgment,  to  tax  costs  for  all  regular  proceedings  in  the  trial 
court,  except  such  motion  costs  as  may  have  been  awarded  to  his 
opponent,  either  absolutely  or  to  abide  the  event,  and  to  tax 
costs  of  all  appeals  imless  the  court  had  power,  under  §§  3238 
and  3239  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  to  award,  and  did  actu- 
ally award,  the  costs  of  the  appeal  to  his  opponent,  either  abso- 
lutely or  to  abide  the  event.  This  right  to  costs  the  courts  can- 
not take  away.  If  the  judgment  is  affirmed  or  reversed  in  such 
an  action,  and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  costs,  the  prevailing 
party  is  entitled  to  tax  a  full  bill  of  costs  of  the  appeal.^^  In  all 
equity  actions  except  where  a  money  judginent  is  demanded,  the 
costs  of  all  the  courts  is  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  it  is 
this  class  of  cases  where  the  difficulty  arises  in  interpreting  the 
orders  of  the  court. 

b.  Meaning  of  the  words  "with  costs/' — In  the  old  general 

"'People  V.  Ferraro,  1G2  N.  Y.  545,        ^Combs  v.  Combs,  25  Hun,  279. 
57  N.  E.  167. 

"'People  V.  Barone,  161  N.  Y.  475, 
65  N.  E.  1091. 


462  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

term,  where  a  judgment  was  reversed  "with  costs,"  which  was, 
in  eifect,  a  dismissal  of  the  coinphaint,  as  a  new  trial  was  not 
granted,  it  was  held  that  this  meant  costs  in  the  trial  court,  as 
well  as  in  the  general  term.  If  the  trial  court  had  dismissed  the 
complaint  'Svithout  costs,"  and  the  general  term  affirmed  "with 
costs,"  that  would  only  mean  costs  in  the  general  term.^^  On 
the  other  hand  it  has  been  held  in  the  appellate  division,  first 
and  second  departments,  that  where  the  plaintiff  wins  in  an 
equity  action,  without  costs,  and  the  appellate  division  reverses, 
with  costs,  and  the  complaiot  is  dismissed,  that  the  defendant  is. 
not  entitled  to  costs  of  the  trial.  If  that  had  been  meant,  the 
court  would  have  said  "judgment  reversed,  with  costs,  and  com- 
plaint dismissed,  with  costs."  '^^ 

c.  Costs  of  an  order.— Th.Q  proper  sum  to  be  taxed  by  the  pre- 
vailing party  on  a  decision  of  the  appellate  division  affirming  an 
order,  "with  costs,"  is  $10  and  disbursements.  The  allowance 
of  costs  is  enough  authority  for  the  clerk  to  tax  disbursements.^* 
But  if  this  is  an  interlocutory  order,  disbursements  are  inci- 
dental and  must  be  expressly  allowed,  to  be  taxed.^"*'  But  no 
judgment  should  be  entered  for  these  costs;  they  are  to  be  col- 
lected like  motion  costs.-^^^  Where  an  order  is  affirmed,  "with 
costs,"  and  the  party  to  whom  they  are  allowed  is  afterwards  de- 
feated on  the  trial,  these  costs  must  be  deducted  from  the  costs 
of  the  party  ultimately  successful. ^^~  If  these  costs  had  been  al- 
lowed to  the  party  finally  successful,  he  could  include  these  as 
well  as  all  other  unpaid  costs  in  his  final  judginent. 

^^Schoonmal-er  v.  Bonme,  51  Hun,  N.  Y.  S.  R.  199,  21  N.  Y.  Supp.  585; 

84,   16  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  G4,  20  Jones  v.  Sherman,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  344; 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  428,  3  N.  Y.  Supp.  492.  Phipps  v.  Carman,  20  Hun,  518. 

^Hurley  v.  Brown,  55  App.  Div.  8,  ^""Burnell   v.   Coles,   26   Misc.   378, 

67  N.  Y.   Supp.  279;    Von  Keller  v.  56  N.  Y.  Supp.  208. 

Schulting,    45    How.    Pr.     139;     Ke  ^"'Jie  Brasier,  13  I)si]y,  245,  2  Row. 

Street  Opening,  34  App.  Div.  500,  54  Pr.  N.  S.  154. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  516.  ^"-Stevenson  v.  Pusch,  40  How.  Pr. 

""Cassidy    v.    MeFarland,    2    Misc.  91. 
189,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  65,  50 


COSTS  Oisr  APPEALS.  463 

d.  Cleaning  of  the  words  "with  costs  to  ahide  the  event." — 
Where  a  judgment  is  reversed,  with  costs  to  abide  the  event,  it 
means  that  the  party  ultimately  successful  may  tax  all  costs  up 
to  that  time.^"'"'  It  makes  no  difference  whether  the  successful 
party  ultimately  obtains  judgment  upon  a  new  trial  or  by  an 
appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals.^"^  The  successful  party  may  tax 
the  costs  of  the  appeal  and  of  both  trials  in  an  action  at  law,  and 
also  in  an  action  in  equity  if  the  trial  court  gives  him  the 
costs  of  the  last  trial. ^^^  The  costs  of  the  appeal  are  his, 
because  they  were  made  to  abide  the  event,  and  that  is  with 
hira.^'^'^  But  if  he  is  limited  in  the  amount  of  costs  that 
he  can  tax  to  the  amount  of  his  recovery,  that  limitation 
applies  to  all  the  costs  in  the  action.^'^^  If  the  verdict  is 
more  than  $50,  although  it  reaches  that  figure  only  by 
computing  interest  to  the  day  of  the  last  trial,  still  the  verdict 
carries,  in  an  action  at  law,  the  costs  of  the  appeal  and  the  two 
trials.^^''  On  the  other  hand,  some  courts  have  construed  the 
words  "with  costs  to  abide  the  event"  in  their  own  orders  to 
mean  "costs  to  the  appellant  to  abide  the  event,"  holding  that 
the  appeal  was  caused  by  the  error  of  the  respondent  and  he 
should  not  be  allowed  to  profit  by  his  o^vn  mistake  ;^^"  nor  could 

""Co?«/i/  V.  New  York,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  '"'Sanders  v.    Townshcnd,    11   Abb. 

Proc.  Rep.  306;  Lotti  v.  Krakauer.  1  N.  C.  217,  63  How.  Pr.  343. 

N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Eep.  60,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^"'Smith    v.    Smith,    22    App.    Div. 

Proc.  Rep.  312,  note;  Miller  v.  King,  319,   5   N.   Y.  Anno.   Cas.   47,   47   N. 

32   App.    Div.   349,    52    N.   Y.    Supp.  Y.  Supp.  987. 

1041 ;  Union  Trust  Co.  v.  Whiton,  78  '"Traneij  v.  Smith,  126  N.  Y.  658, 

N.  Y.  491;  First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Fourth  27  N.  E.  559;   Koon  v.  Thurman,  2 

Nat.  Bank,  84  N.  Y.  469,  60  How.  Pr.  Hill,  357. 

436;    Loring    v.    Morrison,    25    App.  '^'^Snydcr  v.   Collins,   12  Hun,  383. 

Div.  139,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  151,  48  ''^Loring  v.  Morrison,  25  App.  Div. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  975;  Koon  v.  Thurman,  139,  5  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  151,  48  N.  Y. 

2  Hill,   357;    Iferbst  v.   Vacuum  Oil  Supp.  975. 

Co.   50   N.   Y.   S.   R.   555,  22   N.   Y.  ''"Union   Trust   Co.  v.  Whiton,  78 
Supp.  42 ;  Van  Bussum  v.  Metropoli- 
tan L.   his.   Co.    16  Misc.   40,   73   N. 
Y.  S.  R.  285,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  665. 


464  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN   NEW  YORK. 

he  tax  tlie  costs  of  the  first  trial,  as  that  had  heen  done  away 

with.^^^     The  contrary  has  been  liehl  as  to  the  costs  of  the  first 
triaLii2 

e.  Meaning  of  the  luords  "ivitli  costs  to  tlie  appellant  to  abide 
the  event." — Where  "costs  are  awarded  to  the  appellant  to  abide 
the  event"  that  means  the  costs  of  the  trial  as  well  as  of  the  ap- 
peal, and  if  the  respondent  again  wins,  he  cannot  tax  the  costs 
of  the  first  trial,  nor  of  the  appeal.^  ^^  On  the  other  hand,  it  has 
been  held  that  such  a  disposition  of  the  costs  by  the  appellate 
court  referred  only  to  the  costs  in  that  court.-^^^  See  subd.  a, 
supra. 

f.  Meaning  of  the  words  "without  costs." — The  words  "with- 
out costs"  in  an  order  of  reversal  mean  without  costs  of  the 
appeal.  The  successful  party  in  such  a  case  will,  in  an  action 
at  law,  tax  all  costs,  except  those  in  the  appellate  court.^^^ 

g.  Exceptio7is  ordered  heard  at  the  appellate  division  in  the 
first  instance. — Full  costs  are  allowed  in  the  appellate  court 
upon  the  decision  of  exceptions  ordered  heard  at  the  appellate 
division  in  the  first  instance,  even  if  that  court  reduces  the 
amount  of  the  verdict,  but  not  below  $50.^^^  If  the  appellant 
also  appeals  from  the  order  of  the  trial  court  denying  a  new  trial, 

N.  Y.   491,   Affirming   17   Hun,   593;  "WoiceiJ    v.    Van    Siclen,    8    Hun, 

Abendroth  v.   Durant,   9   N.  Y.   Civ.  524,  Affirmed  in  70  N.  Y.  595,  4  Abb. 

Proc.  Rep.  44G,  Affirmed  in  48  Hun,  N.  C.  1 ;  Bueb  v.  Geraty,  31  Misc.  22, 

16;   Sheridan  v.  Genet,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  1125;  Belt  v.  Ameri- 

Proc.  Eep.  309  note.  can  Cent.  Ins.  Co.  33  App.  Div.  239, 

^^Lydd    V.    Kenny,    1    N.    Y.    Civ.  53    N.    Y.    Supp.    363;    Marx   v.    Mc- 

Proc.    Eep.     (McCarty)     310,    note;  Cloud,  21   N.  Y.  S.  R.  957,  3  N.  Y. 

Starr  Cash  Car  Co.  v.  Relnhardt,  6  Supp.  74;  Donovan  v.  Board  of  Edu- 

Misc.  365,  56  X.  Y.  S.  E.  404,  26  N.  cation,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  311, 

Y.  Supp.   746.  note;  Bannerman  v.  Quackenhush,  2 

^'Wurant    v.    Ahendroth,    48    Hun,  N.  Y.  City  Ct.  Eep.  172,  2  How.  Pr. 

16,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  538 ;  House  v.  Lock-  N.  S.  82,  7  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Eep.  428. 

wood,   48   Hun,   550,    1   N.   Y.   Supp.  ^^'^Sander  v.  Nevy  York  &  E.  R.  Co. 

540.  56  App.  Div.  273,  67  N.  Y.  Supp.  809. 

^""Elliott  V.  Luenr/ene,  19  Misc.  428,  ''"Duff  v.  Wardell,  10  Abb.  Pr.  N. 

43    N.    Y.    Supp.    1140;    Cochran    v.  S.     84;     Code     Civ.     Proc.    §     3251, 

Gottwald,  10  Jones  &  S.  214.  subd.  4, 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  465 

full  costs  will  be  allowed  on  both  appeals. ^^''^    In  an  old  case,  be- 
fore the  Code,  only  motion  costs  were  allowed.^  ^^ 

/i.  Verdict  directed,  sid)ject  to  the  opinion  of  the  appellate 
division. — Where  a  verdict  is  directed  by  the  trial  court,  sub- 
ject to  the  opinion  of  the  appellate  division,  and  a  case  is  made 
and  an  argument  had  there,  the  party  successful  at  the  trial  and 
in  the  appellate  division  is  entitled  to  tax  the  same  costs  as  upon 
an  appeal  from  a  judgment.-^^® 

392.  Costs  when  a  judgment  is  reversed. —  The  court  has  no 
discretion,  in  an  action  specified  in  §  3228  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure,  as  to  costs,  when  it  affirms  or  reverses  a  judgment. 
The  order  of  affirmance  or  reversal  must  be  with  costs,^-°  ex- 
cept where  the  plaintiff  appeals  from  a  judgment  dismissing  his 
complaint  and  there  has  been  no  appearance  by  the  defendant  on 
the  trial  or  on  the  appeal,  in  wliich  case  the  reversal  or  affirmance 
must  be  without  costs,  as  there  is  no  respondent.^ ^^ 

393.  Allowance  of  separate  bills  of  costs. —  The  appellate  divi- 
sion mil  not  aAvard  separate  bills  of  costs  to  separate  defendants, 
where  from  the  nature  of  the  case  the  affirmance  or  reversal  of 
the  judgment  must  be  for  all.  The  fact  that  the  defendants  had 
separate  bills  of  costs  below  is  a  strong  reason  why  they  should 
have  but  one  bill  of  costs  on  the  appeal.^ ^^  The  fact  that  but 
one  notice  of  appeal  was  served  and  the  same  counsel  argued  the 
case  for  all  is  a  good  reason  for  allowing  but  one  bill  of  costs 
upon  the  appeal.^^^  But  the  ap])ellate  court  has  the  jDower  to 
grant  separate  bills  of  costs.^'^^     Where  two  or  more  defendants 

«^Code   Civ.   Proc.    §§    131G,   3239,  ^-'Katz  v.  Diamond,   16  Misc.  577, 

3251,     subdiv.    4;     Reichel    v.     ^'ew  74  X.  Y.  S.  R.   174,  38  N.  Y.   Siipp. 

York  C.  d  E.  R.  R.  Co.  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  766. 

Proc.  Rep.   248.  29  N.  Y.   S.  R.  843,  '"De   Lamater  v.  Carma)i,  2  Daly, 

9  N.  Y.   Supp.'414.  182. 

^^Felloivs  V.  Sheridan,  6  How.  Pr.  ^'""Fischer    v.    Langhein,    31    Hun, 

419.  272;  Everson  v.  Gehrman,  2  Abb.  Pr. 

"'Code    Civ.    Proc.    §    3251,    sub-  413;  .S'frecf  v.  Jfoirn/,  49  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

div.    4.  262,  20  N.  Y.  Supp.  924. 

^-"Hahn    v.    Van    Daren,    1    E.    D.  ^"^De  Lainater  v.   Carman,  2  Daly, 

Smith,  411;   Code  Civ.  Proc.   §  3238.  182. 
COSTS    30 


466  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

join  in  the  same  answer  or  demurrer,  they  are  entitled  to  but  one 
bill  of  costs,  altliougli  upon  the  appeal  they  employ  different  at- 
torneys.^-^ But  where  they  have  answered  or  demurred  sepa- 
rately, and  unite  upon  the  appeal,  tliough  they  are  usually  al- 
lowed but  one  bill  of  costs  upon  the  appeal,  the  court  may  allow 
separate  bills  of  costs /^**  Where  two  or  more  defendants  appear 
separately  and  a  judgment  in  their  favor  is  affirmed,  "with  costs- 
to  the  respondents,"  only  one  bill  of  costs  can  be  taxed.^^^  But 
where  it  is  affirmed,  "with  costs  to  the  respondents  who  appeared 
on  this  appeal,"  separate  bills  of  costs  are  awarded,^ ^^ 

A  defendant  may  be  allowed  costs  upon  an  appeal  where  the 
judgment  is  reversed  as  to  him,  but  affirmed  as  to  his  codefend- 
ant;  but  if  he  joins  in  an  answer  with  his  codefendant  he  can- 
not recover  the  costs  of  the  trial.  That  fact  would  have  pre- 
cluded his  having  costs  had  he  won  on  the  trial.  Such  successful 
defendant  cannot  recover  the  printing  disbursements  where  there 
was  but  one  appeal  book  and  one  set  of  points,  unless  he  can 
prove  that  he  paid  for  them.^-^ 

Separate  bills  of  costs  are  properly  allowed  to  the  plaintiff ^ 
and  to  some  of  the  defendants  who  are  similarly  situated,  where 
the  defendants  are  compelled  to  argue  additional  questions  to 
those  presented  by  the  plaintiff.-' ^° 

394.  When  costs  will  be  denied  to  the  successful  party. — 
Costs  will  not  be  allowed  to  a  party  who  appeals  unnecessarily^ 
when  he  could  have  obtained  the  relief  to  which  he  was  entitled 
by  a  motion  in  the  trial  court.     A  plaintiff  will  not  be  allowed 

>=*WiZ6«r  V.  Wiltsey,  13  How.  Pr.  ^""Kane    v.    Metropolitan    Elev.    R. 

506.  Co.  15  Daly,  366,  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  399, 

^^Von  Keller  v.  Schulting,  45  How.  7   N.  Y.   Supp.  653.     Contra,  Metro- 

Pr.  139.  politan   Elev.  R.   Co.   v.   Duggin,   33 

^""Van  Gelder  v.  Van  Gelder,  84  N.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  992,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  819. 

Y.  658 ;  Fischer  v.  Langhein,  31  Hun,  ""Knapp  v.  T^ew  York  Elev.  R.  Co. 

272;  Re  New  York,  W.S.  &  B.  R.  Co.  4  Misc.  408,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  571,  24 

28  Hun,  505.  N.  Y.  Supp.  324. 

»»A"eio    York    d    N.    H.    R.    Co.    v. 
Schuyler,  29  How.  Pr.  89, 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  467 

the  costs  of  an  appeal  from  a  judgment  entered  by  the  defendant 
upon  the  dismissal  of  the  complaint,  which  the  latter  entered  up 
as  a  dismissal  "upon  the  merits."  His  remedy  was  to  move  to 
correct  the  judgment  for  irregularity.'^^^  It  is  the  usual  prac- 
tice in  all  appeals  to  deny  the  appellant  costs  when  he  succeeds 
upon  a  point  not  raised  in  the  court  below.  A  party  who  suc- 
ceeds in  having  the  amount  of  the  verdict  reduced  upon  an  ap- 
peal, but  who  did  not  call  the  attention  of  the  court  below,  upon 
his  motion  for  a  new  trial,  to  the  fact  that  the  verdict  was  exces- 
sive, may  not  only  not  receive  the  costs,  but  they  may  be  awarded 
to  the  respondent.^ "^  Costs  are  sometimes  not  granted  to  the  suc- 
cessful party,  because  the  point  involved  is  one  of  practice  and  is 
presented  for  the  first  time  on  appeal. ^^^ 

Costs  will  not  be  imposed  upon  a  plaintiff  where  he  is  de- 
feated by  the  repeal  of  the  law  under  which  he  was  proceeding, 
after  the  commencement  of  the  action.  A  plaintiff,  as  trustee 
in  bankruptcy,  brought  an  action  to  set  aside  a  transfer  of  prop- 
erty as  having  been  made  in  violation  of  the  bankruptcy  law. 
Upon  appeal  his  complaint  was  dismissed  without  costs,  because 
the  law  under  which  he  was  acting  had  been  repealed,  but-  costs 
of  the  appeal  were  not  awarded  against  him.^^'* 

395.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  orders,  a.  Statute. —  "  Upon  an 
appeal  from  an  interlocutory  judgment  or  an  order  in  an  action, 
costs  are  in  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  may  be  awarded  abso- 
lutely, or  to  abide  the  event,  except  as  follows: 

1.  Where  the  appeal  is  taken  from  an  order  granting  or  re- 
fusing a  new  trial,  and  the  decision  upon  the  appeal  refuses  a 
new  trial,  the  respondent  is  entitled,  of  course,  to  the  costs  of  the 
appeal. 

"'r/o/mson   V.    Lord,    35    App.    Div.  ^^^Hesse  v.  Briggs,   13   Jones  &   S. 

325,  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  922.  417. 

^^Seidenhach  v.  Riley,  6  N.   Y.   S.  "'Olcott  v.  Maclean,  11  Hun,  394, 

R.   104;   Wilson  v.  Lester,  64   Barb.  Appeal  dismissed  in  73  N.  Y.  603. 
434. 


468  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

2.  Wliere  an  appeal  is  taken  from  an  order  refusing  a  new 
trial,  and  an  appeal  is  also  taken  from  the  judgment  rendered 
upon  the  trial,  neither  party  is  entitled  to  the  costs  of  the  ap- 
peal from  the  order."^^^ 

h.  In  general. — Costs  are  not  in  the  discretion  of  the  court 
where  it  ajffirms  an  order  denying  a  motion  for  a  new  trial,  made 
upon  a  case  and  exceptions.  The  respondent  is  entitled  to  costs 
absolutely,  and  as  they  are  motion  costs  they  can  be  collected  un- 
der the  provisions  of  §  779  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Sec- 
tion 1005  provides  for  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  after  the  entry 
of  final  judgment,  and  in  such  a  case  these  costs  could  not  be  in- 
cluded therein.^^^  The  costs  on  an  appeal  from  an  order  dis- 
missing supplementary  proceedings  commenced  by  a  county 
treasurer  to  collect  a  tax  are  regulated  by  §  3239  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure,  and  not  by  §  3240,  providing  for  costs  of  an 
appeal  in  a  special  proceeding.^^'^  The  costs  of  an  appeal  from 
a  decision  on  a  certiorari  to  review  a  tax  or  assessment  under  the 
Laws  of  1880,  chap.  269,  are  the  same  as  costs  on  an  appeal 
from  an  order.  ^^** 

396.  Costs  upon  orders  overruling  or  sustaining  demurrers. — 
Upon  an  appeal  from  an  order  overruling  or  sustaining  a  de- 
murrer, full  costs  are  allowed,  the  order  being  substantially  a 
judgment  ;^^^  and  where  the  order  appealed  from  was  made  upon 
a  motion  for  judgment  on  account  of  the  frivolousness  of  the  de- 
murrer, costs  of  that  motion  are  also  allowable. ^'^'^  But  where 
leave  is  granted  to  amend  a  defective  pleading  or  to  withdraw 

"=Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3239.  "*Fan    Gelder    v.    Fan    Gelder,    13 

^^Mcliityre  v.   Germa^i  Sav.  Bank,  Hun,   118;    Wright  v.  Flemming,   18 

59  Hun,  536,  20  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  Hun,  360;   Van  Schaick  v.  Winne,  8 

209,   37   N.  Y.   S.   E,.   545,   13   N.   Y.  How.  Pr.  5;   Sutherla^id  v.  Tyler,  11 

Supp.  674.  How.  Pr.  251. 

"''Re  Prt/or,  67   App.  Div.   316,  73  ^^Whittnau   v.   T,^icol,  49  How.   Pr. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  961.  88,  16  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  329. 

^^^People  ex  rel.  Bleecker  Street  & 
F.  Ferry  R.  Co.  v.  Barker,  90  Hun, 
253,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  803. 


COSTS  ON  APPEALS.  469 

a  demurrer,  it  becomes  an  interlocutory  order  till  the  leave  ex- 
pires, and  upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal  from  such  an  order 
only  $10  costs  are  allowable.  The  same  costs  are  allowable  upon 
an  appeal  from  an  order  sustaining  or  overruling  a  demurrer  to 
a  part  of  the  pleading.^  ^^ 

397.  Costs  upon  the  dismissal  of  an  appeal. — A  respondent  is 
entitled  to  only  $10  motion  costs  when  he  moves  to  dismiss  an 
appeal  on  account  of  the  failure  to  make  and  serve  a  case,  which 
motion  is  granted,  unless  the  appellant  make  and  serve  a  case. 
The  appellant  luay  abandon  the  case,  and  the  respondent  cannot 
tax  full  costs  by  placing  the  case  on  the  calendar  and  having  it 
dismissed^ '^^ 

The  decision  of  the  appellate  division  dismissing  an  appeal  is 
an  order  upon  a  motion,  and  that  court  can  grant  motion  costs. 
There  is  no  authority  for  taxing  an  argument  fee.^'*^ 

398.  Costs  upon  appeals  from  order  of  county  court  granting  a 
new  trial. —  Full  costs  are  awarded  upon  the  reversal  of  an  order 
of  the  county  court  granting  a  motion  for  a  new  trial  made  upon 
the  judge's  minutes.  The  first  clause  of  subd.  4  of  §  3251  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  applies. ^^^  The  order  of  the  appel- 
late division  ordering  judgment  absolute  and  reversing  the 
county  court  and  the  justices'  court  must  order  a  restitution  of 
all  that  the  ap^jellant  has  lost,  and  that  means  the  costs  in  the 
justice's  court  and  in  the  county  court. ■'^^ 

399.  Costs  upon  appeals  in  bastardy  proceedings. —  Under  §§ 
850-873  of  the  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure,  costs  must  be  al- 
lowed to  the  successful  party  upon  an  appeal  in  bastardy  pro- 
ceedings. The  costs  are  analogous  to  the  costs  upon  an  appeal 
from  a  justice's  judgment,  and  those  costs  should  govern.^ '^^ 

^*^Hoffman  v.  Barry,  2  Hun,  52,  4  ^^^Estus  v.  Baldwin,  9  How.  Pr.  80. 

Thomp.   &   C.   253.  ^"^Mayham  v.   Allen,  50  Hun,  343, 

^"^Malion  V.   Malion,   64   App.   Div.  19  N.  Y.   S.  R.   811,  3  N.  Y.   Supp. 

262,    72   N.   Y.    Supp.    102.      Contra,  100;    'Neary   v.   Robinson,    98   N.   Y. 

Sprague  v.  Richards,  30  Hun,  246.  81 ;      Superintendents     of     Poor     v. 

"Wunseith  v.  Stark,  3  Month.  L.  Moore,  12  Wend.  273;  Rivenburgh  v. 

Bull.  42.  Henness,  4  Lans.  208. 

"*Ciisick  V.   Adams,   47   Hun,   455. 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

ITEMS. 

400.  Disbursements;  in  general. 

401.  Disbursements  for  abstracts  of  title. 

402.  Disbursements  for  fees  of  clerk. 

403.  Disbursements  in  obtaining  witnesses. 

a.  Expense  of  serving  subpoena. 

6.  Not  necessary  that  witness  be  subpoenaed. 

c.  Fees  of  parties. 

d.  Fees  of  stockholders  and  officers  of  a  corporation  and  of  attomeya. 

e.  Fees  of  witnesses  not  sworn. 
/.  Traveling  fees. 

(1)  Where  witness  resides  out  of  the  state. 

(2)  Where  witness  resides  in  the  state. 
g.  Fees  when  witness  did  not  attend  the  trial. 

li.  Terms  for  which  fees  of  witnesses  may  be  taxed, 
t.  Days  for  which  fees  of  witnesses  may  be  taxed. 
j.  When  a  witness  is  entitled  to  fees  in  two  cases. 
k.  Departure  of  witnesses  before  the  trial. 
I.  Expert  witnesses. 

404.  Jurors'  fees. 

405.  Proving  genuineness  of  paper. 

406.  Trial  fee. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  More  than  one  trial. 

c.  Only  one  trial  fee  taxable. 

d.  Withdrawal  of  a  juror. 

e.  Inquest  or  default. 

f.  New  trial  had  pursuant  to  an  order. 

407.  When  the  trial  occupies  more  than  two  days. 

408.  Term  fees. 

a.  Statute. 

6.  In  the  court  of  appeals. 

c.  Case  must  be  in  a  condition  to  be  disposed  of. 

d.  Term  fees  for  terms  before  the  amendment  of  the  complaint. 
€.  Effect  of  referring  a  case. 

f.  Where  the  successful  party  did  not  notice  the  case. 

g.  Effect  of  consenting  that  case  go  over  the  term. 
h.  Term  fees  paid  for  privilege  of  putting  case  over. 
♦•  Terms  when  case  was  on  the  wrong  calendar. 

470 


ITEMS.  471 

/.  Stipulation  as  to  term  fees. 
k.  On  appeal  from  justices'  courts  to  county  courts. 

I.  Limit  fixed  by  law. 
m.  For  what  terms  taxable  upon  a  discontinuance. 

409.  Interrogatories. 

410.  Examination  of  a  party  before  trial. 

411.  Printing  papers  on  appeals. 

412.  Advertising  sales  of  property. 

413.  Fees  of  referees. 

0.  Statute. 

b.  Stipulation  that  fees  may  be  larger  than  the  statutory  rzte. 

c.  Proof  of  the  number  of  days  occupied  upon  the  reference. 

d.  Two  actions  tried  before  the  same  referee. 

e.  How  the  referee's  fees  can  be  collected. 

f.  Extension  of  time  to  report. 

g.  When  the  court  has  no  power  to  refer  the  action. 
h.  Misconduct  of  referee. 

i.  Reference  ordered  upon  a  motion. 

y.  Reference  not  completed. 

k.  Referee  to  sell  upon  a  mortgage  foreclosure. 

1.  Referee  to  sell  in  a  partition  action. 

414.  Fees  of  stenographer. 

a.  In  general. 

6.  Incurred  upon  a  reference. 

c.  Obtained  to  prepare  case  on  appeal. 

d.  Minutes  of  former  trial  for  use  upon  the  trial. 

e.  Minutes  obtained  in  the  trial  of  another  action. 

f.  Minutes  used  on  motion  for  a  new  trial  in  the  county  court. 

g.  Minutes  ordered  by  the  court  for  its  own  use. 
h.  Power  of  surrogate's  court  to  order  minutes. 

t.  Allowance  for  stenographer's  minutes  in  the  municipal  court  of 
New  York. 

400.  Disbursements ;  in  general. —  The  statute  governing  dis- 
bursements generally  is  found  in  §  3256  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure. 

The  necessary  disbursements  and  fees  of  officers  allowed  by 
law  cannot  be  recovered  by  the  prevailing  party,  where  he  is  not 
allowed  to  recover  costs.^     They  cannot  be  allowed  till  final  judg- 

^Belding    v.    Conklin,    4    How.    Pr.  Taylor  v.   Gardner,   4   How.   Pr.   67, 
196,     2     N.     Y.     Code     Rep.     112;  2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  47.     Contra,  New- 
Wheeler    V.    Westgate,    4    How.    Pr.  ion  v.  Sweet,  4  How.  Pr.  134,  2  N.  Y. 
269;   Rust  v.  Eauselt,  8  Abb.  N.  C.  Code  Rep.  61. 
149;    Peet   v.   Warth,    1    Bosw.    653; 


472  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

meut,^  and  must  be  specified  in  the  bill  of  costs.  It  is  not  suf- 
ficient that  they  be  specified  in  the  afiidavit  which  the  paj*ty 
reads  upon  the  taxation,  and  which  the  opposite  party  has  not 
seen  till  that  tinie.^  Where  the  amount  of  costs  is  limited,  the 
costs  and  disbursements  cannot  exceed  that  sum.*  The  amount 
paid  by  the  plaintiff  in  reple\dn  to  a  surety  company  for  a  bond 
is  not  a  taxable  disbursement.  The  defendant  need  not  file  an 
aflSdavit  opposing  the  taxation  of  such  an  item,  as  the  plaintiff's 
papers  show  that  the  item  is  not  taxable.^  The  legal  fee  for 
serving  a  summons  is  $1,  and  6  cents  per  mile  going  and  return- 
ing.^ The  plaintiff  cannot  charge  for  serving  defendants,  and 
$2  for  extra  defendants,  unless  they  are  necessary  parties.  A 
defendant  need  not  take  this  objection  by  answer  or  demurrer, 
but  may  raise  the  question  upon  the  taxation  of  costs.'^  In  a 
mortgage  foreclosure  action,  each  of  three  judgment  creditors 
nmst  be  served  where  there  is  nothing  upon  the  record  to  show 
that  they  are  partners.  The  plaintiff"  is  justified  in  serving  one 
by  publication,  when  he  could  not  serve  him  personally.^ 

401.  Disbursements  for  abstracts  of  title. — Money  paid  for  an 
abstract  made  by  a  county  clerk  or  by  a  title  insurance,  abstract, 
or  searching  company  doing  business  under  the  laws  of  the  state, 
where  the  ofiice  of  the  county  clerk  is  a  salaried  one,  is  a  taxable 
disbursement.*^  Amounts  paid  for  other  unofficial  abstracts  are 
not  taxable.  Until  the  amendment  to  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure in  1895,  money  jDaid  for  unofficial  abstracts  was  not  a  tax- 
able disbursement.^"     Surveyor's  fees,  as  regulated  by  §  3299  of 

^Weeks  v.   Cornicell,  38  Hun.   577.  ^Brown  v.  Maplceson,  2  X.  Y.  City 

^Shannon   v.    Broicer,    2    Abb.    Pr.  Ct.  Rep.  404;  Code  Civ.  Proe.  §  3307. 

377.  'Cdse  V.  Price,  9  Abb.  Pr.  Ill,  17 

^Warren  v.  Chase,  8  Misc.  520,  59  How.  Pr.   348. 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  41G,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  765;  ^CJievers  v.  Damon,  37  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

Keating  v.  Anthony,  X.  Y.  Code  Rep.  904,  13  X.  Y.  Supp.  452. 

N.  S.  233.  ^-Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3256. 

'IHck  V.  Reese,  52  Hun,  125,  17  X.  ^"Equitable    JAfe     Assiir.     Soc.     V. 

Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   110,  23  X.  Y.  S.  Olyphant,  57  Hun,  414,  19  X.  Y.  Civ. 

R.  J04,  5  X.  Y.  Supp.  121.  Proo.  Rep.   20,   32  X.  Y.   S.  R.   704, 


ITEMS.  473 

the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  are  a  taxable  disbiirsemeiit  only 
when  a  survey  is  a  part  of  the  proceedings,  as  in  admeasurement 
of  dower. ^^  The  fees  of  a  county  treasurer  for  receiving  money 
are  not  taxable  disbursements;  they  must  be  deducted  from  the 
fund.i2 

402.  Disbursements  for  fees  of  clerk. —  The  fees  of  the  clerk  of 
the  court  are  regulated  by  §§  3301  and  3302  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.  Where  the  clerk  is  also  the  county  clerk,  he  is  en- 
titled in  addition  thereto  to  the  fees  prescribed  in  §  3304  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure. 

Sec.  3301  is  as  follows:  "Except  as  otherwise  prescribed  in 
the  next  section,  each  clerk  of  a  court  of  record  is  entitled  for 
his  services  in  an  action  or  a  special  proceeding  brought  in  or 
transferred  to  the  court  of  which  he  is  clerk,  to  the  following 
fees  :  Upon  the  trial  of  the  action,  or  the  hearing  upon  the  merits 
of  the  special  proceeding,  from  the  party  bringing  it  on,  $1. 

''For  entering  final  judgment  in  the  action,  or  entering  a  final 
order  in  the  special  proceeding,  including  the  filing  of  the  judg- 
ment roll,  and  a  copy  of  the  judgment  to  insert  therein,  50  cents ; 
and  10  cents  in  addition  for  each  folio,  exceeding  ten,  contained 
in  the  order  or  judgment. 

"For  entering  any  other  order  or  an  interlocutory  judgment, 
10  cents  for  each  folio,  exceeding  five. 

"For  a  certified  or  other  copy  of  an  order,  record,  or  other 
paper,  entered  or  filed  in  his  office,  5  cents  for  each  folio. 

"Where,  on  an  appeal  from  a  judgment  or  order,  a  party  shall 
present  to  the  clerk  a  printed  copy  of  the  judgment  roll  or  order 
appealed  from,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  clerk,  as  required,  to 
compare  and  certify  the  same,  for  which  service  he  shall  be  en- 
titled to  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  1  cent  per  folio. 

10  N.  Y.   Supp.  659;   Erjtiitnhle  Life  "Code  Civ.  Proc.   §   3299;   Eaijnes 

Assur.  Soc.  V.  Bughes,  125  N.  Y.  106,  v.  Mosher,  15  How.  Pr.  216. 

19  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  326,  11  L.  ^-yeeder  v.  Mudfjeit.  27  Hun,  519, 

R.   A.   280,   34   X.   Y.   S.   R.   591,   26  Modified  in  95  N.  Y.  295. 

N.  E.  1. 


474  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

"For  a  certified  transcript  of  the  docket  of  a  judgment,  12 
cents. 

"For  filing  a  transcript  and  docketing  or  redocketing  a  judg- 
ment thereupon,  6  cents. 

"He  is  not  entitled  to  any  fee  or  other  compensation  for  any 
other  service,  in  an  action  or  a  special  proceeding  in  the  court, 
except  that  where  he  is  also  county  clerk,  he  may  charge  fees  as 
prescribed  in  §  3304  of  this  act,  subject  to  the  limitations  there- 
in contained. 

"Where  the  attorneys  for  all  the  parties  interested,  other  than 
parties  in  default,  or  against  whom  a  judgment  or  a  final  order 
bas  been  taken  and  is  not  appealed  from,  stipulate  in  writing 
that  a  paper  is  a  copy  of  any  paper  whereof  a  certified  copy  is 
required  by  any  provision  of  this  act,  the  stipulati/)n  takes  the 
place  of  a  certificate  as  to  the  parties  so  stipulating,  and  the 
clerk  is  not  required  to  certify  the  same,  or  entitled  to  any  fee 
therefor. 

"And  the  paper  so  proved  by  stipulation  shall  be  received  by 
the  clerks  of  all  the  courts  and  by  the  courts,  and  shall  be  used 
or  filed  with  the  same  force  and  effect  as  if  certified  by  a  clerk 
of  the  court." 

Sec.  3302  is  as  follows :  "The  last  section  does  not  apply  to  the 
clerk  of  a  surrogate's  court,  of  the  city  court  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  of  the  city  court  of  Yonkers,  of  the  justices'  court  of  the 
city  of  Albany,  or  of  a  mayor's  or  recorder's  court." 

The  clerk  or  any  other  officer  authorized  to  administer  an  oath, 
except  where  another  fee  is  specially  prescribed  by  statute,  is 
entitled  to  the  sum  of  12  cents,  for  administering  an  oath  or  af- 
firmation and  certifying  the  same.    Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3298. 

The  fees  of  the  clerk  of  the  court  of  appeals  are  prescribed  by 
§  3300  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  which  is  as  follows: 


ITEMS.  475 

"The  clerk  of  the  court  of  appeals  is  entitled,  for  the  services 
specified  in  this  section,  to  the  following  fees : 

"For  filing  a  notice  of  appeal  to  that  court,  and  all  the  papers 
transmitted  therewith,  50  cents. 

"For  filing  any  other  paper,  10  cents. 

"For  drawing  an  order,  20  cents  for  each  folio. 

"For  entering  an  order,  20  cents ;  and  for  each  folio  more  than 
two,  10  cents. 

"For  drawing  a  judgment,  25  cents;  and  for  each  folio  moro 
than  two,  10  cents. 

"For  entering  a  judgment,  25  cents;  and  for  each  folio  more 
than  two,  10  cents. 

"For  a  certified  copy  of  an  order,  record,  or  other  paper  en- 
tered or  filed  in  his  office,  10  cents  for  each  folio. 

"For  engrossing  a  remittitur,  10  cents  for  each  folio. 

"For  a  certificate,  other  than  that  a  paper,  for  the  copying 
of  which  he  is  entitled  to  a  fee,  is  a  copy,  25  cents. 

"For  sealing  any  paper,  when  required,  50  cents." 

A  clerk  may  demand  his  pay  for  any  service  before  he  per- 
forms it.  If  he  does  not,  he  gives  credit  to  the  party  at  whose 
request  the  service  was  performed.  The  clerk  is  bound  to  per- 
form each  service  required  of  him  on  being  paid  his  fee  therefor. 
He  cannot  insist  that,  before  performing  some  service,  he  shall 
first  be  paid  his  fees  for  some  previous  service  rendered  to  the 
same  party  for  which  he  has  given  credit.^^  Under  the  old  Code 
he  was  entitled  to  $1  on  trial  fee,  where  the  case  was  tried  by  a 
referee.  ^^ 

403.  Disbursements  in  obtaining  witnesses,  a.  Expense  of  serv- 
ing suhpcena. — The  expense  of  ser\'ing  subpoenas  could  not  be 
ullowed  under  the  Revised  Statute  or  the  Code  of  Procedure.^* 

"Purdy  V.  Peters,  23  How.  Pr.  328,  '^Case  v.  Price,  9  Abb.  Pr.  Ill,  17 
15  Abb.  Pr.  160.  How.   Pr.   348;    Rogers  v.   Rogers,  2 

^*Benton  v.  Sheldon,  1  N.  Y.  Code    Paige,  460,  464. 
Rep.  134. 


476  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

There  is  a  uniform  current  of  opinion  rec<ignizing  such  charges 
as  improper.  ^^ 

Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3307,  subd.  1,  exempts  the  service  of  a 
subpcEna  from  the  list  of  mandates  for  serving  which  the  sher- 
iff is  entitled  to  $1.  A  charge  for  such  a  disbursement  has  no 
authority.  The  requisites,  of  an  affidavit  upon  the  taxation  of 
witness  fees  are  contained  in  §  32 G7  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. 

h.  Not  necessary  that  witness  he  subpoenaed. — A  party  can 
tax  fees  for  a  witness  who  has  attended  the  trial  at  his  request. 
It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  the  witness  be  subpoenaed  in 
order  to  tax  his  fees.  It  is  sufficient  if  he  attend  the  trial  at 
the  request  of  the  party.^^  The  party  at  whose  request  he  at- 
tended is  liable  for  his  fees,  but  the  payment  of  fees  by  a  party 
after  a  case  is  disposed  of  in  his  favor,  when  he  is  not  legally 
liable  for  them,  does  not  entitle  him  to  have  such  fees  allowed.^'* 

c.  Fees  of  parties. — A  party  is  not  entitled  to  tax  witness  fees 
for  his  own  attendance.-^ ^  If  he  desires  to  have  the  testimony 
of  his  adversary,  he  must  subpoena  him  as  he  would  any  other 
witness,  thus  creating  a  duty  on  his  part  to  attend  and  be  sworn 
as  a  witness.^*^  If  his  adversary  is  present  in  court,  he  can  com- 
pel him  to  be  a  witness  by  subpoenaing  him  and  paying  him  his 
fees  therefor.  The  affidavit  need  not  show  in  the  first  instance 
that  the  witness  was  material,  and  need  not  be  made  by  the  party 
or  his  attorney,  but  may  be  made  by  a  third  party.^^ 

d.  Fees  of  stockholders  and  officers  of  a  corporation  and  of 
attorneys. — It  is  no  objection  to  the  taxation  of  the  fees  of  a  wit- 
ness that  he  is  a  stockholder  of  the  corporation  that  is  seeking 

^^Burnett  v.  Wcatfall,  15  How.  Pr.  ^Agricitltural  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bean,  45 

430;   Wheeler  v.  Lozee,  12  How.  Pr.  How.  Pr.  444. 

446;   Pierrepont  v.  Lovelass,  4  Hun,  "Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3288. 

681.  -"Hewlett  v.  Broion,   1   Bosw.   655, 

^''Wheeler    v.     Ruckman,     5     Robt.  7  Abb.  Pr.  74. 

702;   Wheeler  v.  Lozee,  12  How.  Pr.  ^^Willink  v.  Reekie,   19   Wend.  82. 
446;  Vence  v.  Speir,  18  How.  Pr.  168. 


ITEMS.  477 

to  tax  that  disbursement.^^  An  attorney  in  an  action  or  special 
proceeding  is  not  entitled  to  witness  fees.^^  Fees  for  officers  of 
a  corporation  which  is  a  party  cannot  be  taxed  nnless  the  affi- 
davit distinctly  shows  not  only  that  they  attended  as  witnesses, 
but  also  that  their  fees  have  been  or  will  be  paid.^* 

e.  Fees  of  witnesses  not  sworn. — It  is  presumptive  evidence 
that  a  witness  is  not  necessary'',  when  he  is  not  sworn.  That  pre- 
sumption must  be  overcome  before  his  fees  can  be  taxed.^^  If 
the  witnesses  are  not  paid  in  advance  or  daily,  that  is  a  strong 
■circumstance  against  the  allowance  of  their  fees.^*^  Fees  for 
witnesses  to  impeach  a  supposed  adverse  -udtness  cannot  be  taxed 
without  showing  sufficient  grounds  for  believing  that  such  wit- 
ness would  attend  court  and  be  sworn ;  and  where  he  did  not 
attend,  and  was  not  sworn,  it  must  further  appear  that  such  wit- 
nesses would  have  impeached  him  had  he  been  sworn.^^ 

A  defendant  who  had  been  sued  on  three  notes,  and  had  inter- 
posed the  defense  of  forgery  in  each  case,  was  held  justified  in 
subpoenaing  seventeen  ■^^dtnesscs  on  that  point  in  the  second  case 
tried,  where  he  had  called  twelve  on  the  first  case  and  had  been 
defeated,  although  the  court  on  the  second  trial  limited  him  to 
five.^^  The  court  has  power  to  limit  the  number  of  witnesses 
upon  any  one  point,  and  where  thirty-three  witnesses  are 
subpoenaed  to  impeach  the  plaintiff,  the  court  has  a  right  to  re- 
strict the  number  for  which  fees  may  be  allowed  to  the  number 
which  he  would  allow  to  testify.  In  one  case  it  was  five.^^  The 
plaintiff  was  allowed  to  tax  the  fees  of  ten  witnesses,  where  he 

^Medhurp     v.     Butternuts     &     S.  37G;   Mead  v.  Mallonj,  27  How.  Pr. 

Turnp.  Co.  1  How.  Pr.  231.  32. 

"  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3288.  -"Agrictdfural  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bmn,  45 

"Cheever  v.  Pitisiurgh,  S.  tC  L.  E.  How.  Pr.  444. 

R.  Co.  74  Hun,  539,  57  N.  Y.  S.  R.  "Agricultural  his.  Co.  v.  Becm,  45 

188,  2G  N.  Y.  Svipp.  829.  How.  Pr.  444. 

^''Eayncs  v.   Uosher,    15   How.   Pr.  ^Loiverre  v.  Vail,  5  Abb.  Pr.  227; 

216;    Kohn  v.   Manhattan  li.   Co.   8  Irioin  v.  Deyo,  2  Wend.  285. 

Misc.  421,  59  N.  Y.  S.  R.  34,  28  N.  Y.  -''Kley   v.    Eealey,    18   N.  Y.   S.  R. 

Supp.  663;  Dean  v.  Williams,  6  Hill,  174,  2  X.  Y.  Supp.  231. 


478  THE  LAW  or  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

had  subpoenaed  forty  to  support  his  general  character  in  an 
action  for  slander,  and  swore  only  two.^*^ 

The  clerk  should  adjourn  the  taxation  to  give  a  party  an  op- 
portunity to  procure  affidavits  showing  that  certain  persons 
whose  expenses  were  sought  to  be  taxed  were  not  material  or  nec5- 
essary,  or  had  not  been  subpoenaed  or  paid  their  fees.^^  The  tax- 
ing party  should  show  what  was  expected  to  be  proved  by  each 
witness,  and  why  he  was  not  called.^ ^ 

/.  Traveling  fees.  (1)  Where  witness  resides  out  of  the  state, 
— A  witness  who  lives  out  of  the  state  will  be  allowed  traveling 
fees  from  the  state  line,  by  the  nearest  usually  traveled  route.** 
But  if  subpoenaed  at  the  place  of  trial,  he  is  not  entitled  to  trav- 
eling fees,  and  they  cannot  be  taxed,  if  paid.^^ 

(2)  Where  witness  resides  in  the  state. — A  witness  residing 
in  the  state  is  only  entitled  to  traveling  fees  from  his  residence  to 
the  place  of  trial,  unless  it  appears  that  he  went  to  the  place  of 
trial  solely  for  the  purpose  of  attending  the  same,  and  that  he 
returned  to  the  place  where  he  was  subpoenaed  after  the  trial.'^^ 
Fees  in  such  cases  are  allowed,  unless  it  appears  that  the  party 
was  negligent  in  not  subpoenaing  him  before  he  left  home.  The 
necessity  of  showing  the  negligence,  or  want  of  it,  has  been  held 
to  be  upon  the  taxing  party.^*'    A  witness  is  entitled  to  his  trav- 

^Irwin  V.  Deyo,  2  Wend.  285.  Abb.  Pr.   152;    Wheeler  v.  Lozee,  12 

^^Agricultural  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bean,  45  How.  Pr.  446. 

How.  Pr.  444.  ^*DoicUnq  v.  Bush,  6  How.  Pr.  410; 

^Kohn  V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  8  Misc.  Bank  of  Niagara  v.  Austin,  6  Wend. 

421,    59   N.    Y.    S.    R.    34,   28    N.   Y.  548. 

Supp.  663;  Haynes  v.  Mosher,  15  ^''■Pfandler  Barm  Extracting  Bung- 
How.  Pr.  216;  Mark  v.  Buffalo,  87  ing  Apparatus  Co.  v.  Pfandler,  39 
N.  Y.  189;  Rohitzek  v.  Hect,  3  N.  Y.  Hun,  191,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  253;  8ar- 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  156;  Agricultjiral  gent  v.  Warren,  41  Hun,  103,  11  N. 
Ins.  Co.  V.  Bean,  45  How.  Pr.  444.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.   Rep.   160-,   Mitchell  v. 

*^Hicks    V.    Brennan,    10    Abb.    Pr.  Westcrvelt,  6  How.  Pr.  205. 

304;  Moulton  v.  Toivnsend,  16  How.  '^'t^argent  v.  Warren,  41  Hun,  103, 

Pr.  306;  Howland  v.  Lenox,  4  Johns.  11  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  160;  Mead 

311;   Clarks  v.   Staring,  4  How.  Pr.  v.  Mallory,  27  How.  Pr.  32.     Contra, 

243;    Hinds    v.    Schenectady    County  Pfandler   Barm   Extracting   Bunging 

Mut.  Ins.  Co.  7  How.  Pr.  142;  Taaks  Apparatus  Co.  v.  Pfandler,  39  Hun, 

v.  Schmidt,  25  How.  Pr.  340;   Dun-  191,  3  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  253. 
ham  V.  Sherman,  19  How.  Pr.  572,  11 


ITEMS.  47^' 

eling  fees,  going  and  returning,  every  time  he  is  compelled  to 
return  home  on  accomit  of  the  adjournment  of  the  court,  or  the 
setting  of  a  case  down  for  a  future  day;^'^  but  not  for  returning 
borne  over  Sunday.^*  Traveling  fees  will  not  be  allowed  simply 
because  the  witness  lives  at  a  distance  from  the  place  of  the  trial. 
[t  must  be  shown  that  the  Avitness  traveled  the  number  of  miles 
3harged,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  attending  the  trial,^^  and  that 
by  the  usually  traveled  route.^° 

Where  witnesses  have  been  subpoenaed  for  a  term  of  court^ 
and  they  are  prevented  from  coming  because  of  a  telegram  stat- 
ing that  the  court  would  not  be  held,  their  fees  can  be  taxed  ins 
the  judgmenf*^  When  a  case  is  put  over  the  term  upon  the  con- 
dition that  the  expenses  of  the  term  be  paid,  the  fees  paid  wit- 
nesses for  mileage  and  attendance  must  be  paid.*^ 

g.  Fees  when  witness  did  not  attend  the  trial. — A  party  can 
recover  back  the  fees  that  he  has  paid  a  witness  who  did  not  at- 
tend the  trial.  Therefore,  the  fees  of  a  witness  are  not  taxable^ 
where  he  did  not  attend  the  trial,^^  or  where  he  did  not  arrive 
till  after  the  trial. ^^  But  a  plaintiff  was  allowed  to  tax  the  fees 
of  witnesses  who  left  home  in  time  to  attend  the  opening  of  th& 
term  of  court,  but,  on  account  of  an  accident,  did  not  arrive  till 
the  opening  of  the  second  day,  where  no  case  had  been  tried  and 
the  case  for  which  they  were  subpoenaed  had  been  put  over  the 
term  upon  the  motion  of  the  defendant  at  the  opening  of  the 
court  on  the  first  day.^^ 

A  party  has  three  remedies  against  a  witness  who  does  not  at- 
tend the  court  after  being  legally  subpoenaed : 

*^Moulton   V.    Toionsend,    16    How.  *^Roth  v.  Meads,  20  How.  Pr.  287. 

Pr.    306;    Miller    v.    Huntington,    1  *-Ford  v.  Monroe,  6  How.  Pr.  204^ 

How.  Pr.  218.  10  N.  Y.  Le^ral  Obs.  155. 

^Muscott  V.   Runge,   27   How.   Pr.  *^Ehle  v.  Bingham,  4  Hill,  595. 

85;   Hoffman  v.   'Neio  York,  L.  E.  d:  **Bootli  v.  Smith,  5  Wend.  107. 

W.  R.  Co.  18  Jones  &  S.  512.  *^ Anonymous,  3  Hill,  457. 

"^Wheeler  v.  Ruckman,  5  Robt.  702. 

^^Agricultural  Ins.  Co.  V.  Bean,  45 
How.  Pr.  444. 


480  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

1.  An  notion  at  common  law  for  damages. 

2.  By  attachment  proceedings. 

3.  By  bringing  an  action  against  liim  for  the  statutory  pen- 
alty. If  he  brings  an  action  against  a  witness  he  must  prove 
that  the  defendant  was  a  material  witness  and  that  he  suffered 
damages  by  such  nonattendancc.  The  omission  to  pay  the  wit- 
ness his  fees,  day  by  day,  is  a  reasonable  excuse  for  nonattend- 
ancc, as  the  witness  is  not  obliged  to  trust  the  party  for  his  legal 
fees.^'' 

h.  Terms  for  v'liich  fees  of  witnesses  may  he  taxed. — Witness 
fees  can  be  charged  only  for  the  terms  of  court  when  the  taxing 
party  was  ready  to  try  the  case.'*^  He  is  not  justified  in  subpoe- 
naing witnesses  for  a  term  of  court  at  which  it  was  certain  that 
the  case  would  not  be  tried,  but  would  be  sent  to  a  referee.'*^  A 
party  who  has  a  default  opened,  upon  paying  to  the  opposite 
party  the  costs  of  that  term,  has,  upon  ultimately  succeeding  in 
the  action  the  right  to  tax  his  disbursements  for  witnesses  for 
the  term  at  which  the  default  was  taken. '^^ 

i.  Days  for  which  fees  of  witnesses  may  he  ^Mxed. — Generally 
a  party  can  tax  witness  fees  only  for  the  days  that  the  case  was 
on  the  day  calendar  and  the  witnesses  were  in  attendance.^°  The 
fact  that  the  trial  closes  so  late  that  a  ^vitness  cannot  reach  home 
that  night,  but  is  compelled  to  remain  till  the  next  day,  does  not 
entitle  him  to  fees  for  the  day  that  he  is  compelled  to  remain  at 
the  place  of  trial.^^  But  if  it  can  be  shown  that  it  was  necessary 
to  subpoena  witnesses  earlier,  in  order  to  insure  their  attendance 
when  wanted,  the  fees  for  the  time  that  the  \vitnesses  were  under 
subpoena  can  be  taxed.^^    A  witness  will  be  granted  an  allowance 

*^Couriucy  v.  Baker,   3   Denio,  27.        ^"Vence  v.  Rpeir,  18  How.  Pr.  168; 

'Uiohn  V.  Manhattan  R.  Co.  8  Misc.    -l"^^  v.  Mahon,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  468. 

421     59   K   Y.    S.   R.    34,   28   N.   Y.        ^' Evans  v.  Ferguson,  10  N.  Y.  Civ. 

o"   '       onn       rl  7  '    /^7        7  Proc.  ReD.  .57. 

Supp.    663;    Delcomyn    v.    Chamber-        ,  t  ,  _     -r,„K+ 

'  t^  '  ;"  -Whecier    v.    uuckman,     5    Kobt. 

lain,  48  How.  Pr.  411.  ^^g;  Curtis  v.  Button,  4  Sandf.  719; 

"^Pike  V.  'S'ash,  16  How.  Pr.  53.  Crummer  v.  Huff,  1  Wend.  24:  Allen 

*mudson  V.    Erie  It.   Co.   57   App.  v.  Mahon,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  468 ;  Ehle  v. 

"Div.  98,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  28.  Bingham,  4  Hill,  595. 


ITEMS.  481 

for  the  time  that  the  court  is  in  session,  when  the  distance  from 
his  home  to  the  court  is  so  great  that  it  is  impracticable  for  him 
to  go  home  and  return  upon  the  day  for  which  the  case  is  set 
do^ai  for  triah^^  A  witness  is  entitled  to  fees  for  Saturday 
and  Sundav,^^  If  the  witness  lives  where  the  trial  is  held  and 
attends  at  the  courthouse  only  on  the  day  of  trial,  fees  for  only 
one  day  can  be  taxed. '-^  If  the  court  has  a  day  calendar  and  the 
witness  actually  attends  court  each  day  that  the  case  is  on  the  day 
calendar,  he  is  entitled  to  fees  for  those  days.^^  If  the  witness 
resides  without  the  state  the  time  of  his  attendance  can  be  com- 
puted only  from  the  time  that  he  crosses  the  boundary  line  of 
the  state,  until  he  reaches  the  same  place  upon  his  return.^'^ 

j.  When  a  witness  is  entiiled  to  fees  in  tivo  cases. — A  witness 
is  entitled  to  full  fees  in  each  of  two  cases  if  he  is  in  attendance 
at  the  court,  although  the  parties  to  both  actions  are  the  same.^^ 
But  where  both  actions  are  tried  together,  he  is  entitled  to  but 
one  fee.^® 

At.  Departure  of  witnesses  hefore  the  trial. — A  party  who  al- 
lows his  witnesses  to  go  before  trial  is  no. more  entitled  to  tax 
fees  for  their  traveling  and  attendance  than  he  would  be  for  mt- 
nesses  who  came  after  the  trial  was  over.  In  neither  case  can 
they  be  taxed.'^*'  A  defendant  attended  court  with  his  witnesses, 
and  then  left  with  them  when  he  thought  that  his  case  could  not 
be  reached  that  term.  The  case  was  reached  and  the  plaintiff 
took  a  default,  which  was  afterwards  opened,  and  the  defendant 

^^ilotiUon    V.    Toirnsend,    16    How.  304;     T>»ce    v.    Speir,    18    How.    Pr. 

Pr.  306.  168;  Lyman  v.  Young  Men's  Cosmo- 

"•^Movlton    V.    ToivusohI,    16    How.  politan  Club,  38  App.  Div.  220,  56  N. 

Pr.    306;     Wheeler    v.    Huckman,    5  Y.  Supp.   712;   Willink  v.  Reekie,   19 

Robt.    702;     Museott    v.    Runge,    27  Wend.    82;     TaaliS    v.    Schmirlt,    25 

How.  Pr.  85.  How.  Pr.  340. 

^^Agricultural  Ins.  Co.  v.  Bean,  45  •''^Handers  v.   Failing,   3   Thoiiip.    & 

How.  Pr.  444.  C.  64.     Contra,  Wilder  v.  Wheeler,  1 

"■^Mead  v.  Mallory,  27  How.  Pr.  32;  How.  Pr.  136. 

Allen  \\  Mahon,  \  Ahh.'S.  C.  AQ9>.  ^"DowUng    v.    Bvsh,    6    How.    Pr. 

^''Hoii-land  v.  Lenox,  4  Johns.  311.  410;   Booth  v.  Smith,  5   Wend.   107. 

^Hicks    V.    I'rennan,    10    Abb.    Pr. 
COSTS   31. 


482  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

won,  but  he  was  not  allowed  to  tax  the  witnesses'  fees  for  the 
term  that  the  default  was  taken. "^  If  a  witness  departs  before 
the  trial,  his  fees  may  be  recovered  from  him.^^  AVhere  the  ad- 
versary charges  in  an  affidavit,  upon  infonnation  and  belief,  that 
some  of  the  witnesses  charged  for  in  the  bill  of  costs  had  de- 
parted for  home  before  the  trial,  an  ordinary  affidavit  will  not  be 
sufficient  to  sustain  those  charges.''^ 

L  Expert  witnesses. — The  fees  of  experts,  beyond  the  fees 
fixed  by  statute  for  witnesses,  are  not  taxable  disbursements.^* 

Section  308  of  the  Code  of  Criminal  Procedure  does  not 
cover  the  fees  of  expert  witnesses  called  on  the  part  of  the  pris- 
oner, under  the  head  of  incidental  expenses,  or  personal  ex- 
penses.^""  Fees  of  expert  witness  cannot  be  taxed  in  the  dis- 
trict courts  of  New  York.  Fees  of  witnesses  in  that  court  are 
fixed  by  §  1370  of  the  consolidation  act.*^*^ 

404.  Jurors'  fees.— The  plaintifl'  cannot  tax  jurors'  fees  where 
the  defendant  suffers  default  upon  the  calling  of  the  case  at  the 
trial  term,  because  the  defendant  thereby  waives  a  jury  trial.^^ 

The  successful  party  can  charge  the  amount  paid  to  each  jury, 
where  there  has  been  more  than  one  trial,  even  if  the  jury  dis- 
agrees, or  its  verdict  is  set  aside  for  their  misconduct. ^*^ 

405.  Proving  genuineness  of  paper. —  The  attorney  for  a  party 
may,  at  any  time  before  the  trial,  exhibit  to  the  attorney  for  the 
adverse  party  a  paper,  material  to  the  action,  and  request  a  writ- 
ten admission  of  its  genuineness.  If  the  admission  is  not  given 
within  four  days  after  the  request,  and  the  paper  is  proved  or 

*^Purdr/  V.  Morgan,  2  How.  Pr.  149.  '^^People  ex  rel.   Cant  well  v.  Coler, 

"-Ehle  V.  Bingham,  4  Hill,  595.  CI  App.  Div.  51)8,  70  N.  Y.  Supp.  755. 

"^Dowling  v.  Bush,  6  How.  Pr.  410;  ^'^Rundnll  v.  Morning  Journal  Asso. 

Dean  v.   Williams,  G  Hill,  376.  22  Misc.  715,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1064. 

"^Mark  v.  Buffalo,  87  N.  Y.  184,  13  "Goodyear  v.  Baird,   11   How.  Pr. 

N.    Y.    Week.    Dig.    415;    Randall   v.  377. 

Morning  Journal  Asso.  22  Misc.  715,  '^Hudson   v.   Erie   R.    Co.    57    App. 

49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1064;  Re  Grade  Cross-  Div.  98,  78  N.  Y.  Supp.  28. 
ing   Comrs.    19   Misc.   230,   43    N.   Y. 
Supp.     1073;     Rogers    v.    Rogers,    2 
Paige,  458. 


ITEAIS.  483 

admitted  on  the  trial,  the  expense  incnrred  by  the  party  exhibit- 
ing it,  in  order  to  prove  its  genuineness,  must  be  ascertained  at 
the  trial,  and  paid  by  the  party  refusing  the  admission,  unless 
it  appears,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  there  was  a  good 
reason  for  the  refusal.*'^ 

406.  Trial  fee.  a.  In  general. — A  trial  fee  cannot  be  taxed  un- 
less there  is  a  trial,  which  means  a  judicial  examination  of  the 
issues  raised,  either  by  the  pleadings  or  by  the  evidence.  There- 
fore, if  the  plaintifP  moves  to  discontinue  when  the  case  is  reach- 
ed on  the  call  of  the  calendar,  which  motion  is  granted,  with 
costs,  the  defendant  cannot  tax  a  trial  fee."^*^  A  trial  fee  has  been 
allowed  when  the  case  was  discontinued,  when  it  was  on  the  day 
calendar,  although  not  actually  reached. '^^  But  if  the  complaint 
is  dismissed  upon  the  default  of  the  plaintiff  and  the  motion  of 
the  defendant,  a  trial  fee  is  taxable.^^  When  a  plaintiff  accepts 
an  offer  of  settlement,  made  by  the  defendant  after  the  case  is 
on  the  day  calendar,  he  cannot  tax  a  trial  fee.''^^  He  is  entitled 
to  a  trial  fee  where  the  defendant  insists  upon  his  defense  till 
the  plaintiff  moves  the  case  for  trial.'^*  But  where  a  defendant, 
two  days  before  the  case  was  on  the  day  calendar,  would  not  ac- 
cept the  plaintiff's  offer  to  discontinue  upon  the  payment  of  costs, 
because  he  wished  to  move  for  an  additional  allowance,  he  can- 
not, after  the  decision  of  that  motion,  tax  up  a  trial  fee,  al- 
though the  case  had,  in  the  meantime,  appeared  on  the  day  cal- 
endar.'^^ 

A  defendant  is  entitled  to  a  trial  fee  when  the  case  is  dis- 
missed at  the  trial  before  any  evidence  is  taken."^^    Where  a  mo- 

"Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  735.  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  113,  23  N. 

'"'Studwell  V.  Baxter,  33  Hun,  331 ;  Y.  Siipp.  674. 

Sutphen     v.     Lash,     10     Hun,     120.  '''Kronslerg    v.    Mayer,    20    N.    Y. 

Contra,  Ehlers  v.  Willis,  63  How.  Pr.  Civ.  Proc.   Rep.  80,    15  N.  Y.   Supp. 

341 ;  Jones  v.  Case,  38  How.  Pr.  349.  328. 

""Duperey  v.  Phoenix,  1  Abb.  N.  C.  ''"Jones  v.   Case,  38  How.  Pr.  349. 

133  note.  '"McComh  v.  Kellogg,  13  N.  Y.  Civ. 

^""Dodd  V.  Curry,  4  How.  Pr.   123,  Proc.  Rop.  150. 

2  N.  Y.  Code  Rep.  60;  Cole  v.  Lowry,  '"'Dodd  v.   Curry,  4  How.   Pr.   123, 


484  TlIK  l.A\V  01<'  COisTS  IK   AKW    VOJaC. 

tion  is  made  in  the  special  terra  wlien  the  case  is  called  for  trial, 
for  the  dismissal  of  the  complaint  on  the  ground  that  the  facts 
stated  therein  do  not  entitle  the  plaintiff  to  relief  in  equity, 
and  the  case  is  sent  to  the  trial  term  and  there  disposed  of,  the 
procee;lings  in  the  special  terra  do  not  constitute  a  trial,  and  the 
successful  party  can  not  tax  a  fee  therefor. '^^  But  if  the  court 
at  trial  term  finally  disposes  of  the  issues  upon  a  motion  to  dis- 
miss the  complaint  because  it  did  not  state  a  cause  of  action,  a 
trial  fee  is  taxable/*  No  issue  is  raised  by  the  pleadings,  where 
no  ansAver  or  demurrer  is  served,  or  when  the  answer  does  not 
deny  the  indebtedness  set  forth  in  the  complaint,  but  sets  up  a 
counterclaim,  to  which  no  reply  is  served.  In  such  cases  the 
plaintiff  is  not  entitled  to  tax  the  costs  for  proceedings  subse- 
quent to  the  notice  of  trial,  nor  for  a  trial  fee.'^'*  There  is  no 
trial  when  the  court,  of  its  own  motion,  sends  the  case  to  a 
referee,  after  one  witness  is  sworn. ^*^ 

h.  More  than  one  trial. — A  trial  fee  is  chargeable  for  every 
time  the  case  is  tried,  whether  there  is  a  verdict  or  not.  The 
labor  is  just  as  great  where  the  jury  disagree  as  where  they 
agree.^^  The  successful  party  may  also,  in  the  first  department, 
tax  for  each  trial  the  amount  allowed  when  a  case  takes  more 
than  two  days ;  also  the  charge  for  all  proceedings  after  notice 
and  before  trial,^^  and  the  term  fees  for  the  term,  if  it  is  on  the 

2   N.   Y.   Code  Rep.   69;    Shannon  v.  N.  Y.  Supp.  28;  Friedheim  v.  Metro- 

Brower,  2  Abb.  Pr.  377.  politaii  Street   R.  Co.   35  Misc.   199, 

'"Evans  v.  Ferguson,  10  N.  Y.  Civ.  71     N.    Y.    Supp.    485;     La  fond    v. 

Proe.   Rep.   57.  .fetzlcoiDitz,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  87;  Faher 

''^Shannon   v.   Brewer,   2   Abb.    Pr.  v.  Van  Tassel! ,  4  Month.  L.  Rep.  30. 

377;  Mora  v.  Great  Western  Ins.  Co.  ^"Gilroy  v.   Badger,   28   Misc.    143. 

10  Bosw.  622.  58   N.  Y.   Supp.   1106;   Friedheim  v. 

''^Pardee  v.   Schenck,    11    How.   Pr.  Metropolitan  Street  R.  Co.  35  Misc. 

500;  Coften  V.  CoZiPx,  72  Hun,  393,  55  199,   71   N.  Y.   Supp.   485;    Zehnavo- 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  463,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  387.  vitz  v.   Manhattan  R.   Co.  24  N.  Y. 

^"Third  Nat.  Bank  v.  McKinstry,  2  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  402,  67  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

Hun,  443,  5  Thomp.  &  C.  52.  405,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  583;   Spring  v. 

^^Hamilton  v.  Butler,  30  How.  Pr.  Day,  44  How.  Pr.   390;   Kummer  v. 

36,    19   Abb.    Pr.    446,   4   Robt.    654;  Christopher  Street   R.   Co.    12   Misc. 

Spring  v.  Do;/,  44  How.  Pr.  390;  Hud-  387,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  404.  67 

.son  V.  Erie  R.  Co.  57  App.  Div.  98,  68  N.  Y.  S.  R.  404.  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  58L 


ITEMS.  485 

calendar.^^  But  the  item  for  all  proceedings  after  notice  and 
before  trial  is  not  allowed  in  the  second  department  where  the 
calendar  practice  requires  but  one  notice  of  trial.*'*  Where  there 
are  issues  of  fact  as  well  as  of  law,  and  the  court  has  passed  on 
the  issue  of  law,  and  sent  the  facts  to  a  referee,  two  trial  fees 
may  be  charged.**^ 

Tavo  trial  fees  may  also  be  taxed  where  a  referee  dies  before 
the  case  is  finished,  and  a  new  trial  is  necessary. ^^  A  party  is 
entitled  to  tax  the  costs  of  a  trial,  where  it  was  commenced  be- 
fore a  judge  who  was  disqualified  to  hear  the  case,  and  also  an- 
other trial  fee  when  the  case  was  disposed  of.*^  Where  the  plain- 
liff  puts  the  case  on  the  short  cause  calendar  and  it  is  not  tried 
in  an  hour,  and  is  sent  to  the  general  calendar,  the  defendant  is 
entitled  to  two  trial  fees  and  two  items  of  costs  after  notice  of 
f  rial.*^ 

c.  Only  one  trial  fee  ta.iahle. — ^But  one  trial  fee  can  be  taxed 
where  the  plaintiff  was  nonsuited  at  the  trial,  and  the  appellate 
division  reversed  the  trial  term,  but  the  court  of  appeals  ren- 
•lered  judginent  absolute,  and  the  amount  of  the  recovery  was 
determined  by  an  assessment  of  damages  at  the  trial  term.  The 
[daintilf,  however,  can  recover  his  disbursements  upon  the  assess- 
ment of  damages,  under  §§  3228  and  3256  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure.^^     But  one   trial   fee  can  be  taxed   when,    at  the 

^^Spring  v.  Day,  44  How.  Pr.  390.  ^'Wiggins  v.  Arkenhurgh,  4  Sandf. 

^Seifter    v.    Brooldyn    Heights   R.  688:    Evans   v.   Ferguson,    10   N.   Y. 

Co.  53  App.  Div.  443,  65  N.  Y.  Supp.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  57. 

1123;  Hudson,  v.  Erie  R.  Co.  57  App.  ^-Kleg   v.   Healeg,    18   N.    Y.    S.   R. 

Div.    98.   68   N.   Y.   Supp.   28;    Bank  174,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  23. 

of  Mobile  V.  Phoenix  Ins.  Co.  8  IST.  Y.  ^''Cregin    v.   Bronkh/n   Cross    Town 

C,iv.  Proc.  Rep.  212;  Arent  v.  Eisen-  R.  Co.  19  Hun,  349. 

iiann,  decided  by  the  same  court  as  ^^(filroy   v.   Badger,   28    jMisc.    143, 

Spring  v.  Day,  is  said  to  liave  over-  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1106;  Barry  v.  Win- 

ruled   the  latter   case  in   9  Abbott's  kle,  36  Misc.  171,  73  N.  Y.  Supp.  188. 

Digest    (Rev.    ed.    2d.    Supp.  )     Title  ^Young   v.    f^yracuse,   B.   &   N.    Y. 

"Costs"  par.  359;  Hudson  v.  Erie  R.  R.  Co.  35  Misc.  114,  71  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Co.  57  App.  Div.  98,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  221. 
28;   Tlakonson  v.  Metropolitan  Street 
R.  Co.  40  Misc.  182.  81   N.  Y.  Supp. 
662. 


486  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOEK. 

trial,  before  the  impaneling  of  a  jnry,  the  plaintiff  made  a  mo- 
tion for  judgment  on  the  pleadings,  and  after  argument,  briefs 
were  submitted,  and  later  the  court  handed  down  a  decision  de- 
nying the  motion  and  ordering  the  case  on  the  calendar,  and  the 
case  was  tried.  AVhat  took  place  the  first  time  was  simply  a  pre- 
liminary motion. ^^ 

d.  WitJidrawal  of  a  juror. — Where  a  trial  has  duly  com- 
menced and  the  court  allows  its  discontinuance  upon  the  with- 
drawal of  a  juror,  the  party  finally  successful  can  tax  a  trial  fee 
for  such  procedure.^^  But  where  a  juror  is  withdrawn  after  the 
plaintiff  has  moved  for  judgment  upon  the  pleadings,  upon  tho 
condition  of  the  defendant  paying  $30  costs,  or  all  costs  to  date, 
the  plaintiff',  upon  succeeding  upon  a  new  trial,  cannot  tax  two 
trial  fecs.^^ 

e.  Inquest  or  clefauU. — An  inquest  is  such  a  trial  that  it  en- 
titles the  plaintiff  to  a  trial  fee.^^  The  defendant^'*  or  tht; 
plaintiff^^  who  takes  a  judgment  by  default,  which  is  opened 
without  terms,  is  entitled  to  a  t'^ial  fee  therefor,  if  he  succeeds 
upon  the  new  trial.  In  such  a  case  he  may  tax  two  trial  fees, 
unless  the  court  in  its  order  expressly  limits  the  amount  of  costs 
to  be  taxed  for  the  favor  of  opening  the  dcfault.^^ 

If  two  inquests  have  been  opened  and  upon  a  trial  the  plain- 

'^Pach  V.    Gilherf,   29   N.   Y.    S.   R.  Supp.   10S6;    Candee  v.  Jones,   13  N. 

833,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  546.  Y.   Civ.   Proc.   Rep.    160;    Wessels  v. 

^^Mott    V.    Consumers    Ice    Co.    8  Carr,   22   Abb.    N.   C.    464,    6   N.    Y. 

Daly,  244;  Dcicey  v.  Stewart,  6  IIow.  Supp.  535. 

Pr.  465.  "X'ole  v.  Loicry,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

^^Starr  Cash  Car  Co.  v.  Reinliardt,  Eep.  113,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  674. 

3    Misc.    625,    23    N.    Y.    Supp.    733;  "'Lcnnon  v.  Macintosh.  19  Abb.  N. 

Byrne  v.  Brooklyn  City  &  N.  R.  Co.  C.    175. 

6  Misc.  6,  58  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121,  26  N.  "'■Candee  v.   Jones,    13   N.   Y.   Civ. 

Y.  Supp.  65.  Proc.  Rop.   100;   Baker  v.  McMullen, 

^^Vexss  v.  Morrell,  7  Misc.  541,  58  2S  ]Misc.   128,  58  N.  Y.  Supp.  1086; 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  319,  28  N.  Y.  Supp.  61;  Jacob  Hoffman  Brewing  Co.  v.  Volpe, 

Haivley  v.  Davis,  5  Hun,  642;  Pome-  4    Misc.    261,    23    N.   Y.    Supp.    812; 

roy  V.  Hnlin,  7  How.  Pr.  161;   Iler-  Cole  v.   Loicry,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

man  v.   Lyons,  10  Hun,   111;   Baker  Rep.  113,  23  N.  Y.  Supp.  674. 
V.  McMidlcn,  28  Misc.  128,  58  N.  Y. 


ITEMS.  487 

tiff  recovers  a  judgment,  he  is  entitled  to  tax  three  trial  fees,^'^ 
Whether  the  successful  party  may  tax  the  costs  that  were  paid 
by  the  defeated  party  to  open  the  inquest  or  default  depends 
upon  the  construction  that  the  different  courts  place  upon  their 
own  order. ^* 

jSiO  trial  fee  is  allowable  in  a  divorce  action  where  there  is  no 
•demurrer  or  answer,  and  the  plaintiff  obtains  a  decree  upon 
application  to  the  court  after  proving  his  case.^^ 

/.  Neiv  trial  had  pursuant  to  aji  order. — The  provisions  of 
subd.  3  of  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  allowing  $25 
to  be  taxed  for  proceedings  after  the  granting  of  and  before  a 
new  trial,  are  not  applicable  to  the  proceedings  after  the  opening 
of  an  inquest  and  before  a  new  trial,^°*^  nor  to  the  proceedings 
after  the  withdrawal  of  a  juror  by  one  of  the  parties,  and  a  new 
trial  pursuant  to  an  order  of  the  judge  restoring  the  case  to  the 
calendar  ;^'^^  but  these  jirovisions  only  apply  to  those  cases  where 
the  trial  is  actually  completed,  and  a  new  trial  is  granted  by  an 
order  setting  aside  the  verdict,  or  the  judgment  entered  thereon, 
and  granting  a  new  triaP"^  or  a  reversal  of  the  judgment  on  ap- 
peal. This  sum  can  be  taxed  on  eveiw  new  trial  where  the  ap- 
pellate court  awards  a  new  trial. ^''^  Where  the  defeated  party 
moved  for  a  reargument,  but  gave  no  security  for  a  stay,  the  suc- 
cessful party  was  held  entitled  to  tax  $25  costs  after  the  grant- 
ing of  a  new  trial,  and  a  trial  fee  where  he  placed  the  case  on  the 
calendar  and  held  it  till  the  motion  for  reargument  was  de- 
cided.^'^"*      Whether  the  costs  of  the  first  trial  can  be  included  in 

^Wesself^   V.    Carr,    22   Abb.    N.    C.  ^'"Hamilton  v.  Butler,  30  How.  Pr. 

464,  6  N.  Y.  Supp.  53.5.  36,    19    Abb.    Pr.    44G,    4    Robt.    654; 

"^Andrews  v.  Cross,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  Hudson  v.  Erie  R.  Co.  57  App.  Div. 

92;  l.cnnon  v.  Macintosh,  19  Abb.  N.  98,   68   N.  Y.   Supp.  28;    Kummer  v. 

C.   175.  Christopher  d    T.   Street   R.    Co.    12 

^^Cohen   v.  Cohen,  72  Hun,  393,  55  IMisc.  387.  24  N.  Y.   Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

X.  Y.  S.  R.  463,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  387.  404,   67   X.   Y.   S.   R.   404,   33   N.   Y. 

^""Wessels  v.   Carr,   22   Abb.   N.   C.  Supp.  581. 

464,  6  X.  Y.  Supp.  535.  '"^Faher  v.    Tan   Tassell.   4   Month. 

'■"'Bloch   V.    Linsley,   40    Misc.    184,  L.  Bull.  30. 

81  N.  Y.  Supp.  GGl.  ^'^Van  Gelder  v.  HallenheQlc,  15  N. 


488  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

the  second  trial,  which  has  been  granted  by  the  judge,  depends 
upon  that  order.  They  cannot  be  taxed,  as  of  course.  \Vlien 
they  have  been  wrongly  inchided,  the  party  aggrieved  should 
move  to  set  aside  the  judgment  for  irregularity.  These  irregu- 
larities cannot  be  reached  and  brought  up  by  exceptions  upon  an 
appeal  from  the  judgment. -^^^ 

407.  When  the  trial  occupies  more  than  two  days. —  A  trial  is 
completed  and  hnished  as  regards  the  allowance  for  a  case  which 
occupies  more  than  two  days,  when  the  case  is  finally  submitted 
to  the  jury  and  they  have  retired  to  deliberate  upon  their  ver- 
dict.^^^  A  trial  occupies  more  than  two  days  when  the  plaintiff 
finishes  his  case  at  the  close  of  the  second  day,  and  the  complaint 
is  dismissed  at  the  opening  of  court  on  the  third  day  upon  the 
defendant's  motion,  without  the  introduction  of  any  further  ev- 
idence.^ ""^^  The  law  takes  no  notice  of  fractions  of  days.'^'^'^ 
This  charge  may  be  included  for  every  trial  had,  when  it  occu- 
pies more  than  two  days.^^^  The  fact  that  counsel  is  given  addi- 
tional time  to  submit  briefs  is  not  to  be  considered  in  deciding 
whether  the  trial  occupied  more  than  two  days.^*^^ 

408.  Term  fees.  a.  Statntr. — The  statute  governing  term  fees 
is  contained  in  §  3251,  subds.  3,  4,  5,  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. 

b.  In  tlie  court  of  appeals. — The  court  of  appeals  holds  but 
one    term    each    year.      Therefore,    but    one    term    fee    can    be 

V.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  333,  18  X.  Y.  S.  R.  loeaj/off   v.    Consumers'   Ice   Co.   8 

1  "J,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252 ;  Faber  v.  Van  Daly,  244. 

Tassell,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  30.  ""Mott    v.    Coiiswner.<i'    Ice    Co.    8 

^"'^CocJiran  v.  Gotttcald,  9  Jones  &  Daly,    244.       Contra,    Washburne   v. 

S.  317;  Johnson  v.  Carnley,  10  N.  Y.  Oliver,  62  How.  Pr.  482. 

570,   61    Am.   Dec.   762;   Inxjersoll  v.  "^Sprinfi  v.  Bay,  44  How.  Pr.  390. 

Bostwick,  22  N.  Y^.  425;  Fitzhugh  v.  ^"^Evans  v.  Ferguson,  10  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Wiman,  9  N.  Y'^.  559.  Proc.  Rep.  57. 

^'^Mi/gatt  V.  Willcox,  35  How.  Pr. 
410:  Washburne  V.  Oliver,  62  How. 
Pr.  482. 


ITEIMS. 


489 


charged  for  each  year,  excluding  the  term  at  which  the  case  Avas 
disposed  of.^^^ 

c.  Case  7iivst  he  in  a  condilion  to  he  disposed  of. — No  term  feo 
can  be  taxed  by  anyone  until  the  case  is  at  issue  as  to  all  par- 
ties/^ ^  although  it  is  put  on  the  calendar  by  a  defendant  who 
was  ready  for  trial.^^^  A  party  is  not  entitled  to  term  fees  for 
those  terms  at  which  the  case  could  not  be  moved  on  account  of  a 
stay  granted  therein.^^^  Term  fees  cannot  be  charged  in  the  ap- 
pellate division  wdien  the  case  is  not  in  a  condition  to  be  consid- 
ered by  that  court."''' 

d.  Term  fees  for  terms  hefore  the  araendment  of  the  coin- 
plaint. — Term  lees  accruing  before  an  amendment  to  a  com- 
plaint are  not  taxable,  because  the  amendment  destroys  the 
ii^sue.^^^ 

A  party  who  obtains  judgment  because  of  the  frivolousness  of 
an  answer  interposed  cannot  tax  term  fees  for  the  terms  that  the 
case  was  on  the  calendar,  because  he  could  have  obtained  the 
same  relief  without  putting  it  on  the  calendar.^^'^ 

c.  Effect  of  refcrrouj  a  case. — Where  a  case  is  referred  upon 
motion  before  it  is  reached  on  the  calendar,  no  term  fee  can  be 
charged  for  that  term,  because  it  could  have  been  referred  with- 
out putting  the  case  on  the  calendar.^^^     But  when  the  case  is 

^"Dcgcner  v.    Underwood.   31    Abb.  Z\no   Min.   Co.    4   Duer,   681,   2   Abb. 

y.  C.  479,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  121.  30  N.  Pr.  2o.3. 

Y.    Supp.   399;    Becker  v.    Melropoli-  ^^"'Jloiren   v.    fiireeney.   66   Hun.  42. 

ian  Elev.  R.  Co.  30  K  Y.  Sui)p.  400 ;  49  N.  Y.  S.  R.  003,  20  N.  Y.  Supp. 

Palmer  v.  De  Witt,  42  How.  Pr.  466 ;  733. 

FoiceU  V.  /Yp)p  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.  ^'*8hufelt  v.   Powers,   13  How.   Pr. 

14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proe.  Rep.  125,  3  N.  Y.  89.     Contra,  Simpson  v.   Roiran,    13 

Supp.    763;    ^Yhiteman    v.    Leslie,    1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  206. 

Month.     L.     Bull.     50;     Simpsoii     v.  ^^'Xohis  v.  Pollock,   18   N.  Y.   Civ. 

7?oirou,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  206;  Proc.   Rep.    1,    13    N.   Y.    Supp.    837: 

Kahn  v.  Coen,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  478,  62  Van  Gelder  v.  Hallenheck,   15  X.  Y. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  107,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  347.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  333,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R. 

{Carpenter  v.   Willett,   28   How.   Pr.  19,  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252. 

376;  7^aZ/Hcr  v.  De  ll'i/^  42  How.  Pr.  "''Her:;feld    v.    Reinach,    2fi    Misc. 

466,  and  Maey  v.  Xelson,  49  How.  Pr.  489,  57  N.  Y.  Supp.  669. 

204,  were  decided  before  tlie  adoption  "''Candee  v.  Ogilvic.  5  Duer,  658. 

of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.)  ^^^Pcrry  v.  Livingston,   0  How.  Pr. 

"^Livingston    v.    Yieille    Monhigne  404. 


490  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

referred  by  consent  when  it  is  reached  on  the  call  of  the  calen- 
dar, the  snccessful  party  is  entitled  to  a  term  fee  for  the  term 
at  which  it  was  so  referred.^ ^^  Term  '"ees  cannot  be  charged  for 
terms  after  the  case  has  been  referred. ^^^ 

/■',  ^Vhere  the  successful  party  did  not  notice  the  case. — A 
cause  is  ^'necessarily  on  the  calendar"  within  the  meaning  of 
subd.  3  of  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  when  it  is  at 
issue,  and  in  readiness  for  trial.^^^  The  successful  party  in  an 
action  is  entitled  to  tax  term  fees  for  all  the  terms  not  exceeding 
five,  exclusive  of  the  term  at  which  it  is  tried,  that  the  case  was 
on  the  calendar,  although  he  never  noticed  it  for  trial. ^^^  Where 
the  condition  has  been  imposed  upon  a  party  asking  for  a  favor, 
that  the  case  shall  be  placed  on  the  calendar  for  those  terms  of 
court  where  there  is  no  jury,  fees  for  those  terms  may  be  taxed 
as  though  a  jury  was  present.^ -^ 

g.  Effect  of  consentinrj  tliat  case  go  over  the  term. — Term 
fees  can  be  taxed  for  all  terms  that  the  case  Avas  put  over  by  mu- 
tual con  sent.  ■'^^ 

h.  Term  fees  paid  for  privilege  of  putting  case  over. — 
•  Whether  a  part}^  who  has  been  compelled  to  pay  term  fees  for 
the  privilege  of  putting  a  case  over  the  term  can  be  compelled 
to  pay  the  costs  for  that  term,  if  he  is  defeated,  or  can  tax  the 
fees  for  that  term,  if  he  is  successful,  depends  upon  the  order 
made  at  the  time  the  application  for  postponement  was  made. 
If  the  court  grants  the  favor  upon  the  payment  of  a  sum  equal 
to  the  term  fees  for  that  term,  the  successful  party  can  tax  the 

^^"Sipperlj/  V.   Warner.  0  ITow.  Pr.  ^-^Prhn  v.  Drain,  64  App.  Div.  .581, 

332;   Fisher  v.   Hunter,   15  How.  Pr.  10   N.   Y.   Anno.   Cas.   227,   72   N.  Y. 

156.  Supp.  298. 

""Anovj/uwris,  1  Duor.  051.  '-'EUsivorih    v.    Partes,    13    N.    Y. 

^'"Sipperh/  V.   Warner,   0  How.  Pr.  Civ.  Proc.  Pep.  208,  note;   Fisher  v. 

332;  Dcjfo  v.  Morss,  21  Misc.  497,  48  Hunter,    15   How.    Pr.    156;    Deifn   v. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  171.  Morss,  21  Misc.  497,  48  N.  Y.  Supp. 

^"^-Vandcreer  v.    Warren,    11   N.   Y.  171.      Contra,  Crawford  V.  Kelly,  10 

Civ.    Proc.    Pep.    319;     Andreirs    v.  Bosw.  CU7. 
I^chvi frier,  Hi  Jones  &  S.  173,  2  N.  Y. 
Civ.  Pioc.  Pep.  18. 


ITEMS.  491 

costs  for  that  term.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  case  is  postponed 
ujion  the  payment  of  the  costs  of  that  tenn,  those  costs  cannot  be 
again  taxed  bj  either  party.  Such  tenn  fees  are  $10,  and  such 
disbursements  as  the  opposite  party  has  incurred,  as  shown  by 
his  affidavit.  In  the  absence  of  a  proper  affidavit  the  clerk  can 
tax  no  disbursements.^-^ 

t.  Terms  when  case  ivas  on  the  larong  calendar. — Where  a 
case  has  been  put  on  the  Avrong  calendar  for  several  terms  by 
both  parties,  and  the  case  is  finall}'  placed  on  the  proper  calendar 
and  tried,  the  term  fees  for  the  terms  the  case  was  on  the  wTong 
calendar  can  be  taxed  because  the  defeated  party,  having  noticed 
the  case  for  trial,  is  estopped  from  denying  that  it  was  properly 
there.' ^"^  Where  a  judge  refuses  to  decide  a  demurrer,  and  the 
parties  withdraw  their  papers  and  both  serve  new  pleadings,  the 
successful  party  upon  the  issues  raised  by  the  new  pleadings  is 
not  entitled  to  tax  the  costs  of  arguing  the  demurrer,  because  by 
withdrawing  their  papers  from  the  court  after  the  argument  the 
parties  waived  their  right  to  costs  arising  upon  the  demurrer.' ^^ 

y,v  stipulation  as  to  term  fees. — Where  parties  stipulate  that 
a  case  be  put  on  the  calendar  for  a  certain  term,'^^  or  that  the 
costs  of  a  certain  term  abide  the  event  of  the  action,  although  it 
is  in  excess  of  the  legal  limit,  the  court  will  enforce  the  stipula- 
tion.'^^ The  parties  inay  stipulate  that  the  costs  of  a  term,  at 
which  the  case  could  not  be  heard  because  of  the  lack  of  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  court,  abide  the  decision  of  the  case,  and  the  courts 
will  enforce  such  a  stipulation.'^^ 

l\  On  appeal  from  justices'  courts  to  county  courts. — The 
provisions  of  §  3251  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  relating  to 
term    fees    in    county  courts,  applies    only  to  cases    originally 

^'^''Sipperly  v.   Wcif-ner,   9  How.  Pr.  ^^Putney   v.   Tyng,    1    N.   Y.   S.   R. 

332 ;  Perry  v.  Livingston,  6  How.  Pr.  760. 

404.  ""Emmons   v.    Neiv   York   d   E.   R. 

"°Stanswood    v.    Benson    Chenntng  Co.  17  How.  Pr.  490. 

€o.  2  ]\Ionth.  L.  Bull.  39.  ^^"Eager  v.  Danforth,   8   How.  Pr. 

"'Losee   v.   Bullard,    54    How.    Pr.  448. 
319. 


492  THE  LAW   OF  COSTS  ].\   NEW  YORK. 

brought  tliorcnn,  and  not  to  cases  bronglit  there  by  appeal  from 
a  justice's  court,  either  upon  questions  of  law  or  for  a  new 
trial.^''^^  Term  fees  on  such  appeal  are  regulated  by  §  o073  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  The  same  limit  as  to  term  fees  is 
fixed  by  both  sections. 

l.  Limit  fixed  h;/  lain. — Where  there  is  a  limit  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  term  fees  that  are  taxable,  this  number  cannot  be  in- 
creased because  there  are  several  trials.^ "^^  Term  fees  are  al- 
lowed for  all  terms  within  the  legal  limit  that  the  case  w^as  nec- 
essarily on  the  general  calendar  awaiting  trial. ^^^  Likewase^ 
upon  a  motion  for  a  new  trial,  term  fees  can  be  taxed  for  every 
term  it  is  on  the  calendar  and  not  reached.^ ^'^  But  they  are  not 
taxable  for  a  Saturday  special  term  that  has  no  calendar.^ •"'''* 
jS^or  are  they  chargeable  where  a  party  has  noticed  a  demurrer 
before  a  judge  at  his  chainbers.^^^ 

m.s  For  what  terms  taxable  upon  a  discontinuance. — A  plain- 
tiff may  discontinue  upon  the  day  before  the  term  opens,^^^  or 
during  the  first  term  the  case  is  on  the  calendar,^^^  without  be- 
ing compelled  to  pay  tenn  fees. 

ISTo  term  fee  can  be  charged  where  the  case  was  settled  be- 
fore the  opening  of  the  term,  although  the  case  had  been  noticed 
for  that  term  and  a  note  of  issue  filed.^^^  A  term  fee  upon  an 
ajjpeal  from  an  order  is  not  allowable.^"*" 

409.    Interrogatories. —  Under    Code    Proc.    §    307,    subd.    6. 

^^^Eormnci  v.  Bmith,  19  N.  Y.  Civ.  "'•Wvitiht  v.  Reusens,  39  X.  Y.  S.  R, 

Proc.  Ecp.   142.   ]  I   N.  Y.  8upp.  790.  S02,  15  X.  Y.  Supp.  504. 

^^-HamiUon  v.  Butler,  19  Abb.  Pr.  '^'''Losee    v.    Bullard,    54    How.    Pr. 

446,  30  How.  Pr.  36,  4  Robt.  654.  319. 

"''Kahn  v.  Coen,  31  Abb.  N.  C.  478,  '"Dreic  v.   ConistocI:,   17   How.   Pr. 

62  N.  Y.  S.  R.   107,  30  N.  Y.  Supp.  469. 

347;  Sipperly  v.  Warner,  9  How.  Pr.  ^"^Erans  v.  Silbermaiui,  7  App.  Div. 

332;  Goioing  v.  Leoi/.  43  N.  Y.  S.  R.  139,   40  N.  Y.   Supp.  298. 

767,  17  N.  Y.  Supp.  771;  -Siw/>.so»  V.  ''^Latham    v.    Bliss,    13    How.    Pr. 

Rowan,  13  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  206.  416,  6  Duer,  661. 

"^Malam  v.  Simpson,   12  Abb.  Pr.  ^*"Ennis  v.  Wilder,  14  N.  Y.  Week. 

225,  20  How.  Pr.  488;  Moore  v.  Cock-  Dig.  211. 
roft,    9    How.    Pr.    479;    Jackett    v. 
Judd,  18  How.  Pr.  388.  not  followed. 


ITEMS.  493 

only  $10  could  be  allowed  for  drawing  interrogatories  to  he  at- 
tached to  a  commission,  althongh  more  than  one  witness  was  to 
be  examined.^ ^^  This  is  still  the  rule  under  §  3251  of  the  Code 
of  Civil  Procedure.  The  disbursements  upon  the  commission 
must  be  shown  to  be  necessary  to  be  taxed.  If  the  commission 
was  issued  in  good  faith,  although  it  did  not  substantiate  what 
it  was  intended  to,  or  if  taken  in  a  cause  of  action  in  which  the 
plaintiff  failed,  jet,  if  he  is  entitled  to  general  costs,  he  is  en- 
titled as  a  matter  of  right  to  tax  the  costs  of  the  commission.^  ^^ 

A  party  is  entitled  to  this  charge,  although  the  interrogatories 
have  never  been  served. ^^^  The  expense  of  a  commission  issued 
at  the  request  of  a  party,  to  take  his  testimony,  when  he  could 
have  attended  the  trial,  cannot  be  allow^ed.^^*  But  the  exj)ense 
of  taking  a  party's  testimony  when  it  is  absolutely  necessary, 
and  he  is  prevented  by  sickness  from  attending,  is  a  taxable 
disbursement.^  ^^ 

If  the  commission  is  issued  to  take  the  testimony  of  the  party 
and  other  Avitnesses,  the  expense  is  a  taxable  disbursement,^'*® 
although  tlie  party  could  have  attended  the  trial. 

When  the  commission  is  executed  outside  the  state,  the  fees  of 
the  commission  and  of  the  witnesses  are  properly  taxable  at  the 
same  rate  as  under  our  statute,  unless  it  appears  that  the  fees 
of  witnesses  were  different  where  the  commission  was  executed, 
and  that  the  attendance  of  the  witnesses  could  not  have  been  com- 
pelled without  the  paying  of  such  fees.  The  expense  of  an  at- 
torney upon  the  taking  of  the  evidence  cannot  be  taxed,  anv 
more  than  it  could  be  here.^^^     The  expense  of  taking  testimony 

'"Johnson  y.  CJiappeU,  7  Balj,  43;        '^Delcomyn     v.      Chamberlain,      7 
O'Brien   v.    Commercial   F.   Ins.    Co.    Jones  &  S    359 

6  Jones  &  S.  4,                     r     ^  ^    i,  "'^^"^  ^^^  ^^t^onal  S.  8.  Co.  44  N. 

^'-Burjis  V.  Delaware,  L.  <€  W.  72.  ^   c-   t.    ^m    lo  ^t  -<r   ^          -^^ 

Co.  135  N.  Y.  2G8,  48  N.  Y.  S.  R.  106,  ^f"  ^-  '^^'  ^^  ^-  ^-  ^"PP-  166. 

31   N.   E.   1080,  Overruling  in  effect  Stmpson  v.  Rowan,  13  N.  Y.  Civ. 

Marston  v.  Hebert,  60  How.  Pr.  490.  ^^'°^-  ^^P-  ^06. 

'"Evans  v.  Silbeniiann,  7  App.  Div.  '"Finch  v.  Calvert,  13  How.  Pr.  13; 

139,  40  N.  Y.  Supp.  298.  Dunham    v.    iiherman,    11    Abb,    Pr. 


494  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

by  stipulation  cannot  be  taxed,  as  it  comes  under  no  provisions 
of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^*^  Where  the  parties  stipulate 
under  §  879  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  to  take  the  evidence 
of  witnesses  as  though  it  had  been  taken  under  §§  872  and  873, 
the  prevailing  party  is  entitled  to  tax  $10  for  each  witness.^** 
To  entitle  a  party  to  tax  the  expenses  of  obtaining  exemplified 
copies  of  foreign  documents,  he  must  show  by  affidavit  that  the 
documents  were  actually  and  necessarily  used  or  obtained  for 
use.^^" 

410.  Examination  of  a  party  before  trial. —  Where  two  parties 
having  the  same  attorney  obtain  an  order  to  examine  the  same 
defendant  before  trial,  but  only  one  examines  him,  costs  of  $10 
in  each  case  will  be  allowed  the  defendant  upon  a  discontinuance 
of  both  actions.^^^ 

411.  Printing  papers  on  appeals. —  The  successful  party  on  an 
appeal  can  tax,  as  a  disbursement,  the  costs  of  printing  the  case, 
in  the  absence  of  evidence  that  the  sum  charged  was  fraudu- 
lently or  coUusively  exaggerated,  or  more  than  the  usual  charge 
at  the  place  of  his  residence.^°^  The  court  can  refuse  to  allow 
the  successful  party  to  tax  the  full  amount  of  his  disbursements 
for  printing  his  points,  when  they  contain  irrelevant  matter, — 
such  as  an  argument  in  extenso.^^^  Where  an  appellant  to  the 
appellate  division  has  enough  copies  printed  so  that  he  will  have 
enough  books  to  go  to  the  court  of  appeals,  and  the  appellate  di- 
vision affirms,  and  the  appellant  appeals  to  the  court  of  appeals, 
adding  a  few  pages  to  his  appeal  book,  he  can  tax,  in  case  he  is 
successful,  for  his  disbursements  in  the  court  of  appeals,  only 

152,  19  How.  Pr.  572.     Contra,  Perry  How.  Pr.   216;   De  Witt  v.  Swift,  3 

V.  Griflln,  7  How.  Pr.  263.  How.  Pr.  2S2. 

^*^Newman  v.  Greiff,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  ^'^^Steiner    v.    Ainsworth,    53    How. 

Proc.  Rep.  362.  Pr.  31. 

'*''8mith  V.  Servis,  59  Hun,  552,  36  ^''Halter  v.  Utica  &  B.  River  R.  Co. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  917,  13  N.  Y.  Supp.  941.  S6  N.  Y.  401. 

^'^lianel    v.    Baare,    9    Bosw.    6S2;  ^^HJorbett    v,   DcComeau,    13   Jones 

Case   V.    Price,    9    Abb.    Pr.    Ill,    17  &  S.  5S7. 
How.  Pr.  348;  Eaynes  v.  Mosher,  15 


itp:ms.  495 

what  he  paid  for  printing  the  additional  pages.^^^  Where  the 
appellant  prints  enough  cases  to  go  to  the  court  of  appeals,  and 
wins  at  the  appellate  division,  and  the  appellant  to  the  court  of 
appeals  i:)urchases  enough  cases  of  him  to  make  his  appeal,  and 
the  court  of  appeals  affirms,  the  successful  party  need  not  deduct 
from  his  printing  bill  the  amount  realized  from  his  opponent 
upon  the  sale  of  his  extra  cases. ^^* 

A  party  who  prints  more  cases  than  are  necessary  cannot 
charge  the  extra  expense  against  his  opponent.^^^  Where  it  ap- 
pears that  by  special  agreement  a  case  could  be  printed  for  less 
than  $1  per  page,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  special  agreement  the 
usual  charge  was  $1  per  page,  and  the  successful  party  had 
agreed  to  pay  $1  per  page  if  he  won,  it  was  held  that  he  could 
tax  his  printing  at  that  figure. -^'^'^  A  respondent  who  obtains 
leave  of  the  court  to  print  all  papers  improperly  omitted  will  not 
be  allowed  for  printing  papers  not  mentioned  in  the  order. -^^^ 
Where  certain  papers  are  printed  at  the  request  of  some  of  the 
parties,  and  by  the  direction  of  the  referee,  the  expense  of  this 
printing  is  a  proper  disbursement.-'^^  Upon  an  appeal  from  an 
order  the  court  may  allow  the  successful  party,  in  addition  to 
the  costs,  the  disbursements  of  printing  the  papers  and  points,^^® 
but  if  the  affirmance  or  reversal  is  "with  costs,"  and  no  mention 
is  made  of  disbursements,  none  can  be  taxed. ^^^  Where  several 
parties  unite  in  an  appeal,  and  some  are  successful  and  some  are 
not,  the  successful  parties  will  not  be  allowed  to  tax  the  charge 
for  printing,  without  proof  that  they  incurred  the  expense.-' ^^ 

^■'^Poiter  V.  Carpenter,  50  How.  Pr.  ^^Weeder  v.  JnfJson,  fll   N.  Y.  374. 

89.  ^""Erie  JR.   Co.   v.  Ramsey,   10  Abb. 

^^'"Consalus  v.  Brotherson,  54  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  109. 

Pr.  62.  ""Cassirly  v.  McFarJand,  139  N.  Y. 

''•"Byrves  v.  Lnlagh,  12  N.  Y.  Civ.  201,  34  N.  E.  893;    Re  SfeeneJcen,  58 

Proc.  Pvpp.  417,  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  728.  App.  Div.  85,  9  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  413, 

"Wnn  Celder  v.  HnUenhecJc,  15  N.  G8  N.  Y.  Supp.  444. 

Y.  Oiv.  Proc.  Pep.  333,  18  N.  Y.  S.  R.  "-Kane    v.    MefropnUfnn    Elev.    R. 

19.  2  N.  Y.  Supp.  252.  Co.  15  Dnly.  30fi.  28  N.  Y.  S.  R.  399, 

''\<^liihh.s  V.  Ripley.   7   N.   Y.  S.  R.  7  N.  Y.   Snpp.   653;   Schoonmalcer  v. 

478,  28  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  508.  Bonnie,   51    Hun,   34,    16   N.   Y.    Civ. 


496  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  KEW  YORK. 

412.  Advertising  sales  of  property. —  Tlie  amoimt  of  fees  of  a 
printer  for  advertising  the  sale  of  property,  or  for  publishing  a 
summons,  notice,  order,  citation,  or  other  advertisement  required 
by  law,  is  fixed  by  §  3317  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  at  75 
cents  per  folio  for  the  first  insertion,  and  50  cents  for  each  sub- 
sequent insertion,  except  that  in  counties  containing  wholly  or 
partly  cities  of  the  first  class,  the  charge  may  be  $1  per  folio  for 
the  first  insertion,  and  75  cents  for  each  subsequent  insertion. 

A  sheriff  who  is  stopped  by  an  injunction  obtained  by  the  de- 
fendant, from  selling  real  estate  upon  a  judgment,  after  adver- 
tising it,  and  who  adjourns  the  sale,  may  deduct  his  bill  for  ad- 
vertising from  the  proceeds,  when  they  are  large  enough  to  cover 
the  judgment  and  this  expense.^®*  In  an  action  in  partition  the 
plaintiff  was  allow^ed  to  tax  telegrams  and  the  expenses  of  litho- 
graphing the  summons  and  complaint,  there  being  a  special  affi- 
davit of  the  necessity  of  these  disbursements,  and  no  opposing 
affidavits.^ ^^  The  expense  of  adjourning  a  sale,  including  ad- 
vertising, may  be  taxed,  though  it  was  incurred  after  the  notice 
of  appeal  was  served,  but  before  the  sureties  had  justified. ^^^ 

413.  Fees  of  referees,  a.  Statute. — The  fees  of  a  referee  are 
fixed  at  $10  per  day,  unless  the  court  or  judge  fixes  a  smallci- 
amount  or  the  parties  stipulate  that  he  may  have  a  larger  sum.^*"'" 
The  fees  of  a  referee  appointed  to  take  testimony  under  §  873  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  are  not  embraced  within  the  pro- 
visions of  §  3206,  but  are  taxable  under  the  provisions  of  §  3250, 
which  provides  that  the  reasonable  compensation  of  commission- 
ers for  taking  depositions  are  a  taxable  disbursement.^^''' 

h.  Stipulation  that  fees  may  he  larger  than  the  statutory  rate. 

Proc.  Rep.  64.  28  IST.  Y.  S.  R.  428.  3  ^'•'V/ard  v.  James,  8  Him,  526. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  492.  '«"  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3296. 

'^Wan    Gelder   v.    Van    Gelder,    26  ^^^Reichel  v.  T\^ew  York  C.  &  H.  R. 

Hun.  356.  /?.  Co.  18  IST.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Pvcp.  2.56. 

'"'Douglift.'!  V.  Afn-eU.  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  29   X.   Y.   S.  R.   841,   9  N.  Y.   Supp. 

Proc.  Rep.  80.  2  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep,  415. 
(]\TcCarty)   390. 


ITEMS.  497 

• — In  the  absence  of  an  agreement  the  referee  is  entitled  to 
charge  no  more  than  the  legal  fee,  $10  per  day.  The  parties  or 
their  attorneys  may  sign  an  agreement  that  the  referee  have  a 
larger  amonnt/^^  or  the  amount  may  be  inserted  in  the  minutes 
before  the  commencement  of  the  reference.-^ ^^  It  is  not  suffi- 
cient that  the  parties  agree  orally  that  the  referee  may  fix  his 
own  fees,  which  agreement  is  afterwards  noted  in  the  min- 
utes.^'^^  If  one  of  the  parties  agrees  orally  that  the  referee  may 
charge  a  sum  in  excess  of  the  legal  rate,  but,  after  the  reference 
and  before  the  report  is  made,  refuses  to  sign  a  stipulation  to 
that  effect,  the  referee  is  only  entitled  to  charge  the  legal  rate.-^'^^ 
A  stipulation  that  the  referee  should  charge  a  certain  sum  for 
^'every  hearing"  does  not  entitle  him  to  charge  for  days  appoint- 
ed for  hearings  when  in  advance  of  the  time  appointed 
the  parties  had  countermanded  such  appointment.^ '^^  The  court 
will,  in  the  absence  of  fraud,  collusion,  or  deceit,  enforce  an 
agreement  made  by  the  attorneys  of  the  parties  that  the  referee's 
fees  be  in  excess  of  that  allowed  by  law.^"^  A  receiver  will  not 
be  allowed  to  consent  to  such  an  increase  of  the  fees  of  a  referee 
without  the  permission  of  the  court.^"^^  A  stipulation  in  writ- 
ing as  to  fees  of  the  referee,  and  that  each  party  should  pay  one 
half,  will  be  enforced.^ '^^ 

c.  Proof  of  the  number  of  days  occupied  upon  the  reference. 

^^Marlc  V.  Buffalo,  87  N.  Y.   183;  21    N.    Y.    Supp.    451;    Be    Hurd,    6 

Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3296.  Misc.  171,  31  Abb.  N.  C.   109,  56  N. 

^""Tovmsend  v.  Pei/ficr,  14  Abb.  Pr.  Y.   S.  R.   694,  26  N.   Y.   Supp.   893; 

N.  S.  324,  45  How.  Pr.  211;  Philbin  Broion  v.  Sears,  23  Misc.  559,  52  N. 

V.  Patrick,  22  How.  Pr.  1 ;  Shultz  v.  Y.  Supp.  792. 

Whitney,    9   Abb.    Pr.    71;    Thurman  ^""^Dickinson  v.  Earle,  63  App.  Div. 

V.  Fiske,  SO  How.  Pr.  397;  Brown  v.  140,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  231. 

Windmuller,  4  .Jones  &  S.  71,  14  Abb.  ^'-Mead  v.   Tuckerman,    105   N.   Y. 

Pr.  N.  S.  359;  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3296.  557,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  182,  12  N.  E.  64. 

""Devlin  V.  TSiew  York,  7  Daly,  466;  "nVolff   v.    77om,  9    Misc.  100,  59 

First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Tama  jo,  77  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  75. 

476 1   Chase  v.  James,   16   Hun,    14;  ^'^ People  \.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co. 

Griggs   v.   Day,    135    N.   Y.    469,    32  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  569. 

N.  E.  238 ;  Grif7f7s  V.  Gwinn,  23  N.  Y.  "'Brick    V.    Fowler,    61    How.    Pr. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  144,  153. 
COSTS  32. 


498  THE  LAW  Oi^'  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

— Before  a  referee's  fees  can  be  taxed,  a  statement  sliowing  the 
time  occupied  bv  the  reference  is  required.^ '^  If  the  questioiL 
of  the  number  of  days  for  which  a  referee  has  received  pay  is  to 
be  raised  on  appeal,  it  should  be  pointed  out  upon  a  motion  for 
readjustment  of  costs,  pointing  out  the  errors,  or  by  procuring 
a  return  of  the  facts  showing  that  the  referee  has  overcharged.^'^'^ 
In  all  cases  where  objection  is  made  to  a  disbursement  for  ref- 
eree's fees,  that  disbursement  should  be  supported  by  affidavit. 
A  general  affidavit  by  the  attorney  is  not  sufficient.  The  affida- 
vit of  the  referee  would  be  the  best  evidence,  or  the  parties 
might  waive  his  affidavit  and  accept  his  certificate.^ '^^  The  affi- 
davit should  show  that  the  time  for  which  a  charge  for  fees  of  a 
referee  is  made  was  necessarily  required  and  spent  in  the  busi- 
ness of  the  reference.  ^'^^  He  is  entitled  to  fees  for  a  full  day, 
for  every  day  that  he  Avas  present,  ready  to  take  testimony,  but 
adjourned  the  hearing  at  the  request  of  the  parties,  made  at  that 
time.^"*^^  But  where  the  hearing  was  adjourned  before  the  day 
set  for  the  hearing  arrived,  he  cannot  charge  for  that  day.^^^ 
JSTor  can  he  charge  for  a  day's  time  upon  the  mere  filing  of  one 
paper,^^^  nor  for  examining  the  testimony  and  exhibits,  in  ad- 
dition to  a  general  study  of  the  case ;  but  he  can  charge  for  the 
preparation  of  his  opinion  and  rei^ort,^^^  and  he  is  entitled  to 
charge  for  the  time  reasonably  spent  in  the  investigation  and 
consideration  of  the  case  after  its  submission.^  ^"^ 

''"Gilbert  v.  Deshon,  40  X.  Y.  S.  R.  33  X.  Y.  S.  R.  823,  11   X.  Y^   Supp. 

799,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  36.  510;    Finkel  v.  Kohn,  24  Misc.   367, 

"'Kearney    v.    McKeoti,    85    N.    Y.  53  N.  Y.  Supp.  694;  Brush  v.  Kelsey, 

136;    Hannahs   v.   Hannahs,   5   Him,  47   App.   Div.   270,   62    N.   Y.    Supp. 

644;  First  Nat.  Bank  v.  Tamajo,  77  214;  Fay  v.  Muhlker,  13  Daly,  316. 

N.  Y.  476.  ^"^Mead  v.   Tuckerman,    105   N.   Y. 

"Wroicn  V.  Windrmdler,  4  Jones  &  557,  8  N.  Y.  S.  R.  182,  12  N.  E.  64; 

S.  75,  14  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  359;  Shtiltz  Brush  v.  Kelsey,  47   App.  Div,  270, 

V.  Whitney,  9  Abb.  Pr.  71;  Duhrkop  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  214. 

V.  White,  13  App.  Div.  293,  43  N.  Y.  ^^-Jones  v.  Neioton,  33  X.  Y.  S.  R. 

Supp.  190.  823,  11  N.  Y.  Supp.  510. 

""Re  Plata,  26  Misc.  434,  56  X.  Y.  ^^^Finkel  v.  Kohn,  24  Misc.  367,  53 

Supp.  132.  N.  Y.  Supp.  694. 

^^"Blanek  v.  f^pies.  31   jMisc.  19.  02  ^^^Herschell  v.  Rofjers,  2  Month.  L. 

X.  Y.  Supp.   1039;   Jones  v.  Newton,  Bull.    14;    Broicn  v.   Windmuller,   14 


ITEMS.  '499 

d.  Two  actions  tried  before  the  same  referee. — Where  two 
actions  between  the  same  parties  are  tried  before  the  same  ref- 
eree, a  stipulation  may  be  made  that  one  half  of  the  fees  be 
charged  in  each  case.  Upon  the  dismissal  of  the  complaint  in 
one  action,  only  one  half  of  the  fees  of  the  referee  to  that  time- 
can  be  charged  in  that  case.^^^  But  the  costs  will  not  be  thus  ap- 
portioned in  the  absence  of  such  a  stipulation,  especially  where 
the  cases  are  in  different  courts.^ ^^  Where  two  actions  are  tried 
together,  the  evidence  being  applicable  to  each,  only  one  fee  can 
be  charged  for  each  da3^^^^  A  referee  who  decides  several  cases 
on  the  same  day  can  charge  fees  in  but  one  case.^^* 

e.  How  the  referee's  fees  can  be  collected. — A  referee,  until 
he  is  paid  his  fees,  is  not  bound  to  deliver  his  report  to  the  suc- 
cessful party  or  file  it  with  the  clerk.  But  if  he  does  not  do  one 
or  the  other  the  reference  may  be  terminated,  under  §  1019  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  at  any  time  after  sixty  days  from 
the  time  when  the  cause  or  matter  was  finally  submitted  to  him, 
and  before  the  report  had  been  filed  with  the  clerk  or  delivered 
to  the  attorney  for  one  of  the  parties. 

If  the  reference  is  thus  terminated  the  referee  is  not  entitled 
to  his  fees.^^^  Any  notice  is  sufficient  to  end  the  reference  if 
it  informs  the  opposite  party  that  the  party  serving  the  notice 
elects  to  end  the  reference.^^^  The  referee's  report  must  actu- 
ally be  delivered  to  one  of  the  parties  or  filed  with  the  clerk,  to 

Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  366;   Shultz  v.  Whif-  '^^People  v.  Continental  L.  Ins.  Co. 

ney,    9   Abb.    Pr.    77;    Rothschild   v.  15  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  569;   Disoswmj 

Werner,  4  Month.  L.  Bull.  28.  v.  Winant,  3  Keyes,  412,  1  Abb.  App. 

'^^Colton  V.  Simntons,  14  Hun,  75,  Deo.  508,  33  How.  Pr.  460. 

6   N.   Y.   Week.   Dig.    530;    Byrne   v.  '^'Donghis  v.  Smith,  65  Hun,  11,  47 

(Jroot,  5  Month.  L.  Bull.  56;  Broion  N.  Y.  S.  R.  54,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  630; 

V.  Sears,  23  Misc.  559,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  Niles  v.  Mnynard,  28  How.  Pr.  390; 

792.  Birdseye  v.  Goddard,  17  N.  Y.  Week. 

^"•"Holmes  d  G.  Mfy.  Co.  v.  Morse,  Dig.  228. 

28   Abb.   N.   C.   133,    19   N.   Y.   Supp.  '•■"'Orer/ory   v.   Crydcr,    10   Abb.   Pr. 

190.  N.  S.  289. 

'^'Byrne  v.  Groot,  5  Month.  L.  Bull. 
56. 


600  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK, 

prevent  a  termination  of  the  references,  as  provided  In  §  1019  of 
the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^ ^^  He  cannot  protect  himself  by 
delivering  the  report  to  one  of  the  attorneys,  unless  it  is  deliv- 
ered to  him  nnconditionally,-^^^  If  he  delivers  his  report  to  one 
of  the  attorneys  or  files  it  before  his  fees  are  paid,  he  can  main- 
tain an  action  against  all  the  parties  to  recover  his  fees,  upon 
the  ground  that  he  was  employed  by  all  the  parties,^ ''^  or  he  may 
sue  the  prevailing  party. -^^^  The  attorneys  are  not  liable  for 
his  fees,  as  they  are  the  known  agents  of  their  clients.-^ ^^  IsTor 
can  the  supreme  court,  by  order,  compel  the  successful  party  to 
pay  the  referee's  fees  and  take  up  his  report.^^*^  The  court  will 
not  compel,  by  contempt  proceedings,  the  payment  by  a  receiver 
of  the  fees  of  a  referee  who  passes  upon  his  accounts,  where  the 
order  requiring  the  payment  was  made  by  a  judge  other  than  the 
one  before  whom  the  motion  was  first  made,  and  the  order  does 
not  recite  regular  adjoumments.^^'^  Upon  a  motion  to  compel  a 
referee  to  file  his  report,  which  is  resisted  on  the  ground  that  his 
fees  have  not  been  paid,  the  court  has  not  the  power  to  deter- 
mine the  amount  of  his  fees  when  neither  party  request  such  de- 
termination.^^* A  referee  to  take  the  account  of  a  fund  in  court 
may  have  his  fees  paid  in  the  first  instance  out  of  the  fund,  in 
the  discretion  of  the  court.^^^  A  stipulation  that  the  successful 
party  may  pay  part  of  the  fees  of  the  referee  and  that  the  bal- 

^^Liitle  V.  Lynch,  99  N.  Y.  112,  1        ^"mowell   v.   Kinney,    1    How.    Pr. 

N.    E.    312;    Phipps    v.    Carman,    2^  lOH;  Jitdson  v.  Gray,  11  !>!.  Y.  4QS. 
Hun,   150,  Affirmed  without  opinion        ^^'^Geib   v.    Topping,   83    N.    Y.   46; 

in  84  N.  Y.  650,  disregarding  Waters  Bishop  v.  Bishop,  30  Abb.  N.  C.  296, 

V.   Shepherd,  14  Hun,  223,  which  is  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  888. 
now   overruled   hj  the   above   cases;        ^^Perkins   v.   Taylor,    19   Abb.    Pr. 

Thornton  v.  Thornton,  66  How.  Pr.  146. 

119;  Bishop  v.  Bishop,  30  Abb.  N.  C.        ^"^Brush   v.    Kelsey,    47    App.   Div. 

296,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  888.  270,  62  N.  Y.  Supp.  214. 

^''-Doufflas  V.  Smith,  65  Hun,  11,  47        lS'\Atty.  Gen.  v.  Continental  L.  Ins. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  54,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  630.  Co.  93  N.  Y.  45;  Clapp  v.  Clapp,  33 

^'^Russcll   V.    Lyth,    66    App.    Div.  Hun,   540;   Re  Merry,   11   App.   Div. 

290,  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  287,  72  N.  597,  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  617;   Re  Hurd, 

Y.  Supp.  615.  6  Misc.   171,  31   Abb.   N.   C.   109,  56 

"*hi1ile  v.  Ltjnch,  99  N.  Y.  112,  1  N.  Y.  S.  R.  094,  26  N.  Y.  Supp.  893. 
N.  E.  312. 


ITEMS.  501 

ance  be  a  lien  on  the  judgment  will  be  enforced.-'^^  A  refereo 
wlio  has  collected  more  fees  than  is  allowed  on  the  taxation  may 
be  comi^elled  by  an  order  of  the  court  made  in  that  action,  to 
refund  the  excess  collected  by  him.-*^^ 

/.  Extension  of  time  to  report. — The  parties  may,  by  agree- 
ment, extend  the  time  beyond  sixty  days,  in  which  to  file  tlie  re- 
port. If  the  extension  is  for  a  definite  time,  either  party  may 
terminate  the  reference  upon  the  expiraJ:ion  of  the  stipulated 
tirae.^"^  If  the  time  has  been  extended  indefinitely,  the  party 
wishing  to  terminate  the  reference  should  serve  a  notice  upon  the 
opposite  party  and  the  referee,  that,  unless  the  report  is  filed 
within  a  specified  and  reasonable  time,  the  reference  will  be 
deemed  ended.^''^  Where  a  stipulation  was  made  after  the 
death  of  one  of  several  referees,  that  the  remaining  referees 
make  the  report,  the  statutory  time  within  which  the  report  must 
be  filed  runs  from  the  time  of  that  stipulation.^"'*  The  statu- 
tory time  may  be  extended  without*  a  formal  stipulation.  The 
time  may  be  extended  when  the  report  is  withheld  at  the  request 
of  the  parties  who  were  making  arrangements  to  settle  j  the  ac- 
tion."°^  It  may  also  be  extended  by  any  conduct  that  in  fair- 
ness estops  the  litigant  from  taking  advantage  of  the  strict  letter 
of  the  law, — such  as  requesting  a  report  in  the  near  future.-''^ 

If  neither  party  elects  to  terminate  the  reference  the  report 
of  the  referee,  though  filed  after  the  sixty  days  have  expired,  is 
sufiicient.^'^^     The  objection    that   the   referee    did  not  file  his 

^Birdseye   v.    Goddard,    17    N.    Y.  ""'Dwyer  v.  Hoffman,  39  Hun,  360, 

Week.  Dig.  238.  Affirmed  in  102  N.  Y.  725. 

'""Duhrkop  V.  White,  13  App.  Div.  ^"^Gill  v.   Clark,   31   Misc.   337,   65 

293,  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  190.  N.  Y.  Supp.  406. 

^"^Patterson  v.  Kmapp,  83  Hun,  492,  ""''Nealis  v.  Meyer,  21  Misc.  344,  47 

24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  251,  05  N.  Y.  N.   Y.   Supp.    156;    O'Neill  v.   Howe, 

S.  R.  188,  32  N..Y.  Supp.  32.  16   Daly,    181,    9   N.   Y.    Supi>.    fl6; 

^^Ballou  V.  Pardons,  55  N.  Y.  673;  Foster  v.  Bryan,  26  How.  Pr.  164,  16 

gproull  V.  Star  Co.  45  Apip.  Div.  575,  Ahb.   Pr.   396;    Mantles   v.   Myle,  26 

61  N.  Y.  Supp.  404.  How.  Pr.  409;  Livingston  v.  Oidney, 

^Berls    V.    Metropolitan   Elev.    R.  25  How.  Pr.  1;  Parker  v.  Baxter,  19 

Co.  37  N.  Y.  S.  E.  608,  15  N.  Y.  Supp.  Hun,  410. 
155. 


602  ,         TIM';  r,AW  of  costs  in  jskw  vouk. 

report  witliiii  llio  tiiiio  liuiilcd  by  law  caniiol  be  raised  for  the 
first  time  iqjori  appeal"'^** 

g.  When  the  court  lias  no  poiuer  to  refer  the  action. — Where 
the  court  has  no  power  to  refer  an  action'  the  prevailing  party 
cannot  recover  the  fees  of  the  referee  and  stenographer.^"'"^ 

h.  i][-i$co7iduct  of  referee. — Where  the  special  term  sets  aside 
the  report  of  the  referee  and  the  judgment  ent(?red  thereon,  on 
account  of  the  misconduct  of  the  referee,  and  orders  a  new  trial 
before  another  referee,  the  costs  of  the  reference  fall  with  the 
judgment. ^^'^  - ,  - 

i.  Iteference  ordered  upon  a  motion. — The  court  may  send  a 
motion  to  a  referee  to  determine  a  disputed  question  of  fact. 
His  fees  are  a  taxable  disbursement.^^ ^ 

j.  Reference  not  completed. — Disbursements  for  referee's 
fees  when  incurred  in  the  regular  prosecution  of  an  action  are 
taxable.  Thus,  where  a  plaintiff  obtains  a  reference  to  ascer- 
tain his  damages  upon  the  defendant's  default,  and  the  default 
is  opened  and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  referee's  fees,  the 
plaintiff,  upon  succeeding  in  the  action,  can  tax  the  referee's 
fees.^^^  The  defendant  in  an  equity  action  will  be  compelled 
to  pay  the  costs  of  a  reference  caused  by  his  own  wilfulness,  al- 
though the  plaintiff  recovers  but  6  cents  damages.^^^ 

Tc.  Referee  to  sell  uporf  a  mortgage  foreclosure. — The  fees  of 
a  referee  upon  a  sale  of  mortgaged  premises  are  l-egulated  by  § 
3207  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  and  are  the  same  as  are  al- 
lowed to  a  sheriff'  under   subds.  7,  11,  of  §    3307  of  the   Code. 

^'^'Nealis  v.  Meijer,  21  IV^isc.  344,  47  ="  Code  Civ.  Proc.   §   3251;   Brown 

N.  Y.  Supp.  156.  V.  GaUaudet,  19  Alb.  L.  J.  97;  ISHcht- 

^'^Barher  v.  Lane,  60  App.  Div.  87,  ouser  v.   Lehmatin,  15  Misc.  447,  72 

69  N.  Y.  Supp.  739;  Godding  v.  Por-  N.  Y.  S.  R.  788,  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  208. 

ter,  17  Abb.  Pr.  374.  ^^'Neio    York    Bank    Note    Co.    v. 

""Dickinson  v.  Earle,  63  App.  Div.  Hamilton    Bank    Note   Engraving   &^ 

140,  71  N.  Y.  Supp.  231;  New  York  Friniing  Co".  56  App.  Div.  488,  67  N. 

Bank    Note    Co.    v.    Hamilton    Bank  Y.  Supp.  827. 

Note  Engraving   d   Printing   Co.    71  ^^^Bowe  v.   Brown,   4   N.   Y.    S.   R. 

App.  Div.  611,  75  N.  Y.  Supp.  520.  456,  26  N.  Y.  Week.  Dij?.  47. 


ITEMS.  503 

'  He  is  entitled  to  Iiis  di.sbnr.seinciits  and  to  $2  for  posting  notice 
of  sale,  and  3  per  cent  upon  the  first  $250  and  2  per  cent  upon 
the  balance,  except  in  tbe  counties  of  Xew  York,  Kings,  and 
Westchester,  in  which  counties  he  is  entitled  to  214  per  cent 
upon  the  first  $250  and  1^/4  per  cent  on  the  balance.  The  fees 
•of  the  referees  are  fixed  by  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  and  the 
fact  that  they  are  the  same  as  the  fees  of  the  sheriffs  in  the  va- 
rious counties  will  not  cause  the  fees  to  vary  to  meet  the  change 
in  the  compensation  of  the  different  sheriffs,  when  that  change  is 
made  bv  an  independent  act,  and  not  by  an  amendment  to  § 
'3307  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^'*  But  where  the  referee 
is  required  to  take  security  upon  a  sale,  or  to  distribute  or  apply, 
or  ascertain  and  report  upon  the  distribution  or  application  of, 
•any  of  the  proceeds  of  sale,  he  is  also  entitled  to  one  half  of  the 
commissions  upon  the  amount  so  secured,  distributed,  or  ap- 
plied, allowed  by  law  to  an  executor  or  administrator  for  receiv- 
ing and  paying  out  money.  The  referee  is  entitled  to  these  com- 
missions when  he  pays  out  the  money  to  parties  entitled  thereto, 
or  makes  payments  upon  encumbrances,  as  directed  by  the 
t;ourt.^^^  The  fees  cannot  exceed  $50,"^*^  unless  the  property 
sells  for  $10,000  or  upwards,  in  which  event  he  may  receive 
such  additional  compensation  as  to  the  court  may  seem 
proper.-'^  This  additional  compensation  is  not  granted  to  the 
Teferee  unless  he  has  actuallv  received  and  become  accountable 
for  the  sum  of  $10,000  or  more.^^*  They  cannot  exceed  that 
sum,  although,  on  account  of  defects,  he  has  been  compelled  to 
«ell  the  property  more  than  once.^^^     Under  the  Revised  Stat- 

^^*Keim  v.  Keim,  43  App.  Div.  88,  ^'^Hosmer  v.  Gano,  14  Misc.  229, 
59  N.  Y.  Supp.  3G6,  in  effect  over-  25  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  100,  70  N. 
ruling  Schierloh  v.  Schierloh,  22  Y.  S.  R.  169,  35  N.  Y.  Supp.  471; 
Misc.  G37,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  1062.  Metropolitan    L.    Ins.    Co.    v.    Bend- 

^^'^Race  V.   Gilbert,   102  N.   Y.  298,    heim,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  793;  Dime  Sav. 
10  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  1,  1  N.  Y.   Bank  v.  Petit,  59  N.  Y.  Supp.  794. 
S.  R.  661,  6  N.  E.  592.  ■'■'Caryl  v.  Stafford,   69  Hun,   318, 

'•    ^'"Maher  v.  O'Conner,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.    53  N.  Y.  S.  R,  426,  23  N.  Y.  Supp. 
Proc.  Rep.  158,  61  How.  Pr.  103.  534. 

"'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  3297. 


50-i  THE  LAAV  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

nte  he  was  held  entitled  to  50  cents  for  receiving  and  entering 
the  decree  in  his  book,  and  $2  for  advertising  the  property  for 
ssle.^^^  The  fees  should  be  taxed  when  there  is  a  dispute  as  to 
the  amount.-^^  In  the  absence  of  express  authority  in  the  judg- 
ment, he  has  no  right  to  alloAV  the  purchaser  to  deduct  from  his 
bid  the  costs  taxed  in  a  judgment  on  the  foreclosure  of  a  prior 
mortgage.^^^ 

I.  Referee  to  sell  in  a  partition  action. — A  referee  cannot  tax, 
as  a  disbursement,  advertisements  of  the  sale  in  the  daily  pa- 
pers,^^^  and  the  court  has  not  the  power  to  authorize  such  an 
expenditure.^^*  Under  the  Revised  Statute  the  referee's  fees 
could  be  computed  only  upon  the  amount  of  money  received  and 
paid  out,  and  not  upon  the  encumbrances,  subject  to  which  the 
property  was  sold.^"^  These  decisions  are,  doubtless,  in  point 
now. 

The  fees  of  a  referee  in  a  partition  action,  an  action  for 
dower,  or  any  judicial  sale,  are  the  same  as  in  an  action  brought 
to  foreclose  a  mortgage,  except  that  the  limitation  of  the  amount 
of  fees  is  $500  instead  of  $50.  See  preceding  subdivision  of 
this  section. ^^®  Where  the  court  orders  the  money  paid  into 
court  and  makes  its  own  distribution  under  §§  1563,  1568,  and 
1570  of  the  Code,  the  referee  will  not  be  entitled  to  commis- 
sions. A  referee  receives  more  than  a  sheriff,  because  in  paying 
money  his  duty  requires  that  he  shall  be  able  to  follow  the  judg- 
ment.^^^ 

414.  Fees  of  stenographer,  a.  In  general. — The  authority 
for  taxing  fees  of  stenographers  as  a  disbursement  is  found  in 

^Wallridge  v.  James,  16  Hun,  8.  Allen  v.  Williamson,  21   Abb.  N.  C. 

^^Ward    V.    James,    8    Hun,    526;  391. 

Tnnes    v.    Purcell,    1    Hun,    318,    2  '"'Strauss  v.  Eellman,  58  How.  Pr. 

Thomp.  &  C.  538,  541.  377. 

^Termansen  v.  Matthews,  49  App.  ^"-^Maher  v.  O'Conner,  61  How.  Pr. 

Div.  163,  63  N.  Y.  Supp.  115.  103,  1  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  158. 

-"^Stewart  v.  Paton,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  -""Race  v.   Gilbert,   102  N.  Y.  298, 

Proc.  Rep.  286,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  770.  *10  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  1,  1  N.  Y. 

--*Baldioin   v.    Baldwin,    23    N.    Y.  S.  R.  661,  6  N.  E.  592. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  287,  note.      Contra, 


ITEMS.  505 

the  last  part  of  §  32 5 G  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  wMch 
says  that  a  party  entitled  to  costs  may  tax  as  a  disbursemeut 
'•'such  other  reasonable  and  necessary  expenses  as  are  taxable 
according  to  the  course  and  practice  of  the  court,  or  by  express 
provision  of  law," 

This  section  was  amended  by  chap.  185  of  the  Laws  of  1895, 
which  added  the  provision  that  stenographers'  fees  for  minutes 
of  testimony  before  a  court,  judge,  or  referee  should  constitute  a 
taxable  disbursement.  This  amendment  never  w^ent  into  effect, 
because,  during  the  same  session  of  the  legislature,  §  3256  of  the 
Code  of  Civil  Procedure  was  again  amended  by  chap,  595,  which 
omitted  the  provision  as  to  stenographers'  fees,  and  went  into 
effect  the  same  day  that  the  first  amendment  did. 

b.  Incurred  upon  a  reference. — The  fees  of  a  stenographer 
for  taking  testimony  upon  a  reference  is  not  a  taxable  disburse- 
ment, in  the  absence  of  a  stipulation  to  that  effect,^^^  This  is 
true,  although  the  parties  agree  to  employ  a  stenographer  to  take 
minutes,  and  to  share  the  expense  equally,  because  the  stenog- 
rapher before  the  referee  is  not  an  officer  of  the  court.  ^^'^  But 
where  there  is  a  stipulation  between  the  parties  that  the  success- 
ful party  should  pay  the  stenographer's  bill  and  tax  the  sum 
thus  paid  as  a  disbursement  in  the  action,  the  courts  will  enforce 
the  stipulation.^^"  The  attorney  can  bind  his  client  by  such  a 
stipulation,"^^ 

^^Griggs  v.   Guinn,  29  Abb.  N.  C.  Bull.  56;  Sebley  v.  Nichols,  32  How. 

144,  23  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  46,  21  Pr.  182. 

N.  Y.  Supp.  451;  Seasongood  v.  New  "^Seasongood  v.  New  York  Elev.  R. 

York  Elev.  R.  Co.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Co.  22  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  100,  46 

Rep.  100,  46  N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  18  N.  Y.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  832,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  775. 

Supp.    775;    Gallagher   v,   Baird,    60  ""Wolff  v.   Horn,   9  Misc.    100,   59 

App.  Div.  29,  10  N.  Y.  Anno.  Cas.  58,  N.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  75; 

69    N.     Y.    Supp.    676;     Nugent    v.  Clegg  v.  Aikens,  17  Abb.  N.  C.  88,  8 

Keenan,  21  Jones  &  S.  530;  Colton  v.  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  249;  Brown  v.  Sears, 

Simmons,   14  Hun,   75;   Anderson  v.  23  Misc.  559,  27  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

E.  De  Braekeleer  &  Co.  25  Misc.  343,  412,  52  N.  Y.  Supp.  792;   Blanck  v. 

28  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  306,  55  N.  Y.  Spies,  31   Misc.   19,   62  N.  Y.   Supp. 

Supp.   721;    Newhall  v.   Appleton,  4  1039. 

Month.  L.  Bull.  6;  Mark  v.  Buffalo,  "-^'Query  v.  Cooney,  34  Misc.  161,  68 

87   N.  Y.   184,   13  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  N.  Y.  Supp.  800. 
415;    Byrne   v.    Groot,   5   Month.   L. 


506  TilK   LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NKW   V()I{I<:. 

TLc  (lefoiitcd  ]);irt_v  iiuiy  (picstion  the  amount  of  this  disburse- 
ment in  the  same  way  that  he  would  any  other  disbursement.^^^ 

If  the  stipulation  provides  that  both  parties  shall  pay  a  por- 
tion of  the  fees  of  the  stenographer,  and  the  successful  party  can 
lax  the  amount  thus  ])aid  in  his  bill  of  costs  as  a  disbursement, 
the  successful  ]iarty  may  include  in  his  bill  of  costs  the  part 
thus  paid  by  him,-^'^  although  the  party  against  whom  he  taxes 
his  costs  succeeds  as  to  all  the  other  parties. ^^"*  Before  the  fees  of 
a  stenographer  can  be  taxed,  a  statement  of  the  time  occupied 
by  the  reference  and  the  extent  of  services  of  the  stenographer 
should  be  required.-^^ 

c.  Ohtamed  to  prepare  case  on  appeal. — Wliere  a  party  ob- 
tains a  copy  of  the  stenographer's  minutes  to  prepare  a  case  and 
exceptioiis,  the  expense  of  such  a  copy  is  properly  taxed  by  him 
as  a  disbursement.^"^^  The  amount  paid  by  the  successful  party 
for  a  copy  of  the  stenographer's  minutes  is  a  proper  disburse- 
ment, when  it  appears  that  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  procure 
such  copy  to  enable  him  to  prepare  amendments  to  his  oppo- 
nent's case,  as  required  by  Ilule  32  of  the  General  Rules  of  Prac- 
tice."^ ^  Under  the  Code  of  Procedure  such  a  disbursement  was 
taxable.^^^  There  is  a  class  of  earlier  cases  which  hold  that, 
under  no  circumstances,  can  stenographers'  fees  be  a  taxable  dis- 
bursement.^^^  But  this  class  of  cases  have  now  very  little  au- 
thority in  the  face  of  the  recent  decisions. 

■''-WoJff   V.    Horn,   9   Misc.    100.   59  20  Jones  &  S.  569,  J8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc. 

N.  Y.  S.  R.  719,  29  N.  Y.  Supp.  75.  Rep.  .350,  31  N.  Y.  6.  R.  404,  9  N.  Y. 

-^^Broicn  v.  Sears,  23  Misc.  559,  27  Supp.  707 ;   Park  v.  ISiew  York  C.  d 

N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   141,  52  X.  Y.  H.  K.  R.   Co.   57   App.  Div.   569,   68 

Supp.  792.  X.  Y.   Supp.  460,   1145;    Ridahock  v. 

^^'Cler/g   V.   Aikens,   17.  Abb.   N.   C.  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  8  App.  Div. 

88,  8  X.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  249.  309,   75   X.   Y.   S.   R.   336,  40   X.   Y. 

"^Gilbert  v.  Deshon,  40  X^".  Y.  S.  R.  Supp.  938;  Cutter  v.  Morris,  41  Hun, 

799,  16  X.  Y.  Supp.  36.  575,  26  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  254,  7  X.  Y. 

"Tarmtjn  v.  Wheeler,  9  X.  Y.  Civ.  S.  R.  426. 

Proc.  Rep.  421;  Cutter  v.  Morris,  41  -''^Scbley   v.   Nichols,   32   How.   Pr. 

Hun,  575,  26  X.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  254,  182. 

7  N.  Y.  S.  R.  426.  ^^^Pfaudler  Barm  Extracting  Bung- 

"^Sievens  v.  New  York  Elev.  R.  Co.  ing    Apparatus    Co.    v.    Sargent,    43 


ITiaiS. 


507 


d.  Minutes  of  former  trial  for  vse  upon  the  trial. — Under  the 
'Code  of  Procedure  it  was  held  that  the  disbursement  for  a  copy 
of  the  minutes  of  a  former  trial  in  the  same  action,  procured  for 
use  on  the  second  trial,  could  not  be  taxed  as  a  "necessary"  dis- 
bursement under  §  oil  of  that  Code,^^^  although  there  is  a  later 
case  which  held  that  they  could  be  so  taxed. -^^  The  present 
Code  allows  reasonable,  as  well  as  necessary,  disbursements. 
The  tendency  is  to  hold,  as  reasonable,  what  is  useful,  and  what 
prudence  would  suggest  as  a  requisite  in  the  way  of  the  prepara- 
tion, and  an  item  for  the  fees  of  the  stenographer  for  tlie  min- 
utes of  a  former  trial  of  the  same  case  has  been  held  to  be  a  tax- 
able disbursement.-*^  The  contrary  has  been  held  by  the  sec- 
ond department.-*^ 

e.  Minutes  obtained  in  the  trial  of  anotJter  action. — But 
wdiere  the  minutes  have  been  procured  and  paid  for  in  one  ac- 
tion, that  expense  cannot  be  taxed  in  another  action,  where  the 
evidence  thus  taken  was  read  by  stipulation  in  the  second 
action.^** 

f.  Minutes  used  on  motion  for  a  new  trial  in  tJie  county  court. 
— Upon  a  motion  made  for  a  new  trial  in  a  county  court,  the 
court  ordered  the  minutes  of  the  former  trial  for  its  own  use. 
This  outlay  by  the  moving  party  was  held  not  to  be  a  taxable 
disbursement,  because  they  were  not  taxable  according  to  the 
practice  of  the  county  court  where  the  trial  was  had.-*^ 

g.  Minutes  ordered  hij  the  court  for  its  own  use. — The  fees 

Hun,  154,  5  N.  Y.  S.  R.  413.  25  N.  Y.  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  402.  67  N.  Y. 

Week.  Di^.  483 ;  tihaver  v.  Eklred,  86  S.  R.  405,  33  N.  Y.  Supp.  583 ;  Kum- 

Hun,  51,  66  N.  Y.  S.  R.  783,  33  N.  Y.  mer  v.  Christopher  d  T.  Street  R.  Co. 

Supp.    158;    CoUon    v.   Simmons,    14  12  Misc.  387,  24  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

Hun,  75;  Hamilton  v.  Butler,  19  Ahh.  404,    67    N.   Y.    S.    R.   404,   33   N.   Y. 

Pr.  446,  30  How.  Pr.  36,  4  Robt.  654;  Supp.  581. 

Spring    v.    Daij.    44    How.    Pr.    390;  -*--nridson   v.   Erie  R.   Co.   57    App. 

Provost  V.  Farrell,  13  Hun,  303.  Div.  98,  68  N.  Y.  Supp.  28. 

^*^Eamilton  v.  Butler,   19  Abb.  Pr.  '"7?e  Metropolitan  Elev.  R.  Co.  46 

446,   30   How.   Pr.   36,   4   Robt.   654;  N.  Y.  S.  R.  138,  18  N.  Y.  Supp.  899. 

Spring  V.  Day.  44  How.  Pr.  390.  -*'Whitneij  v.  Roe.  75  Hun,  508,  57 

'""Flood  V.  Moore,  2  Abb.  N.  C.  91.  N.  Y.  S.  R.  683,  27  N.  Y.  Supp.  511. 

^^Zelmancvitz  v.  Manhattan  R.  Co. 


508  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

for  the  minutes  of  the  stenographer,  when  furnished  by  the  di- 
rection of  the  trial  judge,  are  paid  for  in  the  first  instance  by 
the  plaintiff,  and  if  he  succeeds  in  the  action,  he  can  tax  theni 
as  a  disbursement.^^^  Under  §  289  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure, the  judges  of  the  superior  city  courts  were  empowered  to 
order  the  minutes  of  the  stenographer  written  out  in  full,  and 
order  the  expense  thereof  to  be  borne  equally  by  both  parties. 
When  these  courts  were  abolished,  this  provision  was  repealed 
with  all  other  provisions  relating  to  those  courts. 

h.  Power  of  surrogate's  court  to  order  minutes. — The  surro- 
gate courts  have  power  upon  a  will  contest  to  order  a  copy  of  the 
stenographer's  minutes  to  be  furnished  to  the  contestant's  coun- 
sel, and  that  the  expense  thereof  be  charged  against  the  estate.^'*'^ 
But  such  an  order  of  the  surrogate  must  be  made  upon  notice  to 
the  proponent.-"^^  And  the  surrogate  must  make  the  order  be- 
fore the  contestant  orders  the  minutes  of  the  stenographer.^^^ 

i.  Allowance  for  stejiographer's  minutes  in  the  m^unicipal 
court  of  New  Yorh. — The  municipal  court  of  ISTew  York  has  no 
power  to  allow  a  party  to  tax,  as  a  disbursement,  the  expense  of 
obtaining  a  transcript  of  the  stenographer's  minutes,  furnished 
to  the  court.^^^ 

^**Johnston  v.   New  York  Elev.  R.  "^Re  Byron,  61  Hun,  278,  40  N.  Y. 

Co.  10  Misc.  136,  62  N.  Y.  S.  R.  491,  S.  R.  845,  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  760. 

30  N.  Y.  Supp.  920.  ^"Cohen  v.  Weill,  33  Misc.  764,  67 

"'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2558.  N.  Y.  Supp.  917. 

'^Re  Budlong,  33  Him,  235. 


CHAPTEE  XXXII. 

HOW  COSTS  ARE  COLLECTED. 

415.  In  general. 

416.  Motion  costs. 

417.  By  mandamus. 

418.  By  execution  against  the  person. 

419.  By  proceedings  to  pundsh  for  contempt. 

415.  In  general. —  Where  tliere  is  a  judgment  for  money  dam- 
ages the  costs  become  merged  in,  and  a  part  of,  the  entire  judg- 
ment, and  are  collected  with  it.  If  the  judgment  is  discharged 
by  bankruptcy  proceedings  the  costs  are  also  discharged. -"^ 
When  there  are  no  money  damages,  the  general  costs  of  the  ac- 
tion are  collected  by  execution. 

Supplementary  proceedings  may  be  maintained  on  a  judg- 
ment for  costs  only,  if  the  amount  of  the  judgment  is  $25, 
When  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  was  first  enacted,  these  pro- 
ceedings could  not  be  maintained  upon  a  judgment  wholly  for 
costs.  But  by  amendments  made  since  that  time,  they  are  al- 
lowed upon  these  judgments  with  the  limitation  as  to  amount  as 
above  noted.^ 

A  party  may  be  denied  the  privilege  of  amending  an  interloc- 
utory decree  so  as  to  award  costs,  when  the  party  has  delayed  a 
long  time  without  attempting  to  collect  his  costs.^ 

The  court  will  correct  the  erroneous  taxation  and  collection  of 
costs  upon  the  application  of  any  person  interested  therein,  al- 
though he  is  not  a  party  to  the  action.     Thus,  where  two  attach- 

^Clark  V.  Rowling,  3  N.  Y.  210,  53  43;  Re  Birrett,  25  Misc.  89,  54  N.  Y. 
Am.  Dec.  290.  Supp.  666. 

■Burke  V.  Burke,  27  Misc.  684,  58  ^IJalnes  v.  Patterson,  87  Hun,  109, 
N.  Y.  Supp.  670;  Davis  v.  Herrig,  65  67  N.  Y.  S.  E.  459,  33  N.  Y.  Supp. 
How.  Pr.  290,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   814. 

509 


510  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YORK.* 

ment  actions  were  brought  against  the  same  defendant,  and  the 
first  attaching  creditor  charged  more  costs  than  he  was  entitled 
to,  which  left  the  fimd  too  small  for  the  second  attaching  cred- 
itor, the  court,  upon  the  application  of  the  second  attaching 
creditor,  compelled  the  first  creditor  to  return  the  excess  of  costs 
thus  collected.  It  was  further  held  that  ser^^ice  of  the  motion 
papers  upon  the  attorney  for  the  first  attaching  creditor  was  reg- 
ular, although  the  attorney  had  settled  with  his  client."* 

416.  Motion  costs. —  Motion  costs  are  also  collected  by  exe- 
cution issued  against  the  personal  property  of  the  party  required 
to  pay  the  same.^  Where  there  are  several  defendants,  and, 
after  the  death  of  one,  the  rest  make  a  motion  in  the  name  of  all, 
without  any  reference  to  such  death,  the  plaintiff,  if  he  is  suc- 
cessful upon  the  motion,  may  issue  an  execution  to  collect  his 
costs  against  all  of  the  defendants.  This  execution  cannot  af- 
fect the  estate  of  the  deceased  defendant,  and  the  other  defend- 
ants cannot  complain,  because  they  instituted  the  motion  with 
that  title. "^  The  party  has  ten  days  after  the  personal  service 
upon  him  of  the  order,  before  such  execution  can  issue, '^  and 
twenty  days  if  the  service  is  by  mail.'^  There  is  no  distinction 
between  motion  costs  awarded  in  an  action  and  in  a  special  pro- 
ceeding, as  to  method  of  collection.^  Supplementai-y  proceed- 
ings may  be  maintained  to  collect  motion  costs  awarded  by  the 
appellate  division  upon  the  decision  of  an  appeal  from  an 
order.^*^ 

417.  By  mandanms. —  Where  a  party  or  an  attorney  has  been 
awarded  costs  in  an  action,  which  a  town  or  a  municipality  has 
been  directed  to  pay,  the  party  to  whom  the  costs  have  been 
awarded  is  entitled  to  a  mandamus  to  compel  the  town  or  mu- 

*Goodman    v.    Guthman,    2    X.    Y.        ^Wellman  v.  Frost,  38  Hun,  389. 
Week.  Dig.  338.  °VaUe7ite  v.    Bryan,    65   How.   Pr. 

=  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  779.  203,  3  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  358. 
^Lucas  V.  Johnson,  G  How.  Pr.  121.        "/?e  tiirreti.,  25  Misc.  89,  54  N.  Y. 

'Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  779.  Supp.  666. 


HOW    COSTS    ARE    COT.LKCTK]).  511 

nicipality  to  provide  for  the  p.'ynient  of  the  costs  thus- 
awarded.-^^ 

Where  the  statute  provides  a  method  for  the  determination  of 
the  amount  of  costs  to  be  allowed  to  an  attorney  for  his  services,, 
the  deteraiination  of  the  amount  in  the  manner  provided  by  stat- 
ute is  final,  and  cannot  be  attacked  collaterally,  although  the 
board  which  is  compelled  to  pay  the  sum  thus  determined  had 
no  notice  of  such  settlement.^ ^ 

418.  By  execution  against  the  person. —  The  plaintiff  is  enti- 
tled to  an  execution  against  the  person  for  costs  in  an  action  tO' 
set  aside  an  instrument  as  obtained  by  fraud.^^  The  defendant 
is  entitled  to  an  execution  against  the  person  for  the  collection 
of  costs  awarded  to  him  in  an  action,  where  the  plaintiff  would 
have  been  entitled  to  one  to  enforce  his  judgment,  had  he  been 
successful,'^  as,  in  conversion,^ "^  or  for  negligence.-^^  It  makes 
no  difference  that  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  small  verdict,  not  large 
enough  to  carry  costs.  The  defendant  is  still  entitled  to  an  exe- 
cution to  collect  the  balance  of  his  costs.^''^  And  he  is  entitled 
to  this  remedy,  although  he  recovers  on  a  mere  technicality.-^* 

^'^People  ex  rel.   Grouse  v.   Fulton  firnipd   in    64   N.   Y.    025;    Miller  v. 

County,  70  Hun,  560,  53  N.  Y.  S.  R.  ^cherder,    2    N.    Y.    262;    Knapp    v. 

796,  24  N.  Y.  Supp.  397,  Affirmed  in  Murphy,  20  App.  Div.  83,  46  N.  Y. 

139  N.   Y.   65G,   54  N.  Y.   S.  R.  934,  Supp.    1047:    Bahcock    v.    Smith,    47 

35  N.  E.  208;  People  ex  rel.  Allison  N.  Y.  S.  R.  118,  19  N.  Y.  Supp.  817; 

V.   Neio   York  Bd.   of  Edu.   26   App.  Farrelly  v.  Hubbard,  148  N.  Y.  592, 

Div.  208,  49  N.  Y.  Supp.  915.  43  N.  E.  65;   Carrigan  v.  ^Vashhurn, 

^""People  ex  rel.  Allison  v.  A^eio  York  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  350,  17  N.  Y. 

Bd.  of  Edu.  26  App.  Div.  208,  49  N.  S.  R.  850,  2  X.  Y.  Supp.  616;  Roeher 

Y.  Supp.  915.  V.  Dawson,  14  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep. 

^^Finkmaur   v.    Dempsey,    8    N.    Y.  354. 
Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  418;  Smith  v.  Duffy,        ^"Miller  v.  Woodhead,  52  Hun,  127, 

37  Hun,  506,  8  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rop.  17  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  102,  23  N.  Y. 

191.  S.  R.  412,  5  N.  Y.  Supp.  88. 

"Broivn  v.  Brockett,  55  How.   Pr.        ^''Philbrook    v.    Kellogg,    21    Hun, 

32;    Code  Civ.   Proc.   §    1487;    Klop-  238. 

penberg  v.  Neeftis,  4  Sandf.  655;  Cor-        ^^Parker  v.  8 peer,  17  Jones  &  S.  1, 

v-in  V.  Freeland,  6  N.  Y.  560.  16  N.   Y.  Week.  Dig.  417,  Affirming- 

'^^CnfUn  v.  Adirondack  Co.  20  Hun,  4   Month.   L.   Bull.   29,   62   How.   Pr. 

19;  Duncan  v.  Katen,  6  Hun,  1,  Af-  394. 


612  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 

But  he  is  not  entitled  to  a  body  execution  where  the  plaintiff  is 
a  woman.-' ^ 

A  woman  who  employs  three  girls  to  assist  her  in  a  room 
rented  by  her  is  not  an  employee  within  the  meaning  of  the  con- 
solidation act,  and  is  not  entitled  to  a  body  execution  to  enforce 
a  judgment  obtained  by  her  in  a  municipal  court  of  New  York, 
for  work  done.^*^ 

Where  an  execution  against  the  person  has  been  set  aside  on 
a  motion,  but  upon  an  appeal  therefrom  the  order  is  reversed, 
the  judgment  debtor  cannot  be  again  arrested  under  the  former 
execution,  as  that  is  discharged,  but  the  judgment  creditor  is  en- 
titled to  a  new  process.^^ 

419.  By  proceedings  to  punish  for  contempt. —  A  party  caimot 
punish  the  attorney  for  the  opposite  party,  as  for  a  contempt, 
because  he  refuses  to  refund  motion  costs  which  the  court  has 
ordered  refunded.  His  only  remedy  is  by  execution  under  § 
V79  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.^^  Nor  can  an  attorney  be 
comj)elled,  by  like  proceedings,  to  pay  the  costs  of  a  motion  by 
a  substituted  attorney  for  an  order  compelling  him  to  furnish 
entries  in  his  register,  showing  what  had  been  done  in  the 
action.^^ 

The  fine  imposed  upon  a  trustee  for  his  failure  to  obey  in- 
structions cannot  include  counsel  fees  of  the  moving  party.^^ 
A  surrogate  has  not  the  power  under  §  2555  of  the  Code  of  Civil 
Procedure  to  enforce  the  collection  of  costs  only,  by  contempt 

^'Parker  v.  ,Sfpeer,  17  Jones  &  S.  1,  -mack   v.    Colin,    15   N.   Y.   Week. 

16  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  417,  Affirming  Dig.  136. 

4  Month.   L.   Bull.   29,   62  How.  Pr.  "Z?e  Morris,  45  Hun,  167,  13  N.  Y. 

394;  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  148S.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  56.  10  N.  Y.  S.  R.  50, 

""Berr/er  v.   Mandel,  25  Misc.   7G6,  27  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  161;  Ludlow  v. 

54  N.  Y.  Supp.  987.  Knox,  7  Abb.  Pr.  N.  S.  412;  People 

^^Carrigan  v.  Washhurn,  18  N.  Y.  ex  rel.  Woolf  v.  Jacobs,  5  Hun,  428, 

Civ.  Proc.   Rep.   79,  28  N.   Y.   S.  R.  Affirmed   in    66   N.   Y.    8;    Poicer  v. 

156,  9  N.  Y.  Supp.  541.  Atheyis,   19  Hun,  165,  171.      Contra, 

^Forstman  v.   Scliulting,  42   Hun,  Van  Valkenburgh  v.  Doolittle,  4  Abb. 

643,  25  N.  Y.  Week.  Dig.  293,  4  N.  Y.  N.  C.  72. 
S.  R.  463. 


"lOW    COSTS  ARE   COLLECTED.  513 

proceedings.  If  the  decree  directed  the  payment  of  a  sum  of 
money  and  general  costs,  it  could  undoubtedly  be  enforced  by 
imprisonment.^^ 

Costs  awarded  in  a  judgment  in  an  action  for  a  divorce  cannot 
be  collected  by  proceedings  to  punish  as  for  a  contempt,^^  but 
alimony  and  counsel  fees  may  be  collected  by  such  proceed- 
ings.^^ 

For  nonpayment  of  the  costs  awarded  by  a  final  order  made  in 
a  special  proceeding  instituted  by  a  state  writ,  except  where  a 
peremptory  writ  of  mandamus  is  awarded  after  the  issuing  of 
an  alternative  mandamus,  the  person  required  to  pay  the  same 
may  be  punished  for  a  contempt  of  the  court  awarding  them,  or 
of  which  the  judge  awarding  them  is  a  member,  as  if  the  final 
order  was  a  final  judgment  of  the  court.^^  The  court  has  a  dis- 
cretion as  to  the  exercise  of  this  power,  and  the  successful  party 
m^y  not  demand  as  a  right  that  such  power  be  exercised.  The 
court  will  be  guided  by  the  facts  in  each  case,  and  particularly 
by  the  ability  of  the  defeated  party  to  pay  the  costs.^^ 

The  order  directing  that  a  precept  issue  must  contain  an  ad- 
judication that  the  accused  has  committed  the  offense  charged 
and  that  the  ofi'ense  was  calculated  to,  or  did  actually,  defeat, 
impair,  or  prejudice  the  rights  of  the  moving  party.'*''  The  or- 
der to  show  cause  may  be  served  on  the  attorney.^ ^ 

Where  a  party  has  been  ordered  to  pay  certain  costs  the  non- 
payment of  which  the  court  has  power  to  punish  by  fine  and  im- 

»2?e   Humfreville,    154   N.   Y.    115.  73  Hun,  192,  56  N.  Y.  S.  R.  117,  25 

47  N.  E.  1086.  N.  Y.  Supp.  867. 

^nVeill  V.  Weill,  18  N.  Y.  Civ.  Pioc.  -'  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  2007. 

Rep.  241,   10  N.  Y.  Supp.  627;  Jac-  -"People  ex  rel.  Meyers  v.  Masonio 

quin  V.  Jacquin,  36  Hun,  378,  7  N.  Y.  Guild  &   Mut.  Ben.  Asso.  22   N.   Y. 

Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  327,  2  How.  Pr.  N.  S.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.   74,   18   N.  Y.   Supp. 

206;    Lansing   v.   Lansing,    41    How.  806. 

Pr.  248,  4  Lans.  377.      Contra,  Cock-  ^"Malion  v.   Mahon,  18  Jones  &  S. 

efair  v.  CocJcefair,  23  Abb.  N.  C.  219,  92,  5  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  58. 

7  N.  Y.  Supp.  170.  ^'Pitt   V.   Davison,   37    N.    Y.   235; 

'"Flor  V.  Flor,  73  App.  Div.  262,  76  Mahon  v.  Mahon,  18  Jones  &  S.  92,  5 

N.  Y.  Supp.  813;   Mercer  v.  Mercer,  N.  Y.  Civ.  Proc.  Rep.  58. 
•  COSTS  33. 


514  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IK   AKW   VOKK. 

prisonment,  or  either,  the  court,  upon  proof  that  a  personal  de- 
mand has  been  made  for  the  same,  and  payment  has  been  re- 
fused or  neglected,  may  issue,  without  notice,  a  warrant  to  com- 
mit tlie  offender  to  prison  until  the  costs  and  the  costs  and  ex- 
penses of  the  proceedings  are  paid,  or  until  he  is  discharged  ac- 
cording to  law.  Code  Civ.  Proc.  §  22G8.  This  summary  pro- 
ceeding can  only  be  used  when  an  execution  cannot  be  issued  to- 
collect  the  costs.^^ 

A  judgment  debtor  who  refuses  to  pay  costs  of  a  supplemen- 
tary proceeding  may  be  punished  for  contempt  of  court.^^ 

"Whenever  actions  are  brought  by  direction  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  land  office,  pursuant  to  law,  and  the  plaintiffs  iu 
such  actions  fail  to  recover  therein,  or  the  defendant  is  unable 
to  pay  the  costs  adjudged  against  him,  the  comptroller  may 
audit  and  settle  the  amount  of  the  taxable  costs  in  such  actions,, 
and  direct  the  payment  thereof  out  of  the  treasury  to  the  dis- 
trict attorneys  or  other  persons  entitled  to  the  same."  Section 
17  of  Chapter  11  of  the  General  Laws  (The  Public  Lands 
Law). 

^-Re  Hess,  48  Hun,  586,  16  N.  Y.  ^^Holton  v.  Robinson,  59  App.  DiVc- 
S.  R.  255,  1  N.  Y.  Supp.  811.  45,  69  N.  Y.  Supp.  33. 


rORMS. 

(The  nmiibers  in  tlie  following  forms  refer  to  sections  in  the  Code  of  Civil 

Procedure. ) 


Section  420. — a.  Respondent's  bill  of  costs  on  appeal  from  a  judg- 
ment rendered  in  a  justice's  court,  where  a  new  trial  was  not 
had. 

County  Court. 


Jojix  Hkdgks 

V. 

(tko]jge  Sno\y. 


Costs  by  statute    (§   3067) 

Clerk's  trial  fee  (§  3301,  t  2) 

Clerk  entering  judgment  (§  3301,  1[  3j 

.Vffidavits  (§  3298) 

Sheriff's  fee  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10) 


$25  00 

1  00 

50 

62 

$ 

State  of  New  Yoiuc, 

County  or 

of    .  .  . 


ss. 


J 


,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  he  is 

the  attorney.  .  in  the  above-entitled  action;  that  the  items  of 
disbursements  above  mentioned  are,  as  deponent  believes,  cor- 
rect and  true,  are  reasonable  in  amount,  and  have  been  or  will 

51.5 


516  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW   YOKK. 

be  actually  and  necessarily  incurred  in  this  action  on  the  part 
of  the ,  as  deponent  verily  believes. 


Sworn  to  before  me  this    day 

of ,   1*J.  .. 


Taxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 


Clerk. 
Retaxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 


Clerk. 

b.  Appellant's  bill  of  costs  on  appeal  from  a  judgment  rendered  in 
a  justice's  court,  where  a  new  trial  was  not  had  upon  reversal 
of  the  judgment. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 

County  Court. 


John  Hedges 
George  Snow. 


Costs  by  statute  (§  3067) $30  00 

Clerk's  trial  fee  (§  3301,  1[  2) 1  00 

Clerk  entering  judgment  (§  3301,  ^3) 50 

Affidavits  (§  3298) 

Sheriff's  fee  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10)  .  .  .  62 

Paid  to  perfect  appeal   (§  3000) 

Costs  which  should  have  been  allowed  appellant  by 

justice  (§  3060)    


(Add  afjfidavif  as  in  form  a.) 


FOKiMS.  517 

Taxed  at  $ this day  of ,  10 .  . . 

J 

Clerk. 

Eetaxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 .  . , 

Clerk. 

c.  Bill  of  costs  on  appeal  from  a  judgment  rendered  in  a  justice's 
court  where  a  new  trial  was  not  had,  and  the  judgment  was 
affirmed  in  part  only. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 
County  Court. 


John  Hedges 

V. 

Geoege  Snow. 


1 


CostB  as  allowed  by  court  (§  3006,  snbd.  5) 

Clerk's  trial  fee  (§  3301,  12) 1  00 

Clerk  entering  judgment  (§  3301,  ^  3) 50 

Affidavits  (§  3298) 

Sheriff's  fees  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10)  .  .  62 

To  be  taxed  by  the  appellant  only. 

Paid  to  perfect  appeal   (§  3060) 

Costs  which  should  have  been  allowed  the  appellant 

by  the   justice  (§  3060) 

$ 

(Add  affj.darit  as  in  form  a.) 


518  TllK  i.AVV  OF  C08TS  I.\    XKW    VoK'K. 

Taxed  at  $ iliis day  of 19 .  .. 

> 

Clerk. 

Retaxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 .  .. 

) 

Clerk. 

d.  Bill  of  costs  on  appeal  from  a  judgment  rendered  in  a  justice's 
court,  where  a  new  trial  is  had  in  the  county  court. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 
CouisTTY  Court. 


John  Hedges 

V. 

Geokge  Sa'ow. 


Costs  before  notice  of  trial  (§  3073) $15  00 

Costs  after  notice  and  before  trial  (§  3073) 

Trial,  issue  of  fact  (§  3073) 

■"J'rial,  issue  of  laAv  (§  3073) 

Motion  for  a  new  trial  on  a  case  (§  3073) 

Term  fees  (§  3073)    

Filing  note  of  issue  (§  3oU7,  subd.  i) 

Clerk  entering  judgment  (§  3301,  ^T  3) 

^Clerk  trial  fee  (§  3301,  ^  2) 

^Jurors'  fees  (§  3313) 

Witness  fees  (§  3318)    

Sheriffs'  fees  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  G,  10)  .  . 

Affidavits  (§  3298) 

^Paid  to  perfect  appeal  (§  3060 j 

^ Costs  which  should  have  been  allowed  by  the  jus- 
tice (§  3060)   

To  be  paid  and  taxed  by  the  party  bringing  action  on. 
"To  be  paid  and  taxed  by  the  party  bringing  the  action  on. 
''To  be  taxed  by  the  appelhint  in  case  he  succeeds. 


10 

00 

20 

00 

15 

00 

15 

00 

50 

1 

00 

3 

00 

62 

FOliMS. 

SState  oy  Xew  York, 

1 

OoiNTY  or 

>.«, 

of    

1 

.19 


,  being-  duly  sworn,  says  tliat  lie  is , 

•ibe    attorney.  .    in  tbis  action,   "wbicb   action  was 

iit  issue  and  necessarily  ttpon  the  calendar  for  trial  at  the  sev- 

•eral  terms  held  in  and  for  the  Connty  of ,  at  the 

•conrthonse  in  the  city  of ;  one  cornnienced  on  the 

day  of 1  i> .  .  ;  one  conmienced  on  the 

•day    of    ,    15).  .  ;    that   the   cause   was   referred    to 

,  Esq.,  and  was  brought  to  trial  before 

;at  the  courthouse  in  the  city  of   ,  ^.  Y.,  on  the 

day  of ,   10 .  .  ;  that  each  of  the  persons 

aiamed  in  Schedule  A  hereto  annexed,  and  which  is  made  a  part 
hereof,  actually  attended  the  several  trials  therein  named,  pur- 
suant to  a  subpoena,  or  upon  special  request  of  the , 

■as  a  witness  for  the the  numher  of  days  set  oppo- 

•site  their  respective  names;  that  the  residences  of  said  witnesses 
•aespectively,  and  the  distances  therefrom  according  to  the  usu- 
siUy  traveled  route  to  the  place  of  said  trial,  and  the  distances 
'for  which  travel  fees  are  respectively  allowed,  are  correctly 
stated  in  said  Schedule  A,  o|)posite  their  respective  names; 
hat  each  and  every  one  of  said  witnesses  was  a  necessary  and  ma- 
terial witness  on  the  part  of  the ,  on  the  trial  of  this 

■iiction.  That  the  following  witnesses  named  in  said  Schedule 
were  not  called ;  that  the expected  to  prove  the  fol- 
lowing facts  by  the  said  witnesses:    (state  fully 

what  was  expected  to  he  proved  hy  the  said  witnesses) ;  that  the 
reason  why  the  said  -witnesses  were  not  called  upon  the  trial  of 
the  said  action  are:  (state  fully  why  the  witnesses  were  not 
■called.) 


Sworn   to  before  me  this    dax- 

of 10.  .. 


520  THE  LAW  OF  COSTS  IN  NEW  YOKK. 


State  of  New  York,  1 

County  of ,  \ss. 


of   J 


,  being  duly  SAvorn,  says  that  he  is 

the  attorney.  .  in  the  above-entitled  action;  that  the  said  action- 
was  necessarily  upon  the  calendar  for  argument  at  the  several 

terms  held  at  the  city  of ,  one  commenced  on  the 

day    of    ,    10 .  .  ;    one   commenced   on   the 

day  of ,  19 .  .  ;  that  the  items  of  disburse- 
ments above  mentioned  are,  as  deponent  believes,  correct  and 
true,  are  reasonable  in  amount,  and  have  been  or  will  be  neces- 
sarily incurred  in  this  action  on  the  part  of  the   

as  deponent  verily  believes. 


Sworn  to  before  me  this    day 

of li».  .. 


Taxed  at  $ this day  of ,19. 


Clerk. 
Retaxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 


Clerk. 

e.  Bill  of  costs  taxable  in  an  action,  commenced  in  a  court  of 
record,  upon  the  entry  of  judgment  after  a  verdict,  report,  ot 
decision. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 

SuPEEME  Court, Coua  ty. 

John  Hedges 

George  Snow.  j 

J 

Costs  taxable  by  the  plaintiff  only. 
Costs  before  notice  of  trial  (§  3251,  subd,  1,  ^  1) 
($15.00  or  $2.5.00") 


I 


FORivrs.  521 

Additional   defendants  served    (§    3251,   siibd.    1, 

1^2) 

Appointment    of    guardian    for    infant    defendant 

(§   3251,  subd.  1,  H  3) 10  00 

Procuring  order  of  publication   (§  3251,  subd.   1, 

T[  4) 10  00 

Procuring  injunction  order  (§  3251,  subd.  1,  ![  5).             10  00 
Procuring  order  of  arrest  (§  3251,  subd.  1,  ^  5)  .  .            10  00 
Allowance  as  a  matter  of  right  in  attacliment,  mort- 
gage foreclosure,  partition,  adjudication  of  will, 
or  other  instrument  in  writing,  to  compel  deter- 
mination of  a  claim  to  real  property  (§  3252) 


Costs  taxable  by  the  defendant  only. 

Costs  before  notice  of  trial $10  00 

Allowance  to  defendant   (§   3258) 


Costs  taxable  by  either  party. 
Costs  after  notice  and  before  trial  (§  3251,  subd.  3, 

^1) $15  00 

Trial  fee  issue  of  law  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  ^  4) 20  00 

Trial  fee  issue  of  fact  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  i  5) 30  00 

Trial  fee  more  tlian  two  days   (§   3251,  subd.   3, 

15) 10  00 

Allowance  by  court  (§  3253) 

Costs  of  motions  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  II  9) 

New  trial  pursuant  to  an  order  (§  3251,  subd.  3, 

t  10) 25  00 

Taking  deposition  of  witness  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  ^  2)  10  00 

Drawing  interrogatories  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  ^  3) .  .  .  10  00 

Term  fees  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  1  11) 

Disbursements     (general  authority,  §  3256). 
Taxable  by  the  plaintiff  only. 

Serving  summons  and  complaint  (§  3307,  subd.  1) 

Publication  of  summons  (§  3256) 

Filing  and  recording  lis  pendens  (§  3304,  ^  6) 

Taxable  by  either  party. 

Referee's  fees   (§§   3256,  3296) 

Commissioner's  fees  (^  3256) 


522  'flllK  l.AW  OF  COSTS  IN  NKW  YO]:K, 

Sheriffs  calendar  fee  (§  3307,  subd.  4) 

Clerk's  trial  fee  (§  3301,  1i  2) 1  00 

Clerk's  minutes  of  trial  (§  3301,  1[  5) 

Clerk's  fee,  entry  of  judgniient  (§  3301,  li  3) 

Commissioner    in    partition    or    dower    (§§    3250, 

3299)  

Paid  for  searches  (§  3256)    

Surveyor  in  partition  or  dower  f  §^  3256,  3299) 

Paid  for  affidavits  (§  3298) 

Certified  copies  of  orders  (§  3301,  ^i  5) 

Transcript     and     docketing     in     another     county 

(§  3301,  T[^  7,  8)    .  ../. 18 

Sheriff's    fees    on    execution    to    another    county 

Sheriff's  fees  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10)  .  .  62 

(§  3307,  subds.  6,  10.)    62 

Jurors'   fees  (§  3313)   3  00 

Witness  fees   (§    3318)    

Postage  incurred  and  to  be  incurred  (§  3256) 

If  further  proceedings  are  had  after  verdict,  report,  or  de- 
cision, before  entry  of  judgment,  add  proper  costs  from  form  f. 

(Add  affidavits  as  In  form  d.) 

Taxed  at  $ tins day  of ,  19... 


Clerk. 
Relaxed  at  $ this dav  of 19 


Clerk. 
f .  Costs  incurred  after  trial  and  before  appeal. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 
Supreme  Court, Count  v. 


John  Hedges 

V. 

Geojjge  Snow. 


Motion    for   new    trial    without    a    case    C§    3251, 

subd.    3,  ^  9) $10  00 


FORMS.  523 

Motion  for  a  new  trial  upon  a  case  before  argument 

(§  3251,  subd.  3,  1[  8 ;  subd.  4,  f  2) 20  00 

Motion  for  a  new  trial  upon  a  case,  for  argument 

(§  3251,  subd.  3,  1[  8 ;  subd.  4,  T[  3) 40  00 

Making  and  serving  case  not  exceeding  50  folios 

(§  3251,  subd.  3,  If  6) 20  00 

Making    and    serving    case    exceeding    50    folios 

(§   3251,  subd.  3,  f  6) nO  00 

Making  and  serving  amendments  to  case  (§  3251, 

subd.  3,  1"  7)    20  00 

Application  for  judgment  upon  a  special  verdict, 
before  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  ^  8 ;  subd.  4, 
t  2) 20  00 

Application  for  judgment  upon  a  special  verdict, 
for  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  3,  If  8;  subd.  4, 
•[3) 40  00 

Application  to  appellate  division  for  new  trial,  be- 
fore argaiment  (§  3251,  subd.  4,  "f^  1,  2) 20  00 

Application  to  appellate  division  for  new  trial,  for 

argimient  (§  3251,  subd.  4,  Tfli  1,  3) 40  00 

Application  for  judgment  rendered  subject  to  opin- 
ion of  the  court  before  argument  (§  3251,  subd. 
4,  Iflfl,  2) : 20  00 

Application  for  judgment  upon  verdict  rendered 
subject  to  opinion  of  court,  for  argument  (§  3251, 
subd.  4,  ^1^  1,  3) 40  00 

Exceptions  ordered  heard  at  appellate  division  in 
first  instance  before  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  4, 
Ifli   1,  2) 20  00 

Exceptions  ordered  heard  at  appellate  division  in 
first  instance  for  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  4, 
lllf  1,  3) ^ 40  00 

Term  fees  (§  3251,  subd.  4,  ^  4j 

DiSBURSEM  ENTS. 

Clerk's  fee  on  argument  (see  note  heloio) 

Clerk's  fee  for  remittitur  (see  note  below) 

Clerk's  fee,  entry  of  judgment  (§  3301,  ^3) 50 

Paid  for  affidavits  (5j  3298) 


524  TJIK  I-AW  OK  COSTS  1>:   NEW  YOKK. 

Transcript     and     docketing     in     another     county 

^  (§  3301,  nT,  8).. 18 

Sherilf's  fees  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10)  .  .  62 

Sheriff's    fees    on    execution    in    another    county 

(§  3307,  subds.   6,  10 ".  62 

Postage  incurred  and  to  be  incurred  (  §  3256  j 

Printing  case  (§  325G) 

Printing  points   (§   3250) 

Stenographer's  fees,  copy   (  §  3311) 

State  of  ISTew  York,  ] 

County  op ,  ^ss. 

of   J 

,  being  duly  sworn,  says  that  he  is , 

the    attorney .  .    in  the  above-entitled  action ;  that 

the  items  of  disbursements  above  mentioned  are,  as  deponent  be- 
lieves, correct  and  true,  are  reasonable  in  amount,  and  have 
been  or  will  be  actually  and  necessarily  incurred  in  this  action 

on  the  part  of  the    ,  .  as  deponent  veri.ly  believes ; 

that  the  copies  of  docuiiK-nts  and  papers  for  certified  copies,  of 
wliich  charges  are  herein  made,  were  actually  and  necessarily 
used  (or  were  necessarily  obtained  for  use)  ;  that  the  cause  was 
necessarily  on  the  calendar  the  terms  above  named. 


Sworn   to  beforo  me  this    da\ 

of ,19.  .. 

Taxed  at  $ this day  of ,19 


Clerk. 
lletaxed  at  $ this day  of ,19 


Clerk. 

Note. — There  is  no  authority  for  the  chargijig  of  any  fee 
by  the  clerk  of  the  appellate  division.  In  the  old  general  term, 
fees  were  charged  for  various  services,  and  in  the  present  ap- 
pellate divisions  that  custom  has  been  continued  in  some  and 
discontinued  in  others. 

Section  1355  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  refers  to  the 
fees  f'f  the  clfrk  of  the  appellate  division,  but  there  is  no  statute 


FOKMS.  525 

which  gives  chem  any  fees  outside  of  §§  3301,  3304,  and  3306. 
Authority  is  sought  in  §  3301,  which  is  a  re-enactment  of 
§  311:3  of  the  Code  of  Procedure,  under  which  fees  Avere  charged 
by  the  clerks  of  the  old  general  term.  Section  3301  refers  to 
services  rendered  by  the  clerk  of  a  trial  court,  because  there  are 
many  services  therein  enumerated  which  cannot  be  performed 
by  a  clerk  of  the  appellate  division ;  and  the  charge  for  argu- 
ment fee  is  arrived  at  only  by  a  very  strained  construction,  and 
by  relying  upon  the  construction  of  §  252  of  the  Code  of  Pro- 
cedure (Wilcox  V.  CnrtisSj  10  How.  Pr.  91,  Chenango  special 
term  1854;  Clerk's  Fees,  5  How.  Pr.  11,  general  term  1850). 
That  section  defined  a  trial  as  a  judicial  examination  of  the 
issues  between  the  parties.  It  was  therefore  argued  that  the 
issues  between  the  parties  were  examined  at  general  term  upon 
appeal,  just  as  much  as  at  the  circuit.  The  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure omits  that  section,  and  by  §  976  it  regulates  the  trial  of 
an  issue  of  law  and  of  fact  before  one  judge.  There  is  a  plain 
distinction,  all  through  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  between 
a  trial  and  an  appeal. 

A  charge  is  made  in  some  of  the  appellate  divisions  for  the 
fees  of  the  clerk.  In  others  no  charge  is  made.  In  the  fourth 
department  when  §  221  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  was 
amended  so  that  a  deputy  clerk  could  be  appointed,  an  amend- 
ment was  also  added  which  provided  that  the  clerk  of  that  de- 
partment should  make  no  charge  for  his  fees,  and  further  pro- 
vided that  his  disbursements  should  be  paid  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  his  salary. 

g.  Costs  incurred  on  appeal  to  the  appellate  division. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.) 

Supreme  Court^ County. 


John  Hedges 

V. 

Geokge  Snoav. 


} 


J 

Making  and  serving  case  not  exceeding  50  folios 

(§  3251,  subd.  3,  ^  6) $20  00 


526 


THE  1>A\V   OF  COSTS  J.\    NEW  YOKIC. 


Making    and    serving    cas^e    exceeding    -"^O    foiiog 

(§  3251,  subd.  3,  1  6) 30  00 

Making  and  serving  amendments  to  case  (§  3251, 

subd.  3,  Tf  7) 

Costs  before  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  4,  ^j*  1,2). 

Costs  for  argument  ( §  3251,  subd.  4,  t<[  1,  3) 

Term  fees  (^  3251,  subd.  4,  •[  1) 

Appeal  from  interlocutory  judgment  or  order  of 
the  city  court  of  ISTew  York  (§  3251,  subd.  4, 
^  4,  §  3189) 10  00 


20 

00 

20 

00 

40 

00 

DiSB  URSBMENTS. 

Clerk's  fee  on  argument  (see  note  to  form  f) 

Clerk's  fee  for  remittitur  (see  note  to  form  /').... 

Clerk's  fee,  entiy  of  judgment  (§  3301,  ^3) 

Paid  for  affidavits  (§  3298) 

Transcript     and     docketing     in     another     county 

(§  3301,  1[1[7,  8) : 

Sheriff's  fees  on  execution  (§  3307,  subds.  6,  10) .  . 
Sheriff's    fees    on    execution    in    another    county 

(§  3307,  subds.  6,  10) \ 

Postage  incurred  and  to  be  incurred  (§  3250 )  .  .  .  . 

Printing  case   (§  3256)    

Printing  points   (§   3250)    

Stenographer's  fees,  copy   (§  3311  ) 


(Add  affidavits  as  in  form  f.) 

Taxed  at  $ this dav  of 


$0  50 


18 
62 

62 


19 


Clerk. 


Retaxed  at  $ thi? 


day  of 19 

Clerk. 


FORMS.  ,52T 

h.  Costs  incurred  on  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals. 

(Numbers  refer  to  sections  of  tlie  Code  of  Civil  I'locedure.) 
SuPKEME  Court County. 


John  Hedges 

V. 

George  Snow. 


Costs  before  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  5,  ^1) $30  00 

Oosts  for  argument  (§  3251,  subd.  5,  ^  2) 60  00 

Term  fees  (§  3251,  subd.  5,  f  3) 

Damages  for  delay  (§  3251,  subd.  5,  ^  4) 


Disbursements. 

Filing  notice  of  appeal  (§  3300,  ^f  2) $0  50- 

Paid  for  remittitur  (§  3300 ) 

Clerk   for  certificate   of  judgment,    etc.  (§    3301, 

1[6)  .  .. 

Paid  for  printing  case  (§  3256) 

Paid  for  printing  points  (§  3256) 

Postage  (§  3256) 


(Add  affidavits  as  in  form  f.) 

Taxed  at  $ this day  of ,19 


Clerk. 

Ketaxed  at  $ this day  of ,  19 .  . .. 

' J 

Clerk. 


INDEX. 


(References  are  to  sections,) 

A. 

ACCOUNTANT, 

expert,  liability  of  attorney  for  fees  of,  46. 

ACCOUNTING, 

at  what  time  costs  are  awarded,  331. 

costs  of,  small  sum  due  defendant,  action  necesrsary,  331. 

ACCOUNTS  OF  BOTH  PARTIES, 
exceed  $400,  104,  b. 

conclusiveness  of  adjudication  of  justice,  104,  b. 
recovery  of  less  than  $50,  104,  b,  d,  f. 

necessity  of  first  bringing  action  in  justice  court,  104,  b. 
action  first  brought  in  court  of  record;  proof,  104,  b. 
difference  between  claims  contested  and  claims  proved,  104,  b, 
trial  by  court  or  referee;  determination  claims  are  proved,  104,  b. 
trial  before  jury;  determination  claims  are  proved,  104,  b. 
submission  to  jury  of  question  of  amount  of  claims,  104,  b. 
finding  by  jury  on  question  of  amount  of  claims,  104,  b. 
finding  for  plaintiff  various  sums,  for  defendant  various  sums,   10  ^,  b. 
admission  that  claims  of  one  party  exceed  that  sum,  104,  b. 
how  the  amount  is  computed,  104,  c. 
eflect  of  payment  on  claim,  104,  e. 
effect  of  payment  out  of  fund,  104,  c. 
effect  of  payment  on  action  for  ser^  ices,  104.  c. 
meaning  of  word  "accounts"  in  statute,  104,  c. 
applicability  of  cases  decided  under  Revised  Statutes,  104,  c. 
•claims  that  are  conceded,  effect  of,  104,  c. 
filaiming  more  than  $400,  recovery  less  than  $50,  104,  c. 
verdict  for  plaintiff'  in  any  amount;  costs,  104,  d. 
accounts  examined  exceed  $400,  verdict  for  plaintiff,  104,  <!. 
verdict  for  defendant  in  any  amount;  costs,  104,  e. 
<letermination  accounts  do  not  exceed  $400,  costs,  104,  e,  f. 
disbursements;  Avhen  not  entitled  to  costs,  104,  f. 
■equity  action,  money  damages  less  than  $50.  104,  f. 
COSTS  34.  529 


630  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ACTION, 

unauthorized  costs  of,  356. 

liability  of  plaintiffs  attorney  for  costs  of.  .'>28. 

how  such   liability  is  determined,  328. 

to  compel  attorney  to  share  compensation.  10. 

proposed,  lien  of  attorney  on,   14. 

on  nonassignable  cause;   lien  of  attorney,  14. 

for  assault  and  battery,  lien  of  attorney  on,   14. 

settlement  of,  efTect  on  attorney's  lien,  19,  a. 

to  determine  amount  of  attorney's  lien,  40,  a. 

pendency  of,  eRect  on  proceedings  on  attorney's  lien.  40.  f. 

proceedings  on  attorney's  lien,  after  judgment  in,  40,  f.  g. 

in  tort,  instead  of  proceedings  on  attorney's  lien,  41. 

ACTION  AT  LAW, 

power  of  court  as  to  costs  in,  7,  a. 
pflfect  of  court  granting  general  costs,  7,  a. 
effect  of  court  withholding  general  costs,  7,  a. 
(effect  of  court  granting  motion  costs,  7,  a. 
(jffeet  of  court  withholding  motion  costs,  7,  a. 
power  of  court  as  to  costs  on  appeal,  7,  a. 
power  of  court  as  to  additional  allowances,  7,  a. 

ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE, 
statute,  274. 

classes  of  actions  in  which  granted,  274. 
policy  of  law  in  granting,  275. 
defeated  party  in  affluent  circumstances.  275. 
defeated  party  in  moderate  or  needy  circumstances.  275. 
decisiveness  of  facts  of  each  case,  275. 
granting,  to  pay  lawyers  from  abroad,  275. 
compensation  for  trial  or  appeal,  275. 
power  of  supreme  court  to  award,  on   appeal  from  surrogate's  court, 

189. 
defeated  party  paying  more  than  usual  costs,  275. 
out  of  fund  belonging  to  third  persons,  275. 
waiver  of,  if  no  appeal  be  taken  from  judgment,  275. 
application  for,  when  made,  274,  276. 
usual  practice  on  application  for,  276. 
practice  when  not  made  at  the  trial,  276. 
affidavits  on  motions  for,  276. 

application  for  at  trial;  absence  of  opposite  attorney,  276. 
motion  for,  not  decided  till  after  death  of  attorney,  276. 
application  for,  on  final  judgment  in  foreclosure,  270. 


INDEX.  631 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
A DDITI ONiiL  ALLOWANCE—  ( continued ) . 

application  for,  on  reference  to  compute  amount  due,  276, 

insertion  of,  in  conclusions  of  law ;  equity  actions,  270. 

application  for  after  final  costs  adjusted,  other  costs  nut,  276. 

long  delay  in  application  for,  as  waiver  of,  276. 

setting  aside  taxation,  to  allow  application  for,  276. 

when  final  costs  were  taxed  inadvertently,  276. 

impression  that  former,  applied,  276. 

deliberate  taxation  of,  opening  to  allow  new  application  for,  276. 

reargument  aftei*  judgment  upon  remittitur,  application  for,  276. 

where  there  has  been  no  trial,  277. 

applicability  of  decision  under  Code,  prior  to   1-S05,  277. 

Avhere  there  has  been  no  trial,  277. 

effect  of  absence  of  a  trial,  277. 

complaint  dismissed  on  call  of  calendar,  278. 

complaint  dismissed  for  nonprosecution,  278. 

complaint  dismissed  upon  a  regular  default,  278. 

plaintiif  submits  to  nonsuit,  278. 

striking  equity  case  from  trial  calendar,  278. 

di.scontinuance ;  granting  upon,  66,  279. 

stipulation  that  court  pass  on  allowance,  279. 

ex  parte  order  of,  60,  279. 

upon  order  on  notice,  279. 

what  facts  determine  granting  of,  60. 

before  answer  to  amended  complaint,  279. 

on  order,  costs  to  be  taxed,  279. 

on  stipulation,  on  payment  of  costs,  279. 

on  objection  to  jurisdiction  of  court,  279. 

receiving  costs  on,  pending  motion  for  allowance,  279. 

receiving  costs,  not  reserving  right  to  move  for,  279. 

granting,  wlien  defendant  does  not  apply  for,  06. 
on  judgment  entered  upon  oiler,  215.  280. 
when  recovery  is  less  than  offer  of  judgment,  215. 
overruling  demurrer,  privilege  to  plead  over,  28 L 
overruling  demurrer,  by  appellate  court,  privilege  to  plead,  281. 
on  final  decision  on  demurrer,  281. 

on  final  judgment,  privilege  to  plead  not  accepted,  281. 
on  judgment  upon  frivolous  demurrer,  281. 

interlocutory  judgment  as  bar,  privileged  to  plead  not  accepted,  281. 
on  demurrer,  lack  of  jurisdiction,  281. 
when  some  defendants  answer,  and  some  demur,  281. 
necessity  of  notice  in  such  case,  281. 


532  INDEX.  J 


(References  are  to  sections.) 
A DDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE—  ( continued ) . 
application;   to  whom  made,  282. 

to  court  or  judge,  282. 

when  §  769  and  Rule  45  conflict,  282. 

waiver  of  irregularity,  objection,  when  made,  282. 

at  term  where  tried,  or  before  justice,  282. 

complaint  dismissed  on  motion,  282. 

review  of  allowance  by  another  judge,  282, 

in  equity  actions,  282. 

when  the  trial  is  before  a  referee,  283. 

papers  used,  upon  coming  in  of  verdict,  284. 

later  in  term,  presence  of  opposing  attorney,  284. 

motion  after  trial  term;   papers  should  show  what,  284. 

minutes  of  trial  clerk  as  authority  to  taxing  oflScer,  284. 

value  not  shown  in  complaint,  alHdavits  on  application,  284. 
power  of  clerk  to  take  proof  of  value,  284. 
when  both   parties   succeed,  285. 
judgment  absolvite  upon  stipulation,  286. 

power  of  court  below  to  grant,  286. 

necessitj'  of  notice  of  application,  286. 

application  after  obtaining  usual  remittitur,  286. 

application  before  entry  of  judgment  thereon,  286. 
after  exceptions  heard  at  the  appellate  division,  286. 
power  of  appellate  division  to  grant,  286. 
application  for,  to  special  term  on  notice,  286. 
number  of  allowances  in  an  action,  287. 
effect  of  reversal  of  judgment,  after  grantinii.  287. 
in  ejectment,  new  trial  under  §  1525,  74,  2S7. 
when  action  is  difficult  and  extraordinary,  288. 

facts  in  trial  court  or  on  appeal,  288,  a. 

submitted  controversy  on  agreed  facts,  233,  288,  a, 

review  by  appellate  court  that  action  is,  288,  a. 

when  no  trial  is  had,  288,  a. 

difiicult  question  of  law,  288,  b. 

difficult  question  of  fact,  288,  c. 

proof  of  sale  and  delivery  of  many  items,  288,  c 

examination  of  many  witnesses,  288,  c. 

examination  of  expert  witnesses,  288,  c. 

examination  of  a  long  account,  288,  c. 

length  of  time  of  trial,  288,  d. 

more  than  one  trial,  288,  e. 

eminence  of  counsel  engaged  in  trial,  288.  f. 


I 


INDEX.  533 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE— (continued) . 

denial  on  first  trial,  as  res  adjudicaia  on  second,  288,  f. 

first  trial  difficult,  second  not,  288,  f. 

amount  involved  in  the  litigation,  288,  g. 

complaint  dismissed,  plaintiff  not  appearing,  288,  g. 

complaint  dismissed  on  trial,  large  amount  involved,  288,  g. 

defendants  unnecessarily  severed  in  defense,  288,  g. 

giving  of  a  bond  in  action  for  injunction,  288,  g. 
when  action  is  not  dilTieult  and  extraordinary,  289. 

simple  question  of  law,  289,  a. 

simple  question  of  fact,  289,  a. 

judgment  on  frivolous  answer,  289,  a. 

question  of  fact  easy,  witnesses  from  distance,  289,  a. 

difficult  question  not  raised,  289,  a. 

plaintiff's  claim  admitted,  contest  between  defendants,  289.  a. 

trial  occupies  but  a  short  time,  289,  b. 

trial  protracted,  successful  party  claimed  too  much.  289,  b. 

difficult  question  decided  against  prevailing  partj',  289,  c 

diilicuit  claims  abandoned  by  successful  party,  289,  c. 

recovery  on  mere  technicality,  289,  d. 

action  for  dower,  where  plaintiff  dies,  289,  d. 

attorney  has  contingent  fee  in  large  recovery,  289,  d. 

large  reduction  of  amoimt  claimed,  289,  d. 

plaintiff'  fails  on  claim,  defendant  on  counterclaim,  289,  d. 

extraordinary,  but  not  difficult,  289,  d. 

difficult  question  abandoned  by  successful  party,  289,  d. 

successful  defendant's  action,  justifying  suit,  289,  d,  296. 

fraudulent  conveyance;   inadequacy  of  property,  289.  d. 

action  unnecessary,  289,  d. 

successful   defendants  unnecessarily  sever  defense,  289,  d. 

defendant  is  surety  only,  289,  d. 

defense  induced  by  plaintift''s  affidavit,  289,  d. 
commissioners  to  assess  damages,  opening  street,  289.  d. 
how  reviewed,.  290. 

necessity  of  exceptions  to  enable  court  to  review,  290. 

on  appeal  from  judgment  merely,  290. 

extent  of  review  by  the  court  of  appeals,  290. 

on  appeal  from  a  portion  of  the  judgment,  290. 

upon  whom  burden  rests  to  show  error,  290. 

presumption,  papers  not  showing  amount  involxed,  290. 

on  appeal  from  a  portion  of  an  order,  290. 

remedy  of  counsel  surprised  on  motion,  290. 
second  motion  for,  after  denial  of  first,  290. 


634  ijn^dex. 

(References  are  to  sections!.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE —  ( continued ) . 
discretion  reviewed,  by  what  courts,  29L 

power  of  appellate  term  of  trial  court,  20L 

no  appellate  term  of  trial  court,  29L 

award  by  a  county  court,  291. 

violation  of  a  rule  of  law,  29L 

denial  of,  on  ground  of  lack  of  authority,  291. 

slight  excess  by  inadvertence,  29L 
necessity  of  general  costs,  282,  292. 

general  costs,  as  a  matter  of  right,  292. 

general  costs,  as  a  matter  of  discretion,  292. 

sufficiency  of  costs  allowed  on  appeal,  292. 

defendant's  costs;   recovery  of  less  than  *50,  292. 

defendant's  costs,  on  oiler  of  judgment,  292. 
by  what  statute  governed,  293. 
power  of  court  over,  294, 

entering  judgment  mine  pro  tunc  under  §  763,  294. 

power  of  referee,  limiting  right  to  apply,  294. 

waiver  of  damages  on  injunction,  294. 

ordering  attorney  to  return  excess  of  legal  amount,  294. 

division  of,  all  not  succeeding  on  appeal,  294. 
amount  claimed  in  pleadings,  295. 

denial  in  one  pleading  of  value  contained  in  another.  295. 

amount  in  complaint  larger  than  the  recovery,  295. 

basis  when  the  plaintiff  is  defeated,  295. 

verdict  for  certain  amount  and  interest,  basis.  295. 

statement  of  plaintiff's  counsel  in  opening,  295. 

amount  claimed  in  notice  attached  to  summons,  295. 

which  controls,  amount  in  dispute,  or  recovery,  295. 
motive  of  plaintiff  in  commencement  of  action,  296. 

action  commenced  in  bad  faith,  290. 

action  commenced  to  embarrass  defendant,  29G. 

motive  of  plaintiff  in  purchasing  cause  of  action,  296. 

action  induced  by  suspicious  action  of  defendant,  296. 
taxpayer's  action,  297. 

to  the  defendant  in,  297. 

to  the  plaintiff  in,  297. 

basis,  restraining  performance  of  contract,  297. 

basis,  declaring  bonds  void,  297. 

basis,  restraining  collection  of  interest.  297. 

basis,  restraining  laying  out  of  street,  297. 
action  to  apportion  a  tax  or  assessment,  298. 
basis,  action  on  a  lease,  299,  a. 


INDEX.  635 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE— (continued) . 

value,  how  ascertained,  299,  a. 

only  a  portion  of  lease  in  dispute,  299,  a. 
basis,  action  for  damages  to  a  leaseholder,  299.  a. 
injunction  actions,  basis,  299,  b. 

restraining  carrying  on  of  business,  299,  b. 

restraining  the  removal  of  property,  299,  b. 

restraining  use  of  apparatus,  299,  b. 

abandoning  damages,   continuing  action  to   try  title,   299,   b. 
specific  performance,  basis  in  action  for,  299,  c,  314. 

title  defectiA'e,  recovery  of  damages,  299,  c. 

only  a  portion  of  the  title  involved,  299,  c. 

purchaser  compelled  to  accept  property,  299.  e. 
ejectment  action,  basis,  299,  d. 

under  Code  of  Procedure,  299,  d. 

when  title  only  is  involved,  299,  d. 

when  title  and  damages  are  involved,  299,  d. 

objection  that  value  not  showTi,  when  taken,  299,  d. 
deed  declared  a  mortgage,  action  for,  basis,  299,  d. 
overflowing  lands,  action  for  damages,  basis,  299,  e. 
trespass,  action  for,  basis,  299,  f. 

where  the  title  is  not  contested,  299,  f. 

where  the  title  is  contested,  299,  f. 

pleadings  and  evidence  not  showing  value,  299,  f. 

poAver  of  the  clerk  to  take  evidence  of  value,  290,  f. 

on  lands  outside  of  the  state,  299,  f. 

restraining  the  completion  of  a  structure,  299,  f. 
railroads,  action  against,  basis,  299,  g. 

compelling  completion  and  operation  of,  299,  g. 

damages  to  abutting  o^niers  by  construction  of,  299,  g. 

to  defendant  who  refused  to  unite  as  plaintiff,  299,  g. 

damages  for  rental  value,  299,  g. 

interfeience  with  light  and  air,  299.  g. 
partition,  action  for,  basis,  299,  h. 

application  for,  when  made,  276. 

entire  property  or  plaintiff's  share,  299,  h. 

consideration  of  rents  collected  by  a  receiver,  299,  h. 

inchoate  right  of  dower  of  plaintiff's  wife,  299,  li. 

to  infant  child  of  plaintiff,  299,  h. 

to  mortgagee  of  plaintiff's  share,  299,  h. 

granting  to  all  parties,  299,  h. 

amount  of,  when  granted  to  both  parties.  299,  h. 

to  defendant  in  actual  partition,  299,  h. 


536  mDKx. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE— (continued) . 

when  the  issue  lias  been  between  the  defendants.  299,  h^ 

one  on  sale,  another  on  distiibution,  299,  h. 
mortgage  foreclosure,  granting  in,  209,  i. 

when  the  defense  was  unnecessary,  120,  j,  299,  i. 

limit  of  amount  in  difficult  case,  120,  j,  299,  i. 

on  dismissal  of  complaint,  299,  i. 

limit  of  amount,  foreclosure  of  leasehold.  299.  i, 

mortgage  on  chattels  and  lands,  120,  j. 

mortgage  on  chattels,  120,  j. 
fraudulent  conveyances,  setting  aside,  basis,  299,  j. 
fraudulent  transfer  of  mortgage,  setting  aside,  basis,  299,  j. 
mechanic's  lien  foreclosure,  131,  e. 

corporation,  restraining  from  issuing  bonds,  basis,  300. 
corporation,  restraining  from  exercising  functions,  basis,  300. 
fund,  action  in  relation  to,  basis,  301. 
fimd,  action  brought  for  benefit  of  others,  301. 
fund,  allowance  to  a  defendant  entitled  to  sharp  in,  301. 
construction  of  will,  basis,  302. 
alloAvanee  to  others  besides  plaintiff,  311,  f. 
when  plaintiff  suflTers  default,  302. 
discretion  of  court  in  gi'anting,  311.  f. 
insurance  policy,  action  on,  basis.  303. 
against  executors,  174,  h. 

on  statutory  reference,  disputed  claim  against,  174,  q. 
life  insurance  policy,  action  to  reinstate,  303. 
Lloyd  insurance  policy,  against  one  indemnitor,  basis,  303. 
in  action  for  divorce,  136,  a. 
charging  an  annuity  upon  a  fund,  basis,  304. 
assumption  of  court  that  capital  stock  of  bank  is  at  par,  305. 
restraining  sale  of  pledged  stock,  without  notice,  basis,  305. 
action  to  redeem  stock  upon  paying  assessments,  basis,  305, 
negligently  causing  death,  basis,  306. 
addition  of  interest  under  §  1904,  as  a  basis,  300. 

partnership    accountings;    gross    assets    or    assets   of   party,   as    basis^ 
for,  307. 

to  set  aside  transfer  of  property,  307. 

assets  not  enough  to  pay  debts,  307,  311,  g. 

nonsuit  after  defendant  makes  account,  307. 

no  sum  demanded  in  com.plaint,  complaint  dismissed,  311,  g» 

allowed  to  all  parties,  307. 

no  dispute  as  to  sum  due  plaintiff,  311,  g. 

plaintiff  loses  large  part  of  claim,  307. 

defendant  loses  large  part  of  counterclaim,  307. 


INDEX.  537 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE—  ( continued ) . 
trademarks,  restraining  use  of,  o08. 

restraining  use  and  recovery  of  damages,  basis,  308, 

no  proof  of  value  of,  308. 

defendant  wins,  no  sum  demanded  in  complaint,  308. 

defendant  wins  certain  sum  demanded  in  complaint,  308. 
counterclaim,  when  defendant  sets  up,  basis,  309. 
no  amount  claimed  in  complaint  or  answer,  basis,  309. 
plaintifT    recovers,    defendant    setting    up    unliquidated    counterclaim, 

basis,  309. 
defendant  concedes  plaintiff's  claim,  recovers  on  counterclaim,  309. 
plaintiff  wins,  no  judgment  on  coimterclaim,  309. 
defendant  wins,  pleading  statute  of  limitations,  310. 
when  there  is  no  basis  for,  311. 

money  value,  accruing  only  incidentally,  311,  a. 

restraining  the  setting  aside  of  an  award,  311,  a. 

in  quo  warranto  proceedings,  311,  b. 

removal  of  officer  of  a  corporation,  311,  b. 

restraining  use  of  trademark,  defendant  wins,  311,  c. 

restraining  use  of  trademark,  plaintiff  wins,  311,  c. 

compelliiig  lessor  to  name  umpire  to  fi.K  values,  311,  d. 

setting  aside  deed  given  for  convenience,  311,  d. 

restraining  proceedings  in  dispossession,  311,  d. 

restraining  increase  in  height  of  party  wall,  311,  d. 

restraining  building  within  certain  line  of  street,  311,  d. 

restraining  building,  plaintiff  claims  easement,  311,  d. 

reforming  contract  restraining  running  of  cars,  311,  d. 

restraining  maintenance  of  street  railway,  311,  d. 

lestraining  proceedings  for  forcible  entry  and  detainer,  311,  d^ 

restraining  the  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage,  311,  d. 

restraining  operation  of  railroad,  value  of  easements,  311,  d_ 

restraining  railroad  from  building  road,  311,  d. 

action  by  the  people  to  remove  a  dam,  311,  d. 

restraining  pollution  of  stream,  no  damages,  311,  d. 

restraining  operation  of  railroad,  nominal  damaifos,  311,  d. 

injunction  therein  obviated  by  payment,  311,  d. 

to  declare  a  resulting  trust  on  leasehold,  311,  d. 

injunctive  relief  as  to  personal  property,  311,  e. 

to  construe  a  will,  demurrer  sustained,  311,  f. 

to  construe  a  will,  outside  of  jurisdiction,  311,  f. 

to  construe  a  will,  allowance  to  the  defendants,  311,  f. 

to  construe  a  will,  complaint  dismissed,  no  evidence,  311,  f. 

discretion  of  the  court  in  granting,  7,  a. 


538  IKDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE— (continued) . 

accounting,  no  sum  demanded,  nothing  due,  311,  g. 

accounting,  plainliff  held  not  entitled  to,  311,  g. 

accounting,  when  estate  is  insolvent,  311,  g. 

accounting,  no  dispute  as  to  sum  due,  311,  g. 

trustee  asks  to  be  relieved,  then  discontinues,  311,  g. 

discontinuance  of  action  to  remove  general  assignee,  311,  g. 

divorce,  action  foi%  136,  a,  311,  h. 

forma  'pauperis,  action  in,  contingent  fee,  311,  i. 

reform  contract,  action  to,  311,  j. 

action  to  obtain  relief  as  to  a  release,  311,  j. 

award,  action  to  vacate,  311,  j. 
construction  of  will,  inherent  power  of  court,  130,  c. 
construction  of  will,  reviewed  by  court  of  appeals,  130,  c. 
construction  of  will,  allowance  to  all  parties,  130,  c. 
construction  of  will,  under  Code,  Knit  of,  130,  c. 
on  demurrer,  appellate  court  allowing  amended  pleading,  96. 
discretion  of  trial  court  in  granting,  in  such  case,  96. 
payment  upon  amending  complaint,  49,  d. 
payment  upon  amending  answer,  49,  e. 
trial    court   granting,   after   Judgment   absolute   by   court   of   appeals. 

"with  costs,"  390,  a. 
trial  court  granting,  judgment  absolute,  court  of  appeals  allowing  costs 

in  trial  court,  390,  a. 
in  actions  against  an  executor,  174,  h. 
on  contested  claim  presented  to  assignee,  164,  c. 
proper  allowance,  what  is,  312. 

various  cases,  amount  of,  considered,  312,  a. 

to   guardian    ad    litem,    inclusion    of,    ascertaining   statutory 
limit,  312,  b. 

statutory  limit,  application  to  receivers,  172,  c. 

in  taxpayer's  action,  trial  short,  312,  c. 

construction  of  will,  complaint  dismissed,  312,  d. 

conduct  of  party  not  commendable,  312,  e. 

defendant  succeeding  on  answer  amended  after  appeal,  312,  e. 

servant  imsuccessfully  suing  ma.ster  for  false  arrest,  312,  e. 

cause  of  action  not  surviving  plaintiff,  312,  e. 

trustee  defending  in  interest  of  others,  312,  e. 

exceeding  5  per  cent  of  sum  involved,  312,  e. 

exceeding  5  per  cent,  in  special  proceeding,  312,  e. 
special  proceedings,  allowance  in,  313. 

when  the  costs  are  fixed  by  §  3240,  150,  a,  313. 

certiorari  to  review  an  assessment,  159,  d,  313. 


INDEX.  639 

(Refei'ences  are  to  sections.) 
ADDITIONAL  ALLOWANCE— (continued) . 

under  the  condemnation  law,  150,  b,  c,  313. 
condemnation  proceedings  not  under  that  law,  313. 
on  discontinuance,  under  condemnation  law,  151,  d. 
mandamus,  149,  e. 
as  a  matter  of  right,  314. 
statute,  314. 

necessitj'  of  motion  or  order  for,  314. 
duty  of  clerk  to  tax,  314. 
right  of  defendant  to  these  allowances,  314, 
necessity  that  plaintiff  recover  costs,  314. 

"to  compel  the  determination  of  a  claim  to  real  property,"  314. 
in  mechanic's  lien  foreclosure,  131,  e,  314. 
to  compel  specific  performance  of  a  land  contract,  314. 
to  foreclose  a  land  contract,  121. 
to  restrain  the  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage,  314. 
to  set  aside  a  fraudulent  conveyance,  314. 
in  attachment  actions,  315. 

necessity  that  property  be  attached,  315. 

necessity  that  attachment  continue,  315. 

bond  given  in  place  of  property,  as  basis,  315. 

amount  of  recovery  as  a  basis,  315. 

procedure  when  return  does  not  show  value,  315. 

property  attached  exceeds  recovery,  basis,  315. 

discontinuance  upon  payment  of  costs,  315. 

necessity  that  plaintiff  recover  judgment,  315. 

settlement  in  favor  of  plaintiff,  equivalent  to,  315. 
construction  of  will,  to  plaintiff,  130,  e. 
limit  of  allowance  under  §§  3252,  3253,  130,  c. 
in  foreclosure  of  land  contract,  121. 

ADDITIONAL  DEFENDANTS, 

voluntary  appearance,  as  additional  defendant  served  with  sumnious, 
335. 

ADJOURNING  TRIAL, 

terms  on,  72, 

what  is,  72. 

disbursements  on,  72. 

taxation  of  disbursements  on,  72. 

witness  fees  on,  72. 

disbursements,  after  order,  72. 

disbursements  not  rendered  useless  by,  72. 

costs  on,  when  paid,  72. 


540  INDEX.  <^ 

(References  are  to  sections.)  t 

ADJOURNING  TRIAI^-  { continued ) .  -J 

costs  on,  taxed  in  judgment,  72.  ^ 
excessive  terms  on,  review  of,  72. 
dismissal  of  complaint,  nonpayment  of  costs  of,  72. 

ADMINISTRATOR.     See  also  Executob. 
costs  awarded  to,  not  to  attorney,  17. 

enforcing  attorney's  lien  after  settlement  of  action,  19,  b. 
personal  liability  for  fees  of  attorney,  28. 
liability  in  representative  capacity,  28. 
allowance  for  services  of  attorney,  conclusiveness  of,  28, 
attorney's  lien,  action  causing  death  of  intestate,  28. 
lien  of  individual  attorney  on  estate,  28. 
an  attorney,  charging  for  own  services,  28. 
an  attorney,  employing  his  partner,  28. 
emploj'ing  attorney  by  contingent  retainer.  28. 
enforcing  such  lien,  28. 

ADMISSION  OF  GENUINENESS  OF  PAPER.  4(i.5. 

AFFIDAVIT, 

fee  for  administering,  402. 

"AFTER  NOTICE  OF  TRIAL  AND  BEFORE  TIM  A  I.," 
meaning  of,  83. 
as  including  term  fees,  83. 

dismissal  of  complaint,  when  defendant  can  tux,  52. 
payment  of,  as  terms  of  opening  default.  .56. 

ALIENATION  OF  AFFECTIONS, 

amount  of  costs  as  afTected  by  .amount  of  verdict,  103,  c 

ALIMONY, 

attorney's  lien  on,  16.  39. 

AilENDMENT, 

to  leave  out  a  defendant,  terms,  58. 

costs  on,  discretion  of  court.  49,  a. 

costs  on,  general  rule,  49,  a. 

of  complaint  before  trial,  49,  a. 

formal,  of  complaint  before  trial,  49,  a. 

formal,  of  complaint  at  trial,  49,  b. 

of  complaint  after  withdrawal  of  juror,  49,  b. 

formal,  after  evidence  is  all  in,  49,  b. 

of  complaint,  changing  theory  of  action,  49,  b. 

of  complaint,  substantia],  at  ."special  term,  49,  b. 


INDEX.  541 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
AM  ENDIMENT—  ( con  t  inued ) . 

terms  of,  by  wliom  determined,  49,  b. 

of  comi^Iaint,  after  judgment,  amount  of  damages,  49,  c 

of  complaint,  after  appeal,  new  issues,  49,  d. 

of  complaint  of  poor  person,  49,  d. 

of  complaint,  defendant  a  public  oflBcer,  49,  d. 

of  complaint,  answer  also  amended,  terms,  49,  d. 

of  complaint  from  harboring  son,  to  wages,  4!),  d. 

of  answer;  usual  terms,  after  appeal,  49,  e. 

no  costs  were  allowed  on  trial  or  on  appeal,  49,  e. 

allowing  plaintiff  to  discontinue,  49,  e. 

upon  payment  of  all  costs  to  date,  49,  e. 

upon  pajanent  of  part  of  costs  to  date,  -)!».  e. 

rule  in  superior  and  New  York  city  courts,  49,  e. 

upon  payment  of  additional  allowance,  49,  e. 

upon  payment  of  a  lump  sum,  49,  e. 

upon  payment  of    motion  costs  merely.  49,  e. 

application  for,  before  trial,  49,  e. 

application  for,  case  on  day  calendar,  4!i,  e. 

retaxation  of  costs  paid  on,  49.  h. 

ANSWER, 

amendment  of,  see  Amendment  of  Answer,  supra. 

moving  that,  be  made  more  definite,  terms  of  order.  40.  g. 

serving  supplemental,  terms  of,  49,  f. 

serving  supplemental,  terms  of,  in  equity,  49,  f. 

serving  supplemental,  laches  in  moving,  49,  f. 

serving  supplemental,  facts  existed  when  answer  served,  49,  £. 

APPEAL, 

statute  governing  costs  on,  381. 

discretion  of  court,  action  not  specified  in  §  3228.  381. 

necessity  of  success  upon  main  issues,  382. 

necessity  of  success  upon  all  the  main  issues,  382. 

partial  success,  appeal  too  broad,  382. 

when  both  parties  succeed,  costs,  382. 

when  question  is  novel,  7,  a. 

when  both  parties  appeal  and  fail,  costs,  382. 

when  question  of  law  is  imsettled,  7,  a. 

both  appeal,  one  abandons  appeal,  other  fails,  382. 

both  appeal,  succeed  in  part  only,  costs,  7,  a,  382. 

both  appeal,  judgment  reversed,  mutual  errors,  382. 

two  a])peals,  same  question,  costs  of,  improper,  382. 

by  respondent  to  secure  expression  of  court  upon  reversal,  382. 


542  INDKX. 

(Refeiefues  are  to  sections.) 
APPEA]>—  { coni  inued ) . 

silence  as  to  costs,  when  tliey  are  discretionary,  382. 

correction  of  erroneous  direction  as  to  costs,  382. 

separate  costs  on  appeal  from  judgment  and  order,  383. 

from  judgment  and  order  denying  new  trial,  under  §  1010,  383. 

judgment  and  order,  newly  discovered  evidence,  383. 

from  order  after  decision  on  appeal  from  judgment,  383, 

"argument,"  meaning  of,  in  §  3251,  384. 

respondent  consenting  to  reversal  to  correct  error,  385. 

successful  appellant  violating  rules  as  to  printing  case,  385. 

several  appeals  embodied  in  one  notice,  386. 

judgment  modified,   error   in   computation   not   called   to  attention   of 

court  below,  387. 
written  offer  to  allow  deduction  of  amount  of  error,  387. 
judgment    modified    after    such    offer,    error    made    by    attorneys    and 

court,  387. 
reversal  when  objection  was  not  definite,  387. 
accepting  part  of  order,  appealing  from  balance,  388. 
receiving  costs  for  favor,  appealing  from  order,  388. 
costs  received  before  appeal  taken,  effect,  388. 
costs  received  after  appeal  taken,  effect,  338. 
iiccepting  costs  payable  absolutely,  not  dependent  upon  accepting  favor, 

388. 
after  payment  of  costs  coerced  by  execution,  388, 
after  attorney  has  accepted  costs,  388. 
reargument  not  caused  by  party  claiming  costs,  380. 
fee  "before  notice  of  argument"  in  such  case.  389. 

court  of  rippeals,   "with   costs;''   meaning  of  the  words   '"with   costs," 
390,  a. 
^^'llat  costs  can  be  taxed  in  such  case,  390,  a. 
0(iuity  court  granting  costs  for  first  time,  judgment  upon  re- 
mittitur, 390,  a. 
equity  court  granting  an  allowance,  first  time,  390,  a, 
assuming  to  denl  with  whole  subject  of  costs,  390,  a. 
equity  action,  costs  in  trial  court  allowed,  trial  court  granting 

an  allowance.  390,  a. 
action  at  law,  judgment  upon  remittitur,  trial  court  granting 

an  allowance,  390,  a. 
equity  action,  costs  not  allowed  in  appellate  division,  judg- 
ment upon  remittitur,  "witli  costs,"  390,  a. 
how  costs  in  appellate  division  obtained  in  such  case,  390,  a. 
application  on  final  judgment  for  costs,  successful  party  uni- 
formly defeated,  390,  a. 


INDKX.  543 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
APPEAL— (continued) . 

court    ot     appeals,    interpretation    and    correction    of    order ;     lower 

court  awarding,   court   of  appeals   having  passed  on  whole 

subject,  390,  b. 
lower  court  allowing  separate  bills  of  costs,  390,  b. 
trial  court  allowing  costs  in  that  court,  after  affirmance,  300,  b. 
how  costs  in  lower  court  reduced  after  affirmance,  390,  b. 
construction  of  stipulation  by  parties,  390,  b. 
etipulation,  one  set  of  papers,  several  actions,  390,  b. 
remittitur  ambiguous  as  to  costs,  remedy,  390,  b. 
trial  court  reducing  costs,  judgment  absolute,  390,  b. 
appellate  diA'ision  deducting  its  costs,  judgment  absolute,  390,  b. 
danger  of  appealing  from  order  granting  new  trial,  390,  b. 
eourt    of    appeals,    "with    costs   to    abide    event;"    meaning    of    "with 

costs  to  abide  eA'ent,"  390,  c. 
what  costs  taxable  in  equity;  new  trial,  390,  c. 
discretion  of  trial   court,  in  equity,  neither  party  successful, 

390,  c. 
what  costs  taxable  on  new  trial ;  action  at  law,  390,  c. 
to  party  who  is  finally  unsuccessful,  what  costs  taxable,  action 

at  law,  390,  e. 
court  of  appeals,  "without  costs;"  meaning  of  "without  costs,"  390,  d. 
adding  costs  below  for  first  time,  390,  d. 
to  proceed  according  to  law,  power  of  trial  court,  390,  d. 
United  States  Supreme  Court  reverses,  with  costs;   efTect  of 

court  of  appeal  remitting  "without  costs,"  390,  d. 
modifying  judgment,  burden  on  whom,  390,  d. 
exemption  of  costs  below,  how  determined,  390,  d. 
equity    action,   judgment   affirmed,    "without    costs   to   eilVier 

party,"  390,  d. 
court    of    appeals,    costs    as    a    matter    of    right;    action    for    money 

judgment,   390,  e. 
when  costs  are  in  discretion  of  court,  390,  e. 
discretion,  judgment  reversed  or  affirmed  in  part.  390,  e. 
discretion  as  to  costs,  new  trial  granted,  390,  e. 
efTect  of  adding  "with  costs"  in  such  action,  390,  e. 
eflfect  of  adding  "without  costs"  in  such  action,  390,  e. 
appellate   division   gives   costs   to   defendant   to   abide   event, 

court  of  appeals  judgment  for  plaintiff",  "with  costs,"  390,  e. 
court  of  appeals  reviewing  costs;   discretionary  order;   based  on  lack 

of  power,  390,  f. 
condition  of  reversal,  not  to  bring  action,  390.  f, 
allowance  of  costs  upon  such  condition.  390,  f. 


544 


liVUEX. 


(References  are  to  sections.) 
APPEAL—  ( continued ) . 

order  reversing  order  of  special  term,  costs  absolutely,  390,  f. 
adjusting  costs  payable  by  different  parties.  390,  f. 
8ourt    of    appeals;    decision    of    one    appeal    makes    consideration    of 
another  useless,  390,  g. 
modification  on  point  not  raised  below,  390,  h. 
party  right  on  pleading,  in  default  of  payment,  390,  h. 
one  bill  of  costs,  several  awarded  below,  390,  i. 
afiRrming  judgment,  equity  action,  power  as  to  costs,  390,  i. 
reversing  and  ordering  judgment  for  one  defendant,  390,  i. 
reversal  as  to  one  of  two  defendants,  right  to  costs,  action  at 

law,  390,  i. 
same  attorney  for  plaintiff  and  guardian.  390,  i. 
two  respondents,  one  plaintiff,  one  defendant,  different  issues, 

390,  i. 
two  orders,  "appeals  dismissed  with  costs,"  390.  i. 
amount  of  costs,  appeal  from  order,  390,  j. 
double  costs  to  public  officer,  390,  j. 
<M}UTt    of    appeals,    punitive    costs;    no    merit    in    appeal,    percentage 
allowed,  390,  k. 
on  what  computed,  390,  k. 
allowance  in  action  for  fraud,  390,  k. 
appeal  without  merit,  no  points  submitted,  390,  k. 
evidence  on  new  trial  falls  short  of  offer,  390.  k. 
little  merit  in  appeal,  but  no  delay,  390.  k. 
same   question   decided   against  appellant   in   another   action. 

390,  k. 
debatable  qtiestion  not  settled  at  time  of  appeal,  390,  k. 
court  of  appeals,  costs  imposed  upon  withdrawing  appeal,  390.  1. 
terms  imposed  upon  opening  a  default,  390,  m. 
appeal  dismissed  after  argument  on  merits,  390,  m. 
arguing  on  merits,  instead  of  moving  to  dismiss,  390,  ni. 
appeal  dismissed  on  motion,  390,  m. 
review  of  construciion  of  order  by  court  below,  390,  n. 
waiver  of  review,  entering  judgment,  satisfied,  390,  n. 
amount  of  allowance  in  murder  case,  390,  o. 
effect  of  not  preparing  case,  on  allowance,  390,  o. 
appellate  division;  when  the  court  has  no  discretion  as  to  costs,  391,  a. 
costs,  as  a  matter  of  right,  effect  of  silence,  391,  a. 
in  what  case  the  court  has  a  discretion  as  to  costs,  391.  a. 
exceptions  heard  at.  in  first  instance,  391,  g. 
discretion  of  court,  new  trial  granted  in  such  case,  S7. 
including  appeal  from  order  denying  new  trial,  391.  g. 
verdict  subject  to  opinion  of.  391.  h. 


INDEX.  545 

(Refeieuces  are  to  sections.) 
APPEiiL—  ( continued ) . 

appellate    division,    "witli    costs;"    rule    in   the    first    and    second    de- 
l»artnients,  complaint  dismissed,  391,  b. 
direction  when  costs  of  trial  are  granted,  391,  b. 
rule  in  general  term,  complaint  dismissed,  391,  b. 
appellate    division,    costs    of    an    order;    Avhen    disbursement    can    be 
taxed,  195,  391,  c. 
allowance  of  disbursement  on  interlocutory  order,  391,  c. 
how  these  costs  are  collected,  391,  c. 
inclusion  of  these  costs  in  final  judgment,  391,  c. 
.appellate   division,    "with    costs   to   abide   event;"   meaning    of    "with 
costs  to  abide  event,"  391,  d. 
costs  of  first  trial,  as  interpreted  by  some  courts,  391,  d. 
successful  on  new  trial  or  by  appeal,  391,  d. 
what  taxable,  new  trial,  legal  action,  391,  d. 
what  taxable,  new  trial,  equity  action,  391,  d. 
effect  of  order  on  previous  costs,  equity  action,  391,  d. 
costs  taxable;  costs  limited  to  amount  of  recovery,  391,  d. 
verdict  of  $50,  including  interest  to  last  trial,  391,  d. 
appellate   division,   "with   costs   to   appellant  to  abide  event;"   mean- 
ing of  "with  costs  to  appellant  to  abide  event,"  391,  e. 
appellate  division,  "without  costs;"  meaning  of  "without  costs,"  391,  f. 
.appellate    division,    separate    bills    of    costs;    allowance    of,    when    de- 
cision must  be  for  all,  393. 
efl'ect  of  allowance  below  of  separate  bills  in  such  case,  393. 
effect  of  one  notice  of  appeal  and  one  argument,  393. 
power  to  grant  separate  bills,  393. 
defendants  join  in  answer,  separate  on  appeal,  393. 
separate  answers,  unite  on  appeal,  393. 

separate  answers,  judgment  affirmed,  with  costs  to  respond- 
ents, 393. 
affirmed,    "with    costs   to   respondents   who   appeared   on   this 

appeal,"  393. 
unite  in  answer;  judgment  reversed  as  to  one  affirmed  as  to 

another,    393. 
disbursement  for  printing  in  such  case,  393. 
when  plaintifl'  and  one  defendant  are  similarly  situated,  393. 
successful  party  could  have  obtained  relief  below,  394. 
judgment  improperly  entered  "upon  the  merits,"  394. 
reversal  on  point  not  raised  below,  394. 
verdict  reduced,  not  asked  for  on  motion  for  new  trial,  394. 
novel  point  of  practice,  7,  a,  394. 

•COSTS  35. 


646  iNUEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
APPEAL-- ( continued ) . 

plaintiff  defeated,  because  law   was  repealed,  394. 

motion  costs  in,  supplementary  proceedings  thereon,  416. 

orders,  costs  on  appeal  from ;  statute,  395,  b. 

allirming  order  denying  new  trial,  made  on  case,  395,  b. 

costs  of,  how  collected^  395,  b. 

reviewing  merits  of,  on  appeal  from  taxation,  50. 

right  to  appeal  from  order  granting  costs,  51,  b. 

dismissing    supplementary    proceedings    by    county   treasurer,. 

395,  b. 
certiorari  to  review  a  tax  or  assessment,  395,  b. 
orders   overruling  or   sustaining  a   demurrer;    what   amount   of   costs- 
is  allowed  on,  396. 
appeal  from  judgment,  frivolous  demurrer,  396. 
with  leave  to  plead  over,  terms,  396. 
demurrer  to  only  part  of  pleading,  396. 
dismissal  of  appeal;  failure  to  make  case,  3!)7. 

placing  such  case  on  calendar,  then  dismissing,  397. 
argument  fee,  on,  397. 
order  of  coimty  court;  reversal  of;  granting  a  new  trial,  398. 

judgment  absolute  by  appellate  division;  appeal  from  justice 
court,  398. 
bastardy  proceedings;  allowance  of  costs  to  successful  party  in,  399. 

APPEARANCE, 

what  is  sufficient,  by  attorney;  allowance  of  costs,  3. 

costs  on,  discontinuance  before,  57. 

discontinuance  before,  but  after  retaining  of  attorney,  57. 

ARBITRATION, 

statute  governing  costs  on,  234. 

discretion  as  to  costs,  234. 

amount  of  costs  on,  234. 

liability  of  party  revoking,  for  costs,  234. 

ARGUMENT, 

costs,  when  statute  is  changed  after,  6. 

.\RGUMENT  FEE, 

upon  dismissal  of  appeal,  397. 

motion  for  new  trial,  heard  by  one  judge,  sent  to  another  who  decides,- 
87. 

ASSAULT  AND  BATTERY, 

action  for,  unnecessary  allegation  of  title,  101,  a.  2,  101,  o. 


INDEX. 


647 


(Uefereuces  are  to  sections.) 
ASS  A  ULT  AND  BATTERY—  ( continued ) . 

certificate  that  title  to  real  estate  arose,  101,  o. 

costs,  as  limited  by  amount  of  verdict,  103,  a,  b. 

two  defendants,  one  successful,  one  not,  103,  b. 

costs  of  appeal   to  plaintiff  to  al)i(le  event;   costs  limited  by  verdict, 

103,  b. 
removal  to  county,  where  local  law  changes  general  law,  103,  b. 
joined  with  another  cause,  verdict  less  than  $50,  103,  b. 
lien  of  attorney  in  action  for,  14. 

ASSESSMENT, 

costs  on  proceedings  to  vacate,  156. 

ASSESSORS, 

proceedings  against,  see  Ci^KiroRABl. 

ASSIGNEE  FOR  THE  BENEFIT  OF  CREDITORS, 
as  official  assignee,  within  §  32G8,  260. 
as  trustee  of  an  express  trust,  260. 
See  also  Asstgnjient  for  Bknefit  of  Creditors. 

ASSIGNEE  OF  CAUSE  OF  ACTION, 

liability  for  costs  of  absolute  assignee  350. 

judgment  reversed  after  assignment.  350. 

liability,  when  assigned  as  collateral,  351. 

assigned  as  collateral,  assignee  prosecuting,  351. 

absolute  assignment  of  judgment;  judgment  reversed,  cause  not  a8sig^ 

able,  351. 
light  of  defendant  to  offset  costs  ngaiiist  recovery.  351. 
rights  of,  40,  c. 

costs  awarded  to,  not  to  attorney,  17. 
right  of  attorney  to  costs  thus  a\varded,  17. 
payment  of  attorney's  lien  by,  18. 

ASSIGNMENT, 

of  attorney's  lien,  as  affected  by  acts  of  attorney,  30. 

of  attorney's  lien,  assignee  a  party  to  determination  of  lien,  30. 

of  attorney's  lien,  delivery  of  security  to,  30. 

.A,SSIGNMENT  FOR  BENEFIT  OF  CREDITORS, 

allowance  for  services  of  attorney  to  assignee,  164,  a. 
allowance  when  services  are  worthless  or  fraudulent,  164,  a. 
liability  of  assignee  to  his  attorney,  164,  a. 
allowance  to  assignee  for  his  services  as  attorney,  164,  a. 
allowance  to  assignee  for  services  of  his  firm,  164,  a. 
creditors  not  objecting  to  such  allowance,  164,  a. 


548  jNDKx. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ASSIGNMENT  FOR  BENEFIT  OF  CREDITORS— ( con tinuo.l). 
charge  for  drawirifj  tlie  assignment,  164,  a. 
assignee  an  attorney,  allowance  of  counsel  fee,  164,  a. 
assignee  as  trustee  of  an  express  trust,  KU,  a. 
assignment  set  aside,  allowance  to  assignee,  1(54,  b. 
ob  jecLion  of  assignor  to  such  allowance,  1  ()4,  b. 
assignment  set  aside;  costs  paid  by  whom,  104,  1). 
acts  which  make  assignee  a  party  to  fraud,  104,  b. 
assignee  a  party  to  fraud,  allowances  to,  104,  b. 
assignee  a  party  to  fraud,  liability  for  costs,  164,  b. 
assignee  successfully  defending  assignment,  costs  to,  164,  b. 
assignee  retaining  costs  to  which  he  is  not  entitled,  164,  b. 
allowance  to  assignee  on  contested  claim,  164,  e. 
costs  to  successful  claimant  on  such  claim,  164,  c. 
additional  allowance  on  contested  claim,  164,  e. 
proof  of  value  of  attorney's  services,  on  such  claim.  164,  c. 
efioct  of  inclusion  of  claim  in  schedules,  164,  c. 
allowance  of  retaining  fee  paid  by  assignee,  164,  c. 
allowance  to  attorney  of  assignee  purchasing  claim,  164,  c. 
costs  of  unsuccessful  defense,  charged  on  final  accounting,  164.  c. 
allowance  in  excess  of  costs  and  commissions,  164,  c. 
action  brought  by  a.ssignee;  liability  of  assignee  for  costs,  164,  d. 

liability  of  assignee,  when  he  has  no  assets,  164,  d. 

liability  for  costs;  assignment  successfully  attacked,  164,  d. 

allowance  of  counsel  fees  in  protecting  estate,  164,  d. 

efl'oct  of  mismanagement  or  bad  faith,  16-1,  d. 

bad  faith  in  px'osecuting  action,  164,  d. 

paying  all  money  to  his  attorney,  as  bad  faith,  164,  d. 

cflTect  of  charging  costs  against  him  as  assignee,  164,  d. 
action  for  aceoLmting;  costs  to  assignee  in,  164,  e. 

right  of  creditor  to  compel  others  to  share  expense,  164,  c. 

costs  to  assignee,  whose  actions  were  suspicious,  164,  e. 

property  sold  in  bulk  without  notice  to  creditors,  164,  e. 

proceedings  taken  by  creditors,  as  special  proceedings,  164,  e. 

stay  for  nonpayment  of  motion  costs  therein,  164,  e. 
final   accounting;    allowance    for   service   of   attorney   of   assignee   on, 
104,  f. 

allowance  for  service  of  attorney  of  creditor  on,  164,  f. 

allowance  to  attorney  for  preparing  the  schedules,  164,  £ 

allowance  to  assignee  for  general  advice  of  attorney,  164,  f. 

allowance  for  accoimting,  same  as  trial  of  issue  of  fact,  164,  f. 

no  objections;  trial  fee,  and  costs  before  notice  of  trial,  164,  f. 

assignee  defeated  on  all  material  issues;   allowance,  164,  f. 


INDEX.  549 

(Rc-rerenccs  are  to  sections.) 
ASSIGNMENT  FOR  BENEFIT  OF  CREDITORS— (coni  inucd). 
notice  of  taxation  of  costs,  to  whom  given,  1(54,  f. 
costs  on,  paid  by  whom,  164,  g. 
costs  paid  by  whom;  assignee  resigns,  1G4,  g. 
costs,  by  Avhom  paid;  assignee  guilty  of  bad  faith,  104,  g. 
costs  to  creditoi's,  upon  removal  of  assignee,  164,  g. 
how  costs  against  assignee  are  collected,  164,  h. 
issuing  execution  to  collect  such  costs,  164,  h. 
supplementary  proceedings  to  collect  such  costs,  164,  h. 
costs  from  fund,  upon  offer,  ordered  by  the  court,  355. 

ASSIGNOR  OF  CAUSE  OF  ACTION, 

liability  for  costs:  assignment  merely  colorable.  353. 
dismissal  of  assignee's  complaint,  res  adjudicatu,  353. 
liability  for  costs;  assignment  to  avoid  giving  security,  353. 
liability  for  costs;  assignment  pending  action,  353. 
liability  for  costs;  to  receive  share  of  proceeds,  356. 

ATTACHMENT, 

lien  of  attorney  on  luulertaking  given  on,  16. 

reducing  costs,  on  application  of  subsequent  attaching  creditor,  415. 

service  of  papers  upon  such  application,  415. 

additional  allowance,  as  a  matter  of  right,  see  Additional  Aixowancb. 

ATTORNEY, 

what  is  a  sufficient  appearance  by;  allowance  of  costs,  3. 

appearing  in  person;  right  to  tax  costs,  3. 

power  of,  over  amount  of  costs,  8. 

]!Ower  of,  over  amount  of  fees  of  referee,  8. 

as  executor,  receiving  compensation  rendered  estate,  185. 

employed  by  his  partner,  who  is  an  executor,  28. 

items  considered  in  ascertaining  value  of  services,  235,  d. 

for  poor  person,  right  to  costs,  269. 

for  poor  person,  designation  and  duties,  269. 

protection  of,  upon  substitution  of  attorneys,  22,  a. 

protection  by  court,  when  he  has  no  lien,  26. 

protection  of,  when  fund  taken  to  another  court,  27. 

contingent  retainer  by  an  administrator,  28. 

protection  of,  upon  discontinuance,  69. 

])rotection  of,  contingent  fee,  on  discontinuance,  60. 

protection  of,  as  to  costs  and  allowances;  discontinuance,  69. 

protection  of,  serving  answer  after  settlement,  69. 

proceedings  against,  to  determine  lien;  acting  as  agent,  40,  e. 

proceedings  against  to  determine  lien,  as  debtor,  40,  e. 


550  INDEX. 

(Refoi-ences  are  to   sections.) 
ATTORNEY—  ( continued ) . 

not  practising;  proceedings  against,  to  determiue  lien,  40,  c. 
proceedings  to  determine  lien,  against  counsel,  40,  e. 
proceedings  to  determine  lien,  promises  not  fulfilled,  40,  c. 
proceedings  to  determine  lien,  by  counsel,  40,  e. 
rights  against  counsel,  costs  to  be  returned,  40,  e. 

liability    of;    for    costs    when    defendant    is    eirtitled    to    security,    see 
Secukity  for  Costs. 
for  interest  on  money  collected,  42. 
how  such  interest  is  computed,  42. 

duty  to  pay  client;  money  collected  in  in.stalnients,  40,  a. 
for  interest;  claims  un]i<juidated,  42. 
for  misconduct,  44. 

for  disobeying  order  of  court,  contempt,  44. 
for  money  received  from  executor,  who  is  removed,  47. 
commencing  unauthorized  action,  328. 
how  this  liability  is  fixed,  328. 
for  costs,  receiving  contingent  fee,  352. 

motion  for  leave  to  renew  motion  to  set  aside  settlement,  352. 
costs  of  reference  to  ascertain  suppressed  facts,  44. 
costs  of  unauthorized  appeal,  44. 
for  disbursements,  45. 
for  official  fees,  45. 
for  clerk's  fees,  45. 
for  sheriff''s  fees,  45. 
f)H  execution,  45. 

on  execution,  collection  hindered,  45. 
on  execution,  judgment  reduced,  45. 
on  execution,  judgment  assigned,  45. 
on  execution,  judgment  discharged,  4.5. 
on  execution,  countermanded,  45. 
on  execution,  property  inadequate,  45. 
on  execution,  against  the  piTson.  45. 
for  calendar  fees,  45. 
proof  to  establish  such  liability,  45. 
for  fees  of  referee,  46,  413,  e. 

for  fees  of  stenographer,  testimony  taken  in  action,  46. 
for  fees  of  stenographer,  copy  of  minutes,  4G. 
for  fees  of  commissioner  in  partition,  40. 
for  fees  of  expert  accountant,  40. 
for  printing  brief,  46. 

for  disbursements  contracted  in  his  name,  46. 
for  counsel  fees.  46. 


IJVDEX.  551 


(References  are  to   sections.) 
ATTORNEY— (continued) . 

repayment  of  costs,  upon  reversal,  47. 

repayment  of  costs,  obtained  by  fraud,  47. 

repayment  of  money  received  from  opponent,  47. 

for  costs  improperly  allowed,  47. 

for  costs  improperly  allowed,  paid  to  client,  47. 
to  share  compensation  with  third  person,  10. 
imposition  of  motion,  costs  on,  48,  h. 
ijt  what  time  entitled  to  receive  compensation,  42. 
light  to  liave  lien  determined,  before  paying  client,  43. 
right  to  compensation  for  unauthorized  action,  10. 
right  to  counterclaim  costs,  17. 
right  to  enter  judgment  or  order;  client  dead,  17. 
right  to  issue  execution;  client  dead,  17. 
riglits,  costs  to  be  offset,  in  same  action,  17. 
rights,  costs  to  be  offset,  different  actions,  17. 
rights  when  costs  are  claimed  by  anyone,  17. 
city,   sharing  in   costs;    how   share   determined,    10. 
title  to  costs,  17. 

costs  awarded  to,  or  to  client,  17. 

enforcing  judgment  to  protect  lien,  title  of  action,  17. 
when  equitable  assignee  of  costs,  17. 
for  assignee,  title  to  costs  in  action,  17. 
power  to  bind  client  for  fees  of  st<'nographer,  414,  b. 

-ATTORNEY'S  LIEN, 
kinds  of,  9,  a. 
retaining  lien,  9,  a,  b. 
charging  lien,  9,  a. 
at  common  law,  9,  a,  20. 
based  on  what  principle,  9,  b. 

given  for  what,  9,  b.  * 

effect  of  agreement  as  to  compensation,  9,  c. 
oil  judgment,  when  retaining,  when  charging,  9.  c. 
on  money  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  kind  of,  9,  c. 
retention  by  firm,  lien  by  one  member,  9,  c. 
who  entitled  to,  10. 
right  of  attorney  of  record  to,  10. 
right  of  attorney  not  forjnally  substituted,  12. 
right  of  counsel  to,  10. 

right  of  counsel  for  agreed  share  of  contingent  fee,  10. 
loss  of,  through  negligence,  10. 
in  unauthorized  action,  10. 


552  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ATTORNEY'S  LIEN— (continued) . 

on  judgment,  asserted  by  client,  10. 

in  what  courts,  11. 

in  courts  not  of  record,  11. 

in  justices'  courts,  11. 

in  municipal  covirt  of  Buffalo,  II. 

in  municipal  court  of  New  York,  11, 

in  surrogates'  courts,  11. 

loss  of,  on  failure  to  proceed  with  action,  12. 

loss  of,  nonprosecution,  services  unpaid,  12. 

loss  of,  by  misconduct,  24. 

loss  of,  nonprosecution,  disbursements  unpaid,  12. 

loss  of,  retention  of  papers  after,  12. 

title  of  proceedings  to  recover  papers  from  attorney.  12. 

loss  of,  on  failure  to  carry  out  contract,  12. 

loss  of,  release  of  one  joint  tort  feasor,  12. 

loss  of,  by  waiver,  12. 

waiver  of;  how  made,  12,  23. 

chattels  delivered  to  owner.  12. 

by  silence,  12. 

by  allowing  court  to  assume  that  client  is  owner.  12. 

refusing  to  pay  client;  not  claiming  lien,  12. 

not  asserting  it,  when  sued  for  conversion,  12. 

not  moving  promptly  on  fraudulent  settlement,  12. 

delivery  of  property,  with  notice  of  lien,  12. 
enforced. ont  of  lien  by  attorney  not  forum lly  substituted,  12, 
statute  of  limitations  as  to,  12,  20. 
enforced  by  action  after  statute  has  run.  2!). 
necessity  of  notice?  to  protect*  13. 
extent  of  protection  by  statutory  notice,  13. 
in  action  on  contract,  14. 
in  action  for  tort,  14. 

in  supplementary  proceedings,  before  allowance,  IGl.  b. 
for  costs  and  agreed  compensation,  14. 
defendant's,  answer  containing  no  counterclaim,  14. 
in  proposed  action,  14. 
when  cause  of  action  is  nonassignable,  14. 
in  action  for  assault  and  battery,  14. 
in  special  proceedings,  15. 
in  proceedings  to  disbar  an  attorney,  1.1. 
atl aches  to  what;  to  right  to  issue  execution  against  the  person,  16_ 

imdertaking  given  on  attachment,  16. 

undertaking  given  for  bail,  16. 


iNDiix.  553 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ATl^ORNEY'S  LIEN—  ( continued ) . 

warrant  of  attachment  for  contempt.  16. 

papers  in  criminal  prosecution,  16. 

bond  and  mortgage,  in  foreclosure,  16. 

commitment  proceedings  against  luisband  to  enforce,  39. 

on  wife's  inchoate  right  of  dower,  16. 

on  security  for  future  alimony,  39. 

on  alimonj'^,  16,  39. 

on  property  purchased  by  executor  of  client,  18. 

on  defense  which  is  not  a  counterclaim,  16. 

on  proceeds  of  assigned  judgment,  18. 

on  costs  granted  in  action,  17. 

in  ejectment,  for  permanent  improvements,  16. 
when  lien  on,  becomes  title,  17. 
effect  of  attorney's  receiving  costs,  17. 
effect  of  attorney's  asserting  dominion  over  costs,  17. 
effect  of  assignment  of  cause  of  action,  18. 
effect  of  assignment  of  judgment,  18. 
effect  of  settlement  of  action  on,  19,  a. 
entry  of  judgment  after  settlement,  10,  a. 
issuance  of  execution  after  settlement  of  action,  19.  a. 
existence  after  settlement,  client  insolvent,  19,  b. 
existence  after  settlement,  client  an  executor,  19,  b. 
in  action  in  forma  pauperis,  19,  c. 
after  fraudulent  settlement,  client  insolvent,  19,  d. 
costs  and  disbursements  after  fraudulent  settlement,  19,  d. 
costs  and  allowance,  insolvent  client,  19,  d. 
intent  of  parties  on  settlement,  19.  e. 
under  Code  of  Procedure,  20. 

before  amendment,  in  1879,  to  the  Cotle  of  Civil  Procedure,  20. 
setting  aside  satisfaction  of  jiulgincnt;  extent,  21. 
on  proceeds  of  judgment,  21. 
on  actual  cause  of  action,  21. 

judgment  after  settlement,  on  what  cause  of  action.  21. 
for  contingent  fee,  21. 

settlement  after  judgment,  contingent  fee,  21. 
terminated  by  payment,  upon  substitution,  22.  b. 
extent  of,  on  substitution,  22,  b. 
substitution  of  attorneys  after  waiver  of,  23. 
existence  when  services  are  valueless,  24. 

existence  of,  determined  on  reference  on  substitution,  24,  44. 
proceedings  to  determine;  may  be  determined  by  action,  40,  a. 

determined  by  proceedings  under  §  66,  40.  a. 


551:  INDEX. 

(References  are   to   sections.) 
ArrORKEY'S  LIEN— (continued). 

are  special  proceedings,  25. 

when  thej'^  may  be  instituted,  40,  a. 

necessity  of  reference,  facts  appearino;,  40,  b. 

termination  of  reference  on,  40,  b. 

power  of  court  over,  40,  a. 

power  of  New  York  city  court  over.  40,  a. 

power  of  marine  court  over,  40,  a. 

right  to  jury  trial,  as  to  lien,  40,  a. 

wlien  facts  are  disputed,  how  determined.  40,  b. 

when  client  has  assigned  interest,  40,  c. 

when  client  has  died,  40,  c. 

against  one  member  of  a  firm  only,  40,  c. 

verification  of  petition,  40,  d. 

instituted,  pending  action  for  same  relief,  40,  f. 

after  judgment  for  same  relief,  40,  f. 

after  accepting  attorney's  note,  40,  f. 

answer,  claim  made  in  good  faith.  40,  g. 

answer,  petitioner  not  entitled  to  receive  money,  40,  g. 

proof  of  value  of  services  on,  40,  g. 

value  of  services,  how  established,  40,  g. 

showing  services  and  disbursements  in  detail.  40.  g. 

money  paid  on  debt  due  by  attorney,  40,  g. 

in  what  action  proceedings  should  be  instituted,  40,  g. 

wlio  is  prevailing  party  on,  25. 

tinder  in  sucli  proceedings,  25. 

eJl'ect  of  inviting  court  to  pass  on  lien.  40,  b. 

final  order  in  such  proceedings,  25. 

execution  for  collection  of  costs  of  proceeding-;.  25. 

to  be  determined  before  fund  is  paid,  43. 

to  compel  attorney  to  share  compensation,  10. 

to  enforce  lien,  petition  by  attorney  or  client,  32.  c. 

third  parties  may  submit  to,  32,  c. 

in  what  court  instituted,  lien  in  surrogate's  court.  32,  c. 
determination  by  action:  action  in  conversion  to  determine,  41. 

lien  a  defense,  not  counterclaim:  necessity  of  reply,  41. 
in  equity  actions,  26. 
on  costs  due  on  offer  of  judgment,  213. 
defense,  not  termed  counterclaim,  26. 
effect  of  supplementary  proceedings  against  client.  27. 
determined  by  court ;  money  in  sheriff's  hands,  27. 
action  brought  in  representative  capacity,  28. 
action  to  recover  damages  for  causing  death.  28. 


iNDisx.  555 

(References  are   to  sections.) 
ATTORNEY'S  LIEN— (continued) . 

on  estate,  services  to  executor  individually,  28. 

on  estate,  services  beneficial  to  estate,  28. 

for  contingent  fees  against  estate,  28. 

protection  of  lien  in  surrogates'  courts,  28. 

surrogate  setting  aside  satisfaction  of  decree.  28. 

surrogate  bound  by  judgment  for  services,  28. 

surrogate  retaining  fund  till  determination  of,  28. 

determination  of,  by  surrogate;  no  cause  before  liini,  28. 

assignment  of,  30. 

delivery  of  security  on  assignment  of,  30. 

lost  by  attorney,  effect  on  assignee,  30. 

assignee  as  a  party  to  such  determination,  30. 

enforcement  of;  upon  securities,  31. 

bj'  issuing  execution  upon  the  judgment.  31. 

by  issuing  execution  against  the  person,  31. 

right  of  client  to  discharge  imprisoned  debtor,  31. 

siiing  sheriff  for  amount  of  execution,  31. 

right  of  client  to  settle  such  action,  31. 

action  on  securities,  31. 

action  on  undertaking  given  in  action,  31. 

by  supplementary  proceedings,  judgment  satisfied,  32,  a. 

by  supplementary  proceedings,  judgment  assigned.  .■>2,  a. 

affidavit  in  such  proceedings,  32,  a. 

consent  of  court  before  instituting  such  proceedings,  32,  a. 

after  honest  settlement,  32.  b. 

against  judgment  debtor,  after  honest  settlement,  32,  b. 

when  settlement  is  for  nothing,  32,  b. 

against  judgment  debtor,  client  insolvent,  32,  b. 

attorney  injured,  settlement  honest,  32,  b. 

client  receiving  money,  attorney  has  contingent  fee,  32,  b. 

by  summary  proceedings,  imder  §  G6,  32,  c. 

rights  of  third  parties  in  such  proceedings.  32.  c. 

right  to  a  jury  trial,  32,  c. 

in  what  court,  lien  in  surrogate's  court.  32,  c. 

by  foreclosure  of,  32,  d. 

foreclosure  of,  parties  defendant,  32,  d. 

foreclosure  of,  judgment  in,  32,  d. 

motion  to  compel  adversaiy  to  pay,  as  agreed,  32,  d. 

paid  out  of  fund,  notice  to  client,  32,  e. 

fund  from  award  for  land,  32,  e. 

setting  aside  collusive  settlement;  when  settlement  is,  32,  f. 


o56  I  A' HEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ATTUKKEY'S  LJ  KN—  ( conthmed) . 

facts  necessary  to  be  shown.  32,  f. 

continuino:  action,  32,  f. 

contingent  fee  in  specific  property,  32,  f. 

right  to  proceed  witli  action,  32,  g,  1. 

notice  of  application  for  leave  to  proceed,  32,  g.  1. 

liability  of  attorney,  continuing  action,  32,  g,  1. 

■what    must    be    sho^\^l    on    application    to    continue, 

32,  g,  1. 
discretion  of  tlie  court  upon  such  application,  32,  g,  2. 
continuing  matrimonial  actions.  32,  g,  2,  39. 
payment  by  defendant  of  contingent  fee,  32,  g,  2. 
contingent  fee,  client  retaining  right  to  settle,  32,  g,  2. 
continuing  action,  proof  on  trial,  32,  g,  3. 
motion  to  allege  settlement  in  answer,  33. 
Betting   cside   satisfaction   of   judgment;    right   to   issue   exe- 
cution after  satisfaction  of  judgment,  34. 
motion  to  set  aside  satisfaction,  34. 
such  motion  as  a  special  proceeding,  34. 
appeal  lies  therefrom  to  court  of  appeals,  34. 
to  what  extent  satisfaction  is  set  aside,  34. 
])r()cedure  when  attorney  claims  contingent  fee,  34. 
motion  denied,  action  foi-  .same  purpose,  34. 
a]>peal  from  denial  of  such  motion,  34. 
justice's  court,  po^er  In.  ;>.i. 
municipal  court,  power  to,  ?>'>. 
liability  of  third  persons  for,  36. 
condemnation  proceedings,  liability  of  grant (■?■    30. 
compelling  judgment  debtor  to  satisfy,  36. 
]iroof  by  counsel  claiming  share  in,  37. 

set  oft':   right  of  set  off  in  difi'erent  actions,  eft'ect  of,  ?3. 
right  of  set  oft"  in  same  action,  effect  of.  38. 
right  of  set  off,  interlocutory  costs,  38. 
set    off,    costs    of    special    proceedings    arising    out    of    same 

action,  38. 
costs  again.st  wife,  set  off  of  alimony,  39. 

judgment  for  costs  only,  set  off  against  another  judgment,  38. 
affected  by  set  off  of  claim  not  in  judgment,  38. 
affected  by  set  off  of  judgment  on  appeal,  38. 
costs  of  order  set  off  against  damages  and  costs,  38. 
costs  on  offer  of  judgment  set  off  against  verdict,  38,  213. 
with  assignment  of  costs  to  accrue,  right  of  set  off.  38. 


INDEX.  557 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ATTORNEY'S  LIEN—  ( continued ) . 

with  assignment  of  judgment,  right  of  set  oflF,  38. 
uncollected  motion  costs  at  time  of  judgment,  38. 
matrimonial  actions;  right  to,  in,  39. 

protection  of,  by  continuing  action,  39. 

protection  upon  settlement  of  action,  39. 

on  costs  allowed  to  wife  in  separation,  137,  e. 

B. 

BAIL, 

lien  of  attorney  on  undertaking  given  for,  16. 

BANKRUPTCY, 

effect  of  discharge  in,  on  costs,  415. 

discharge  of  defendant  in;  discontinuance  of  action,  58. 

BASTARDY  TROCEEDINGS, 

costs  to  successful  party  on  appeal,  397. 

BENEFICIALLY  INTERESTED, 

statute,  348. 

applicability  of  decisions  under  the  Revised  Statutes,  348. 
applicability  of  decisions  under  the  Code,  348. 
ejectment  by  grantee  in  name  of  grantor,  348, 
liability  of  defending  in  name  of  another,  348. 
how  liability  is  enforced,  349, 

how  liability  was  enforced  imder  Code  of  Procedure,  349. 
contempt  proceedings  to  collect  costs,  349. 
discretion  of  court  entertaining  motion,  pending  appeal,  349. 
service  of  notice  on  party  or  on  attorney,  349. 
absolute  assignee  of  cause,  pending  action,  350. 
absolute  assignee,  after  judgment,  350. 
assignee  taking  as  collateral  security,  liability,  351. 
assignee  taking  as  collateral  security,  prosecuting  action,  351. 
judgment  reversed  after  assignment,  cause  not  assignable,  351. 
right  of  defendant  to  offset  costs  against  recovery,  351. 
liability  of  attorney  who  is  to  receive  contingent  fee,  352. 
motion  to  renew  motion  to  set  aside  settlement,  352.     ^ 
liability  of  assignor;  assignment  merely  colorable,  353. 
dismissal  of  assignee's  complaint,  res  adjudicata,  353. 
assignment  to  avoid  giving  security,  liability  of  assignor,  353. 
assignment  pending  action,  liability  of  assignor,  353. 
action  by  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings,  liability  of  judgment 
creditor,  354. 


658  INDEX. 

(References  are  to   sections.) 
BENEFICIALT.Y  INTERESTED—  ( continued ) . 

when  action  is  brouglit  at  suggestion  of  creditor,  .154. 
action  virtually  conducted  by  creditor,  354. 
costs  awarded  against  receiver  as  defendant,  354. 
filing  written  request  of  judgment  creditor,  effect  of,  354. 
motion  costs  against  receiver,  acting  for  creditor,  354. 
compulsory  offer  of  judgment  by  general  assignee.  355. 
when  person  is  beneficially  interested;  by  agreeing  to  carry  on  action 
and  share  in  proceeds,  356. 
such  assignee  transferring  his  interest,  356. 
assignor  to  receive  share  of  proceeds,  356. 
commencing  action  witliout  authority,  356. 
commencing  action,  not  complying  with  .statute,  356. 
commencing  action,  nonexistent  plaintiff,  357. 
commencing  action,  as  trustees  of  a  corporation.  357. 
person  exclusively  benefited  not  bringing  action,  358. 
advising  action  and  advancing  money  to  aid  therein,  358. 
grantee  bringing  ejectment  in  name  of  grantor,  348. 
landlord  defending  ejectment  against  tenant,  359. 
grantor  defending  ejectment  against  grantee,  359. 
mortgagee  defending  ejectment  against  mortgagor,  359. 
liability  outside  of  statute;   fraudulently  procuring  execution  of  will, 
360. 
defying  orders  of  court,  although  an  agent,  360. 
voluntarily  becoming  parties  in  contempt  proceedings.  360. 

BILL  OF  PARTICULAES, 
costs  of  motion  for,  53. 

BODY  EXECUTION.     See  Executiox  against  thk  Person. 

BONDS  AND  MORTGAGES, 

in  process  of  foreclosure,  lien  of  atloiiuy  on,  16. 

BONUS, 

costs  as,  1. 

BREACH  OF  PROMISE  TO  MARRY, 

costs,  when  recovery  is  less  than  $50.  104,  j. 

c. 

CALENDAR  FEES, 

liability  of  attorney  for,  45. 

]»  oof  to  establish  such  liability,  45. 


INDEX.  569 

.References  are  to  sections.) 
CERTIORARI, 

discretion  as  to  costs  on  final  order,  159,  a. 

amount  of  costs  on  final  order,  159,  a. 

specification  in  order,  of  amount  of  costs,  159,  a. 

authority  of  clerk  to  tax  costs  on,  159,  a. 

application  of  §  3240,  159,  a. 

allowance  of  double  costs  to  officers,  159,  a. 

to  review  comptroller's  assessment  of  state  taxes,  159.  a. 

against  assessors;   what  statute  governs,  159,  b. 

when  the  relator  is  defeated,   159,  b. 

deciding  question  of  law  wrongly,  159,  b. 

presumption  of  law  as  to  intent  of  assessors.  159,  b. 

proof  of  dereliction,  159,  b. 

who  have  all  facts,  and  true  rule  of  law,  159,  b. 

acting  with  gross  negligence,  159,  b. 

assessing  property  after  it  has  been  held  exempt,  159,  b, 

absence  of  ruling  as  to  fault  of,  159,  b. 

appealing  from  adverse  decision,   159,  b. 

amount  of  costs  on  appeal,  159,  b. 

increased  costs  on  appeal,  159  b. 

application  for  certificate  for  increased  costs,  159,  b. 

right  to  costs  upon  denial  of  petition  for,  159,  b. 
costs  on  appeal,  against  others  than  assessors,  159,  b. 
amendment  after  return,  terms  of,  159,  c. 
amount  of  costs  at  common  law,  159,  c. 
additional  allowance  in,  159,  d. 
double  costs  in,  132,  b. 

CHANGE  OF  PARTIES.     See  Parties. 

CHARGING  LIEN.     See  Attorney's  Lie?t. 

CHAITELS,  ACTION  FOR, 

one  cause  of  action,  both  parties  succeed,  102,  a. 

ofiPer  of  judgment  in,  102,  a. 

two  causes  of  action,  both  parties  succeed,  102,  a. 

amount  of  plaintiff's  costs  in,  102,  b. 

value  of  chattels  and  amount  of  damages,  102,  b. 

verdict  not  fixing  value  of  chattels,  102,  b. 

verdict  awarding  return  of  goods,  value  not  determined,  102,  b. 

showing  value  of  goods  by  affidavits,  102,  b. 

verdict  that  plaintiff  may  retain  goods;  no  value  fixed,   102,  b. 

either  conversion  or  replevin,  verdict  less  than  $50,  102,  b. 

lost  property,  action  by  finder  against  depositary,  102,  c. 

amount  paid  suretv  for  bond,  as  a  disbursement,  400. 


560  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
CITATION, 

fee  of  jjiinter  for  publishing,  412. 

CITY, 

action  to  recover  award  to  unknown  owners;  costs,  335. 
See  also  Municipal  Coeporations. 

CIVIL  DAMAGE  ACl^ 

costs  to  plaintifT  under,  322. 

CLERK, 

fees  of,  402. 

duty  to  adjourn  taxation  to  allow  procuring  of  affidavits,  403,  e. 

CLERK,  COURT  OF  APPEALS, 
fees  of,  402. 

CLIENT, 

right  to  assert  lien  of  attorney  upon  judgment,  10. 

discharging  debtor  from  arrest,  lien  of  attorney  unpaid,  16,  31, 

title  to  costs,  17. 

action  to  recover  costs,  17. 

right  to  change  attorneys,  22,  a. 

right  to  discontinue  proceedings  to  change  attorneys,  22,  c. 

right  to  change  attorneys,  not  fixing  amount  of  lien,  22,  d. 

waiver  of  jury  trial  by  application  to  change  attorneys,  22,  d. 

proof  of  irresponsibility  of;  execution  returned  unsatisfied,  23. 

riglit  to  settle  action  against  sheriff,  sued  for  amount  of  execution,  31. 

right  to  settle  action,  in  spite  of  attorney's  lien,  31. 

receives  attorney's  contingent  fee,  in  what  capacity,  32,  e. 

retaining  right  to  settle,  attorney  having  contingent  fee,  32,  g,  2. 

right  of  action  against  attorney  who  asserts  lien,  40,  a. 

right  to  institute  procedings  to  determine  attorney's  lien,  40,  a. 

right  of  jury  trial,  as  to  attorney's  lien,  40,  a. 

right  to  settlements  with  attorney'  from  time  to  time.  40,  a. 

effect  of  inviting  court  to  pass  on  attorney's  lien,  40,  b. 

effect  on  attorney's  lien  of  client  assigning  claim,  40,  c. 

right  to  proceed  against  one  member  of  a  firm  of  attorneys,  40,  c 

verification  of  petition  in  proceedings  to  determine  lien,  40,  d. 

when  relation  of  client  and  attorney  does  not  exist,  40,  e. 

liability  for  repayment  of  costs  upon  reversal,  47. 

liability  for  costs  improperly  allowed,  47. 

how  repayment  of  costs  upon  reversal  or  modification,  enforced,  47. 

CLOUD  ON  TITLE. 

defendant  forcing  plaintiff  into  court  to  protect  right,  125. 


INDEX.  561 

(Ueferences  are  to  sections.) 
CI^UD  ON  TITLE— (continued). 

defendant  unsuccessfully  den3'ing  plaintiff's  riglit  ot  way,  125 
defendant's  description  covering  plaintiff's  land.  12.j. 
<lefendant  refusing  to  join  iius'.>:ir.d  in  deed.  125. 

CODEFENDANTS, 

when  costs  allowed  to  one  against  another.  320. 

right  of  one  to  costs,  when  others  suffer  default.  .■i21. 

applicability  of  decisions  previous  to  1851.  321. 

liability  for  costs  of  imsuccessful  defense  by  another,  '''ll. 

entry  of  judgment  against  defaulting  defendant,  321. 

entiy  of  one  judgment  against  all;  effect  of  reversal  by  one,  321. 

procedure  against  defaulting  defendant  after  such  reversal,  321. 

judgment  against  all  paid  by  one;  set  up  in  answer,  321. 

one  answers,  one  demurs;  plaintiff  succeeds  against  both,  321. 

<ODE  OF  PllOCEDURE, 

attorney's  lien  under,  20. 

COLLECTION  OF  COSTS. 

by  execution  against  property,  415. 

by  execution  against  the  person,  418. 

by  discharge  in  bankruptcy,  415. 

by  supplementary  proceedings.  415. 

long  delay  in  amending  interlocutory  decree  awarding  costs,  415. 

■correcting   erroneous  taxation   and   collection   on   application   of  third 

parties,  415. 
attaching  creditor's  costs,  reduced  on  application  of  subsequent  attach- 
ing creditor,  415. 
service  of  papers  in  such  proceedings,  415. 

collection  of  motion  costs;  by  execution  against  personal  property,  416. 
arising  after  death  of  one  defendant ;  execution  entitled  same 

as  motion,  416. 
time  before  execution  can  issue.  4l(i. 
in  special  proceedings,  416. 

awarded  in  appellate  division,  supplementary  proceedings  on, 
416. 
against   municipality,    maintaining    inandamus  after   direction   to   pay, 

417. 
collateral  attack  on  costs  awarded  according  to  statute,  417. 
in  actions  by  connnissioners  of  land  office,  419. 
COSTS  36. 


563  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
COMMISSIONER  IN  PARTITION, 

amount  of  fees  of,  46. 

liability  of  attorney  for  fees  of,  46. 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  LAND  OFFICE, 
payment  of  costs  in  actions  by,  419. 

COMMON  COUNCIL, 

action  to  restrain  making  of  illegal  contract;  costs,  335. 

COlVtMON  LAW, 
costs  at,  2. 
attorney's  lien  under,  20. 

COMPLAINT, 

formal  amendment  of,  before  trial,  49,  a. 

substantial  amendment  before  trial,  49,  a. 

formal  amendment  at  trial,  49,  b. 

substantial  amendment  at  trial,  49,  b. 

substantial  .imendment  at  special  term.  49,  b. 

terms  on  amendment,  by  whom  determined,  49,  b. 

amendment,  after  withdrawal  of  juror,  49,  b. 

amendment  increasing  damages,  after  judgment.  49,  c. 

amendment  changing  issues  after  appeal,  49,  d. 

amendment  of,  of  poor  person,  49,  d. 

amendment  of,  defendant  a  public  officer,  49,  d. 

amendment  of;  answer  also  amended,  49,  d. 

amendment  of,  changing  from  harboring  son,  to  wages,  49,  d. 

dismissal  of;  neglect  to  prosecute,  52. 

CONDEMNATION  PROCEEDINGS, 
by  what  statute  governed,  150.  a. 
proceedings  under  special  act,  150,  a. 

discretion  of  court  as  to  amount  of  costs,  and  parties,  150,  a, 
additional  allowances  under  §  3240,  150,  a. 

defendant's  costs  on  preliminary  hearing  under  general  law,  150,  a. 
plaintiff's  costs  under  general  law,  150,  a. 
"costs  of  trial,"  meaning  of,  150,  a. 
hearing  before  commissioners,  as  a  trial,  150,  a. 
partners  defending  separately  and  unsuccessfully,  150.  a. 
plaintiff  recovering  "costs  of  trial."  effect  on  other  costs,  150,  a. 
offer  of  judgment,  effect  on  costs,  150,  a. 

necessity  of  offer  of  judgment;  defendant  unable  to  convey,  150,  a. 
lack  of  allegation  and  proof  of  offer  of  judgment,  150.  a. 
several  parcels  of  land,  one  petition,  evidence  taken  only  in  one,  150.  st. 


INDEX.  563 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
CONDEMNATION  PROCEEDINGS—  ( continued) . 
"costs  of  trial"  include  what,  150,  a. 
"costs  of  trial,"  right  to,  150,  a. 
"costs  of  trial,"  taxed  by  whom,  150,  a. 
additional  allowance;  tipou  what  based,  150,  b. 

as  a  punishment,  150,  b. 

as  dependent  upon  service  of  answer,  150,  b. 

as    dependent    on    matter    being   difficult    and    extraordinary, 
150,  b. 

for  what  granted,  150,  b. 

as  limited  by  §  3254,  150,  b. 

granted  against  the  United  States,  150,  b. 

how  reviewed,  150,  c. 
right  of  attorneys  to  be  paid  out  of  the  fund,  150,  d. 
abandonment  of  proceedings,  terms  of,  150,  d. 
what  are  the  costs  and  expenses  upon  abandonment,  150,  d. 
in  villages;  governed  by  what  law,  157. 

from  what  time  costs  are  a  matter  of  right,  157. 

allowance  of  costs  upon  appointment  of  commissioners,  157. 

CONFESSION  OF  JUDGMENT, 
costs  on,  224,  a. 

CONSOLIDATION  OF  TAVO  OR  MORE  ACTIONS, 

taxing  in  final  judgment,  costs  of  actions  consolidated,  323. 
order  of  consolidation  silent  as  to  accrued  costs,  323. 
costs  on  settlement  of,  323. 
costs  of  motion  for  consolidation,  323. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  LAW, 

changing  statute  as  to  costs,  as  ex  post  facto  law,  5. 

CONSTRUCTION  OF  WILL, 

costs,  discretion  as  to,   130,  a. 

to  whom  costs  can  be  allowed,  130,  a. 

to  defendant,  who  is  defeated,  130,  a. 

what  principle  govei'ns  the  allowance  of  costs,   130,  b. 

avowed  intention  of  the  testator  thwarted,   130,  b. 

defendant  defeated  at  trial,  appellate  division,  and  court  of  appeals, 

130,  b. 
additional   allowance;    inherent   power   of  court  to   allow   to  trustees, 
130,  c. 
reviewed  by  tlie  court  of  appeals,  130,  c. 
under  §  3252,  130,  c. 


564  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
CONSTRUCTION  OF  WILL— (continued), 
to  all  parties,  under  §  3253,  130,  c. 
limit  under  Code,  previous  to  1870,  130,  e. 
limit  of  allowance  under  the  present  Code.  l.'iO.  c. 
review  of  discretion,  by  court  of  appeals,  130,  d. 
payable  out  of  what  fund,  130,  e. 
by  whom  payable,  entire  estate  affected,  130,  e. 
by  whom  pajable,  portion  of  estate  aflfected,  130,  e. 
costs  and  allowances  to  guardian  ad  litem,  by  whom  payable,  130,  e. 
payable  to  successful  defendants,  130,  e. 
payable  by  successful  defendants,  130,  e. 
payable  by  whom;  action  unnecessary,   130,  e. 

CONTEMPT  PROCEEDINCS, 

warrant  of  attachment  in,  lien  of  attorney  on,  16. 
costs  in,  governed  by  what  statute,  162,  a. 
costs  when  party  acted  in  good  faith,  162,  a. 
costs  in  criminal  contempt,  162,  a. 
amount  of  fine  in,  162,  a. 
how  amount  of  fine  is  determined,  162.  a. 

in    supplementary    proceedings;    amount    of    fine    imposed   upon   judg- 
ment debtor,  162,  b. 

costs  on  refusal  to  adjudge  debtor  in  contempt,  162.  b. 
costs  on  reversal  of  order  of  commitment,  162,  b. 
collection  of  costs  by;  enforcing  repayment  of  motion  costs  by,  419. 

motion  by  substituted  attorney  against  former  attorney,  not 

disclosing  register  entries,  419. 
fine  imposed    upon    trustee    disobeying  instruction,  including 

counsel  fees,  419. 
surrogate  enforcing  pajmient  of  costs  only,  419. 
surrogate  enforcing  payment  of  sum  of  money  and  costs,  419. 
in  divorce  action,  419. 
Btate  writs;  final  order,  proceedings  instituted  by  state  writ,  419. 
peremptory  mandamus  issued  after  alternative  writ,  419. 
instituted  before  Avhom,  419. 
discretion  of  court  in  issuing,  419. 

discretion  of  court,  considering  ability  of  defeated  party,  419. 
order   directing  that  precept  issue,  must  contain   what,  419. 
service  of  this  order  upon  the  attorney,  419. 

CONTRACTS, 

impairing  obligation  of,  by  changing  rate  of  costs,  pending  action.  5. 

CONVERSION, 

costs  of  defendant  collected  by  e.^ecution  against   llie  person.  41 S. 


iNUKX.  565 

(Refereuces  are   lo   seclions.) 
CONVERSIOX—  ( continued ) . 

costs  Avlieii  lecoveiy  is  less  tlian  $50,  ]0J,  j. 

cJient  bringing  action  for.  instead  of  proceeding  under  §  66,  41. 

client  bringing  action  for,  necessity  of  claiming  attorney's  lien,  12. 

necessity  of  tender  to  attorney  in  such  action,  41. 

necessity  of  payment  to  attornej^  in  such  action  for  services,  41. 

lien  as  a  counterclaim  in  such  an  action,  41. 

lien  as  a  defense  in  such  an  action,  41. 

value  of  services  as  a  defense  in  such  an  action,  41. 

against  warehouseman,  335. 

"COSTS  OF  FORMER  TRIAL," 
what  are,  81. 

"COSTS  TO  ABIDE  EVENT," 

effect   of  discontinuance    upon.   (15. 

COUNSEL, 

liability  of  attorney  for  fees  of,  46. 

lien  of,  for  services,  10. 

lien  of.  for  agreed  share  of  contingent  fee,  10. 

loss  of  lien,  by  negligence  of  attorney,  10,  24. 

bound  by  determination  that  attorney  has  lost  lien.  25. 

proof  of,  when  claiming  share  of  contingent  fee,  37. 

COUNTY. 

proceedings  to  investigate  afl'airs  of,  155. 
reimbursement  by.  of  private  person   for  expenses.   155. 
necessity  of  authorization  by  attorney  general,  155. 
remedy  when  supervisors  refu.se  to  audit  claim,  155. 

COURT  MARTIAL, 

reversal  of  judgment  of,  lack  of  jurisdiction,  costs.   133. 
constable  collecting  fines  of,  entitled  to  treble  costs,  133. 

COURT,  POWER  OF, 

over  attorneys,  40,  a. 

New  York  city  court,  over  attorneys,  40,  a. 

Marine  court,  over  attorneys,  40,  a. 

to  examine  facts  in  proceedings  instituted  under  §  66,  40,  b. 

to  impose  condition  on  discontinuance,  66. 

to  dismiss  complaint,  nonpayment  of  costs  on  adjournment,  72. 

to  order  judgment  to  be  entered  nunc  pro  tunc,  7,  a. 

over  amount  of  costs  in  action  in  erjuity,  7,  b. 

over  costs  in  actions  at  law,  7.  a. 


566  INDKX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
COURT,  POWER  OF— (continued). 

to  stay  proceedings  for  nonpayment  of  costs,  361. 

to  protect  attorneys  who  have  no  lien,  26. 

to  distribute  money  in  sheriff's  liands,  27. 

to  see  that  its  otFicers  are  paid  before  transferring  fund.  27. 

to  control  substitution  of  attorneys,  22,  b. 

to  review  order  of  substitution  of  attorneys,  22,  d. 

discretion  of,  on  motion  for  ncAV  trial,  86. 

CRIMINAL  ACTIONS, 

counsel  assigned  to  defend  capital  crime;  power  of  court  to  order  pay- 
ment to  assigned  counsel,  140. 

coimsel  assigned  to  defend  capital  crime,  allowance  to,   140. 

time  of  assignment  of  such  counsel,  140. 

suggestion  of  attorney  or  prisoner  upon   assignment.,   140. 

more  than  one  counsel,  amount  of  allowance,  140. 

allowance  in  excess  of  statute,  140. 

remedy  when  allowance  is  in  excess  of  statute,   140. 

allowance,  two  persons  jointly  indicted;   separate  trials,   140. 

allowance  on  commission  to  determine  sanity  of  prisoner,   140. 

what  are  personal  and  incidental  expenses,  141. 

fees  of  expert  witness  as  personal  expenses,  141. 

daily  transcript  of  evidence  as  personal  expenses,  141. 

expense  of  interviewing  witnesses  and  taking  their  statements,  141. 

expense  of  interpreter,  as  personal  expenses,  141. 

allowance  on  appeal,  142. 
allowance  to  counsel  appointed  to  aid  the  district  attorney,  143. 
certiorari  to  attorney  who  presents  no  certificate,   143. 
liability  of  complainant  for  warrant,  for  costs  of  contempt  proceedings 

arising  thereon,  144. 
liability  for  malicious  criminal  prosecution,  144. 
constitutionality  of  law  compelling  prisoner  to  pay  costs,   144. 

CRIMINAL  CONVERSATION, 

amount  of  costs  as  determined  by  the  amount  of  the  verdict,  103,  a. 

CRIMINAL  PROSECUTION, 

lien  of  attorney  on  papers  in.  16. 

D. 

DAMAGES, 

amending  as  to  amount  asked,  after  judgment;  terms.  49,  c. 


INDEX.  567 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
DEATH, 

amount  of  cost,  in  action  for  na using,  103,  e. 

DEED  DECLARED  A  MORTGAGE, 

when  defendant  is  unsuccessful,  123. 

husband  claims  property,  and  wife  claims  dower;   costs,  123. 

DEFAULT, 

taxing  costs  at  time  of,  5. 

in  pleadings;  opening,  terms,  general  rule,  56,  a. 

sent  to  referee  to  ascertain  facts,  56,  a. 

opening  judgment,  terms  of,  56,  a. 

costs  wiiicli  cannot  be  charged  against  the  defendant,  56,  a. 

moving  case,  instead  of  serving  pleading,  effect  of,  56,  a. 

terms  upon  opening,  to  allow  defendant  to  plead  settlement,  56,  a. 

opening  to  allow  reply;  terms,  56,  a. 
■opening  judgment  by;  court  seeking  to  discourage  custom,  56,  a. 
opening  judgment  by;  question  as  to  good  faith  of  attorney,  56,  a. 
■default  taken  at  the  trial ;  both  parties  answered  ready,  56,  b. 
default  taken  at  the  trial ;  attorney  engaged  in  another  court,  56,  b. 
payment  of  costs  of  previous  unsuccessful  efforts  to  open,  56,  b. 
within  what  time  costs  must  be  paid,  56,  b. 
•discretion  to  compel  payment  of  previous  motions,  costs,  56,  b. 
reduction  on  appeal  of  terms  of  opening,  56,  b. 
default  taken;  case  on  day  calendar;  terms  of  opening,  56,  b. 
default  taken;  codefendant  said  case  would  be  settled,  56,  b. 
on  reference,  opened,  terms,  56,  b. 
neither  party  at  fault,  terms,  56,  b. 

opened  by  judgment  creditor,  after  payment  of  judgment,  56,  b. 
refusal  to  accept  costs  when  tendered;  how  collected  thereafter,  56,  e. 
terms  "costs  to  abide  event;"  when  collectible,  56,  d. 
judgment  irregularly  entered,  costs  to  moving  party,  56,  e. 
when  pleadings  have  been  treated  as  a  nulLty,  56,  e. 
on  appeal,  terms,  56,  f. 

DEFINITION  OF  COSTS,  1. 

DEMURRER, 

change  of  statute  as  to  costs,  after  argument  of,  6. 
absolute  right  to  costs,  in  action  at  law,  89. 
issue  of  fact  undisposed  of,  in  action  at  law,  89,  90. 
insufliciency  of  complaint  raised  at  trial,  89. 


568  iNDKX. 

(References  are   to   sections.) 
DEMURRER—  ( continued ) . 

amount  of  costs;  issue  of  fact  undisposed  of,  90. 

collection  of  costs  on;  issue  of  fact  undisposed  of,  90. 

right  to  costs  of,  dependent  upon  issue  of  fact,  90. 

when  botli  parties  are  successful,  91. 

successful   defendants  appearing  separately,   92. 

unsuccessful  defendants  appearing  separately,  5)2. 

final  judgment  entered  on,  amount  of  costs,  93. 

interlocutory  judgment  entered  on,  amount  of  costs,  93. 

special   rule,  New  York   city  court,  several  defenses,  93.  '' 

frivolous,   judgment   on,   costs,   94. 

application  for  judgment  on  frivolous,  decision  on  merits;  costs,  94. 

"costs  to  aliide  event,"  successful  party  finally  defeated,  95. 

defendant's  denuirrer  overruled,  plaintiff  has  teclmical  cause  of  action-. 
95. 

1  iglit  to  obviate  defects  pointed  out  by,  9G. 

riglit  to  serve  amended  pleading  after  decision  of.  9G. 

terms  usually  imposed  to  allow  service  of  amended  pleading,  96. 

overruled,  privilege  to  plead  over;   additional   allowance,  281. 

overruled  by  appellate  court,  privilege  to  plead:  additional  allowance,. 

281. 
additional  allowance  upon  final  decision  of,  281. 
additional   allowance   on    final    judgment,    privilege   to    plead    not    ac 

cepted,  281. 
additional  allowance  upon  frivolous,  281. 

interlocutory  judgment  as  bar  to  additional  allowance  wlien  privilege- 
to  plead  is  not  accepted,  281. 
interposed  for  lack  of  jurisdiction;  additional  allowance,  281. 
some  defendants  demur,  some  answer;   additional   allowance,  281. 
necessity  of  notice  in  such  case,  281. 

obtaining  additional  allowance,  after  permission  to  plead  on  terms,  96. 
appellate  court  allows  such  application  to  be  made  to  trial  court,  96. 
judgment  to  be  entered  upon  decision  of,  07. 
final  judgment,  when  demurrer  is  to  all  issues,  97. 
interlocutory  judgment,  when  demurrer  is  to  part  of  the  issues,  97.. 
appeal  from  decision  without  stay;  entry  of  final  judgment,  97. 
leave  to  plead  over  not  given;  judgment  to  be  entered,  98. 
leave  to  plead  over  not  accepted ;  judgment  to  be  entered,  98. 
final  judgment  after  entry  of  interlocutory  judgment,  98. 
costs  on,  by  whom  taxed,  99. 

D1SBAR]\IENT  PROCEEDINGS, 
lien   of  attorney  in,   15. 


]]\i»KX.  569 

f Keffi-cnces  are   to   sections.) 
DISBURSEMENTS, 

statute  govorning,  400. 

necessity  of  recovering  costs  to  tax.  400. 

at  wliat  time  alloweil  in  the  action.  400. 

specification  in  bill  of  costs,  400. 

amount  of,  when  amount  of  costs  are  limited,  400. 

amoimt  paid  surety  for  bond  in  replevin  as,  400. 

necessity  of  opposing  affidavit,  item  clearly  illegal,  400. 

fee  of  printer  for  publishing,  summons,  order,  or  citation,  412. 

fee  for  serving  summons,  400. 

fee  for  administering  oath.  402. 

cliarge  for  serving  unnecessary  defendants;  objection,  how  taken,  400. 

mortgage  foreclosure;  nothing  to  show  that  defendants  were  partners, 

400. 
abstract  of  title,  taxability  of,  401. 
abstract  of  title  made  by  county  clerk,  401. 
abstract  of  title  made  by  title  insurance,  abstract,  or  searching  com 

panics,  401. 
other  unofficial  abstracts,  taxability  of,  401. 
when  surveyor's  fees  are  taxable,  401. 
amount  of  surveyor's  fees,  401. 

fees  of  county  treasurer  for  receiving  money,  as.  401. 
amount  of  fees  of  clerk.  402. 
right  of  clerk  to  demand  fees  in  advance,  402. 
amount  of  fees  of  clerk  of  court  of  appeals,  402. 
effect  of  not  demanding  fees  in  advance,  402. 
right  to  refuse  to  perform  duty  till  paid  for  other  services,  402. 
trial  fee  under  old  Code,  402. 
trial  fee  under  present  Code,  402. 
for  witness,  see  Witness. 
for  printing,  see  Printing. 

on  assessn>ent  of  damages,  after  judgment  absolute,  406,  c. 
included  in  costs,  3. 
when  amount  of  costs  is  limited,  3. 
on  motion,  for  printing  and  fees  of  referees.  7,  a. 

DISCONTINUANCE, 

right  of  party  to,  57. 

when  substantial  rights  have  accrued,  57. 

when  injustice  will  be  done,  57. 

order  for,  obtained  ex  parte,  57. 

opening  of  order  for,  obtained  ex  parte,  57. 

actions  at  law  and  in  equity,  57. 


570  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
DISCONTINUANCE— (continued) . 

when  counterclaim  would  be  barred  by  statute,  57. 

when  action  was  brought  for  benefit  of  others,  57. 

after  examination  of  witnesses,  57. 

in  ejectment,  plaintiff  in  possession,  57. 

after  failure  to  plead  statute  of  limitations,  57. 

when  counterclaim  is  set  up,  57. 

when  public  have  interest  in  action,  57. 

in  divorce  action,  57. 

in  action  to  open  or  close  a  highway,  57. 

terms  when  defendant  has  not  appeared,  57. 

when  action  is  discontinued,  entiy  of  order,  57. 

defendant  ordered  to  pay  costs  to  a  codefendant,  57. 

discretion  of  court  as  to  costs,  in  actions  at  law,  57. 

excuse  for;  terms  when  excuse  is  satisfactory,  58. 

when  defendant  has  obtained  release  of  claim,  58. 

when  defendant  is  discharged  under  insolvent  laws,  58, 

when  defendant  is  discliarged  in  bankruptcy,  58. 

by  infant,  guardian  unable  to  give  security,  58. 

action  for  penalties,  statute  repealed,  58. 

when  defendant  is  an  infant,  58. 

action  for  nuisance,  abated  in  part,  58. 

action  against  person  with  same  name  as  defendant,  58, 

mistake  as  to  members  of  defendants'  firm,  58. 

wrong  action  by  executor,  58. 

action  against  a  trustee  who  has  resigned,  58. 

mistake  as  to  effect  of  stipulation,  58. 

poverty  of  plaintiff,   58. 

removal  of  action  to  different  court,  58. 

court  on  appeal  has  declared  law  against  plaintiff,  53. 

plaintiff  has  sold  cause  of  action,  58. 
suing  in  forma  pauperis,  terms  on,  58. 
as  to  one  defendant,  by  amendment,  58. 
order  on;  ex  parte,  no  counterclaim,  or  aflTirmative  relief,  59, 

time  to  reply  to  counterclaim,  not  expired,  59. 

right  of  defendant  to  enter,  59. 
amount  of  costs  on;  to  formal  party,  58. 

two  defendants,  two  answers  necessary,  60. 

two  actions,  one  unnecessary,  60. 

one  action  awaiting  result  of  another,  60. 

needless  appearance  by  separate  attorneys,  60. 

two  attorneys,  one  bill  of  costs,  60. 

separate  attorneys  for  city  and  common  council,  60. 


INDEX.  571 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
DISCON  TINUANCE—  ( continued ) . 

defendants'  interests  demand  separate  attorneys,  60. 

effect  of  order  on  accrued  costs,  08. 

notice  of  no  personal  claim,  not  served,  61. 

after  reversal,  "costs  to  abide  event,"  65. 

allovi'ance  of  motion  costa,  01. 

incurred  after  granting  and  before  service  of  order,  63. 

trial  fee,  case  on  the  day  calendar,  62. 

where  defendant  moved  for  dismissal  when  case  was  reached,  62. 

trial  fee;  defendant's  attorney  takes  default  after  settlement,  62. 

granting  plaintiff  motion  costs  on  application,  68. 
right  of  one  defendant  to  refuse  to  accept,  61. 
in  actions  in  equity,  63. 
where  referee  refuses  to  decide,   03. 
by  executor,  upon  revocation  of  letters,  63. 
when  representatives  of  plaintiff  will  not  proceed,  63. 
setting  aside  order  of,  to  correct  disbursements,  63. 
in  partition  action,  defendant  made  party  at  his  request,  03. 
unnecessary  appearance  by  defendant,  63. 
when  injunction  has  been  granted,  64. 
when  receiver  has  been  appointed,  64. 
additional  allowance;  action  difficult  and  extraordinary,  G6. 

determination  by  facts  at  time  of  discontinuance,  66. 

power  of  court;  defendant  makes  no  application  for,  06. 

when  plaintiff  obtains  ex  parte  order,  66. 
stipulation  not  to  bring  another  action,  as  condition  of,  66. 
of  special  proceedings;  terms;  discretion  of  court,  07. 
refusal  of  plaintiff  to  accept  terms,  68. 

protection  of  attorney  on;  power  of  court  to  refuse,  till  costs  are  paid 
attorney,  69. 

contingent  fee;  payment  of,  as  condition  of,  69. 

payment  of  costs  and  additional  allowance,  69. 

serving  answer  with  knowledge  of  settlement,  69. 
order;   judgment  to  be  entered  on,  70. 

duty  of  defendant  to  have  costs  taxed,  70. 

entry  of,  without  payment  of  costs,  70. 

right  of  defendant,  or  respondent;  costs  not  paid,  70. 
right  of  defendant  to  enter  order  and  tax  costs,  70. 
necessity  of  taxation,  when  costs  are  understood,  70. 

DISCOVERY  AND  INSPECTION,  MOTION  FOE, 
usual  rule  as  to  costs,  54. 
unreasonable  refusal  to  exhibit;  costs,  48,  e,  4,  54. 


572  jA'iiKx. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
DISCOVERY  OF  DEATH  OF  TENANT  FOR  LIFE,  171,  a. 

DISCliETIONARY  COSTS, 
in  what  action  s,   105. 
ill  what  conrts,    JOG. 
power  of  court  of  appeals  over.   105. 
reviewed,  when  and  how,  100. 
power  of  appelhile   division  over,    100. 
review  by  appellate  court;  general   rule,   107. 
one  of  the  issues  before  the  appellate  court,  107. 
refused  below,  allowed  by  appellate  division,   107. 
granted  below,  stricken  out  by  appellate  division,  107. 
appellate   division    changing   costs   of   trial    court,    review   by   court   of 

appeals,   107. 
power  of  trial  court  upon  reinittitiii,    107. 
costs  in  trial  court;  general  rule,  107. 
right  to  appeal  from  denial  of  costs.   107. 
decided  on  reasonable  basis,  review  of,   107. 
necessity  of  designating  p;irty  entitled  to  costs.   107. 
action  tried  by  referee;   costs,  by  whom  awarded.   108. 
failure  of  referee  to  award  costs,   108. 
judgment  on   report  of  referee  should  contain.   108. 
discretion  of  referee,  how  reviewed,   108. 
discretion  of  referee,  used  unwisely,  108. 
when  discretion  of  referee  will  be  reversed,  108. 
referee  failing  to  pass  on  question  of  costs;   remedy.  lOS. 
referee  ordering  each  party  to  pay  part,  108. 

one  party  successful  on  appeal,  both  succeeding  on  «( \\   trial,  103. 
referee  ordered  to  pass  on  question  de  novo,  108. 
review  of  such  order  by  the  court  of  appeals,  108. 
action  tried  by  court;  necessity  of  awarding  costs.  100. 
failure  of  court  to  pass  on;  remedy,  100. 
appellate   division   striking  otit  costs   improiierly   taxed,   sending   case 

back  to  trial  court  to  pass  on,  109. 
meaning  of  silence  a-s  to,   109. 

awarded  in  interlocutory  jtidgment,  changed  in  final.  109. 
part  of  issues  tried  by  jury,  part  by  court,  110. 
subject-matter  ceasing  to  exist  before  trial.  111. 
attittide  of  court  toward  litigation  for  costs,   111. 
court  examining  merits  after  settlement,  to  determine  costs,  111. 
account  paid,  after  action   for  accounting  brought.   111. 
complaint  dismissed,  by  reason  of  events  occurring  since  serving.   111. 
when  parties  agree  that  question  be  settled  in  another  proceeding.  111. 


INltEX.  67J^> 

(References  are  to   sections.) 
DISC  [lETlONARY  COSTS—  ( continued ) . 

effect  of  defendant  making  offer  in  pleading,  112. 

where  plaintiff  succeeds  in  part;  no  offer  in  answer.  112. 

defendant  compelled  to  defend  to  obtain  rights,  11.3. 

two  causes  of  action,  both  parties  succeed,  113. 

plaintiff  partly   successful  on  trial,  defendant  on  appeal,    113. 

what  pleading  determines  that  action  is  in  equity,   114. 

defendant  sets  up  counterclaim,  becomes  insolvent;   plaintiff  does  not 

prove   his   cause,   defendant  fails  in   his,    114. 
out  of  fund,  to  unsuccessful  administrator,  114. 
several  actions,  one  sufficient,   115. 
contribution  of  costs  among  \vroiigiloers.  IKJ. 
liability  of  city  for  act  of  annexed  village.  117. 
novel  question,  law  unsettled,  118. 

advances  of  luisband   made  lien   on   wife's  property.   118. 
correction  of  will  sig-ned  by  mistake,  118. 

DISCRETION  OF  COURT. 

as  to  costs  on  appeal.   7.  a. 

as  to  costs  in  equity,  7,  b. 

as  to  entertaining  pr'oeoediiig  to  <letermiiie  attorney's  lien,  40,  a. 

entertaining  proceedings,  pending  action,  40,  f. 

as  to  costs  on  motion,  7.  a.  48.  c 

how  exercised  on  motion,  48,  c. 

usage  of  courts  on  motion.  48,  c. 

justice  of  ease,  on  motion.  48.  c. 

as  to  allowing  amendments,  49,  a. 

as  to  terms  upon  opening  default,  ."jfi.  b. 

as  to  terms  on  discontinuance,  57,  58. 

on  discontinuance,  how  reviewed,  58. 

requiring  security  from  executors.,  259. 

requiring  security  of  receivers,  260,  261,  a. 

in  staying  second  action  till  costs  of  first  are  paid,  362. 

terms  for  new  trial,  wiiat  discretion  courts  have  as  to,  86, 

DISMISSAL  OF  COMPLAINT, 

neglect  to  prosecute,  co.sts  on,  52. 
infant  without  guardian ;  costs,  52. 
failure  to  serve  all   defendants.  52. 

DIVORCE.     See  Matrimonial  Actions. 

DOCUM ENTARY   EVIDl^^NCE, 

expense  of  obtaining  exemplified  copies,  foreign  documents.  409. 


574  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  seclions.) 
DOUBLE  COSTS.    See  Increased  Costs. 

DOWER, 

action  for,  amount  of  costs,  101,  e. 

effect  of  failure  of  referee  to  award  costs,  101,  e. 


E. 


EASEMENTS,  DAMAGES  TO.     See  Trespass. 

EJECTMENT, 

landlord  defending  for  tenant,  liability  for  costs,  359. 

grantee  bringing  in  name  of  grantor,  348. 

grantor  defending  for  grantee,  liability  for  costs,  3.59. 

mortgagee  defending  for  mortgagor,  liability  for  costs,  359. 

discontinuance  of,  when  plaintiff  is  in  possession.  57. 

location  of  division  line,  101,  b. 

two  parcels  of  land,  each  party  successful,  101,  b. 

action  by  grantee,  evicted  by  paramount  title,  101,  b. 

per-manent  improvements,  attorney's  lien  on,  16. 

ELEVATED  RAILEOAD, 

condemning  right  of  way,  general  rule  as  to  costs.  151,  b. 

EQUITABLE  ASSIGNEE, 
when  attorney  is,  17. 

right  to  enter  judgment  or  order:  client  dead,  17. 
right  to  issue  execution;  client  dead.  17. 

EQUITY, 

costs  in,  see  also  Discretionary  Costs. 

general  rule  as  to  allowance  of  costs,  creditor  recovers,   126. 

in  discretion  of  court,  7,  b. 

for  money  damages,  recoveiy  less  than  .$50,  104.  f. 

inherent  power  of  court  to  award  costs,  4. 

power  of  court  to  award,  derived  from  statute,  4. 

double  costs  in,  132,  d. 

■when  neither  party  succeeds  fully,  7.  a. 

when  question  is  novel,  7,  a. 

when  law  is  unsettled,  7,  a. 

discretion  of  court;  money  damages  demanded,  7,  b. 

power  of  court  as  to  amount  of  costs.  7,  b. 

motion  costs  in,  discretion  of  court,  7,  a. 

EVIDENCE, 

on  proceedings  as  to  attorney's   lion.   40,  b. 


INDEX.  675 

(References  arc  to  sections.) 
EVIDENCE—  ( continued ) . 

as  to  value  of  services,  attorney's  lien,  40,  g, 

as  to  necessity  of  services,  attorney's  lien,  40,  g. 

competent,  against  client,  attorney's  lien,  40,  g. 

items  of  services  and  disbursonents,  attorney's  lien,  40,  g. 

EXAMINATION  OF  PARTY  BEFORE  TRIAL, 

two  parties;  same  attorney  obtains  two  orders;  one  examination,  410. 

EJXCEPTIONS, 

heard  at  appellate  division  in  first  instance,  391,  g. 

appeal  from  order  denying  new  trial,  heard  same  time,  391,  g. 

EXECUTION  AGAINST  PROPERTY, 
to  collect  costs,  415. 
to  collect  motion  costs,  415. 
right  of  attorney  to  issue;  client  dead,  17. 
issued  by  attorney  after  settlement,  19,  a. 
returned  unsatisfied;   proof  of  insolvency  of  client,  28. 

EXECUTION  AGAINST  THE  PERSON, 

enforcement  of  attorney's  lien  by,  16,  31. 

action  to  set  aside  instrument  for  fraud,  collection  of  costs  by,  418. 

right  of  defendant  to  collect  costs  by;  in  conversion,  418. 

in  negligence  action,  418. 

action  in  tort;  judgment  for  plaintitl',  not  carrying  costs,  418. 

winning  on  a  technicality,  418. 

where  plaintifi'  is  a  woman,  418. 

Bet  aside  on  motion,  which  is  reversed;  virtue  of  execution,  418. 

right  of  judgment  creditor  to  a  new  process  in  such  case,  418. 

EXECUTORS, 

security  for  costs,  see  Secukity  for  Costs. 

application  of  exemption  as  to  costs,  174.  a. 

right  of,  to  costs,  when  denied  plaintiff,   174,  a. 

liability  of,  for  services  of  attorney,  174,  a. 

on  probate  of  will,  185. 

when  will  makes  such  costs  a  charge  on  the  estate,  185. 

receiving  pay  for  his  own  services  as  attorney,   185. 

costs  to,  probate  refused,   185. 

action  by  attorney  for  services  rendered  an  executor,  174,  a. 

in  action  against,  for  personal   liability,  174,  a. 

on  contract  made  by  direction  of  will,  174,  a. 

cause  of  action  arose  before  death  of  testator,  174,  a. 

cause  of  action  arose  after  death  of  testator,  174,  a. 


576  INDEX. 

(Ueforencps  are   to   sections.) 
EXECUTORS—  ( continued ) . 

effect  of  bringing  sucli  action  as  executor,  174,  a. 

applicability  of  cases  decided  under  the  Revised  Statutes,  174,  a. 

applicability  of  cases  decided  under  the  Code  of  Procedure,   174,  a. 

conversion  after  death  of  testator  and  before  letters,   174,  a. 

contract  made  by  executor,   174,  a. 

allowance  upon  accounting  for  costs,  paid  personally,  174,  a. 

allowance  upon  final  accounting,  for  services  of  attorney,   174.  a. 

ownership  of  costs  awarded  to,  174,  a. 

right  of  defendant  to  costs;  action  in  personal  capacity,  174,  a. 

necessity  of  application  to  court  for  such  costs,  174,  a. 

liability  for  costs;    action   in  representative  capacity,   174,  a. 

mismanagement;  loss  occasioned  by  unauthorized  investment,  174,  b. 

loss  occasioned  by  misappropriation,  174,  b. 

liability  of  executor's  real  estate  for  such  costs,   174,  1). 

right  of  executor,  after  judgment  against  deceased,   174,  b. 

seeking  to  retain  property  of  estate,  174,  b. 

unsuccessful  action  for  personal   benefit.   174,  b. 

unsuccessful  defense  of  .statute  of  fravuls,  174,  b. 

im successful  action  to  recover  property  of  estate,  174.  b. 
piocedure  to  charge  executor  personally;  application  to  court  on  notice, 
174,  c. 

motion  not  heard  by  trial  judge;   certificate,   174,  c. 

power  of  appellate  court,  question  not  raised  below.   174,  c. 

entry   of  judgment  after   court   has   refused,    174,   c. 

remedy  when  all  facts  were  not  before  the  court,   174,  c. 

collateral  attack  on  decision.  174,  c. 

effect  of  charging  costs  "as  executor,"  174,  c. 

power  of  special  term,  after  appellate  court  has  passed   on  ques- 
tion, 174,  c. 

wliere  decided  how  costs  of  appeal  shall  be  paid,   174,  c. 

effect  of  executor  being  benefited  by  action,  174,  c. 
when  costs  are  allowed  against  executor  in  his  representative  capacity; 
when  he  is  plaintiff,  and  fails,  174,  d. 

judgment  to  be  entered  thereon,  174,  d. 

imsuccessful  appeal  by  executor,  174,  d. 

successful  appeal  by  executor,  174,  d. 

exemption  as  to  costs  exists  up  to  wliat   time.   174,  d. 

entitled  to  one  lawful  trial,  174,  d. 

necessity  of  application  to  court  for  costs,  174,  d. 

from  what  costs  are  collected,  174,  d. 

presumption  that  executor  has  funds,   174,  d. 


INDEX.  57T 

(References  are  to  sections.) 

ICKECUTORS—  ( continued ) . 

defendant  qualifying  as  executor,  after  action  commenced,  174,  c. 

surrogate  allowing  execution  for  costs,  174,  d. 
costs  upon  disputed  claims;  power  of  referee  over,  previous  to  1893, 
174,  e. 

power  of  referee  over,  since  amendment  in  1893,  174,  e. 

necessity  of  certificate  of  judge  or  referee,  174,  e. 

evidence  on,  and  results  of  trial;  effect  of,  174,  e. 

what  tlie  certificate  must  contain,  174,  e. 

report  for  plaintiff  "with  usual  costs,"  as  certificate,  174,  e. 

right  to  disbursements,  costs  refused,   174,  e,  h. 

necessity  of  application  for,  174,  e. 

what  the  application  should  contain,  174,  e. 

right  of  defendant  to  be  heard  thereon,  174,  e. 

etYect  of  taxing  costs  without  certificate,  174,  e. 

court  correcting  judgment,  on  motion  to  strike  out,   174,  e. 

Avaiver   of  irregularity;   nonappearance  on  taxation,   174,  e. 

costs  on  appeal  from  refusal  to  strike  out  costs,  174,  e. 

appeal  from  judgment,  without  motion  to  strike  out,  174,  e. 

review  of  discretion  of  trial  judge,   174,  e. 
equity  action  tried  before  referee;  costs  allowed  by  whom,  174,  f. 

how  discretion  of  referee  is  reviewed,  174,  f. 

power  of  special  term  to  review  discretion,  174,  f, 
action  against  testator  continued  by  executor,  174,  g. 
right  of  plaintiff  to  costs  in  such  a  case,  174,  g. 
application  of  §§  1835  and  1836,  174,  g. 
what  costs  and  disbursements  allowed,   174,  h, 
additional  allowances,  174,  h, 
presentation  of  claims  to  executor;  necessity,  action  at  law,  174,  i. 

necessity,  action  in  equity,  174,  i. 

necessity  of;  contingent  claim,  174,  i. 

before  advertising  for  claims,  174,  i. 

v\hen  executor  never  advertises,  174,  i. 

unduly  resisting  claim  not  presented,  174,  i. 

identity  of  claim  presented  and  recovered  on,  174,  i. 

identity  of  claim  for  services,  and  compensation  by  will,  174,  i. 

costs  given  plaintiff  as  res  judicata  on  presentation,  174,  i. 

disputed,  what  affidavits  should  contain,  174,  i. 

necessity  that  claim  be  in  writing,   174,  i. 

necessity  that  claim  be  verified,  174,  i. 

absolute  rejection  of  unverified  claim,  174,  i. 

presenting  claim  of  which  executor  has  knowledge,  174,  i. 

to  whom  claim  must  be  presented,  174,  j. 
COSTS  37. 


578  INDEX. 

(Keferenoes  are  to   sections.) 
EXECUTORS— (continued) . 

presentation  to  one  of  two  executors,  174,  j. 

presentation  to  executor  substituted  as  defendant,  174,  j. 

protection  to  executor  by  publishing,  174,  k. 

where  creditor  does  not  know  of  publication,  174,  k. 

liability  of  executor  not  publishing,  174,  k. 
when   claim   is   reasonably   resisted;    right   to   consider   matter   before- 
acting,   174,  1. 

resisting  claim  nearly  barred  by  statute,  174,  1. 

presenting  larger  claim  to  executor  than  to  testator,   174,  1. 

$5,000  for  nursing,  174,  1. 

estate  of  referee  in  partition,  money  not  distributed,  174,  1. 

winning  on  two  trials,  losing  on  third,  174,  I. 

recovery  of  same  amount  as  claim  presented,  174,  1. 

liability  as  indorser,  note  maturing  after  death,   174,  1, 

recovering  nominal  damages,  174,  1. 

defense  failing;  unable  to  procure  witnesses,  174,  L 

credit  originally  given  to  third  person,   174,  1. 

reducing  interest  from  10  to  6  per  cent,  174,  1. 

advice  of  counsel  after  partial  payment,  174,  L 

reduction  of  amount  claimed,  174,  .m. 

material  reduction  in  amount  claimed,  174,  m. 

reduction  of  claim  for  board,  174,  m. 

various  instances  of  reduction  in  amount,  174,  m. 
refusal  to  refer,  174,  n. 
change  of  statute;  refusal  to  refer,  174,  n. 
unreasonable  resistance;   costs  on,  174,  o. 

proving,  on  trial  of  action,   174,  o. 

proving  by  matters  outside  of  the  action,  174,  o. 

bringing  action  within  one  year  after  letters,  174,  o. 

effect  of  failure  to  make  inquiries,  174,  o. 

testator  ordering  payment  in  will,  174,  o. 

testator  ordering  payment;  papers  outside  of  will,  174,  o. 

will  ordering  care-takers  to  be  well  paid,  174,  o. 

unsuccessful  objection,  not  promptly  raised,  174,  o. 

unsuccessful  objection  as  to  amount  of  interest,  174,  o. 

small  reduction  of  amount  of  claim,  174,  o. 
failure  to  file  consent  that  claim  be  heard  on  settlement,  174,  p. 
beginning  action  within  five  months  and  twenty  days  after  rejection,- 

174,  p. 
statutory  reference;  right  to  settle  question  by,  174,  q. 

right  of  referee  to  pass  on  costs,  174,  q. 

reference  is  an  action,  174,  q. 


INDEX.  5*79 

(References  arc   to   sections.) 
EXECUTORS— (continued) . 

judgment  to  be  entered  thereon,  174,  q. 

discretion  as  to  costs  when  executor  wins,  174,  q. 

inotion  to  confirm  referee's  report,  174,  q. 

power  of  court;  referee  not  passing  on  costs,  174,  q. 

necessity  of  certificate  under  §§   1835,  1830,  174,  q. 

certificate  given  after  report  filed,  174,  q. 

right  to  disbursement,  costs  denied,   174,  q. 

additional  allow'ance,  174,  q. 

by  whom  granted,  174,  q. 

when  recovery  is  less  than  $50,  174,  r. 

justice's  court  has  not  jurisdiction,   174,  r. 

claim  more  than  $50,  recovery  less,  174,  r. 

payment  of  costs,  estate  insolvent,  174,  r. 
costs  on  appeal;  successful  appeal  by  executor,  174,  s. 

unsuccessful  appeal  by  executor,  174,  s. 

appeal  by  executor  for  his  own  benefit,  174,  s. 

losing  on  new  trial  after  successful  appeal,  174,  s. 
costs  against,  as  a  debt,  259. 

sale  of  real  estate  to  pay ;  action  commenced  by  testator,  259. 
sale  of  real  estate  to  pay;  action  by  executor,  259. 
payment  from  personal  property,  259. 
priority  of  payment  of  costs  as  compared  with  legacies,  2r)9. 

EXEMPLIFICATION, 

of  foreign  documents,  expense  of,  409. 

EX  PARTE, 

motion  costs  of,  48,  e,  5. 

EX  POST  FACTO  LAW, 

statute  changing  riglits  of  parties  to  costs  as,  5. 

EXTRA  ALLOWANCE.     See  Auditional  Allowakce. 

P. 

FALSE  IMPRISONMENT, 

costs,  as  limited  by  amount  of  verdict,  103,  a. 

FAVOR, 

terms  and  conditions  upon  granting,  48,  h. 
rights  of  party  dissatisfied  with  terms  of,  48,  h. 
costs  of  motion  payable  absolutely,  48,  h. 
costs  of  motion  payable  conditionally,  48,  h. 


580  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
FEE  BILL, 

abolished  by  Code,  3. 

FIFTY  DOLLARS, 

costs   when   recovery   is  less   than,    104,   a. 

when  verdict  reaches,  by  addition  of  interest  to  day  of  last  trial,  391,  d, 

104,  i. 
addition  of  interest  accruing  after  default,  104,  j. 
recovery  of  less  than,  on  Lloyd  insurance,   104,  a. 
recovery  of  less  than,  accounts  exceed  $400,  104,  b. 
recovery  of  less  than,  equity  action  for  money  damages,  104,  f. 
recovery  reduced  below,  by  counterclaims,  104,  g. 
plaintiff  fails  on  cause  of  action,  defendant  on  counterclaim,  104,  g. 
recovery  reduced  below,  by  agreed  application,  104,  g. 
recovery  of  less  than,  action  for  money,  united  with  foreclosure,  not 

sustained,  104,  g. 
recovery  of  less  than,  after  judgment  entered  by  order  of  court,  104,  g. 
recovery  reduced  below;  payment  after  action  commenced,  104,  h, 
recovery  increased  above,  by  addition  of  interest,  104,  i. 
offer  of  judgment  "with  costs,"  for  less  than,  104,  j. 
recovery  of  less  than,  breach  of  promise  to  marry,  10 1,  j. 
recovery  of  less  than,  conversion,   104,  j, 
recovery  of  less  than,  negligence,  104,  j. 

FINE, 

imposed  on  trustee,  not  obeying  instructions,  costs.  419. 

FINE  OR  PENALTY, 

action  for,  by  people;  costs,  as  limited  by  amount  of  verdict,  103,  a. 

FORECLOSURE, 

of  attorney's  lien,  parties  defendant,  32,  d. 
of  attorney's  lien,  judgment  in,  32,  d. 

FORECLOSURE  OF  CHATTEL  MORTGAGE, 

defendant  unsuccessfully  claiming   portion   of  property,    122. 

additional  allowance  in,  120,  j. 

action  to  redeem  after  default  and  before  foreclosure,  120. 

FORECLOSURE  OF  LAND  CONTRACT. 

general  rule  as  to  payment  of  costs  out  of  fund,  121. 
additional  allowance  under  §  3252,  121. 

FORECLOSURE  OF  liIORTGAGE, 

by  advertisement;  what  disbursements  are  taxable,  119. 
amount  of  costs  and  disbursements,  119. 


INDEX.  581 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
FORECLOSURE  OF  MORTGAGE— ( continued ) . 
by  action;  discretion  as  to  costs,  120,  a. 
both  parties  succeed  in  part,  120,  a. 

defendant  appearing  and  demanding  service  of  papers,  120,  b. 
assignor  admitting  assignment  by  answer,  liability  of,  120,  c. 
answer  by  wife  unnecessarily  made  a  party,   120,  d. 
answer  by  wife  necessarily  made  a  party,  120,  d. 
striking  out  ansAver  alleging  payment  pending  action,  120,  e. 
what  report  makes  defendant  personally  liable,  120,  f. 
judgment  without  costs,  awarding  costs  without  notice  on  report 

of  referee  as  to  prior  liens,  120,  f. 
unnecessary  foreclosure  of  first  mortgage  after  cominoncement  of 

action  on  second,  120,  g. 
default  in  paying  interest,  caused  by  plaintitl',  120,  g. 
election  that  mortgage  become  due,  nonpayment  of  interest,  120,  g. 
right  of  defendant  to  make  offer  of  judgment,  120,  li. 
form  of  offer  of  judgment  by  defendant,  120,  h. 
application  by  defendant  that  action  be  discontinued,  120,  h. 
purchasing  mortgage  and  paying  costs  under  protest,   120,  h. 
commissions  on  assigning  mortgage  to  defendant,  120,  i. 
additional  allowance,  limit  of,  120,  j. 

additional  allowance,  mortgage  on  chattels  and  land,   120,  j. 
additional  allowance,  unreasonable  defense,   120,  j. 
application  for,  on  final  judgment,  276. 
application  for,  on  reference  to  compute  amount  due,  276. 
liability  for  costs  of,  assuming  and  agi'eeing  to  pay,  120,  k. 
dismissal  of  complaint  upon  pajnnent  of  sum  due  and  costs,  222,  c 
staying  judgment  upon  ;);iyment  of  sum  due  and  costs,  222,  c. 
surplus  proceedings;  amotmt  of  costs  and  disbursemoiils,  120,  1. 
surplus  of  first  mortgage  paying  costs  of  .second,  120,  1. 
cost  of  reference;  paid  out  of  fund,  120^  1. 
paid  by  unsuccessful   claimant,   120,  1. 
discretion  in,  how  reviewed,  120,  1. 
reasonable  grounds  for  investigation,  120,  1. 
widow  had  agreed  to  accept  gross  sum,  120,  1. 
action  to  ubolisli  easement,  costs  of  subsequen'.  liens,  120, 1, 
allowance  tor  attorney  to  receiver  of  rents,  120,  m. 
liability  of  referee  not  following  judgment,   120,  n. 
discretion  of  trial  court,  how  reviewed,  120,  p. 
discretion  of  trial  court  reviewed  by  court  of  appeals,  120,  q. 
discretion  of  trial   court  unjust,  law  correct,  review  by  court  of  ap- 
peals, 120,  q. 
defect  of  parties  raised  by  answer,  obviated  before  trial,   120,  q. 


582  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
FORECLOSURE  OF  MORTGAGE— (continued), 
allowance  to  special  guardian,  120,  q. 

action  to  redeem  from  mortgagee;  general  rule  as  to  costs,  120,  o. 
unsuccessful  appeal  by  mortgagee,  120,  o. 
necessity  of  tender  by  mortgagor  before  action,  120,  o. 
payment  of  costs  ineffectual  as  to  mortgagor,  120,  o. 
successful  plea  of  statute  of  limitations,  120,  o. 

FORMA  PAUPERIS,  ACTION  BROUGHT  IN, 
lien  of  attorney  in,  19,  c. 

terms  on  amendment  of  complaint  after  appeal,  49,  d. 
statute  governing  costs,  263. 

who  may  apply  for  leave  to  sue  as  pauper;  application  by  nonresident, 
264,  a. 

nonresident  applicant,  stale  demand,  264,  a. 

nonresident;  cause  arose  in  foreign  state,  264,  a. 

right  of  infant  to  apply,  264,  b. 

application  by  infant,  guardian  responsible,  264,  b. 

application  by  infant,  father,  who  is  guardian,  responsible,  264,  b. 

application  by  committee  of  lunatic,  264,  c. 

husband  commencing  separation  action,  204,  c. 

wife  commencing  separation  action,  264,  c. 

several  plaintiffs,  not  all  joining  application,  2()4,  c. 

in  what  action  guardian  should  apply,  264,  b. 

guardian  defeated  in  one  action,  application  in  anotht-r,  264,  b 
who  is  a  pauper;  every  person  not  having  $100,  as,  265. 

necessity  of  showing  inabilitj'  to  prosecute,  265. 

denial  of  order;  denial  of  protection  of  court,  265. 
when  application  should  be  made;  as  regards  commencement  of  action, 
266. 

by  infant,  appointment  of  guardian,  266. 

loss  of  right  by  laches,  266,  268. 
review  of  order  on  appeal,  266. 
what  the  application  should  contain;  when  prosecuting  as,  statute,  267. 

when  defending  as,  statute,  267. 

facts  of  action  and  poverty  of  petitioner,  267. 

when  by  administrator,  should  show  condition  of  estate,  267. 

allegations  on  information  and  belief,  no  source  of,  267. 

proving  merits  and  right  to  recover,  267. 

use  of  answer  as  opposing  affidavit,  267. 

stating  nature  of  action  by  reference  to  complaint,  267. 

defendant  moves  for  security,  plaintiff  to  sue  as,  267. 

efl'eet  of  granting  plaintiff's  motion  in  such  ease,  267. 


INDEX.  683 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
3'ORjMA  pauperis,  ACTION  BROUGHT  IN— ( continued ) . 

motion  to  vacate  order  for  security,  and  for  leave  to  sue  as,  267. 

power  of  judge  to  set  aside  order  made  by  him,  207. 

adverse  decision  in  former  action,  267. 
right  lost  by  laches;  application  one  year  after  joinder  of  issue,  263. 

case  referred  and  noticed  for  trial,  268. 

guardian  ordered  to  give  security;  trial  commenced,  268. 

neglect  to  serve  copy  of  order  after  obtained,  268. 
<Josts  on  appeal  by  person  tiius  suing,  268. 

.attorney;    designation    and    duties;    order    should    contain    name    of 
attorney,  269. 

also  provision  that  attorney  is  to  have  no  compensation,  269. 

assigning  attorney  making  application,  269. 

agreement  for  contingent  fee,  effect  of,  269. 

right  of  attorney  to  costs  recovered,  269. 

attorney  retaining  more  than  costs,  269. 

recovery  of  judgment,  not  carrying  costs,  269. 

agreement  before  application,  to  conduct  action  gratis,  269. 
liability  for  costs  of  former  action,  270. 
liability  for  costs  of  action  accruing  before  application,  270. 
stay  for  nonpayment  of  such  costs,  270. 
effect  of  granting  permission  to  sue  as,  271. 
opening  default  after  permission  granted,  272. 
terms  imposed  upon  granting  a  favor,  273. 
terms  upon  amending  complaint  after  reversal,  273. 
discontinuance  after  permission  granted  to  sue  as,  273. 
costs  upon  setting  aside  irregular  proceedings,  273. 
costs  upon  striking  out  scandalous  and  impertinent  matter,  273. 

FORMER  TRIAL, 

right  to  tax  costs  of,  406,  f. 

correction  of  irregularity  in  taxing  costs  of,  406,  f. 

J'ORMS, 

respondent's  costs  on  appeal   from  justice's  judgment;   new  trial  not 

had,  420,  a. 
appellant's  costs  on  appeal  from  justice's  judgment  upon  reversal;  new 

trial  not  had,  420,  b. 
costs  upon  affirmance  in  part,  upon  appeal  from  judgment  of  justice's 

court;  new  trial  not  had,  420,  c. 
costs  on  appeal  from  justice's  judgment,  on  new  trial,  420,  d. 
costs  upon  entry  of  judgment  after  verdict;  report  or  decision;  action 

commenced  in  a  court  of  record,  420,  e. 


584  INDEX. 

(References  ai-e  to  sections.) 

FORMS —  ( continued ) . 

costs  incurred  after  trial  and  before  appeal,  420,  f. 
costs  incurred  on  appeal  to  the  appellate  division,  420,  g. 
costs  incurred  on  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals,  420,  h. 

FRAUD, 

liability  of  attorney  for  money  obtained  by,  47. 

liability  of  attorney  for  money  obtained  by  and  paid  to  client,  47. 

collection  of" costs  in  action  to  set  aside  instrument  obtained  by,  418- 

FRAUDULENT  CONVEYANCES, 

discretion  as  to  costs  in  actions  to  set  aside,  124. 

two  actions  on  two  judgments,  costs,  317. 

additional  allowance;  defendant  succeeds;  property  inadequate,  289,  d. 

FUND, 

satisfaction  of  attorney's  lien  from,  notice,  32,  e. 

award  for  land,  attorney's  lien  on,  32,  e. 

allowance  of  costs  out  of,  discretionary,  332. 

allowance  of  costs  out  of,  fund  small,  332. 

allowance  of  costs  to  mere  custodian,  332. 

allowance  of  costs  against  depositary,  332. 

stijiulation  as  to  appeals  and  motions;  attached  fund,  332. 

G. 

GAME  LAW, 

amoimt  of  costs  allowed  to  the  people  on  recovery,  145. 
right  to  execution  against  the  person,  to  collect,  145. 
amount  of  costs  allowed  to  defendant,  145. 
how  defendant's  costs  are  collected,  145. 

GRANTOR, 

liability  for  costs,  defending  ejectment  against  granter.  359. 

liability  for  costs,  action  to  restrict  grantee,  124. 

timely  notice  of  action  to  grantor,  124. 

notice  to  grantor,  case  in  court  of  appeals,  li2t. 

GUARDIAN  AD  LITEM, 

on  construction  of  will ;  costs  payable  by  whom,  130,  e. 

on  construction  of  will ;  allowances  payable  by  whom,  130,  e. 

partition;  power  of  court  to  make  allowances  to,  129,  d. 

partition;  power  of  court  to  grant  costs  to,  129,  d. 

partition:  allowance  paid  by  whom,  129,  d. 

partition;  costs  paid  by  wliom,  129,  (L 


I 


INDEX.  585 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
GUAFvDTAN  AD  LITEM— ( contiiuied ) . 

foreclosure  of  mortgage,  allowance  to,  120,  q. 

costs  aud  extra  allowance,  payable  by  whom,  333,  a. 

allowance  in  excess  thereof,  paid  by  whom,  333,  a. 

allowance,  fund  small,  action  needless,  333,  a. 

allowance,  less  than  taxable  costs,  333,  a. 

liability  of  successful  plaintiff  for  costs  of,  333,  a. 

allowance  to  a  defendant,  guardian  for  codefendant,  333,  a. 

amount  of  costs;  general  answer  by  guardian,  333,  a. 

for  infant  plaintitT,  liability  for  costs,  258. 

how  such  liability  is  enforced,  258. 

for  infant  defendant,  liability  for  costs,  258. 

GUARDIAN,  GENERAL, 

liability  for  costs  of  compulsory  accounting,  334. 
costs  upon  accounting  upon  resignation,  182. 
costs  upon  accounting  upon  removal,  182. 
incorrect  account  filed,  refusing  explanation,  182. 

GUARDIAN,  SPECIAL,  ALLOWANCE  TO, 

unsuccessful  contestant  on  probate  of  will,  178. 

where  infant  becomes  of  age  pending  probate  proceedings,  178. 

after  infant  becomes  of  age,  on  stipulation  of  proponent,  178. 

amount  of  allowance  to  unsuccessful  contestant,  178. 

to  special  guardian  or  to  attorney  for  infant,  IS."). 

limit  on  probate  or  revocation  of  probate,  190. 

payable  from  what  fund,  190. 

beyond  statutory  limit,  by  whom  paid,  190. 

power  of  surrogate  to  make  allowance,  190. 

notice  of  application  for  such  allowance,  190. 

or  general  guardian,  190. 

sei-vices  subsequent  to  decision;  infant  has  no  interest,  100. 

on  reference,  under  §  2546,  191. 

appointment  by  appellate  court,  190. 

appellate  court  recognizing  guardian  appointed  below,  190. 

construction  of  will;  infant  no  interest,  190. 

appellate  court  grants  no  costs  on  appeal;  power  of  surrogate,  190. 

allowance  on  proceedings  to  sell  real  estate  to  pay  debts,  194. 

allowance  on  tax  appraisal;  appointment  unnecessary,  195. 

H. 

HABEAS  CORPUS, 

of  a  criminal  nature,  costs  in,  160. 

of  a  criminal  nature,  appeal  by  people,  160. 


586  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
HABEAS  CORPUS—  ( coutinued ) . 

in  civil  matter,  discretion  as  to  costs,  160. 

what  items  are  taxable,  160. 

demurrer  to  return  of  sheriff,  160. 

final  order  must  show  what,  160. 

allowance  to  counsel  of  incompetent,  160. 

HABITUAL  DRUNKARD, 

appointment  of  committee.     See  Incompetent  Persons. 

HIGHWAY, 

proceedings  to  open,  successful  application,  154. 

proceedings  to  open,  application  denied,  154. 

extent  of  liability  of  petitioner,  154. 

reassessment  of  damages,  costs  of,  154. 

apportionment  of  costs  of  reassessment  of  damages,  154. 

private  road,  costs  of  laying  out,  154. 

private  road,  costs  of  rehearing  as  to  damages,  154. 

trespass  for  laying  out.     See  Teespass. 

overseer  of,  as  defendant,  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  a. 

person  working  out  tax,  as  defendant,  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  &.. 

I. 

IDIOT, 

appointment  of  committee.      See  Incompetent  Per.sons. 

IMBECILE, 

appointment  of  committee.     See  Incompetent  Peksons. 

INCHOATE  RIGHT  OF  DOWER, 
attorney's  lien  on,  16.        • 

INCOIVIPETENT  PERSONS, 

dismissal  of  petition;  discretion  as  to  costs,  158,  a. 

dismissal  of  petition;  amount  of  costs,  158,  a. 

dismissal  of  petition;  costs,  by  whom  paid,  158,  a. 

good  faith  and  probable  cause  of  petitioner,  158,  a. 

allowance  to  imsuccessful  petitioner,  158,  a. 

petition  granted;  costs  paid  from  what  fund,  158,  b. 

petition  granted;  amount  of  costs  to  petitioner,  158,  b. 

petition  granted;  amount  of  costs  to  adverse  party,  158,  b. 

petition  granted;  amount  of  costs  to  attorney  of,  158,  b. 

control  of  court  over  property  of,  153,  b. 

death  of,  after  inquisition,  but  before  confirmation,  158,  b. 


ixDKx.  587 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
INCOMPETENT  PERSONS— (continued) . 

incompetent  confined  in  a  state  institution,  158,  b. 

unsuccessful  attempt  to  have  committee  removed;  counsel  fees  of  com- 
mittee in  defending,  158,  c. 
discretion  of  court  on  such  allowance,  158,  c. 
review  of  such  discretion,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys  for  incompetent,  158,  c. 

allowance  to  attorneys,  proceeding  groundless  or  vexatious,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys,  where  instituted  in  bad  faith,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys,  where  instituted  for  benefit  of  third  per- 
son, 158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys,  estate  not  large,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys,  application  not  made  by  committee,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  attorneys,  large  estate,  158,  e. 
liability  of  third  party  for  costs  of,  158,  c. 
allowance  to  an  attorney  who  is  interested  in,  158,  c. 
incompetent  confined  in  a  state  institution,  158,  b. 
payment  of  attorney  for  committee,  158,  d. 

discretion  of  court  as  to  amount  of  fees  of  such  attorney,  158,  d. 
removal  of  committee  for  negligence,  expense  of,  158,  d. 
jurors,  compensation  of,  158,  d. 

INCREASED  COSTS, 

stipulation  of  parties  for,  8. 
double  costs;  what  are,  132,  a. 
who  are  entitled  to,  132,  a. 
increase  of  disbursements  in,  132,  a. 
persons  entitled  to;  overseer  of  the  poor,  132,  a. 
sheriff,  132,  a. 
policeman,  132,  a. 
overseer  of  the  highway,  132,  a. 
persons  working  out  highway  tax,  132,  a. 
collector  of  school  district,  132,  a. 
trustee  of  school  district,  132,  a. 
constable,  132,  a. 
surrogate,  132,  a. 
board  of  supervisors,  132,  a. 
waiver  of;  uniting  in  answer  with  person  not  entitled  to,  132,  b. 
person  benefited  by  process;  right  to,  132,  b. 
personal  representatives  of  decedent,  entitled  to,  132,  b. 
indemnitors  substituted  for  sheriff,  132,  b. 

indemnitors  substituted  for  sheriff,  under  Revised  Statutes,  132,  b- 
£nal  judgment  after  return  of  alternative  mandamus,  132,  b. 


588  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
INCREASED  COSTS—  ( continued ) . 

in  special  proceedings,  costs  not  regulated  by  §  3251,  132,  b. 

in  certiorari  proceedings,  132,  b. 

peremptory  writ  of  mandamus  denied,  132,  b. 

how  obtained,  132  c. 

certificate  of  judge  or  referee,  132,  c. 

conclusiveness  of  certificate  on  taxing  oflicer,  132,  c. 

granting  certificate,  nunc  pro  tunc,  132,  c. 

application  of  statute  to  special  proceedings,  132,  c. 

application  of  statute  to  actions  in  equity,  132,  d. 

restraining  board  from  interference  with  business,  132,  d. 

action  by  sheriff  on  bond  of  under  sheriff,  132,  d. 

when  tlie  defendant  is  respondent,  132,  e. 

when  the  defendant  is  appellant,  132,  e. 

on  appeal  to  the  county  court,  132,  e. 

on  appeal  from  county  court,  132,  e. 

on  reversal  which  is  not  final  adjudication,  132.  o. 

necessity  that  appellate  court  award,  132,  e. 

allowance  of,  in  court  of  appeals,  390.  j. 
treble  costs;  statute,  133. 

members  of  the  militia,  133. 

constable  collecting  military  fines,  133. 

meaning  of  term,  133. 

constitutionality  of,  133. 

INFANT, 

discontinuance  of  action;  guardian  unable  to  give  security,  ^S. 

discontinuance  of  action  on  plea  of  infancy,  58. 

right  of  defendant  to  costs  on  plea  of  infancy;  legal  action,  319. 

allowed  to  defendant  upon  plea  of  infancy:  equity  action,  31!). 

procedure  of  plaintiff  when  answer  is  served,  319. 

infancy  first  alleged  on  trial,  319. 

as  plaintiff,  costs  against,  how  collected,  258. 

INHERENT  POWER  OF  COURT, 

to  grant  allowance;  construction  of  will,  130,  c 

to  stay  proceedings  for  nonpayment  of  costs  in  former  action,  361. 

INHERENT  RIGHT, 
to  costs,  3. 

INJUNCTION, 

discontiiiuance  of  action,  after  granting,  64. 
order  upon  such  discontinuance,  64. 


INDEX.  589 

(Ueferences  are  to  sections.) 
INJUNCTION—  ( continued ) . 

remedies  of  defendant  upon  such  discontinuance,  64. 
additional  allowance  in,  299,  b. 

INSOLVENT, 

discharging,  from  his  debts,  171. 
discharging,  from  imprisonment,  171. 
discontinuance  of  action  against,  terms,  58. 

INSOLVENT  CORPORATION, 

allowance  to  trustees  in  protecting  existence  of,  235,  a. 

by  what  court  allowance  is  made,  235,  a. 

discretion  of  court  as  to  amount  of  allowance,  235,  ii. 

right  of  trustees  to  this  allowance,  235,  a. 

when  allowance  should  be  refused,  235,  a. 

allowance  to  a  creditor,  235,  b. 

costs  allowed  to  a  creditor,  235,  b. 

allowance  to  special  counsel  for  attorney  general,  235,  b. 

allowance  to  unsuccessful  claimant;  court  of  appeals,  235,  c 

allowance  to  receiver  for  attorney's  services,  235,  d. 

necessity  of  notice  of  application  for  such  allowance,  235,  d. 

when  objections  to  such  allowance  must  be  made,  235,  d. 

allowance   for   improper   charges;    no   objection;    reviewed   on  appeal, 

235,  d. 
proper  method  of  obtaining  allowance,  235,  d. 
items  considered  in  making  allowance,  235,  d. 
costs  of  proceedings  to  compel  receiver  to  pay  notes,  235,  d. 
costs  against  receiver,  when  paid,  235,  d. 

INTENT, 

of  parties  on  settlement,  as  to  attorney's  lien,  19,  e. 

INTEREST, 

accruing  after  action,  making  recovery  $50,  104,  i,  391,  d. 
accruing  after  default,  making  recovery  $50,  104,  j. 
liability  of  attorney  for,  how  computed,  42. 
liability  of  attorney  for;  claim  imliquidated,  42. 

INTERPLEADER, 

costs  on  granting  order  of,  325. 

when  costs  allowed  to  original  defendant,  325. 

what  costs  to  original  defendant,  325. 

costs  in  action  of,  325. 

after  interpleader,  new  action  in  equity,  325. 


590  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
I NTERROGATORIES, 

attached  to  commission;  several  witnesses;  under  old  Code,  409. 

rule  imder  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  409. 

disbursements  on  commission,  necessity  of.  409. 

issued  in  good  faith,  failing  in  object,  409. 

issued,  but  never  served,  409. 

to  take  party's  evidence,  able  to  attend  trial,  409. 

to  take  party's  evidence,  unable  to  attend  trial,  409. 

to  take  evidence  of  party  and  other  witnesses,  409. 

disbursement  for  witness'  fees,  executed  out  of  state,  409. 

disbursement  for  attorney's  fees,  executed  out  of  state,  409. 

disbursement  for  attorney's  fees,  executed  in  state,  409. 

expense  of  taking  testimony  by  stiplation,  409. 

stipulation  that  evidence  taken  under   §  879,  as  taken  mider   §§   872, 
873,   409. 

ISSUE  OF  FACT  AND  LAW, 

tried  by  court  and  referee;  trial  fees  taxable,  406,  b. 

J. 

JOINT  TORT  FEASOR, 

effect  of  release  of  one,  on  attorney's  lien,  12. 

JUDGE  INFORMING  JURY  OF  EFFECT  OF  VERDICT  ON  COSTS, 
in  actions  where  punitive  damages  are  given,  329. 
in  action  on  contract,  329. 

reference  to,  obviated  by  other  parts  of  the  charge,  329, 
when  objection  thereto  must  be  taken,  329. 
duty  of  judge  to  inform  jury,  329. 
effect  of  misstating  the  law,  329. 

JUDGMENT, 

final,  as  entitling  party  to  costs,  5. 

opening  of  by  judgment  creditor  after  pajnnent;  terms,  56,  b, 

interlocutory,  upon  decision  of  demurrer,  97,  98. 

final,  upon  decision  of  demurrer,  97,  98. 

motion  for,  on  special  verdict,  73. 

motion  for,  on  verdict,  subject  to  opinion  of  the  court,  73. 

motion  for;  exceptions  heard  at  appellate  division,  73. 

costs  after  entry  of,  330. 

proceedings  after  entry  of,  as  motions.  330. 

opening,  usual  terms  imposed,  330. 

amending  recitals  in  another;  terms,  330. 


INDEX.  691 

(References  are  to  sectious.) 
JUDGMENT—  ( continued ) . 

how  costs  in,  may  be  changed,  330. 

power  of  special  term  to  set  aside,  330. 

extent  of  attorney's  lien  on,  before  collection,  9,  c. 

extent  of  attorney's  lien  on,  after  collection,  9,  c. 

retention  of,  by  firm,  on  lien  of  one  member,  9,  c. 

lien  of  attorney  on,  asserted  by  client,  10. 

lien  of  defendant's  attorney;  no  counterclaim,  14. 

assignment  of,  effect  on  attorney's  lien,  18. 

assignment  of,  attorney's  lien  on  proceeds,  18. 

entry  of,  by  attorney  after  settlement,  19. 

motion  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of,  34,  35. 

action  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of,  34. 

justice  court,  setting  aside  satisfaction  of,  35. 

municipal  court,  setting  aside  satisfaction  of,  35. 

JUDGMENT  BY  CONFESSION,  COSTS  ON,  224,  a. 

JUDICIAL  SALE, 

purchaser  defending  action  to  set  aside  lien  under  which  he  claim&„ 
128. 

ILIRISDICTION,  LACK  OF, 

not  appearing  on  face  of  the  complaint,  326. 

raised  by  answer,  326. 

appears  first  on  trial,  326. 

not  appearing  on  face  of  complaint,  326. 

power  of  court  to  impose  costs,  326. 

JUROR,  WITHDRAWAL  OF, 
taxing  trial  fee  for,  406,  d. 

retaxing  of  trial  fee  paid  for  privilege  of,  406,  d. 
upon  payment  of  all  costs  to  date;  retaxing  of,  406,  d. 

JUROR'S  FEES, 

taxing  of,  when  defendant  suffers  default,  404. 

taxing  of;  more  than  one  trial,  404. 

taxing  of,  when  jury  disagrees,  404. 

taxing  of,  when  verdict  is  set  aside  for  misconduct  of  jury,  404> 

JUSTICE  OF  THE  PEACE, 

no  jurisdiction  in  certain  actions,  103,  a. 

power  to  stay  second  action  tiU  costs  of  first  are  paid,  363. 

JUSTICE'S  COURT, 

lien  of  attorney  in,  11,  35. 


592  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
JUSTICE'S  COURT—  ( continued ) . 

power  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment,  35. 

new  trial ;  verdict  against  the  weight  of  evidence,  79. 

appellate  division  reversing  county  court,  and  ordering  judgment  abso 

lute,  397. 
new  action  after  plea  of  title  in,  101,  1. 
burden  of  proof  in  new  action,  101,  1. 

plaintiff  succeeds  as  to  part  of  title  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
necessity  of  certificate  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
failure  of  plaintiff's  title  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
default  of  plaintiff  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
trespass  not  proved  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
unnecessary  allegation  of  title  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
defendant  proves  title  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
when  jurisdiction  ends  on  plea  of  title,  101,  m. 
delivery  of  undertaking  on  plea  of  title,  101,  m. 
justification  of  sureties  on  such  undertaking,  101,  m. 
disapproval  of  sureties  on  such  undertaking,  101,  m. 
undertaking  not  delivered,  101,  m. 
proof  in  such  a  case  before  the  justice,  101,  m. 
proof  in  the  county  court  on  new  trial,  101,  m. 
plea  of  title  to  one  of  two  causes  of  action,  101,  m. 
appeals  from;  necessity  of  pa.ying  costs  to  perfect  appeal,  225. 
discretion  of  court  to  allow  payment  nunc  pro  tunc,  225. 
review  of  this  discretion,  225. 

necessity  of  paying  additional  costs  in  city  courts,  225. 
necessity  of  paying  stenographer's  fees,  225. 
right  of  the  respondent  to  the  costs  thus  paid,  225. 
right  of  successful  appellant  to  these  costs,  225. 
right  to  sue  for  the  costs  thus  paid,  225. 
what  disbursements  the  successful  appellant  may  tax,  225. 
new  trial  not  had  in  tlie  appellate  court;  statute,  220,  a. 
when  costs  are  discretionary,  226,  a. 
reversal  for  error  of  fact,  not  affecting  merits,  226,  a. 
new  trial  is  directed,  226,  a. 
judgment  is  affirmed  in  part,  226,  a. 
right  of  appellant  to  costs  on  reversal,  226,  a. 
right  of  respondent  to  costs  upon  affirmance,  226,  a. 
when  return  does  not  show  judgment  rendered,  226,  a. 
when  defendant  did  not  appear  below,  nor  on  appeal,  226,  b. 
both  parties  appeal,  judgment  affirmed,  226,  c. 
power  of  court  over  costs  on  affirmance  or  reversal,  226,  a. 


INDEX.  593 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
jrUSTlCE'S  COURT—  ( continued ) . 

costs  on  appeal  in  summary  proceedings  by  landlord,  226,  a. 
new  trial  is  had  in  the  appellate  court;  statute,  227. 

amount  of  disbursements,  227. 

offer  to  compromise  after  action  is  at  issue,  227. 

what  costs  taxable;  offer  after  verdict  is  set  aside,  227. 

offer  to  compromise  before  return,  228. 

by  whom  offer  may  be  made,  228. 

when  neitlier  party  makes  an  offer,  228. 

no  offer;  verdict  of  no  cause  of  action,  228. 

offer  by  one  party;  recovery  larger  than  offer,  228. 

application  of  §  3228  to  these  actions,  228. 

application  of  §  3229  to  these  actions,  228. 

acceptance  of  offer  before  return,  228. 

notice  of  taxation  of  costs  by  party  accepting,  228. 

what  is  a  more  favorable  judgment,  229. 

verdict  increased  by  new  matter  in  complaint,  229. 

verdict  decreased  by  new  matter  in  answer,  229. 

Avlien  appeal  is  hoard  in  the  supreme  court,  220. 

new   trial   granted   in    supreme   court,   reversed   by   appellate 
division,  229. 

affirmance  by  appellate  division,  right  to  costs,  230. 

reversal    of  judgment    by  default  on  defective  verified    com- 
plaint, 230. 

<lefault  opened,   respondent   refusing  to  open   on   payment  of 
costs,  230. 

order   of   district   court    opening   default,    reversed ;    error    in 
papers,  230. 

procedure  when  appellant  pays,  pending  appeal,  230. 

reversal  of  order  of  affiliation;  bastardy  proceedings,  231. 

I. 

I.ACHES, 

in  moving  for  leave  to  serve  supplemental  answer,  49,  f. 
in  moving  for  security  for  costs.     See  Security  for  Costs. 

LACK  OF  JURISDICTION, 

See  also  Jurisdiction,  Lack  of. 

on  plea  of  title  to  real  estate,  101,  d. 

1.AND  CONTRACT, 

costs  in  action  for  damages  for  nonperformance,  101,  c. 
COST.S   3S. 


594  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
LAND  COXTE ACT— (continued). 

foreclosure  of,  121. 

additional  allowance  under  §  3252,  121. 

LANDLORD, 

defending  ejectment  against  tenant,  liability  for  costs,  359. 
action  against  tenant  for  damages;  general  denial,  101,  j. 
action  for  mesne  profits?  sjeneral  denial,  101,  j. 
action  for  damages,  defcaant  tenant  or  trespasser,  101,  j. 

LEGATEE, 

costs  of  action  to  collect  debt  of  testator,  339. 

LEGISLATURE, 

power  of,  as  to  statutes,  see  Statutes. 

LIBEL, 

costs,  as  governed  by  the  amount  of  the  verdict,  103,  a. 

LICENSE, 

plea  of,  in  trespass,  see.  Trespass. 

LIEN.     See  Attorney's  Lien. 

LIQUOR  TAX  LAW, 

certiorari  to  revoke  license,  147. 

making  case  on  appeal,  waived  by  stipulation,  147. 

allowance  against  county  treasurer;  proceeding  under  §  28,  subd.  2,  147- 

allowance  against  county  treasurer;  proceeding  imder  §  29,  147. 

personal  liability  of  county  treasurer  for  not  proceeding  under  §  28,  147. 

discretion  as  to  costs;  revocation;  lack  of  requisite  consents,  147. 

expiration  of  certificate  before  order  of  revocation,  147. 

LLOYD  INSLTIANCE, 

recovery  of  less  than  $50,  104,  a. 

LOSS  OF  LIEN.     See  Attorney's  Lien. 

LUNATIC, 

appointment  of  committee,  see  Incompetent  Persons. 

M. 

\LiLICIOUS  PROSECUTION, 

costs,  as  limited  by  the  amount  of  the  verdict.  103,  a,  d. 

MANDAMUS, 

discretion  as  to  costs,  149,  a. 


INDEX.  595 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
MANDAMUS— ( continued ) . 

order  silent  as  to  costs,  14P,  a. 

review  of  discretion  of  trial  court,  149,  a. 

imposition  of  costs  on  officer  acting  in  good  faith,  149,  b. 

writ  against  wrong  party,  acting  on  advice  of  proper  party,  149,  b. 

against  officers  discharging  judicial  duties,  149,  b. 

judge  makes  return  instead  of  obeying,  149,  b. 

proceedings  to  obtain  certificate  required  by  law,  149,  c. 

when  law  against  relator  is  plain,  149,  d. 

third  party  requesting  return,  149,  d. 

third  party  joining  in  demurrer,  149,  d. 

application  premature;  respondent  had  time  to  act,  149,  d. 

additional  allowance  in,  149,  e. 

amendment  of  alternative  writ;  terms,  149,  f. 

stay  for  nonpayment  of  costs  of  previous  application,  149,  g. 

waiver  of  stay,  149,  g. 

amount  of  costs,  alternative  writ,  149,  h. 

amount  of  costs,  peremptory  writ,  149,  h. 

agreed  statement  of  facts  to  obviate  alternative  writ.  149,  h. 

amount  of  costs  on  demurrer  to  alternative  ^^rit,  149,  li. 

alternative  writ;  public  officers  succeed,  149,  h. 

peremptory  writ;  public  officers  succeed,  149,  h. 

application  for  peremptory  writ  denied,  149,  h. 

relator's  position  correct;  court  unable  to  grant  relief,  149,  h. 

amount  of  costs  on  appeal,  149,  i. 

right  of  defendant  to  appeal  after  obeying  writ,  149,  i. 

discretion  as  to  costs,  reviewed  on  appeal,  149,  i. 

reversal  by  court  of  appeals  of  demurrer  sustained  below,  149,  L 

appellate  division  affirming  peremptory  writ,  with  costs,  149,  i. 

reversal  of  peremptory  writ  by  court  of  appeals,  149,  i. 

imposition  of  fine  in  adilition  to  costs  and  damages,  149,  i. 

collection  of  costs  by  contempt  proceedings,  149,  i. 

double  costs  on  final  order  on  alternative  writ,  132,  b. 

double  costs  on  fiinal  order  on  peremptory  writ,  1.32,  b. 

MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS, 

attorney's  lien  in;  in  general,  39. 
on  settlement,  39. 

continuing  action  to  protect  lien,  39. 
on  alimony,  39. 

agreement  for  lien  on  alimony,  validity  of,  39. 
on  security  for  future  alimony,  39. 
commitment  proceedings  to  enforce,  39. 


596  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS— (continued) . 

alimony,  as  set  off  against  costs  against  wife,  30. 
action  for  absolute  divorce;  discretion  as  to  costs,  130,  a. 
amount  of  costs,  136,  a. 
allowance  of  costs  against  wife,  136,  a. 
additional  allowance  in,  13G,  a. 
power  of  referee  over  costs,  136,  a. 
remedy,  finding  as  to  costs  not  warranted,  136,  a. 
both  parties  obtained  false  testimony,  136,  a. 

motion  for  judgment  on  referee's  report,  as  special  verdict,  136,  a. 
liability  of  corespondent  who  fails  in  his  defense,  136,  a. 
right  of  corespondent  who  succeeds  in  his  defense,  136,  a. 
counsel  fees;  power  of  court  to  grant,  136,  b,  1. 

granted  for  what  services,  136,  b,  1. 

when  husband  abandons  action,  136,  b,  1. 

when  wife  abandons  defense,  136,  b,  1. 

judgment  entered  before  hearing  of  motion,  136,  b,  1. 

upon  denial  of  adultery,  136,  b,  1. 

upon  affirmative  defense,  136,  b,  1. 

recrimination  by  wife,  136,  b,  1. 

■when  wife  is  plaintiff,  136,  b,  1. 

poverty  of  husband,  when  plaintiff,  136,  b,  2. 

poverty  of  husband,  when  defendant,  136,  b,  2. 

after  disagreement  of  jury,  136,  b,  2. 

when  ^^ife  plaintiff;  ability  to  establish  marriage,  136,  b,  2. 

when  success  of  husband  is  inevitable,  136,  c, 

when  wife  does  not  deny  adultery,  136,  c. 

when  wife  denies  adultery,  but  not  incriminating  fact.«<,  136,  c 

wife  pleading  divorce  not  recognized  by  court,  136,  c. 

wife  plaintiff';  all  allegations  on  information  and  belief,  136,  c. 

wife  induced  act,  and  has  property,  136,  c. 

wife  does  not  explain  suspicious  facts,  136,  c. 

imposed  as  punishment  for  not  consenting  to  reference,  136,  c. 

paid  for  specific  purpose,  136,  c. 

allowance  of;  reviewed  when,  and  by  what  courts,  136,  d. 

upon  appeal  by  husband,  136,  e. 

upon  husband's  appeal,  including  past  expenses,  136,  e. 

upon  M'ife's  appeal,  judgment  against  her,  136,  e. 

upon  wife's  appeal,  judgment  in  her  favor,  136,  e. 

when  granted  upon  reversal  of  judgment  against  wife,  136,  e. 

reduction  of,  upon  settlement,  136,  f. 

liability  of  husband  to  wife's  attorney  for,  after  settlement, 
136,  f. 


INDEX.  597 

(Ueferences  are  to  sections.) 
MATRIMONIAL  ACTIONS—  ( continued ) . 

appeal  by  attorney  from  order  setting  aside  allowance,  136,  f. 

collection  of,  by  contempt  proceedings,  13G,  g,  419. 

for  past  services  included  in  judgment,  136,  g. 

termination  of  action  by  settlement  or  death,  130,  g. 

order  for  commitment  must  contain  what,  130,  g. 

striking  out  pleading,  for  nonpayment  of,  130,  g. 

defective  order  for  collection  of,  136,  g. 
contempt  proceedings  to  collect  costs,  136,  g. 
action  for  separation;  discretion  as  to  costs,  137,  a. 
title  to  costs  allowed  to  the  wife,  137,  e. 
costs  and  counsel  fees  in  final  judgment,  137,  a. 
costs  allowed  against  the  wife,  137,  a. 
counsel  fees;  when  allowed,  and  for  what  services,  l.)7,  a. 

wife  makes  prima  facie  case,  137,  a. 

ability  of  wife  to  maintain  action,  137,  b. 

failure  to  make  out  prima  facie  case,  137,  b. 

disagreement  of  jury;  husband  poor,  137,  b. 

new  action,  instead  of  appeal  from  adverse  judgment,  137,  b. 

refusal  to  live  in  suitable  qviarters,  137,  b. 

husband  a  bigamist,  plaintifl"  not  defendant's  wife,  137,  b. 

cause  of  action  .stale,  137,  b. 

w'ife  sent  to  police  court  for  relief,  137,  b. 

husband  appeals  from  adverse  judgment,  137,  c. 
agreement  that  attorney  should  have  part  of  alimony,  137,  c. 
liability  of  husband  to  wife's  attorney,  after  settlement,  137,  d. 
when  settlement  is  before  allowance  of  counsel  fees,  137,  d. 
when  the  husband  is  the  plaintiff,  and  settles,  137,  d. 
procedure  to  enforce  such  liability,  137,  d. 
how  costs  are  collected,  137,  e. 

contempt  proceedings  to  collect  alimony  and  costs,  137,  e. 
reduction  of  counsel  fees;  husband  out  of  jurisdiction,  137,  e. 
for  annulment  of  marriage;  discretion  as  to  costs,  138,  a. 

counsel    fees;    husband    alleges    that   wife    has    another    husband, 
138,  a. 

admission  by  wife  that  she  has  a  former  husband,  138,  a. 

former  husband  living,  fact  known  to  both,  138,  b. 

marriage  induced  by  fraud,  138,  a. 

marriage  induced  by  duress  and  fraud,  138,  a. 

action  commenced  by  wife,  marriage  void,  138,  b. 

action  by  wife,  impotency  of  husband,  138,  b. 

action  by  wife,  because  she  was  under  age  of  consent,  138,  b. 

liability  of  mother  bringing  action  for  son,  138,  b. 


598  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
JVIATRIjMONIAL  actions—  ( continued ) . 

application  by  third  party  to  have  divorce  set  aside,  138,  b. 

action  by  wife  to  obtain  support,  139. 

action  by  wife  for  assault  and  battery,  139. 

MECHANIC'S  LIEN  FORECLOSURE, 
statute,  131,  a. 
on  a  vessel,  131,  a. 

discretion  of  court  as  to  costs,  131,  a. 
lien  paid  before  the  service  of  summons,  131,  a. 
to  defendant  who  succeeds,  131,  a. 

recovery  less  than  demand;  no  offer  of  judgment,  131,  a. 
owner's  payment  into  court,  efl'ect  of,  131,  b. 
necessity  of  o\^^ler's  payment  into  court,  131,  b. 
o^^^ler  defending,  eflect  of,  131,  b. 
nonpayment  into  court,  effect  of,  131,  b. 
failure  to  serve  notice  of  no  personal  claim,  131,  b. 
liability  of  owner  in  excess  of  amount  due,  131,  b. 
plaintiir  refusing  offer  of  judgment,  131,  c. 
subcontractor  successful;  costs  payable  out  of  fund,  131,  d. 
costs  of  contractor's  appeal  against  subcontractor,  131,  d. 
success  of  subcontractor  after  assignment  by  contractor,  131,  d. 
additional  allowance,  difficult  and  extraordinary,  131,  e. 
additional  allowance,  reviewed  by  what  courts,  131,  e. 
additional  allowance  unjer  §  3252.  131,  e,  314. 

MORTGAGEE, 

defending  ejectment  against  mortgagor,  350. 

MORTGAGE  FORECLOSURE.  See  Foreclosure  of  Mortgage, 

MOTION,  COSTS  OF, 

power  of  court  over,  48,  c,  7,  a. 

when  qL  estion  is  novel,  7,  a. 

when  law  is  unsettled,  7,  a. 

how  awarded,  48,  c. 

discretion,  how  exercised,  48,  c. 

when  party  obtains  less  than  he  asked,  7,  a,  48,  e,  2. 

asking  costs,  obtaining  all  except  costs,  48,  e,  2. 

merits  conceded,  costs  contested,  48,  e,  2. 

merits  and  costs  contested;  riglit  on  merits,  wrong  on  costs,  48,  e,  2. 

two  motions,  same  case;  each  party  wins,  48,, e,  3. 

unnecessary  motion,  48,  e,  4. 

for  discovery  and  inspection,  48,  e,  4. 


INDEX.  699 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
MOTION,  COSTS  OF— (continued). 

to  compel  acceptance  of  pleading,  48,  e,  4. 

as  compensation  for  prepaiiug  and  arguing,  48,  e,  4. 

ex  parte  motions,  48,  e,  u. 

several  cases,  same  relief,  48,  f. 

to  set  aside  several  interdependent  orders,  48,  f. 

several  attorneys  for  different  parties,  48,  f. 

relief  granted  before  argument,  48,  g. 

terms  and  conditions  on  granting  favor,  48,  h. 

payable  absolutely  upon  granting  favor,  48,  h. 

payable  conditionally  upon  granting  favor,  48,  h. 

imposed  upon  party;  general  rule,  48,  h. 

imposed  upon  attorney,  48,  h. 

amount  of,  48,  b. 

printing  and  referee's  fees  on,  48,  b. 

withdrawal  of  notice  of  motion,  48,  a. 

amount  of,  for  new  trial  on  case,  48,  b. 

upon  application  for  judgment  on  special  verdict,  48,  b. 

when  party  is  entitled  to,  48,  d. 

necessity  of  motion,  48,  d. 

as  punishment  to  opposite  party,  48,  d. 

effect  of  asking  for  costs,  without  foundation,  48,  d. 

motion  to  strike  out  improper  costs,  48,  d. 

when  actions  of  successful  party  induced  motion,  48,  e,  L 

when  moving  party  makes  tender,  48,  e,  1. 

upon  default,  not  asked  in  notice,  48,  e,  1. 

upon  contested  motion,  not  asked  in  notice,  48,  e,  1. 

compulsory  reference  to  hear,  try,  and  determine,  48,  e,  1. 

upon  amendment  of  complaint,  49,  a. 

upon  amendment  after  appeal,  49,  d. 

upon  amendment  of  answer,  49,  e. 

setting  aside  service  of  summons,  51,  b. 

application  for  judgment;  frivolousness  of  pleading,  51,  c 

dismissal  of  complaint;  neglect  to  prosecute,  52. 

for  bill  of  particulars,  53. 

for  discovery  of  books,  54. 

change  of  venue ;  convenience  of  witnesses,  55,  a. 

change  of  venue ;  wrong  county,  55,  b. 

on  discontinuance,  61. 

amount  of,  new  trial  without  case,  73. 

amount  of,  new  trial  with  case,  73. 

for  judgment  on  verdict,  subject  to  opinion  of  court,  73. 


GOO  INDEX. 

(lleferences  are  to  sectious.) 
MOTION,  COSTS  OF— (continued). 

for  judgment,  exceptions  heard  at  appellate  division,  73. 

for  new  trial  after  final  judgment,  395,  b. 

execution  against  personal  property  for  collection  of,  416. 

arising    after    death    of    one    defendant;    execution    entitled    same    as 
motion,  41 G. 

time  before  execution  can  issue;  personal  service  of  order,  416. 

time  before  execution  can  issue;  order  served  by  mail,  416. 

collection  of,  in  special  proceedings,  416. 

awarded   in  appellate  division;    collection  by   supplementary   proceed- 
ings, 416. 

enforcing  repayment  of,  by  contempt  proceedings,  419. 

enforcing  repayment  of,  by  execution,  419. 

collection   of   costs   against   former  attorney,   awarded  to   substitute(£ 
attorney,  419. 

MULTIPLICITY  OF  ACTIONS, 

allowance  of  costs  in  equity,  when  there  is,  115. 

aiUNICIPAL  CORPORATION, 

protection  of  statute;  when  costs  can  be  awarded  against,  13.5,  a, 

actions  ex  contractu,  135,  b. 

actions  ex  delicto,  135,  b. 

in  proceedings  for  relief  from  assessments,  135,  b. 

costs  on  appeal,  135,  b. 

for  damages  by  mob,  135,  b. 

actions  commenced  in  justice's  court,  135,  b. 
presentation  of  claim;  to  whom  claim  must  be  presented,  135,  c. 

presentation  of  claim  to  treasurer,  135,  c. 

to  common  oouncilj  135,  c. 

to  treasurer  of  a  village,  135,  c. 

to  board  of  trustees  of  a  village,  135,  c. 

when  claim  is  against  water  commissioners  of  village,  135,  c. 

claim  against  a  town,  135,  c. 

how  claim  should  be  presented,  135,  d. 

effect  of  presenting,  135,  e. 

efTect  of  not  presenting,  135,  e. 

when  question  of  presentment  is  first  raised,  135,  e. 

how  decision  of  taxing  officer  is  reviewed,  135,  e. 

presenting  claim  for  sum  larger  than  damages  asked,  135,  e. 
collection  of  costs  awarded  against,  by  mandamus,  417. 
amount  of  costs  determined  according  to  statute;   collateral  attack  by- 
corporation  not  a  party  to  proceedings,  417. 
liability  for  act  of  annexed  village;  costs,  117. 
enforcing  security  given  to  its  officers  for  costs,  344. 


INDEX.  601 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
MUNICIPAL  (X>UKT  OF  BUFFALO, 
lien  of  attorney  in,  11. 

MUNICIPAL  COURT  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK, 
lien  of  attorney  in,  11. 

costs  on  appeal  from  order  sent  back  for  further  hearing,  232.  a. 
on  reversal  of  order  absolutely,  232,  b. 
fees  of  referee  on  motion  to  open  default,  232.  c. 
terms  on  opening  default,  how  reviewed,  232.  c. 
appeals  lie  to  what  court,  232,  c. 
what  statute  governs  costs  on  appeals,  232.  c. 
new  trial  in  appellate  court,  232,  c. 

necessity  of  paying  costs;  appeal  from  order  opening  default,  232,  c. 
necessity  of  paying  cost,  which  are  sought  to  be  reviewed,  232,  c. 
costs  to  appellant  on  reversal,  232,  d. 
disbursement  to  appellant  on  reversal,  232,  d. 
costs  to  respondent  on  affirmance,  232,  e. 
costs  to  respondent  who  does  not  appear,  232,  e. 
discretion  as  to  costs;  judgment  modified,  232,  f. 
discretion  as  to  costs;  new  trial,  232,  f. 
reversal    of    judgment,    jurisdiction    not    appearing:    first    raised    on 

appeal,  232,  f. 
costs  in  action  removed  to  New  York  city  court,  232,  f. 

N. 
NEGLIGENCE, 

action  for,  recovery  less  than  $50,  104,  j. 

collection  of  defendant's  costs,  by  execution  against  the  person,  418. 

NEW  TRIAL, 

motion  for,  without  case;  amount  of  costs,  73. 

motion  for,  on  case;  amount  of  costs,  48,  b,  73,  87. 

terms  of,  in  ejectment,  74. 

additional  allowance  in  ejectment,  payment  of,  74. 

for  error  of  jury,  75. 

where  verdict  is  against  weight  of  evidence;  discretion  of  court,  75.. 

where  verdict  is  not  sustained  by  evidence,  75. 

where  damages  are  inadequate,  75. 

where  damages  are  excessive,  75. 

reversal  of  another  judgment,  which  is  basis  of  present  action,  75. 

waiver  of  costs  by  appeal,  76. 

stay  pending  appeal,  76. 

on  motion  of  judge;  no  costs;  how  reviewed,  76. 


602  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
NEW  TRIAL — (continued). 

for  error  of  court;  terms,  77. 

for  error  of  referee,  78. 

for  error  of  referee;  against  weiglit  of  evidence,  78. 

for  misconduct  of  referee;  terms,  78. 

in  justice's  court;  verdict  against  weight  of  evidence,  79. 

newly  discovered  evidence,  general  rule,  80. 

newly  discovered  evidence,  discretion  of  court,  80. 

what  are  "costs  of  former  trial,"  81. 

additional  allowance;  report  of  referee  set  aside,  82. 

additional  allowance  as  part  of  costs  of  former  trial,  82. 

costs  to  moving  party  to  abide  event,  83. 

two  grounds;  order  silent  as  to  grounds,  84. 

correction  of  order  for,  85. 

terms  of,  in  discretion  of  what  courts,  86. 

motion  denied;  costs  awarded  to  whom,  87. 

motion  for,  premature;  motion  argued  on  merits,  87. 

on  case,  after  expiration  of  time  to  appeal,  87. 

argued  before  one  judge,  decided  by  another,  87. 

retaxation  of  costs  to  correct  mistake,  87. 

case  simply  to  show  whether  evidence  is  cumulative,  87. 

motion  granted ;  costs  awarded  to  whom,  87. 

heard  at  appellate  division,  silent  as  to  costs,  87. 

party  paying  costs,  taxing  them  in  his  final  judgment,  87. 

accepting  order  and  appealing  from  terms,  88. 

objecting  to  terms  first  on  appeal,  88. 

pursuant  to  an  order;  amount  of  costs  taxable,  406,  f. 

applicability  to  proceedings  to  open  a  default,  406,  f. 

applicability  to  proceedings  upon  withdrawal  of  juror,  406.  f. 

applicability  to  case  where  trial  is  completed,  406,  f. 

applicability  when  judgment  is  reversed,  406,  f. 
placing  case  on  calendar,  pending  motion  for  reargument,  406,  f. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  COURT, 

terms  on  amendment  of  answer,  49,  e. 

power  over  proceedings  to  determine  attorney's  lien,  40,  a. 
power  over  attorneys,  40,  a. 
demurrer;   special  rule;   several  defenses,  93. 

general  term  dismisses  appeal,  not  mentioning  disbursements,  232,  f. 
action  removed  to,  from  mimicipal  court,  232,  f. 
security  for  costs;  effect  of  serving  answer  before  moving  for,  246. 
statute  governing,  252. 
necessity  of  showing  that  plaintiff  has  no  office,  252. 


INDEX.  603 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
KEW  YORK  CITY  COURT— (continued) . 

plaintili'  a  foreign  corporation,  252,  257. 
statute  applying  to  other  courts,  252. 

NEW  YORK  DISTRICT  COURT,  See  Municipal  Court  of  the  City  of 
New  Yokk. 
power  to  stay  second  action  till  costs  of  former  are  paid,  363. 

NEXT  OF  KIN, 

action  to  collect  debt  of  intestate,  339. 

NONEXISTENT  PLAINTIFF, 
costs,  by  whom  paid,  357. 

NOTICE, 

necessity  of,  to  protect  attorney's  lien.     See  Attorney's  Lien. 

VOTICE  OF  MOTION, 
withdrawal  of,  48,  a. 
costs  on  withdrawal  of,  48,  a. 
withdrawal  of  one  of  two  inatters,  48,  a. 
not  demanding  costs;   costs  on  default,  48,  e,  1. 
not  demanding  costs;  costs  on  contested  motion,  48,  e,  1. 
demanding  costs;  when  not  entitled  to  them,  55,  b. 

NOVEL  QUESTION  OF  LAW, 

costs  in  an  equity  action  involving,  118. 

NUISANCE, 

discretion  as  to  costs,  101,  n. 

title  to  real  estate  involved,  when,  101,  f,  n. 

NUNC  PRO  TUNC, 

power  of  court,  entry  of  judgment,  to  change  costs,  7,  a. 

O. 

OFFER, 

to  liquidate  damages  conditionally,  224. 

OFFER  OF  JUDGMENT, 
statute  governing,  196. 

application  to  action  at  law  and  in  equity,  197. 
how  ofTer  must  be  served,  197. 

ofTer  where  statutory  requirements  are  not  observed,  197. 
offer  that  is  a  nullity;  treatment  of,  197. 
return  of  offer  that  is  a  nullity,  197. 
service  of  copy  or  original,   197. 
filing  of  original  after  service  of  copy,  197. 


604  INl^EX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
OFVER  OF  JUDGMENT— (continued). 

effect  of  admission  on  original,  197. 

waiver  of  irregularity  in  service,  197. 

signature  of  attorney,  how  subscribed,  197. 

production  of  original   upon  taxation  of  costs.  197. 

excuse  for  nonproduction  of  original,  197. 

amendment  of  complaint  after,  effect  of,  198. 

applies  to  what  pleadings,  198,  210. 

increasing  claims  for  interest  at  trial;  terms,  198. 

when  offer  is  definite  enough,  199. 

number  of  ofl'ers  by  defendant,  200. 

in  justice's  court,  before  plea  of  title,  201. 

in  justice's  court;  new  trial  in  county  court,  201. 

served  with  answer,  202. 

time  of  acceptance  when  served  personally,  202. 

time  of  acceptance  when  served  by  mail,  204. 

case  tried,  within  ten  days  after  service  of  offer,  202. 

trial  commenced  within  ten  days  after  service  of,  202, 

when  trial  is  conunenced  before  referee,  203. 

power  of  defendant  to  withdraw  oflFer,  204. 

amendment  of  offer,  205. 

right  of  defendant  to  move  case,  before  expiration  of  ten  days,  205. 

right  of  plaintiff  to  accept  offer  after  trial,  205. 

computation  of  interest  in  offer,  206. 

"with  interest,"  but  no  date  given,  206. 

comparison  of  such  offer  with  recoveiy,  206. 

liquidated  claim;  offer  not  including  interest,  206. 

comparison  of  such  offer  with  recovery,  206. 

interest  accruing  subsequent  to  offer,  consideration  of,  206. 

unliquidated  claim;   offer  not  including  interest,  206. 

inclusion  of  costs  in,  207. 

"with  costs  to  date,"  meaning  of,  207. 

recovery  in  excess  of,  effect  of,  207. 

entry  of  judgment  for  amount  of  offer  by  order  of  court,  208. 

recovery  of  less  than  offer;  plaintiff's  costs,  208,  211. 

recovery  of  less  than  offer;  defendant's  costs,  208,  211. 

by  joint  debtors,  209. 

by  one  of  several  joint  debtors,  209. 

by  one  member  of  a  firm,  209. 

by  one  joint  debtor,  other  defendant  in  default,  209. 

effect  of  acceptance  on  claims  in  pleadings  served,  210. 

effect  of  acceptance  upon  counterclaim  subsequently  pleaded.  210, 


INDEX.  605 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
OFFER  OF  JUDGMENl'— (continued). 

comparison     of     recovery;     independent     counterclaims     subsequently 

pleaded,  210. 
pleading  dependent  counterclaim  after  offer,  210. 
recovery  to  be  increased  by  what  counterclaims,  on  comparison,  210. 
recovery  of  nominal  damages  in  excess  of  offer,  211. 
made,  after  bringing  in  of  another  defendant,  211. 
judgment,  plaintiff  entitled  to  damages,  defendant  to  costs,  212. 
right  of  plaintiff  to  offset  defendant's  costs  in  sucli  case,  212. 
recovery  reduced  below,  by  appellate  court,  21.3. 
procedure  when  appeal  papers  do  not  contain,  213. 
plaintiff's  costs  upon  acceptance  of,  214. 
costs  and  disbursements  incurred  after,  214. 
plaintiff's  costs  on  acceptance,  for  less  than  $50,  216, 
decisions  thereon  imder  the  Code  of  Procedure,  216. 
additional  allowance  to  plaintiff  upon  acceptance  of  offer,  215,  280. 
additional  allowance,  when  recovery  is  less  ttan  offer,  215. 
costs,   when   plaintiff   accepts   separate   offers   by   different   defendants, 

318,  c. 
amendment  of,  upon  amendment  of  complaint,  49,  b, 
in  mortgage  foreclosure,  217. 

provision  for  deficiency  judgment  in  such  case,  217. 
foreclosure  for  interest;  offer  of  principal  and  interest,  217. 
in  foreclosure  of  mechanic's  lien,  220. 
"in  discharge  of  lien,"  necessity  of  containing,  220. 
when  there  is  a  personal  liability,  220. 

by  owner  to  contractor,  deducting  amount  due  subcontractor,  220. 
discretion  as  to  costs,  affected  by,  220. 
refusal  of  costs  after,  220. 
in  replevin,  219. 

amount  of  costs  upon  acceptance  in  replevin,  219. 
necessity  in  replevin,  complaint  contains  one  cause  of  act  ion,  102,  a. 
necessity  of  fixing  value  of  chattels  in  such  offer,  102,  a. 

OFFICIAL  ASSIGNEE, 
who  is,  260. 
assignee  for  benefit  of  creditors  as,  260. 

OFFSETTING  COSTS.    See  Set  Off  of  Costs. 
in  same  action,  rights  of  attorney,  17. 
in  different  action,  rights  of  attorney,  17. 
on  offer  of  judgment;  plaintiff's  damages  against  defendant's  costs,  212. 

ORDER, 

as  to  costs,  not  appealed  from,  effect  of,  83. 


606  liNDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
ORDER— ( continued ) . 

correction  of,  as  to  costs;  power  of  court  on,  85. 

terms  of;  costs  conditional  or  absolute,  49,  g. 

"costs  to  present  time,"  meaning  of,  49,  g. 

right  of  court  to  interpret  its  own,  49,  h. 

terms  on  substitution  of  parties,  how  reviewed,  50. 

appeal  from  order  granting  costs;   striking  out  pleading,  51,  b. 

entry  of,  on  discontinuance,  70. 

right  of  defendant  to  enter,  on  discontinuance,  70. 

on  discontinuance,  when  costs  are  understood.  70. 

OVERSEER  OF  POOR, 

right  to  double  costs,  when  defendant  is,  132,  a. 

P. 

PAPER, 

admission  of  genuineness  of.  405. 

PARTIES, 

change  of,  costs  on,  50. 

reviving  action,  plaintiff  deceased,  50. 

new  defendant,  answer  showing  necessity  of,  50. 

substitution  of  defendants;  terms  of  order,  how  reviewed,  50. 

PARTITION, 

costs  discretionaiy,  or  matter  of  right,  129,  a. 

costs  and  allowances  to  defendant  in  actual  partition,   129,  b. 

costs  and  allowances  to  defendant  in  default,  129,  b. 

when  defendant  has  no  interest  in  property,  129,  c. 

when  paid  out  of  fund,  129,  c, 

by  whom  paid  in  actual  partition,  129,  c. 

unsuccessful  defense  by  one  defendant,  129,  c. 

liability  of  defendant  not  appearing,  and  having  no  interest,  129,  o. 

liability  of  widow;  premises  sold,  129,  c. 

liability  of  widow;  actual  partition,  129,  c. 

liability  of  defendant  refusing  to  make  partition  by  deed,  129,  c. 

purchaser  entitled  to  more  than  bid  for  improvement-^^,  129,  c. 

at  what  stage  costs  are  allowed,  129,  d. 

no  issue,  costs  and  allowances  in  final  judgment,  120,  d. 

issue,  costs  and  allowances  at  trial,  129,  d. 

when  allowed;  issues  sent  to  a  referee,  129,  d. 

priority  of  mortgage  or  costs,  129,  d. 

guardian  ad  litem,  power  to  make  allowances  to,  129,  d, 

guardian  ad  litem,  poAver  to  award  costs  to,   129,  d. 


INDEX.  607 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
PARTITION—  ( continued ) . 

guardian  ad  litem,  allowances  paid  by  whom,  129,  d. 

guardian  ad  litem,  costs  paid  by  wlion:,  129,  d. 

application  by   mortgagee   to  be   paid;    motion  or   special   proceeding, 

129,  d. 
application  by  sheriff  to  be  paid  amount  of  execution;  motion,  129,  d. 
additional  allowances  in.     See  Auditionax  Allowance. 

PARTNERS, 

partnership  not  appearing;   necessity  of  serving,  as  judgment  credit- 
ors, 400. 

PARTNERSHIP  ACCOUNTING,  ALLOWANCE  ON, 
gross  assets  or  assets  of  parties,  as  basis,  307. 
to  set  aside  transfer  of  property,  307. 
assets  not  enough  to  pay  debts,  307,  311,  g. 
nonsuit  after  defendant  makes  account,  307. 
to  all  parties,  307. 

plaintiff  loses  large  part  of  claim,  307. 
defendant  loses  large  part  of  counterclaim,  307. 
no  sum  asked  in  complaint,  complaint  dismissed,  311,  g. 
no  dispute  as  to  sura  due  plaintiff,  311,  g. 

PARTY, 

appearing  in  person,  costs  under  fee  bill,  3. 

appearing  in  person,  costs  under  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  3. 

appearing  in  person,  disbursements  under  Code  of  Civil  Procedure,  3. 

when  successful  i)arty  is  entitled  to  costs,   100. 

title  to  costs,  17. 

as  assignee,  costs  awarded  to,  17. 

as  assignee;  costs  belong  to,  or  to  attorney,  17. 

see  also  Client. 

PAYMENT, 

right  of  defendant  to  plead,  223. 

after  action  commenced,  set  up  in  answer,  104,  li. 

stipulation  that,  shall  not  affect  costs,  104,  h. 

after  action  commenced,  set  up  in  supplemental  answer,  104,  h. 

amount  due  at  commencement  of  action  or  trial,  determines  costs,  223 

plaintiff's  right  to  costs  reserved  by  agreement,  223. 

to  third  person,  sufficiency  of,  223. 

to  clerk,  effect  of,  223. 

to  a  clerk  without  the  costs,  223. 

of  costs  in  actions  by  commissioners  of  land  office,  419. 


608  UJT^EX. 

(References  are  to  sectious.) 
PENALTIES, 

discontinuance  of  action  for;   statute  repealed,  58. 
amount  allowed  to  the  people  on  a  recovery,  146. 
when  defendant's  costs  are  collectible  from  the  county,   14G. 
xmder  game  law.     See  Game  Law. 

PLAINTIFF, 

nonexistent;  costs,  by  whom  paid,  357. 

right  to  costs  when  he  wins  as  to  some  defendants  but  not  as  to  all, 

318,  a. 
right  when  he  succeeds  as  to  all  the  defendants,  318,  c. 
one  defendant  demurs,  another  answers;  where  plaintiff  succeeds  as  to 
both,  321. 

PLEADINGS, 

made  more  definite  and  certain;   terms  of  order,  49,  g. 

striking  out  scandalous,  on  motion  of  court.  51,  a. 

striking  out  scandalous,  on  motion,  51,  a. 

striking  out,  as  punishment,  51,  b. 

striking  out  redundant,  51,  b. 

striking  out  answer  collusively  received,  51,  b. 

judgment  upon  friA^olous,  51,  c. 

POLICEJVIAN, 

as  defendant,  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  a. 

POOR  PERSON.     See  Forma  Paupeeis. 

PRINTING, 

allowance  for,  on  motions,  7,  a,  48,  b. 

liability  of  attorney  for,  46.  ■ 


on  appeal;  defendants  unite  in  appeal:   anirmance  as  to  one,  reversal 
as  to  other,  393. 

case  on  appeal;  conclusiveness  of  amount  paid,  411. 

burden  to  prove  amount  charged  fraudulent  or  excessive,  411. 

printing  argument  in  extenso  in  points,  411. 

extra   copies   of   case   printed   for   appellate   division   used   in  the 
court  of  appeals,  411. 

extra  copies  sold  to  opposite  party  for  court  of  appeals;  deducting 
sum  received,  411. 

expense  of  printing  extra  copies,  as  a  disbursement,  411. 

agreeing  to  pay  usual  price  in  event  of  success,  411. 

papers  printed  by  consent  of  court;  other  papers  included,  411. 

papers  printed  on  appeal  from  order,  411. 

affirmance  or  reversal  of  order,  "with  costs,"  411. 

successful  party  unites  with  unsuccessful  party,  411. 
advertising  sale  of  property;   statute  regulating  fee  of  printer,  412. 


i 


INDEX.  009 

(References  are  to  sections.) 

JPRINTTNG—  ( continued ) . 

incomplete,  because  stopped  by  injunction,  412. 

after  notice  of  appeal,  but  before  justification  of  sureties,  412. 

lithographing  summons  and  complaint  in  partitic/u,  412. 

PROCEEDINGS, 

title  of,  to  compel  attorney  to  surrender  papers,  12. 

PROCEEDINGS  AFIER  NOTICE  OF  TRIAL, 

answer  not  denying  liability,  but  setting  up  counterclaim;  no  replj, 

406,  a. 
costs  chargeable  for  every  trial,  406,  b, 

PROHIBITION, 

statute  regulating  costs  in,  166. 
amount  of  costs  in,  166. 

PROSPECTIVE, 

when  statute  as  to  costs,  construed  as,  5. 

PUBLIC  OFFICERS, 

as  entitled  to  increased  costs.     See  Increased  Costs. 
terms  on  amending  complaint  against,  49,  d. 
successful  on  alternative  writ  of  mandamus,   149,  li. 
successful  on  peremptory  writ  of  mandamus,  149,  h. 

J»UNISH]VIENT, 
costs  as,  1. 

award  of  motion  costs  as,  48,  d. 
motion  costs  imposed  on  attorney  as,  48,  h,  51,  a. 
costs  on  striking  out  scandalous  pleadings,  51,  a. 
striking  out  pleadings  as;  costs  on,  51,  b. 
counsel  fees  in  divorce  action  granted  as,  13(j,  c. 
additional  allowance  in  condemnation  proceedings  as,  150,  bw 

PUTTING  CASE  OVER  TERil.     See  Adjourning  Trial. 

B. 

HAILROAD, 

crossing  another;   costs  governed  by  what  statute,  151,  a. 
elevated;  general  rule  on  condemning  right  of  way,  151,  b. 
proceedings  under  general  act,  151,  c. 
additional  allowance  under  general  act,  151,  d. 
additional  allowance  granted  on  discontinuance  of,   151,  d. 
additional  allowance;  compelling  completion  and  operation  of,  299,  g. 
cosxs   39. 


610  INDKX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
RAILROAD—  ( continued) . 

additional    allowance;    damages    to   abutting   owner,   by    constniotion^ 

299,  g. 
additional   allowance  to  defendant,  who  refused  to  unite  as   plaintiff^ 

299,  g. 
additional  allowance  for  rental  value,  299,  g. 
additional  allowance;   interference  with  liglit  and  air,  299,  g. 
trial  fee  under  general  act,  151,  e. 
reversal  of  award  upon  appeal  by,  151,  f, 
aflirniance  of  award  upon  appeal  by  owner,  151,  f. 

REAL  PROPERTY, 

action  triable  bj'  jury,  101. 

to  compel  determination  of  claim  to,  101. 

title  to,  arises  on  pleadings,  101,  101,  a,  3,  101,  p. 

certificate  that  title  arose  on  trial,  101. 

action  for;  damages  as  affecting  costs,  101. 

action  for,  costs  as  a  matter  of  right,  101. 

when  claim  of  title  arises  on  pleadings,  101,  a,  1. 

imsuccessful  party  admits  title  on  trial,  101,  a,  1. 

claim  of  title;  when  plaintiff  must  prove  title,  101,  a,  1. 

claim  of  title;  when  plaintiff  must  prove  facts  of  title,  101,  a,  1. 

claim  of  title;  unnecessary  allegation  of  title,  101,  a,  2. 

unnecessary  allegation  of  title;  action  for  assault,  101,  a,  2,  101,  o. 

unnecessary  allegation  of  title;  action  for  bite  of  dog,  101,  a,  2. 

unnecessary  allegation  of  title;  property  sold  for  tax,  101,  n,  2. 

unnecessary  allegation  of  title;  breach  of  covenant  by  tenar  .   101,  a,  2^, 

unnecessary  allegation  of  title;  damage  by  tenant,  101,  a,  2. 

action  for,  united  with  another  cause,  101,  a,  3. 

ejectment;  location  of  division  line,  101,  b. 

ejectment;  two  parcels  of  land,  each  party  successful,  101,  b. 

ejectment  by  grantee  in  name  of  grantor,  348. 

action  by  grantee,  evicted  by  paramount  title,  101,  b. 

relating  to,  but  title  not  in  question,  101,  c. 

land  contract;  damages  for  nonperformance,  101,  c. 

court  decides  question,  but  lacks  jurisdiction,  101.  d. 

action  for  dower,  101,  e. 

action  for  dower;  referee  fails  to  award  costs,  101,  e. 

action  for  trespass;  general  denial,  101,  f. 

specific  denial  of  title,  101,  f. 

answer  alleging  prescriptive  right,  101,  f. 

ansv\er  alleging  right  of  overllovv,  101,  f. 

answer  alleging  right  of  estovers,  101,  f. 


]>;ui:x.  611 

(Keleieutes  are  to  seel  ions. ) 
REAL  PEOPERTY—  ( continued.) 

answer  alleging  right  of  way,  101,  f. 

plaintiff  compelled  to  jjrove  title  to  maintain  action,  101,  f. 
plaintiff  not  compelled  to  prove  title  to  maintain  action,  101,  f. 
on  wild  and  uncultivated  lands,  101,  f. 
payment  of  rent  and  right  of  possession  in  dispute,  101,  £. 
location  of  lines  of  plaintiff's  property,  101,  f. 
(question  as  to  amount  of  damages  suffered,  101,  f. 
damages  to  freehold,  101,  f. 
damages  to  possession,  101,  f. 
damages  for  nuisance,  101,  f,  n. 
additional  allowance,  299,  d. 
plea  of  license;   from  plaintiff,   101.  g. 
from  third  person,  101,  g. 
validity  of  license  denied  by  reply.  101.  g. 
parol  license  to  overllow,  101,  g. 
parol  license  to  open  drain,  101,  g. 
parol  license  to  cut  grass,  101,  g. 
parol  license  to  go  on  pond,  101,  g. 
to  divert  stream,  101,  g. 
sewer  alleged  to  be  a  watercourse,  101,  g. 
admits  title,  but  pleads  laying  out  highway,  101,  h. 
laying  out  highwuy;  statute  unconstitutional,  101,  h. 
proceedings  to  lay  out  highway  discontinued,  101,  h. 
locus  of  land  a  highway,  101,  h. 
grantor  removing  shrubs,  101,  h. 
claiming  easement  over  land  of  the  state,  101,  i. 
state  claiming  easement  over  land  of  private  individual,  101,  i. 
damages    to    easement;    defendant    denying    knowledge    of    ownership, 

101,  i. 
damages  for  obstructing  approach  to,  from  river,  101,  i. 
construction  and  maintenance  of  elevated  railroad,  101,  i. 
general  denial;  tenant  sued  by  landlord  for  damages,  101,  j. 
general  denial;  tenant  sued  by  landlord  for  mesne  profits,  101,  j. 
general  denial;  damages  to  furniture;  defendant  tenant  or  trespasser, 

101,  j. 
proving  title,  when  title  is  not  denied,  101,  k. 

proving  title,  when  defendant  claims  that  it  is  in  question,  101,  k. 
action  commenced  in  justice's  court;  costs  of  new  action  brought  after 
plea  of  title,  101,  1. 
burden  of  proof  on  defendant,  101,  1. 

plaintiff  recovers  less  than  $50,  and  proves  title  to  any  part  of 
land,  101,  1. 


612  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
REAL  PROPERTY— (continued.) 

necessity  that  defendant  obtain  certificate,  101,  1. 
failure  of  plaintiff's  title,  101,  1. 
default  of  plaintift'  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
trespass  not  proved  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
unnecessary  allegation  of  title  in  new  action,  101,  1. 
defendant  succeeds  on  question  of  title,  101,  1. 
I  defendant  succeeds  on  title  in  dispute,  plaintiff  recovers  ilamages 

where  title  is  not  disputed,  101,  1. 
proceedings   in   justice   court   after    plea   of  title;    jurisdiction   of 
justice  after,  101,  m. 
delivery  of  undertaking  to  justice,  101,  m. 
justification  of  sureties  before  justice,  101,  m. 
disapproval  of  sureties  by  justice,  101,  m. 
undertaking  not  delivered,  101,  m. 
trial  in  justice's  court;  proof,  101,  m. 

tried  by  justice;  proof  on  new  trial  in  county  court,  101,  m 
to  abate  nuisance;  title  in  dispute,  101,  n. 
certificate  of  judge  that  question  of  title  arose  on  the  trial;   in 

action  for  assault  and  battery,  101,  o. 
effect  of  such  certificate,  101,  p. 
conclusiveness  of,  upon  taxing  officer,   101,  p. 
review  of,  101,  p. 

power  of  judge  to  correct  certificate  granted  by  him,  101,  p. 
necessity  of,  when  (juestion  arises  on  the  pleadings,  101,  p. 

RECEIVER, 

lien  of  attorney  on  money  in  hands  of,  9,  c. 

application  by,  to  substitute  attorneys,  22,  d. 

discontinuance  of  action  after  appointment  of;  terras,  64. 

order  upon  such  discontinuance,  64. 

remedies  of  the  defendant  after  such  discontinuance,  64. 

general  rule  as  to  allowance  of  costs  in  action  by,  172,  a. 

allowance  of  costs  to,  in  unsuccessful  action  or  appeal,  on  accounting, 

172,  b. 
appeal  to  appellate  division  as  evidence  of  bad  faith,  172,  b. 
allowance  to  referee  who  examined  receiver's  account,  172,  b. 
allowance  to,  for  his  own  legal  services,  172,  b. 
additional  allowance  in  excess  of  statutory  limit,  172,  c. 
costs  awarded  against;  general  rule  as  to  payment,  172,  d. 
when  appointed  after  judgment,  172,  e. 
when  appointed  by  another  court,  172,  d. 
costs  of  annuitant  paid  from  funds  under  control  of,  not  from  funds 

out  of  which  he  has  an  annuity,  172,  d. 


INDEX.  613 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
RECEIVERS—  ( continued ) . 

personal   liability  for  costs;   bringing  action   without  leave  of  court, 
172,  e. 
obtaining  ex  parie  order,  clianging  another  order,  172,  e. 
in  supplementary  proceedings,  without  funds;   bringing  action  to 

set  aside  deed,  172,  e. 
bringing  other  actions  under  such  circumstances,  172,  e. 
action  to  recover  what  has  already  been  paid,  172,  e. 
defense  of  action  in  good  faith,  172,  e. 
unnecessarily  defending,  when  he  has  no  funds,  172,  e. 
as  a  defendant  in  a  necessary  action,  172,  e. 
not  trying  defense  interposed,  172,  e. 

extent  of  liability  for  not  trying  defense  interposed,  172,  e. 
where  he  does  not  try  action  brought  in  good  faith,  172,  e. 
discontinuance  of  action  by,  172,  e. 
action  to  restrain  his  acting  as  receiver,  172,  e. 
bow  determined  that  receiver  is  liable  personally;  necessity  of  notice 
to  receiver  of  motion,  172,  f. 
when  such  motion  should  be  made,  172,  f. 
where  such  motion  sliould  be  made,  172,  f. 
remedy  when  irregularly  charged  personally  with  costs,  172,  f. 
decision  by  court  when  all  the  facts  are  before  it,  172,  f. 
procedure  when  all  the  facts  are  not  before  the  court,  172,  f. 
when  costs  awarded  against  a  receiver  are  payable,  172,  g. 
motion  to  compel  receiver  to  pay  costs  awarded  against  him,  172,  g. 
papers  should  show  that  receiver  has  money  to  pay  with,  172,  g. 
question  as  to  disposition  of  funds  of,  decided  when,  172,  g. 
remedy   when   unauthorized    execution    to    collect    costs    personally    is 
issued,  172,  g. 

REDEMPTION  FROM  MORTGAGEE  IN  POSSESSION, 
general  rule  as  to  costs,  120,  o. 
Tinsuccessful  appeal  by  mortgagee,  120,  o. 

necessity  of  tender  by  mortgagor  before  commencing  action,  120,  o. 
payment  of  costs  of  foreclosure  ineffectual  as  to  mortgagor.  120,  o. 
successful  plea  of  statute  of  limitations,  120,  o. 

REEEREE,  FEES  OF, 

amount  of;  statute,  413,  a. 

amount  of,  appointed  under  §  873,  413,  a. 

stipulation  of  attorneys  as  to;  power  to  fix  fees  of,  8. 

signing  agreement  increasing,  413,  b. 

insertion  of,  in  minutes,  413,  b. 

that  referee  fix  own,  413,  b. 


614  INDFA'. 

(Iteferences  are  to  sections.) 
REFEREE,  FEES  OF— (continued) . 

oral  stipulation  of  one  party,  refusing  to  sign  agreoniont,  413,  b. 
charge  for  "every  hearing,"  interpretation  of,  413,  1). 
enforcement  of,  by  court,  413,  b. 
by  receiver,  necessity  of  permission  of  court,  413,  b. 
tliat  each  party  pay  one  half,  413,  b. 
number   of   days   occupied;    necessity   of   proof   of,   before   taxation   of 

costs,  413,  c. 
motion  for  readjustment,  to  raise  question  on  appeal,  413,  c. 
necessity  of  affidavits  to  support,  after  objection,  413,  c. 
sufficiency  of  affidavit  of  attorney  in  such  case,  413,  c. 
affidavit  or  certificate  of  referee,  sufficiency  of,  413,  c. 
what  the  affidavits  should  show,  413,  c. 

adjournment  at  request,  then  made;  when  ready  to  proceed,  413,  c. 
adjournment  before  the  day  set  for  hearing,  413,  c. 
filing  one  paper,  413,  c. 
examination  of    testimony,  in  addition    to  general    study  of    case, 

413,  e. 
preparing  opinion  and  report,  413,  c. 

investigating  and  considering  case  after  submission,  413,  c. 
two  .i.ctions  tried  together,  413,  d. 
deciding  several  cases  on  same  day,  413,  d. 
two  actions  tried  before  same  referee;  stipulation  that  one  half  fees  be 

charged  in  each  case,  413,  d. 
computation  of  fees  upon  dismissal  of  complaint  in  one,  413,  d. 
absence  of  stipulation;  cases  in  different  courts,  413,  d. 
evidence  applicable  to  each;  fees  for  each  day,  413,  d. 
deciding  several  cases  on  same  day,  413,  d. 
how  fees  are  collected;  right  to  hold  report  till  paid,  413,  e. 
right  of  party  to  terminate  reference  imder  §  1019,  413,  e. 
right  to  terminate  reference  to  ascertain  attorney's  lien,  40,  b. 
when  right  to  terminate  can  be  exercised,  413,  e. 
right  to  fees  after  such  termination,  413,  e. 
sufficiency  of  notice  to  terminate  reference,  413,  e. 
necessity   of    actual    delivery   of   report,    to   prevent    termination, 

413,  e. 
effect  of  conditional  delivery  to  prevent  termination,  413,  e. 
remedy  of  referee  delivering  report  before  payment,  413,  e. 
action  against  all  parties  to  recover  fees,  413,  e. 
action  against  successful  party  to  recover  fees,  413,  e. 
liability  of  attorney  for,  46,  413,  e. 

compelling  successful  party  by  order,  to  take  up  report  and  pay 
fees,  413j  e. 


INDEX.  t)15 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
KEFEREE,  FEES  OF— (continued) . 

contempt   proceedings    to   compel   receiver   to   pay   fees   of   referee 
passing  on  his  account,  413,  e. 

motion  to  compel  filintr  of  report:  court  passing  on  fees,  413,  e. 

stipulation  that  successful  party  pay  part;  balance  a  lien  on  judg- 
ment, 413,  e. 

remedy  when  referee  collects  too  much,  413,  e. 
■extending  time  to  report;  extension  for  a  definite  time,  413,  f. 

right  to  terminate  reference  upon  expiration  of  that  time,  413,  f. 

extension  for  an  indefinite  time,  413,  f. 

right  to  end  reference  thereafter,  413,  f. 

stipulation  that  surviving  referee  report;   time  runs   from  when, 
413,  f. 

necessity  of  formal  stipulation,  413,  f. 

report  withheld  at  request  of  parties.  413,  f. 

fair  dea'ing  estops  party  from  taking  advantage  of  statute.  413,  f. 

report  filed  after  expiration  of  tiniQ;  reference  not  ended,  413,  f. 
"fees  of  referee  wiien  there  is  no  power  to  refer,  413,  g. 
setting  aside  report  for  misconduct  of  referee,  413,  h. 
reference  upon  a  motion,  taxing  fees  of,  413,  i,  48,  b,  7,  a. 
in  regular  prosecution  of  action;  reference  rendered  useless,  413,  j. 
to  ascertain  damages  on  default,  which  is  subsequently  opened,  413,  j. 
■caused  by  wilfulness  of  party,  413,  j. 
^o  sell  on  mortgage  foreclosure;  statute  governing,  413,  k. 

fees  of  printer  for  advertising,  412. 

limit  of  fees;  sale  less  than  $10,000,  413,  k. 

discretion  of  court;  sale  more  than  $10,000,  413,  k. 

when  additional  compensation  should  be  granted,  413,  k- 

disbursements  of  referee;  posting  notice  of  sale,  413,  k. 

effect  of  changing  sheriff's  fees  by  independent  statute,  413,  k. 

percentages  on  sales,  413,  k. 

required  to  take  security,  or  distribute  proceeds,  413,  k. 

selling  property  more  than  once,  413,  k. 

under  the  Revised  Statutes,  413,  k. 

dispute  as  to  amount,  how  settled,  413,  k. 

allowing  purchaser  to  deduct  costs  of  prior  foreclosure,  413,  k 

liability  for  not  following  judgment,  120,  n. 
tto  sell  in  partition  action;  advertising  sale  in  daily  paper,  413,  1. 

power  of  the  court  to  authorize  such  disbursement,  413,  1. 

fee  of  printer  for  printing  legal  notice,  412. 

under  the  Revised  Statutes,  fees  computed  on  what,  413,  1. 

limit  as  to  amount  of  fees,  413,  1. 


616  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
REFEREE,  FEES  OF— (continued). 

commissions  when  court  makes  distribution,  413,  1. 
reason  of  referee  receiving  more  than  sheriff,  413,  1. 

REFEREE,  POWER  OVER  COSTS, 
power  over  discretionary  costs,  108. 
failure  to  award  costs,  108. 
judgment  on  report  should  contain  costs,  108. 

costs  awarded  to  defendant;  special  term  allowing  separate  bills,  lOS^. 
discretion,  liow  reviewed,  108. 
discretion  used  unwisely,  108. 
when  discretion  will  be  reversed,  108. 
failure  to  pass  on  costs;  remedy,  108. 
ordering  each  party  to  pay  part,  108. 
ordered  by  appellate  division  to  pass  on  costs,  de  novo,  103. 

RELIEF  FROM  BID, 

motion  for,  on  account  of  defect  in  title,  127. 
amount  allowed  on  such  motion,  127. 
allowance  of  counsel  fee  in  examining  title,  127. 

REPEAL, 

of  law,  defeating  plaintiff's  cause  of  action,  394. 

REPLEVIN.     See  Chattels,  Action  fob. 

RETAINING  LIEN  OF  ATTORNEY, 
definition  of,  9,  b. 
on  what  imposed,  9,  b. 
for  what  imposed,  9,  b,  9,  c. 
waiver  of,  9,  b. 
duration  of,  9,  b. 

on  judgment,  after  collection  of,  9,  c. 
on  money  in  hands  of  receiver,  9,  c. 

RETAXATION  OF  COSTS, 
to  correct  mistake,  87. 

service  of  notice  of,  where  costs  are  taxed  without  notice,  374^ 
amount  reduced  on;  effect  on  judgment,  376. 
payment  of  costs  previous  to  motion  for,  376. 
See  also  Taxation. 

RETAXING  COSTS, 

paid  for  opening  a  default,  406,  e. 

RETROACTIVE, 

when  statute  as  to  costs  construed  as,  5. 


INDEX.  617 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
RIGHT, 

to  costs,  inherent,  3. 

to  costs,  statutory,  3. 

to  costs,  vested  during  action,  5. 

s. 

SCHOOL  OFFICERS, 

action  against,  for  act  appealable  to  state  superintendent,  134,  a. 

action  against  a  supervisor  for  act  thus  appealable,  134,  a. 

action  against,  for  a  penalty,  134,  a. 

to  enforce  decision  of  state  superintendent,  134,  a. 

certificate  of  good  faith  of  defendant,  134,  a. 

repayment  of  costs  against,  action  authorized,  134,  a. 

repayment  of  disbursements  incurred,  action  authorized,  134,  a. 

repayment  of  costs  against,  action  unauthorized,  134,  a. 

repayment  of  disbursements,  action  unauthorized,  134,  a. 

meeting  of  district  to  vote  reimbursement,  action  unauthorized,  134,  a. 

appeal  from  decision  not  to  reimburse,  action  unauthorized,  134,  a. 

appointment  of  committee  to  represent  district  on  appeal,  134,  a. 

costs  of  such  committee  how  paid,  134,  a. 

costs  awarded  on  such  appeal,  134,  a. 

action  against  collector  for  selling  property,  134,  b. 

costs  of  appeal,  134,  b. 

officer  acting,  pending  contest,  as  evidence  of  bad  faith,  134,  b, 

supervisor  not  honoring  draft  of  de  facto  trustee,  134,  b. 

collector  refusing  to  pay  order  of  trustee,  134,  b. 

remedy  when  a  levy  for  a  tax  is  made,  134,  b. 

effect  of  a  certificate  of  good  faith,  134,  e. 

nmnber  of  certificates  of  good  faith,  134,  c. 

certificate  of  bad  faith,  134,  c. 

nature  of  action,  or  certificate  determining  exemption,  134,  c. 

costs  awarded  against,  how  collected,  134,  d. 

mandamus  to  compel  payment  of  such  costs,  134,  d. 

trustee  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  a,  134,  e. 

collector  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  a,  134,  e. 

SECURITY  FOR  COSTS, 

statutory  pro\isions,  236. 

constitutionality  of  law,  236. 

application  of  law  to  plaintiffs,  236. 

application  of  law  to  defendants,  236. 

application  of  law  to  actions  on  contract  or  tort,  236, 

application  of  law  to  special  proceedings,  236. 


■618  INIJEX. 

(Refereuces  are  to  sections.) 
SECURITY  FOR  COSTS— (continued). 

application  of  law  to  supplementary  proceedings.  -ZoO. 

provisions  relate  to  what  courts,  237. 

foreign  corporation  bringing  action  in  justice  court,  2;}7. 

removal  by  defendant  of  action  to  court  of  record,  237. 

after  such  removal  plaintiff  moves  for  commission,  237. 

defendants  brought  in,  imder  §  452.  237. 

effect  of  plaintiff  giving  undertaking  in  replevin,  237. 

effect  of  plaintiff  giving  undertaking  in  attachment,  237. 

effect  of  plaintiff  giving  undertaking  on  procuring  injunction,  237. 

effect  of  plaintiff  giving  undertaking  on  arrest,  237. 

order  for,  how  obtained,  238. 

eoB  parte  order  under  §§  3268-3270,  238. 

right  of  defendant  to,  under  those  sections,  238. 

effect  of  laches  in  those  cases,  238. 

procedure  on  obtaining  ex  jmrte  order,  238. 

procedure  on  obtaining  order  on  notice,  238. 

necessity  of  notice,  under  §  3271,  238. 

renewal  of  motion  after  denial,  238. 

how  long  order  for,  remains  in  force,  238. 

ex  parte  order  for,  on  appeal,  238. 

order  for,  on  appeal,  can  cover  what,  238. 

notice  of  application,  when  order  covers  all  costs,  233. 

review  of  discretion  of  court  on  motion  for,  238. 

power  of  cotuity  judge,  in  supreme  court  action.  238. 

order  to  show  cause  why  security  should  not  be  filed,  238. 

dismissal  of  complaint  for  failure  to  file,  238. 

discretion  to  excuse  laches  in  filing,  238. 

complaint  dismissed  after  filing;  liability  of  sureties,  238. 

amount  of;  many  defendants,  238. 

order,  for  whose  benefit;  many  defendants,  238. 

as  terms  of  reviving  action  against  .an  executor,  238. 

application  for  additional  security;  application  under  §  3276,  239. 

estoppel  of  plaintiff  to  deny  authority  of  court,  239. 

when  order  will  be  made,  239. 

nonresident  plaintiff  and  surety  both  die,  239. 

after  verdict  for  plaintiff,  239. 

after  verdict  for  plaintiff";  exceptions  heard  at  appellate  division, 
239. 

when  plaintiff  has  deposited  money  in  lieu  of  security,  239. 
form  of  bond;  plaintiff  uniting  with  sureties,  240. 

where  there  are  two  or  more  defendants,  240. 


l^DKX.  619 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
gEClj'ElTY  FOR  COSTS— (continued) . 

waiver  by  one  defendant,  not  joining  in  motion.  240. 

conditioned  for  what,  240. 

binding  whom,  240. 

demand  of  obligors,  not  demand  of  plaintiff,  240. 

omission  of  the  words  "on  demand,"  240. 

bond  not  containing  a  penalty,  240. 

waiver  of  that  defect,  240. 

liability  of  surety  on  such  undertaking,  240. 

when  objection  to,  must  be  made,  240. 
deposit  of  money,  instead  of  giving  bond,  241. 
right  to  deposit  money,  after  disapproval  of  sureties.  241. 
withdrawal  of  money  after  verdict  for  plaintiff.  241. 
deposit  of  money  of  third  person  as,  242. 
liability  of  third  person  for  costs  of  action,  242. 
liability  thereof  for  debts  of  plaintiff,  242. 
appeal  by  plaintiff  without  staying  proceedings,  243. 
payment  to  defendant  of  costs  pending  such  appeal,  243. 
remedies  of  plaintiff'  upon  reversal;  costs  paid  to  defendant,  243. 
deposit  upon  order  of  arrest,  244. 

costs  of  successful  motions  and  appeals  from  order,  244. 
payment  of  costs  of  action  from  deposit,  244. 

liability  of  attorney  when  right  to  security  is  absolute:   when  he  doea 
not  cause  security  to  be  filed,  245. 

amount  of  such  liability,  245. 

action  brought  for  defunct  corpor.Ttion,  245. 

in  v.hat  courts  this  liability  attaches,  245. 

removal  of  liability  upon  substitution  of  attorneys.  245. 

what  will  remove  liability,  215. 

defendant  moving  for  security;  security  not  filed,  245. 

plaintiff  of  record  nonresident,  real  plaintiff  resident,  245. 

how  such  liability  may  be  enforced,  245. 

what  the  defendant  must  show  on  motion  to  enforce,  245. 

where  plaintiff  becomes  nonresident  pending  action,  245. 

appeal  dismissed;  motion  to  enforce  liability,  where  made,  245. 

appeal  dismissed:  motion  to  enforce  liability,  when  made,  245. 

attorney  as  surety;  how  liability  is  enforced,  245. 
right  to,  lost  by  laches;  discretion  of  court  as  to,  thereafter,  246. 

effect  of  serving  answer,  first  department,  246. 

effect  of  serving  answer,  third  department,  246. 

effect  of  serving  answer,  New  York  city  court.  246. 

necessity  of  moving  promptly,  246. 


620  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SECURITY  FOR  COSTS— ( continued ) . 

effect  of  new  proceedings  on  former  laches,  246. 

discretion ;  motion  made  after  new  proceedings  taken,  246. 
wliat  is  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches;  necessity  of  defendant  e.KCUsing 
laches,  247. 

nonresidence  appearing  on  trial;  motion  three  days  after,  247. 

nonresidence  as  indicated  by  verification  by  attorney,  247. 

order  obtained  without  excusing  laches,  247. 
wliat  is  not  a  sufficient  excuse  for  laches;   defendant  examined  before 
trial,  case  about  to  be  reached,  248. 

complaint  showing  defendant's  right  to,  248. 

motion  six  months  after  service  of  complaint,  but  before  answer, 
248. 

service  of  answer  in  first  department,  248. 

motion  before  answer,  but  after  many  proceedings,  248. 

delay  of  eight  months  after  knowledge  of  right,  248. 

delay  of  two  months  after  first  order  was  set  aside,  248. 

demand  after  trial  has  commenced,  248. 

motion  made  after  third  trial,  248. 

delay  of  nearly  one  year,  248. 

entering  interlocutory  judgment  under  Revised  Statutes,  248. 

delay  of  two  years;  no  inquirj'  of  plaintiff's  attorney,  248. 

delay  of  two  months  and  loss  of  term,  248. 

delay  of  plaintiff  to  set  aside  improper  order,  248. 
defendant  in  default,  and  not  entitled  to  costs,  249. 
defendant  in  default,  but  may  be  entitled  to  costs.  249. 
right  of  defendant  to  move  while  in  default,  249. 
defendant  let  in  to  defend;  judgment  to  stand  as  security.  249. 
judgment  opened  on  merits,  249. 

discretion  of  trial  court  reviewed  by  court  of  appeals,  249. 
opening  order  granted  on  insufficient  paper.s,  249. 
moving  to  open  improper  order  on  same  papers,  249. 
moving  to  open  improper  order  on  new  papers,  249. 
how  nonresidence  proved ;  ordinary  rules  of  evidence,  250. 

plaintiff  attempting  to  show  residence,  250. 

plaintiff  nuist  give  address,  250. 

hearsay  evidence  of  removal  from  state,  250. 
what  is  nonresidence;  resident  aliens,  251. 

where  plaintiff  becomes  resident  after  action  conimciicpd.  251. 

remoA-al  of  plaintiff,  intended  or  actual,  251. 

vacating  order,  amended  law  not  requiring,  251. 

positive  statement  of  nonresidence  made  by  attorney.  251. 

what  is  meajit  by  residence,  251. 


INDEX.  621 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SECURITY  FOR  COSTS— (continued). 

married  man;  family  in  one  place,  business  in  another,  251. 

resident  so  long  absent  that  attachment  would  lie,  251. 

nonresident  liaving  property  in  state,  251. 
special  rule  in  city  court  of  New  York;  statute  governing,  252. 

necessity  of  showing  that  plaintiff  has  no  office,  252. 

■where  plaintiff  is  a  foreign  corporation,  252,  257. 

rule  applying  to  other  courts,  252. 
nonresident  not  obliged  to  give;  one  plaintiff  not  obliged  to  give,  253. 

costs  of  former  action  not  paid  by  exempt  plaintiff,  253. 

action  in  two  capacities;  one  exempt,  253. 

nonrpsident  landlord  in  summary  proceedings,  253. 

nonresident  relator  in  habeas  corpus,  253. 

nonresident  as  appellant  from  inferior  court,  253. 
action  on  the  bond  pending  an  appeal,  253. 

plaintitr  removes  from  state  bofore  judgment  in  his  favor,  254. 
plaintiff    removes    from    state   after    recovering   judgment   and   before 

reversal,  254. 
removal  after  judgment,  but  before  judgment  opened,  254. 
requirements  under  the  Revised  Statutes  in  replevin,  254. 
requirements  under  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure  in  replevin,  254. 
assigning  cause  of  action  to  resident,  255. 
assigning  cause  of  action  that  action  may  be  brought,  255. 
plaintiff  claiming  as  absolute  assignee,  255. 
assigning  cause  of  action  after  motion  for  security,  255. 
residence  of  a  domestic  corporation,  256. 
residence  of  a  foreign  corporation,  257. 
residence  of  a  national  bank,  257. 
residence  o^  'i  foreign  government,  257. 
when  plainiiir  is  an  infant;  guardian  ad  litem,  not  giving  security,  258. 

obtainfng  order  to  sue  in  forma  pauperis,  258. 

obtaining  such  order  ex  parte,  258. 

responsibility  of  guardian  for  costs,  253. 

failure  of  papers  to  show  responsibility  of  guardian,  253. 

form  of  judgment  for  costs  against  infant,  258. 

how  such  a  judgment  is  satisfied,  258. 

necessity  of  issuing  an  execution  against  the  infant,  258, 

where  infant  becomes  of  age  pending  action,  258. 

liability  for  costs  accrued  before  infant  becomes  of  age,  253. 
when  plaintiff  is  an  executor;  discretion  of  court  upon  application  for, 
259,  a. 

necessity  of  mismanagement  or  bad  faith,  259,  a. 


622  iM)KX. 

(Uefeiences  are  to  sections.) 
SECURITY  FOR  COSTS— (continued) . 

action  brouglit  in  good  faith,  259,  a. 

complaint  not  stating  cause  of  action,  259,  a. 

action  commenced  by  decedent,  revived  by  executor,  2r)9.  a. 

staying  motion  for  substitution  till  payment  of  costs,  259,  a. 

stay  aftei-  substitution;  testator's  default,  259,  a. 

effect  of  insolvency  of  estate,  259,  b. 

cause  of  action  only  asset,  259,  b. 

granting  motion  equivalent  to  denial  of  trial,  259,  b. 

action  brought  in  bad  faith,  250,  b. 

iionresidence  of  executor,  259.  c. 

testator  required  to  give;  executor  nonresident,  259,  c. 

notice  of  application  for,  259,  d. 

required  on  appeal,  as  covering  past  costs,  259,  c. 
when  plaintiff  is  a  receiver;  lack  of  fimds,  260. 

action  brought  in  bad  faith,  or  heedlessly,  260. 

action  on  claim  already  paid,  260. 

nonresident  receiver  of  national  bank,  not  situated  in  state.  260. 

personal  action;  erroneously  entitled  as  receiver,  260. 

assignee  for  benefit  of  creditors  as  trustee  of  express  trust,  260. 

discretion  of  court;  receiver  in  supplementary  proceedings,  261. 

requiring,  after  permission  to  sue,  261. 

in  action  to  set  aside  deed,  261. 
when  plaintiff  is  a  trustee  in  bankruptcy;  as  a  trustee  of  an  express 
trust,  262. 

no  funds  to  pay  costs,  262. 

claim  arising  before  adjudication  in  bankruptcy,  262. 

setting  aside  conveyance,  violating  bankruptcy  law,  262. 

when  such  cause  of  action  arose,  262. 

action  which  creditor  could  have  brouglit,  262. 

SEDUCTION, 

amount  of  costs,  as  determined  by  amount  of  verdict,  103,  a. 

SENECA  INDIAN, 

costs  against,  in  personal  action,  3.35. 

costs  against,  real  property  belonging  to  tribe,  335. 

SET  OFF  OF  COSTS, 

different  actions,  as  affecting  attorney's  liens,  38. 
in  same  action,  as  affecting  attorney's  lien,  38. 
interlocutory  costs  as  affected  by  attorney's  lien.  38. 
costs  in  special  proceedings  arising  out  of  action.  38. 
judgment  for  costs  only,  against  another  judgment,  38. 


INDKX.  623 

(References  are  to  s  ■<  ''.us.) 
SET  OFF  OF  ACTION— ( continued). 

different  actions,  costs  in  one  not  taxed.  3S. 

claim  in  action,  against  judgment,  38. 

judgment  on  appeal,  against  anotlier  judgimiit.  "S. 

costs  on  order,  against  judgment  for  costs  ant!  il;;iii;gc.-<.  33. 

costs  on  offer  of  judgment,  against  verdict,  38. 

as  affected  by  assignment  of  costs  to  accrue,  38. 

as  affected  by  assignment  of  judgment,  38. 

of  uncollected  motion  costs  in  judgment.  38. 

SETTLEMENT  OF  ACTION, 

effect  of,  on  attorney's  lien,  19,  a. 
entry  of  judgment  after,  19,  a. 
as  between  the  parties,  19,  b. 
relieving  client  from,  19,  b. 

setting  aside  by  attorney,  what  must  be  shown,  19,  b. 
in  forma  pauperis,  19,  c. 

fraudulent}  attorney's  lien  wlien  client  is  insolvent,  19,  d. 
fraudulent;  attorney's  lien  on  costs  and  disbursements,  19,  d. 
fraudulent;  attorney's  lien,  agreed  compensation,  19,  d. 
fraudulent;  attorney's  lien  on  costs  and  allowance,  19,  d. 
intent  of  parties,  on  motion  to  set  aside,  19,  e. 

to  what  extent;  judgment  set  aside  on  application  of  attorney,  21. 
judgment  entered  after,  to  protect  attorney's  lien,  21. 
where  attorney  has  contingent  interest,  21. 
dismissal  of  appeal  after,  attorney  having  contingent  fee,  21. 
terms  of  dismissal  of  appeal  after ;  contingent  fee,  27. 
enforcement  of  attorney's  lien  after,  32,  b, 
to  what  attorney's  lien  attaches,  32,  b. 

enforcement  of  attorney's  lien  against  judgment  debtor,  32,  b. 
enforcement  of  attorney's  lien;  client  insolvent,  32,  b. 
when  attorney  has  been  injured  by,  32,  b. 
setting  aside  of  collusive,  to  protect  attorney's  lien,  32,  f. 
collusive  settlement  as  between  the  parties,  32,  f. 
what  attorney  must  show  to  set  aside,  32,  f. 

continuing  action  after,  to  protect  attorne3''s  lien ;   right  of  attorney 
to,  32,  g,  1. 

notice  of  application  for  leave  to  proceed,  32,  g,  1, 

liability  for  costs,  32,  g,  1. 

what  must  be  shown  on  application,  32,  g,  2. 

payment    of    contingent    fee    ordered    instead    of    permission    to. 
32,  g,  2. 

client  retains  right  to  settle;  attorney  has  contingent  fee,  32,  g,  2. 


62-1  INDEX, 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SETTLEMENT  OF  ACTION— (continued). 

proof  on  trial,  32,  g,  3. 
right  of  defendant  to  set  up,  in  supplemental  answer,  33. 
after  judgment;  riglit  to  issue  execution  after,  34. 

motion  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment,  34. 

such  motion  is  a  special  proceeding,  34. 

an  appeal  lies  therefrom  to  the  court  of  appeals,  34. 

to  what  extent  satisfaction  will  be  set  aside,  34. 

procedure  when  attorney  claims  a  contingent  fee,  34. 

action  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment,  34. 

motion  to  set  aside;  party  remitted  to  action,  34. 

justice's  court  setting  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment,  35. 

municipal  court  setting  aside  satisfaction  of  judgment,  35. 

opening  default  to  allow  defendant  to  plead  settlement,  5G,  a. 
in     matrimonial     actions;     continuing,     to     protect     attorney's     lien, 
32,  g,  2,  39. 

liability  of  husband  to  wife's  attorney;  divorce  action,  136,  f. 

reduction  of  counsel  fees  after,  13G,  f. 

separation,  liability  of  husband  to  wife's  attorney  on,  137.  d. 

separation,  liability  of  husband,  before  allowance,  137,  d. 

separation,  liability  of  husband,  plaintiff  after,  137,  d. 

procedure  of  attorney-  to  enforce  such  liability,  137,  d, 

SEVERAL  CAUSES  UNITED  IN  ONE  ACTION, 
statute  governing  costs,  316,  a. 
necessity  of  aihrmative  verdict  on  merits,  316,  b. 
effect  of  failure  of  proof  on  part  of  plaintiff,  316,  b. 
direction  of  nonsuit,  316,  b. 

complaint  states  two  causes  of  action  in  one  count,  316,  b. 
necessity  that  complaint  set  forth  two  causes  separately,  316,  b. 
plaintiff  has  affirmative  verdict  on  one  cause,   defendant  on  another, 

316,  b. 
judgment  when  both  parties  are  entitled  to  costs,  316,  b. 
claiming  dower  and  fee;  defendant  wins  on  question  of  fee,  316,  b. 
three  causes  of  action,  same  property;  recovery  on  one  count,  316,  b. 
applicability  of  cases  decided  under  the  Eevised  Statutes,  316,  b. 
applicability  of  cases  decided  under  the  Code  of  Procedure,  316,  b. 
complaint  amended  at  trial  so  plaintiff  recovers  on  all,  316,  b. 
plrintiff  recovers  only  part  of  property;  one  count,  316,  c. 
necessity  that  complaint  state  separately  two  causes,  316,  c. 
remedy  of  defendant  where  complaint  has  one  count,  to  recover  sevei  al 

chattels,  316,  c. 
discretion  of  court  in  equity,  316,  d. 
certificate  mentioned  in  §  3234  covers  what  cases,  316,  d. 


INDEX.  G25 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SEVERAL  DEFENDANTS, 

plaintiff's  right  to  costs,  when  he  wins  as  to  some,  but  not  all,  318,  a. 
right  of  successful  defendants  to  costs  in  such  a  case,  318,  a. 
application  of  defendants  to  court  for  costs  in  such  case,  318,  a. 
application  when  action  is  tried  before  a  referee,  318,  a. 
whet  must  appear  in  such  a  case,  318,  a. 

where  all  defendants  have  same  attorney;  successful  defendants  uniting 
with  unsuccessful  in  answer,  318,  b. 
power  to  award  costs  in  such  a  case,  318,  b. 
different  defeases  in  separate  answers,  318,  b. 
summons   served   at   such   long  intervals,   two   answers   necessary. 

318,  b. 
plaintiff  limited  as  to  costs;  one  defendant  allowed  costs,  318,  b. 
one  bill   awarded  to  two  defendants;   affirmed  as  to  one  without 

costs;  reversed  as  to  other,  costs  to  abide  event,  318,  b. 
action  on  bond  given  on  sucli  appeal;  parties,  318,  b. 
applicability  of  cases  decided  under  Code  of  Procedure,  318,  b. 
defendants  appear  by  different  attorneys;  general  rule  as  to  successful 
defendants,  318,  c. 
one  attorney  withdrawing  upon  appeal,  318,  c. 
appearance  in  trial  court,  as  determining  right  to  costs,  318,  c. 
judgment  to  be  entered;  several  bills  of  costs,  318,  c. 
disbursements,  when  several  bills  of  costs  are  allowed,  318,  c. 
judgment  when  plaintiff  and  one  defendant  win,  318,  c. 
severance  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  costs,  318,  c. 
complaint  dismissed,  not  stating  cause  of  action,  318,  c. 
burden  upon  whom,  to  show  that  severance  was  to  increase  costs, 

318,  c. 
partners  appearing  for  different  defendants,  318,  e. 
one  attorney  being  clerk  of  another,  318,  c. 
attorneys  occupying  same  office,  318,  c. 

attorney  for  one  defendant  retaining  attorney  for  another  defend- 
ant, 318,  c. 
defendants  partners  at  time  liability  was  incurred,  318,  c. 
defendants  formerly  partners,  now  hostile,  318,  c. 
where  partnership  ceased  before  liability  incurred,  318,  c 
judgment,  one  bill  of  costs  to  two  defendants,  318,  c. 
remedy  when  one  defendant  is  not  satisfied  witli  judgment,  318,  c. 
one  attorney  withdraws  after  answer,  318,  c. 
plaintiff  succeeds  as  to  all  defendants,  318,  c. 
accepting  separate  offers  of  judgment,  318,  c. 
plaintiff's  costs  under  former  civil  damage  act,  318,  c. 
finality  of  order  granting  or  refusing  separate  costs,  318,  c 
judgment  entered  contrary  to  such  order,  318,  c. 
COSTS  40. 


626  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SEVERAL  DEFENDANTS—  ( continued ) . 

awarding  separate  costs,  after  judgment,  318,  c. 

allowing  separate  costs  on  motion  to  set  aside  costs,  318,  c. 

all  defendants  unite  in  appeal;  reversal,  "costs  to  appellants,"  318,  d„ 

SEVERANCE  OF  AX  ACTION, 
statute  as  to  costs,  324,  a. 
several  actions  when  one  is  sufficient,  324,  b. 
several  actions  for  tort,  one  sufficient,  324,  b. 
complaint  dismissed  as  to  one;  order  reversed,  judgment  against  botk> 

defendants,  324,  b. 
two  equity  actions  tried  together,  one  sufllcient,  324,  b. 
judgment  on  part  admitted;  continued  as  to  balance,  324,  c. 
what  determines  right  to  costs  in  such  case,  324,  c. 
judgment  on  part  admitted;  action  discontinued,  324,  c. 

SEWER, 

procedings  to  acquire  land  for,   152. 

SHERIFF, 

as  defendant,  entitled  to  double  costs,   132,  a. 
liability  of  attorney  for  fees  of.     See  Attorney, 

SLANDER, 

amount  of  costs,  as  determined  by  amount  of  verdict,  103,  a, 

SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS, 
lien  of  attorney  in,  15. 

lien  of  attorney,  to  disbar  an  attorney,  15. 
general  rule  as  to  costs,  when  not  specially  regulated,  148. 
mandamus.     See  Mandamus, 

condemnation  proceedings.     See  Condemnation  Peoceedings. 
proceedings  relating  to  railroads.     See  Railroads. 
to  appraise  damages  for  extension  of  street,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  affirmance  of  appeal  by  trustees  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  reversal  of  appeal  by  trustees  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  affirmance  of  appeal  by  owner  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  reversal  of  appeal  by  ON\nier  from  award,  152, 
to  acquire  land  for  sewer  purposes,  152. 
motion  for  appraiser's  fees  under  special  act,  152. 
what  papers  must  contain  on  such  a  motion,  152. 

application  for  costs,  etc.,  commissioner  of  estimate  of  New  York,  152.- 
what  papers  must  contain  on  such  application.  152. 
application  for  appraiser's  fees,  New  York  water  supply,   152. 
grade  crossing  act    (Laws  18S8,  cliap.  345),  152. 


INDKX.  627 

(Uet'eieuces  are  to   sections.) 
SPECIAL  PROCEEDINGS—  { continued ) . 

taxpayer  investigating  afl'airs  of  a  village,   153. 

remedy  for  improper  taxation  of  costs,  153. 

attorney  and  counsel  fees  in  such  investigation,   153. 

third  parties,  whose  bills  are  irregular;  liability  of,  153. 

highway,  opening  of,  successful  application,   154. 

highway,  opening  of,  application  denied,   154. 

highway,  opening  of,  extent  of  liability  of  petitioner,   154. 

reassessment  of  damages,  costs  of,  154. 

apportionment  of  costs  of  reassessment  of  damages,  154. 

private  road,  costs  of  laying  out,  154. 

private  road,  costs  of  rehearing  as  to  damages,  154. 

investigating  the  afl'airs  of  a  county,  155. 

reimbursement  of  private  person  for  such  expenses,  155. 

necessity  of  authorization  of  attorney  general  therein,  155. 

remedy  when  board  of  supervisors  refuse  to  audit  such  a  claim,  155. 

tax  equalization;  remedy  to  collect  amount  ordered,  155. 

tax  equalization;  amount  paid  by  supervisors  to  their  attorney,   155. 

punishment  of  taxpayer;   nonpayment;   no  demand,   155. 

to  vacate  assessment,  156. 

under  special  acts  for  laying  out  streets,  157. 

several  defendarfts  answering  separately,   157. 

proceedings  under  village  law  (Laws  of  1897,  chap.  414),  157. 

double  costs  in;  costs  not  regulated  by  §  3251,  132,  b. 

to  discharge  from  imprisonment;  what  items  are  allowed,  17L 

contempt  proceedings  to  collect  costs  on  state  writs,  167. 

services  of  attorney  for  excise  commissioners,  sought  to  be  removed, 

1G8. 
remedy  when  board  of  supervisors  refuse  to  audit  such  claim,  168. 
proceedings  to  mortgage  trust  propertj',   169. 
trial  fee,  Avhen  sent  to  referee,  169. 
appeal  from  order  therein,  169. 
proceedings  before  an  officer,   170. 
appeal   from  order  therein,   170. 
terms  of  discontinuance  of,  67. 
collection  of  motion  costs  in,  416. 
additional  allowance:  when  the  costs  are  fixed  by  §  3240,  150,  a,  313. 

certiorari  to  review  an  assessment,  159,  d,  313. 

under  the  condemnation  laAV,  150,  b,  c,  313. 

condemnation  proceedings  not  under  that  law,   313. 

mandamus,  149,  e. 

on  discontinuance  under  the  condemnation  law,   151,  d. 


628  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SPECIAL    VERDICT, 

application  for  judgment  on,  48,  b. 

application  for  judgment,  in  what  actions,   48,  b. 

SPECIFIC    PEPvFORMANCE, 

necessity  of  demand  of  conveyance  before  action  for,   12G. 
necessity  of  ?uch  demand,  conveyance  impossible,  126. 
successful  party  guilty  of  sharp  practice,  126. 
successful  defendant  not  candid  in  refusal  to  convey,  126. 
paper  removing  flaw  in  title  shown  on  trial,  126. 
action  retained  to  allow  plaintiff  to  recover  damages,  1"26. 
defense  when  party  has  no  interest  in  property,   126. 
to  compel  the  execution  of  a  mortgage,  126. 
additional  allowance,  under  §  3252,  299,  c,  314. 

STATE  WEITS, 

costs  on,  how  collected,  419. 

peremptory  mandamus  after  alternative,  419, 

proceedings  instituted  before  whom,  419. 

discretion  of  court  in  entertaining  contempt  proceedings,  419. 

discretion  of  court;  ability  of  defeated  party  to  pay,  419. 

what  adjudication,  order  directing  precept  to  issue  must  contiiin,  419. 

service  upon  the  attorney  of  order  to  show  caustf,  419. 

STATUTE, 

which  governs  as  to  costs,  5. 

right  of  legislature  to  charge  as  to  costs  pending  action,  5. 

right  of  legislature  to  make  allowance  for  new  services,  5. 

right  of  legislature  to  impose  new  conditions  pending  action,  5. 

right  of  legislature  to  abolish  costs  pending  action,  5. 

changing  right  to  costs  pending  action,  as  ex  post  facio,  5. 

interpretation  of,  as  prospective  or  retroactive,  5. 

changed  after  default  and  before  judgment,  5. 

changed  after  action  is  determined,  but  before  taxation,  .5. 

changed  after  verdict,  but  before  entry  of  judgment,  5. 

changed  pending  stay  until  case  is  made,  6. 

changed  after  argument,  but  before  decision,  6. 

governing  additional  allowances,  294. 

STATUTE  OF  LIMITATIONS, 

application  of,  to  attorney's  liens,  12,  29. 

in  action  to  enforce  attorney's  lien,  29. 

retaining  money  after  statute  has  run,  on  attorney's  lien,  29. 

STAY  FOR  NOXPAYIVIENT  OF  COSTS, 
inherent  power  of  court  to,  361. 


INDEX.  629 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
STAY  FOR  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS— (continued), 
statute  as  to  motion  costs,  361. 
liow  statutory  stay  invoked,  361. 
at  wliat  time  such  stay  becomes  operative,  361,  370. 
nonpayment  of  motion  costs  in  surrogate's  court,   184. 
nonpayment    of   motion    costs;    proceedings    by    creditors    against    as- 
signee for  benefit  of  creditors,  164,  e. 
staying  second  action  till  costs  in  first  action  are  paid;  in  what  action 
motion  should  be  made,  362. 
M'hat  affidavits  thereon  should  contain,  302. 
when  motion  may  be  made,  362. 
motion  after  judgment  in  second  action,  362. 
when  motion  should  be  made  in  New  York  district  courts,  362. 
necessity  of  sliowing  good  defense,  362. 
compelling  payment  of  motion  costs  and  former  costs,  362. 
discretion  of  court  in  granting  stay,  362. 
failure  to  pay  costs,  as  a  bar  to  second  action,  362. 
duty  of  defendant  to  issue  execution  to  collect  costs,  362. 
effect  of  defendant's  laches  in  moving  for  stay,  362. 
bringing  actions  in  different  courts,  363. 
first  action  in  a  Federal  court,  363. 
first  action  in  the  court  of  another  state,  363. 
matrimonial   action  by  husband,  363. 
matrimonial  action  by  wife,  363. 

by  receiver,  first  dismissed  for  irregularity  of  appointment,   363. 
power  of  the  New  York  district  courts,  363. 
power  of  a  justice  of  the  peace,  363. 
payment  of  costs  after  motion  made  for  stay,  363. 
unsuccessful  plaintiff  assigning  cause  of  action,   364. 
right  of  substituted  plaintiff  to  appeal,  364. 

interest  of  moving  party  in  collection  of  costs;  moving  party  no 
interest  in  collection  of  costs,  365. 
first   against   defendant   personally,   second   in    representative 

capacity,  365. 
after  first  action,  disputed  property  transferred,  365. 
second  action  against  first  defendant  and  assignee,  365. 
costs  of  first  action  are  assigned,  365. 
moving  party,  not  party  to  former  action,  365. 
plaintiffs  different,  but  claiming  under  same  title,  365. 
joining  new  defendant  in  second  action,  365. 
second  action  involves  same  title;   land  diiferent,  366. 
action  in  tort  and  ex  contractu  from  same  cause,  366. 
first  as  factor,  second  as  owner,  366. 


630  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
STAY  FOE,  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS— (continued). 

plaintiff  suing  in  forma  pauperis,  367. 

payment  of  motion  costs,  before  such  leave  granted,  367. 

appeal  by  infant  whose  guardian  lias  become  insolvent,  368. 

first  action  dismissed,  "without  prejudice,"  369. 

presumption  of  payment  of  costs,  369. 

necessity  that  record  show  that  actions  are  identical,  369. 

necessity  of  showing  that  first  action  is  ended,  369. 

when  action  is  ended  on  order  of  discontinuance,  369. 

leave  for  second  motion;   first,  premature,  369. 

plaintiff  imprisoned  on  execution  against  the  person,  369. 
necessity  of  taxation  of  costs  on  discontinuance,  370. 

necessity  of  service  of  new  order  substituted  for  another,  370. 

power  of  court  to  extend  statutory  stay,  371. 
what  proceedings  aie  stayed;  moving  case  for  trial,  371. 

making  motion  in  action,  371. 

entering  judginent  on  defective  pleadings,  371. 

reviewing  order  by  motion,  371. 

reviewing  order  by  appeal,   371. 

reviewing  costs  of  such  appeal,  371. 

moving  to  set  aside  execution  against  the  person,  371. 

motion  by  administrator  to  be  substituted,  371. 

restraining  third  party,  371. 

motion  that  opposite  party  enter  judgment,  371. 

nonpayment  in  supplementary  proceedings,  stay  in  action,  371. 

similar  motion  as  to  one  whose  costs  are  unpaid,  371. 

placing  case  on  calendar.  371. 

such  action,  as  contempt  of  court,  371. 

right  of  party  when  case  is  moved,  371. 

serving  reply  to  counterclaim  set  up  in  answer,  371. 

right  to  take  any  onward  movement,  371. 

right  to  serve  any  defensive  pleading,  371. 

right  to  serve  an  answer,  371. 

serving  answer  containing  counterclaim,  as  a  waiver,  371. 

costs  on  appeal  from  order;  nonpayment  as  a  stay,  371. 
waiver  of  stay;  by  taking  an  onward  movement  in  the  action,  372. 

by  serving  notice  of  trial,  372. 

not  insisting  on  stay  when  opposite  party  moves,  372. 

accepting  notice  of  trial,  372. 

arguing  a  motion  on  its  merits,  372. 

taking  an  appeal  from  the  decision  of  such  motion,  372. 

proceeding  with  case,  after  decision  that  payment  would  end  stay, 
372. 


INDEX.  031 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
rSTAY  FOR  NONPAYMENT  OF  COSTS— (continued) . 
termination  of  stay;   payment  of  costs  to  party,  373. 
payment  of  costs  to  attorney,  373. 
payment  to  sherifl"  on  execution,  373. 
tender  of  costs  upon  argument  of  another  motion,  373. 

tstenographer,  fees  of, 

authority  for  taxing,  414,  a. 
abortive  amendment  as  to  in  1895,  414,  a. 

incurred  upon  a  reference;  taxable  disbursement,  in  absence  of  a  stipu- 
lation, 414,  b. 

where   parties   agree  to   employ   stenographer  and   share  expense, 
414,  b. 

stipulation  to  employ  stenographer  and  tax  disbursement,  414,  b. 

right  to  question  the  amount  of  this  disbursement,  414,  b. 

stipulation    that    each    pay    part;     successful    party    taxing    his 
share,  414,  b. 

taxing   such,   disbursement   against   party   who   succeeds  as   to   all 
others,  414,  b. 

requiring  statement  of  amount   of  services,   on   taxation,   414,   b. 
minutes  obtained  to  prepare  case  on  appeal,  414,  c. 
minutes  obtained  to  prepare  amendments  to  case  on  appeal,  414,  c. 
minutes  of  former  trial  for  use  on  trial,  414,  d. 
reasonableness   of  such   expense,  414,   d. 
decisions  under  Code  of  Procedure,  414,  d. 
contiict  of  decisions  under  Code  of  Civil   Procedure,  414,   d. 
minutes  of  trial  of  another  action,  as  a  disbursement,  414,  e. 
minutes  of  trial  on  motion  for  new  trial  in  county  court,  414,  f. 
minutes  of  trial  ordered  by  the  court  for  its  o^\^l  use,  414,  g. 
how  such  charge  is  paid;  taxable  as  a  disbursement,  414,  g. 
special  rule  in  superior  city  courts,  noAV  obsolete,  414,  g. 
surrogate's  court;  power  to  order  minutes,  414,  h. 
surrogate's  court;  will  contest^  414,  h. 

surrogate's  court;  will  contest;  notice  to  proponents,  414,  h. 
surrogate's  court;  when  order  must  be  made,  414,  h. 
allowance  in  the  municipal  court  of  New  York,  414,  i. 
transcript  of  evidence  furnished  to  the  court,  414,  i. 
liability  of  attorney  for  a  copy  of  the  evidence,  46. 

STIPULATION, 

increasing   fees   of  referee;    necessity  of  written   agreement,   or  inser- 
tion in  minutes,  413,  b. 
that  referee  fix  his  own  fees,  413,  b. 
oral,  one  party  refusing  to  sign  agreement,  413,  b. 


635  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 

STIPUL  AT  ION—  ( continued ) . 

charge  for  "every  hearing,"  interpretation  of,  413,  b. 

enforcement  of,  by  court,  413,  b. 

by  receiver;  necessity  of  permission  of  court,  413,  b. 

thai  each  party  pay  one  half,  413,  b. 

that  one  half  be  charged  in  each  of  two  actions,  413,  d, 

that  successful  party  pay  part,  balance  a  lien  on  judgment,  413,  &, 
extending  time  of  referee  to  report,  413,  f. 

expense  of  stenographer  on  reference  be  a  disbursement,   414,  b. 
power  of  attorney  to  bind  client  by  such  stipulation,  414,  b. 
that  each  party  pay  a  part  of  stenographer's  bill,  414,  b. 
waiver  of  costs  by,  327. 

waiver  of  costs  on  submitted  controversy,  233. 
costs  dependent  on  decision  of  point  not  considered,  327. 
promise  to  pay  costs  bj'^,  how  enforced,  327. 

acquiescence   in   change   of  record,  depriving  party  of  costs,   327. 
for  judgment  in  action  at  law;  silent  as  to  costs,  327. 
costs  on  ambiguous,  327. 
trustee  released  from,  improvident,  327. 
costs  on  such  a  motion,  327. 
that  costs  exceed  legal  rate,  327. 

that  costs  on  appeals  and  orders  be  paid  from  attached  fimd,  332. 
that  case  be  put  on  certain  calendar,  408,  j. 
that  costs  of  term  abide  event;  term  in  excess  of  limit,  408,  j. 
that  costs  of  term  abide  event;  court  not  having  jurisdiction,  408,  j. 
several  actions  tried  together,  one  bill  of  costs,  38G. 
several  actions  tried  together,  costs  taxed  in  each,  386. 
that  action  at  law  abide  event  of  another;   amount  of  costs,  317. 
that  action  at  law  be  stayed  till  determination  of  another,  and  suc- 
cessful party  enter  judgment,  317. 
expense  of  taking  testimony  by,  409. 

that  evidence  be  taken  under  §  879  as  under  §§  872,  873,  409. 
verbal,  as  to  payments  after  action  commenced,  104,  h. 
relieving  client  from,  to  protect  attorney's  lien,   19,  b. 

STREET, 

proceedings  to  ascertain  damages  for  extension  of,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  affirmance  of  appeal  by  trustees  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  reversal  of  appeal  by  trustees  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  aflirmance  of  appeal  by  OAvner  from  award,  152. 
amount  of  costs  on  reversal  of  appeal  by  OAvner  from  award,  152. 

SUBMITTED    CONTEOVERSY. 

discretion  as  to  costs,  when  submission  is  silent  thereon^  what  itema- 
are  taxable,  233. 


INDEX.  63S 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SUBMITTED  CONTROVERSY—  ( continued ) . 
waivei-  of  costs  by  stipulation,  233. 
successful  party  prepared  case  and  only  brief,  233. 
costs  out  of  fund  of  persons  not  parties,  233. 
power  to  grant  additional  allowance,  233,  288,  a. 

SUBSTITUTION  OF  ATTORNEYS, 
right  of  client,  22,  a. 
control  of  court,  22,  b. 

by  niotion  or  proceedings  under  §  66,  22,  b. 
terms  of,  settled  by  reference,  22,  b. 
lien  of  former  attorney  terminated  by  payment,  22,  b. 
extent  of  attorney's  lien  on,  22,  b. 
terms  of  discontinuance  of  proceeding  for,  22,  c. 
right  of  client  to  discontinue  proceedings  for,  22,  c. 
collateral  attack  of  decision  on,  22,  c. 
right  of  client  to  substitution  upon  giving  bond,  22,  d. 
application  for,  as  waiver  of  a  jury  trial,  22,  d. 
immediate  substitution,  terms  of,  22,  d. 
review  of  order,  22,  d. 

application  of  receiver  for;  terms  on,  22,  d. 
liabilitj-     f  sul)stituted  attorney,   22,  c. 
lien  retained  on  contingent  fee,  22,  e. 
services  in  several  actions,  22,  e. 
attorney  employed  by  third  person,  22,  e. 
after  advancements  made  by  attorney,  22,  e. 
waiver  of  lien  on,  23. 
for  misconduct,  24. 
when  services  are  valueless,  24. 

misconduct  of  attorney,  determined  on  reference,  24. 
proceedings  to  determine  lien  on;   costs  of,  25. 
protection  of  attorney's  lien  upon,  44. 
after  judgment,  to  protect  attorney  not  of  record,   12. 

SUMMARY    PROCEEDINGS    TO    RECOVER    REAL    PROPERl^^ 
statute  governing  costs,  163,  a. 
amount  of  costs  in  justice's  court,  163,  a. 
tender  in,   163,  b. 

reversal  of  final  order  granted  in  justice's  court,  163,  c. 
appeal,  proceedings  instituted  in  court  of  record,  163,  c. 
payment  of  judgment  to  perfect  appeal  to  county  court,  163,  c, 

SUMMONS, 

fee  for  serving,  400. 

fee  of  printer  for  publishing,  412. 


634  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SUPERVISORS,  BOARD  OF, 

as  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  a. 

SUPPLEMENTAL  ANSWER.     See  Answeb. 

SUPPLEIMENTARY   PROCEEDINGS, 
statute  governing  costs,  161,  a. 
at  what  stage  costs  are  allowed,   181,  b. 
necessity  of  notice  of  application  for  costs,  161,  b. 
out  of  what  fund  the  allowance  is  granted,  161,  b. 
allowance  after  application  of  funds,  IGl,  b. 
costs  of  motion  to  dismiss  proceedings,  161,  b. 
costs  against  judgment  debtor  on  third  party  order,   161,  b. 
judgment  debtor  pays  without  examination,  101,  b. 
allowance  as  "counsel  fee"  instead  of  "costs,"   161,  b. 
lien  of  attorney  in,  161,  b. 

judgment   collected  on   second  execution,  before  allowance,   161,  b. 
how  costs  against  judgment  debtor  are  collected,   161,  c,  419. 
collection  of  costs  against  judgment  debtor  by  execution,  161,  c. 
collection  of  costs  against  judgment  debtor  by  contempt  proceedings, 

161,  c. 
reversal   of  order  adjudging  judgment  debtor  in  contempt,   161,  o. 
appeal   from  such  order  to  the  court  of  appeals,   161,  c. 
dismissal  of,  on  account  of  defective  affidavit,   161,  d. 
under  what  statute  such  costs  are  allowed,   161,  d. 
how  costs  are  paid  by  creditor  to  judgment  debtor,  161,  d. 
when  the  judgment  debtor  should  be  allowed  costs,  161,  d, 
when  costs  are  allowed  to  a  third  party,  161,  d, 
costs  of  motions  and  appeals  from  orders,   161,  d. 
maintained  for  collection  of  costs  only,  415. 
collection  of  motion  costs  of  appellate  division  by,  416. 
collection  of  taxes  by;   costs  against  officer,  161,  f. 
appeal  from  order  dismissing  such  proceedings,   161,  f. 
attorney's  lien;   on  warrant  of  attachment  in,   16. 

enforcing  lien  by,  32,  a. 

maintaining  proceedings  after  satisfaction  of  judgment,  32,  a. 

maintaining  proceedings  after  assignment  of  judgment,  32,  a. 

affidavit  in  such  case,  32,  a. 

consent  of  coiu't  to  maintain  such  proceedings,  32,  a. 

SLTIETIES, 

on  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals;  primary  liability  of,  for  costs,  337. 
liability  for  costs  below,  337. 
release  by,  by  judgment  creditor,  337. 


INDEX.  635 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SURETIES—  ( continued ) . 

appeal  dismissed;  undertaking  not  complying  with  law.  337. 

affirmance  of  order,  directing  a  new  trial,  337. 

costs  of  action  to  enforce  liability,  measured  by  bond,  337. 

when  damages  equal  bond,  337. 

costs  of  action  against  principal  alone,  337. 

addition  of  interest  beyond  the  penalty,  336. 

sufficiency  of  allegation  in  action  on,  337. 

liability  for  costs  of  setting  aside  settlement  of  assured  with  the 

principal,  337. 
liability  for  costs  of  determining  liability  of  principal,  337. 
on   appeal   to   the   appellate   division;    necessity   of   written   notice   of 
entry  of  order  of  judgment,  336. 
application  of  statute,  336. 

perfecting  appeal  to  the  court  of  appeals,  336. 
court  of  appeals  reversing,  and  affirming  original  judgmoit,  336. 
costs  of  action  to  enforce,  measured  by  bond,  337. 
damages  equaling  bond,  337. 

liability  for  costs  in  action  against  principal  alone,  337. 
addition  of  interest  beyond  penalty,  336. 
on  appeal  from  justice's  court;   demurrer  interposed  in  county  court, 
346. 
collection  of  such  costs  pending  appeal,  346. 
on  attachment;   pajinents  made  by  principal,  340. 
dissolved  at  special  term,  plaintiff'  appeals,  340. 
attaching  creditor  suffers  default,  340. 
costs  of  unsuccessful  attempt  to  remove,  340. 
costs  of  action  after  such  attempt,  340. 
on  order  of  arrest;    liability   for  general   costs,   338. 
liability  for  costs  accruing  from  arrest,  338. 
action  against;   answer  alleging  payment  of  general  costs,  333. 
right  to  proceed  by  order,  under  §  3247,  338. 
on  appeal   in  ejectment;   liability  for  costs  of  second  trial,  339. 

liability  for  use  and  occupation,  339. 
on  injunction;   which  expires  by  limitation;   continuance  denied,  342. 
counsel  fees,  trial  of  action,  342. 

damages  on  reference  covered  by  additional  allowance,  342. 
denial  of  such  allowance,  as  bar  upon  reference,  342. 
expense  of  trial' not  due  to  injunction,  342. 

expense  of  trial ;   injunction  grafted  on  notice,  by  default,  342. 
both  parties  in  pari  deliclo;  dissolution   of,  342. 
motion  to  dissolve;   facts  occurring  pending  action;   terms,  342. 


636  INDEX. 

(References  are   to   sections.) 
SURETIES—  ( continued ) . 

costs  and  disbursements;   assessment  of  damages,  342. 

service  of  counsel  on  assessment  of  damages,  342. 

counsel   fee;   successful  motion  to  dissolve,  342. 

counsel  fees  on  motion  for  continuance  of,  342. 

amount  of  liability;   dissolution  on  service  of  answer,  342, 

motion  to  dissolve  denied  on  merits.  342. 

motion  to  dissolve  denied  for  irregularity,  342. 

imsucccssful  appeal  from  sucli  order,  342. 

motion  to  dissolve  denied  in  discretion  of  court.  342. 
in  replevin;  liability  for  general  costs,  341. 

liability  for  costs  of  appeal,  341. 

given  by  defendant  to  retain  property,  341. 
of  administrator;    costs  allowed  to  attorneys,  on   accounting,  347. 
of  guardian;  costs  of  his  removal,  347. 

allowance  computed  on  wrong  basis;  defense  of  sureties,  347. 
action  by  attorney  against  surety  for  allowance,  347. 
when  the  surety  is  a  party  to  such  proceedings,  347. 
when  allowance  to  .attorney  is  made  a  claim  against  estate,  347. 
to  save  another  harmless;   liability  for  costs,  34.5. 
notice  of  action  against  assured  in  such  case,  345. 
municipality  enforcing  security  given  to  its  officers,  344. 
reimbursement;  costs  of  successful  defense  to  action  on  bond,  343. 

costs  of  unsuccessful  defense  to  action  on  bond,  .'>43. 

costs  and  counsel  fees  paid  by  grantee,  343. 

right  to  compel  creditor  to  sell  pledge,  343. 

right  to  have  costs  first  paid  out  of  proceeds,  343. 

SURPLUS    PROCEEDINGS, 

amount  of  costs  and  disbursements,  120,  1. 

trial  fee  in,  120,  1. 

on  first  mortgage,  paying  costs  of  second,   120,   1. 

costs  of  reference  paid  out  of  fund,  120,  1. 

costs  of  reference  paid  by  unsuccessful  claimant,  120,  1. 

costs  of  reference;  discretion  on,  how  reviewed,  120,  1. 

costs  of  reference;   reasonable  grounds  for  investigation,   120.  1, 

costs  of  reference;  widow  having  agreed  to  accept  gross  sum,   120,  1. 

SURROGATE'S  COURT, 

power  to  grant  costs,  whence  derived,   175. 

by  whom  paid;   statute,  176. 

estate  less  than  $1,000,  176. 

by  whom  paid,  general  rule,  176. 


INDEX. 


637 


(References  are  to  sections.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT—  ( continued ) . 

costs  caused  by  parties  not  acting  in  good  faith,  176. 
where  contestant  has  reasonable  grounds,   176. 
party  mistaking  his  remedy,  176. 

appointment  of  guardian  of  infant;  liability  of  mother,  176. 
review  of  discretion  of  the  surrogate;   power  of  the  court  of  appeals. 
177. 

power  of  the  appellate  division,  177. 

abuse  of  discretion  or  violation  of  justice,  177. 

order  on  such  reversal  must  show  the  grounds,  177. 

appellate  court  modifying  decree;  passing  on  costs,   177. 

review  of  such  order  by  the  court  of  appeals,   177. 
probate  of  will;  baseless  contest,  178. 

necessity  of  contest  to  ascertain  facts  of  execution.   173. 

palpable  bad  faith  of  attorney  or  counsel,  178. 

per  diem  allowance  in  preparation  for  trial,  178. 

necessity  of  bad  faith  to  make  contestant  liable,  178. 

allowance  to  unsuccessful  adult  contestant,  178. 

allowance  to  special  guardian  who  is  unsuccessful,   178. 

allowance  when  infant  becomes  of  age  during  trial,  178. 

allow^anee  after  infant  becomes  of  age,  on  stipulation   of   propo 
nent,  178. 

amount  of  allowance  to  special  guardian,  unsuccessful,  178. 

unsuccessful  attempt  by  finder  of  will,  interested  therein,  178. 

proponent  of  alleged  lost  will,  no  knowledge  or  evidence,  179. 

revocation  of  probate,  not  instituted  in  good  faith,  180. 

application  of  rules  on  probate,   180. 
letters  of  administration;  appointment  not  contested  in  good  faith,  181 

alloAvance  to  administrator  resisting  revocation  of,   181. 
temporary  administrators;  power  to  pay  expenses  of  the  trust,  181. 

power  to  pay  disbursements  on  contest  of  will,  181. 

power  to  pay  expenses  on  contest;  appointment  of  administrator, 
181. 

power  to  pay  costs;   attempt  to  prove  alleged  will,    181. 

power  to  pay  costs  of  proving  will,  181. 
accounting;   discretion  of  surrogate  as  to  amount  of  allowance,  182. 

discretion  of  surrogate  as  to  whom  allowances  are  granted,  182. 

limit  of  allowance,  no  contest.  182. 

limit  of  allowance  on  contest,  182. 
per  diem  allowance  for  preparing  accounts,  182. 
per  diem  allowance  on  trial,  182,  191. 
per  diem,  allowance  for  summing  up,  182,  191. 


C38  1M)KX. 

(References  are  to  seclions.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT—  ( continued ) . 

per  diem  allowance  for  preparing  pleadings,  182,  191. 

■per  diem  allowance  for  making  briefs,  182,  191. 

per  diem  allowance  for  ascertaining  facts,  182,  191. 

per  diem,  allowance  for  appearing  to  adjourn  liearing.   182, 

per  diem  allowance  for  appearing  to  settle  decree,   IhJ, 

when  the  executor  is  chargeable   with   costs,   182. 

liability  of  executor  on  compulsory  accounting,   182. 

accounts  correct,  but  mixed,  182. 

allowance  to  legatees  or  their  attorney,   182. 

allowance  to  legatees  surcharging  account,   182. 

allowance  to  legatees,  having  item  disallowed,  182. 

liability  of  executor;   no  books;   account  surcharged,   182. 

estate  divided,  each  part  accounts  separately,   182. 

liability  of  administrator  for  costs  of  determining  legitimacy  of 
children,   182. 

exectitor  not  understanding  dtities,  but  acting  in  good  faith,  182. 

liability  of  unsuccessful  objectors,  182. 

objection  misuccessful  and  made  in  bad  faith,   182. 

objection  made  for  delay,   182. 

caused  by  resignation  of  e.xeeutor,   182. 

caused  by  removal  of  executor,  182. 

unduly  prolonging,   182. 

compulsory,   dismissed   for   lack   of   jurisdiction,    182. 

removal  of  executor;  wasteful  management,  i.'<2. 

executor  denying  possession  of  property,  182. 

executor  seeking  to  convert  estate  to  his  o^vn  use,  1^2. 

unsuccessful    appeal    from    decision    that  pro]>erty  belongs  to  es- 
tate, 182. 

unsuccessful  appeal;  no  merit,  182. 

incorrect  accounts;   maladministration,  through  ignorance,  182. 

filing  incorrect  accounts  and  refusing  explanation,  182. 

paying  claims  barred  by  the  statute,  182. 

executor  .seeking  to  charge  Ids  coexecutor  and  failing.    182. 

petition  by  party  having  no  interest,   182. 

terms  of  opening;   newly  discovered  evidence,   182. 
allowances  when  estate  is  less  than  .51,000,  183. 

how  amount  of  estate  is  determined,  183. 

allowances  other  than  actual  expenses  in  such  case,  183 
how  costs  and  allowances  are  collected:   issuing  execution,  after  pay- 
ment of  costs  out  of  estate,  184. 

execution  to  collect,  payable  by  two  executors  to  a  third,  184. 


INDEX.  639 

(References  are   to  sections.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT— (continued) . 

costs  of  motion  to  compel  executor  to  pay  costs  in  rei)re3f;ntative 
capacity,  184. 

contempt  proceedings  to  collect  from  executor  personally,  184,  419. 

imprisonment  to  collect  such  costs,  184. 

slay  for  nonpayment  of  motion  costs,  184. 
to  whom  costs  and  allowances  are  awarded;   to  parties  or  attorneys, 
185. 

on  will  contest,   185. 

infant  represented  by  attorney  on  will  contest,  185. 

payment  of  attorney  before  allowance  to  executor,  185. 

payment  by  note  of  third  person,  before  allowance,  185. 

payment  by  note  of  executor,  before  allowance,   185. 

to  attorney  instead  of  executor,  acquiescence  in,  185. 

how  such  order  may  be  reviewed,  185. 

executor  an  attorney;   receiving  compensation  for  services,   185. 

right  to  incur  expense,  and  reasonableness  of  amount,  185. 

retaining  attorney  in  action  to  construe  will,  185. 

retaining  attorney  in  partition  action;   construction  of  will,   185. 

to  successful  contestants  as  to  construction  of  will  on  probate,  185. 

reversal  of  decree  which  awarded  costs  to  contestants,   185, 

two  wills    ofi'ered    for    probate,  allowance  to  executor  of  rejected 
will,  185. 
removal  of  executor;  amount  of  allowance  on,  186. 

costs  to  unsuccessful  petitioner,  186. 

on  account  of  inexperience  and  reftisal  to  give  bond,  186. 

on  account  of  reckless  and  careless  conduct,  186. 
appeals;  liability  for  costs  paid  by  executor,  before  appeal  perfected, 
186. 

liability  for  sucli  costs,  decree  reversed,  186. 

liability  for  such  costs,  no  appeal  from  part  awarding  costs,  186. 

statute  governing  costs  on  appeal,  187. 

costs  to  unst;ccessfiil  contestants,  187. 

by  exectitor  from  judgment  that  absorbed  estate,  187. 

costs  ordered  paid  by  party  causing  tiiem,  187. 

costs  to  abide  event,  payable  from  estate,  187. 

allowed  to  both  out  of  estate,  exectitor  defeated,  187. 

allowed  to  both,  payable  from  estate,  both  succeed,  187. 

allowed  to  both  parties,  payable  from  estate,  cause  for  appeal,  187. 

when  pr.rtners  appear  for  different  parties,  187. 

parties  having  same  interest,  appearing  by  different  attorneys,  187. 

unsuccossfii!  appeal   from  ruling  reducing  commissions,  187. 


640  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT— ( continued ) . 

allowance  by  surrogate,  of  costs  not  granted  by  appellate  court. 
187. 

allowance  to  executor  for  unsuccessful  appeal,  novel  question,  187. 

allowance  to  executor,  ai)peal  from  claim  that  absorbed  estate,  187. 

wlien  allowance  is  affected  by  appeal,  188. 

costs  of,  paid  by  contestants,  effect  on  allowance  to  them  below,  188. 

reversal,  "with  costs,"  as  affecting  allowances  below,  188. 

when  executor  liable  for  costs  of,  188. 

affirming  order  against  executor,  "with  costs,"  188. 

affirmance,  "without  costs,"  allowance  of  expenses  of  on  account- 
ing,  188. 

appellate  court  disposing  of  costs,  power  of  surrogate,  188. 

taxability  of  disbursement,  order  reversed,  "with  costs,"  188,  195 

remedy  of  successful  party  in  such  case,  188. 

court  of  appeals  reverses  supreme  court  and  surrogate,  "without 
costs,"  and  dismisses  proceeding,  188. 

amount  of  costs  on  appeal  from  decree,  189. 

amount  of  costs  on  appeal  from  order,   189. 

power  to  grant  additional  allowance,  189. 

executor  defeated  on  a  technicality,  189. 
allowance    to    special    guardian;    limit    on    probate    or    revocation    of 
probate,  190. 

payable  from  what  fund,   190. 

beyond  statutory  limit,  by  whom  paid,  190. 

power  of  surrogate  to  make  such  allowance,  190. 

notice  of  application  for  such  allowance,   190. 

to  special  guardian  or  to  general  guardian,  190. 

services  subsequent  to  decision,  that  infant  has  no  interest,  190. 

on  reference,  tmder  §  2546,  191. 

appointment  by  appellate   court,   190. 

appellate  court  recognizing  guardian  appointed  below,  190. 

construction  of  will,  infant  no  interest,  190. 

appellate  court  grants  no  costs  on  appeal,  190. 
amount  of  costs  allowed;  per  diem  allowance  restricted  by  statute,  191. 

per  diem  allowance  for  preparing  for  trial,  191. 

per  diem  allowance  in  proceedings  before  referee,  191. 

per  diem  allowance  for  adjournment  before  referee,  191. 

per  diem,  allowance,  trial,  as  including  argument,  191. 

per  diem  allowance,   executor   preparing  accoimt.    191. 

employing  two  attorneys,  191. 

power  to  make  allowance  in  excess  of  statutory  limit,  191. 


INDEX.  641 

(References  are  to   sections.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT— ( continued ) . 

z-eimbursing    executor    on    accounting,    attorney's    services    worth 

more,  191. 
limit  on  reference  under  §  2546,  191. 
allowance  to  special  guardian  on  such  reference,   191. 
on  application  to  issue  execution  under  §§  1380,  1381,  191. 
application  to  apply  infant's  income  to  his  support,  191. 
disbursements;  amount  of  referee's  fees,  proof  to  reduce,  192. 
establishing  relationship,  disposed  of,  on  accounting,  192. 
allowance  to  expert  witness,  192. 

stenographer's  minutes  on  probate  or  revocation,   192. 
stenographer's  minutes,  examination  of  witness  de  bene  esse;  not 

used,  192. 
order  for  stenographer's  minutes  under  §  2558,  192. 
disputed  claim  heard  by  surrogate,  discretion,  how  governed,  193. 
how  claimant  may  become  party  to  accounting,  193. 
appellate  court  orders  issues  tried  by  jury,  no  costs,  193. 
appellate  court  orders  issues  tried  by  jury,  costs  to  abide  event,  193. 
refunding  of  costs  paid,  upon  reversal  by  appellate  court,  193. 
proceedings  to  sell  real  estate  to  pay  debts;   costs  and  allowances  to 
petitioner,  statute,   194. 
costs  and  allowances  to  special  guardian,  statute,   194. 
allowance  to  creditor  other  than  petitioner,  194. 
costs  against  administrator,  as  a  charge  on  real  estate,   194. 
costs  incurred  by  decedent,  as  a  charge  on  real  estate,  194. 
costs  against  surviving  partner,  as  such  charge,  194. 
when  question  of  costs  and  allowances  determined,   194. 
amount  allowed  to  freeholder  for  services,  194. 
costs   of  admeasurement  of  dower   to  be  paid  from   land,  as  res 
judicata;  creditors  not  parties,  194. 
tax  appraisal ;   to  special  guardian,  whose  appointment  was  unneces- 
sary, 195. 
to  comptroller,  under  Laws  1892,  chap.  399,  195. 
to  district  attorney  of  New  York  taxing  costs  when  successful,  195, 
procedure  when  he  is  unsuccessful,  195. 
reversal  or  aflirmance  of  final  order,  "with  costs,"  195. 
taxation  of  disbursements  under  such  order,  195. 
lien  of  attorney  in;  power  to  enforce,  11,  28. 
enforceable  on  what  property,   11. 

power  to  set  aside  satisfaction  of  decree  to  protect,  23. 
surrogate  bound  by  judgment  for  attorney's  services,  28. 
retaining  fund  till  lien  is  determined,  28. 
power  to  determine  lien  on  papers,  28. 
COSTS  41. 


642  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
SURROGATE'S  COURT— (continued), 
enforcing  in  what  court,  32,  c. 
general  power  over  attorneys,  29. 
surrogate  as  a  defendant,  entitled  to  double  costs,  132,  n, 

T. 

TAX  EQUALIZATION, 

allowance  by  state  board  of  tax  commissioners,  155. 

refusal  to  levy  tax  to  pay,  remedy,  155. 

amount  payable  by  supervisors  to  their  attorney,   155. 

TAXATION  OF  COSTS, 
statute  governing,  374. 
ex  parte  taxation,  taxation  thereafter,  374. 
by  stipulation,  374. 
both  parties  entitled  to  costs,  374. 

one  party  entitled  to  recovery,  the  other  to  costs,  374. 
plaintiff  refusing  to  enter  judgment,  remedy,  374. 
interlocutory  costs  against  one  of  several  defendants,  374. 
severing  action  after  judgment  to  tax  such  costs.  374. 
on  putting  case  over  the  term,  374. 
notice  of,  served,  before  right  to  costs  accrued,  375. 
a  letter  proposing  to  tax  costs,  as  notice  of,  375. 
nonappearance  before  taxing  officer,  375. 
proof  of  service  of  notice,  contest  thereon,  375. 
notice  of,  not  served  in  required  time,  375. 

taxation  on  subsequent  day;  no  appearance  on  first  day,  375. 
by  assignee  for  creditors;  notice  to  whom,  375. 

right  to  notice,  of  defendant  who  has  appeared,  but  not  answered,  375. 
right  to  review,  by  party  ultimately  liable,  375. 
retaxation;  amount  reduced  on;  effect  on  judgment,  376. 

costs  inserted  in  judgment  wuthout  taxation;   remedy,  376. 

taxation  without  notice;  remedy,  376. 

what  affidavits  of  moving  party  on,  should  show,  376. 

judgment  entered  by  one  defendant,  objection  thereto,  by  another 
defendant,  376. 

pajTiient  of  costs,  previous  to  motion  for,  376. 
power  of  clerk  upon  taxation;   what  costs  and  disbursements  he  can 
tax,  377. 

conclusiveness  of  certificate  of  trial   judge,  101,  p,  377. 

incorrect  certificate,  how  corrected,  377. 

defendants  answering  separately,  presenting  separate  bills,  377. 


INDEX.  643 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
TAXATION  OF  COSTS—  ( continued ) . 

remedy  of  plaintiff  in  such  case,  377. 

necessity  of  following  order  or  judgmentj  377. 

remedy  if  judgment  or  order  is  incorrect,  377. 

when  no  verdict:   report  or  order  awards  costs,  377. 

remedy  of  party  in  such  case,  377. 

passing  on  question  of  fact  raised  by  affidavits,  377. 

questions  of  law  passed  on  by  court,  377. 

how  evidence  is  presented  before  clerk,  377. 

one  hearing,  as  exhausting  his  powers,  377. 

once  taxed;  power  to  retax;  parties  absent,  377. 

to  tax  costs  on  remittitur,  378,  b. 

to  tax  costs  on  a  mandamus,  378,  c. 

to  tax  costs  in  street  opening  proceedings,  378,  c. 
duty  of  clerk;  as  defined  by  statute,  378,  a. 

to  examine  charges,  378,  a. 

to  correct  errors,  378,  a. 

to  disallow  disbursement,  not  properly  taxable,  378,  a. 

to  be  satisfied  as  to  number  of  days  charged  for  referee,  378,  a. 
review  of  taxation^  by  motion,  379,  a. 

action  in  equity  to  correct  error,  379,  a. 

what  papers  used  on  appeal  from  clerk's  taxation,  379,  b. 

procedure;  oral  objection  before  clerk,  379,  b. 

affidavit  of  proceedings  before  clerk,  when  he  gives  reasons  for  his 
decision,  379,  b. 

taxation  by  default,  properly  excused;  taxation  de  novo,  379,  b. 

necessity   of   showing  taxation   opposed;    items  taxed   over   objec- 
tions, 379,  b. 

special  term  reviewing  costs  before  taxation,  379,  b. 

appellate  division  making  original  order  of  retaxation,  379,  b. 

power  to  do  this;  no  appeal  from  taxation,  379,  b. 

how  discretion  of  the  court  or  referee  reviewed,  379,  c. 

taxation  of  costs  not  warranted;  how  reviewed,  379,  c. 

motion  for  retaxation  made  before  payment  of  costs,  379,  d. 

right  of  retaxation  lost  by  laches,  379,  d. 

right  of  retaxation  lost  by  appeal,  379,  e. 

appeal  before  learning  of  result  of  taxation,  379,  e. 

appealing  from  judgment  which  gives  costs  to  neither,  379,  e. 

p.arty  entering  judgment,  reviewing  allowance  of  costs,  379,  e. 

recitals  in  order  of  special  term,  in  absence  of  papers,  379,  e. 
,  not  appearing   on   appeal    what   objections   were   raised   or    items 

allowed,  379,  e. 


644  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
TAXATION  OF  COSTS— (continued). 

raising  at  special  term,  insufficiency  of  affidavits  before  clerk,  379, 
f. 

finality  of  decision  on  appeal  from  order  as  to  costs,  379,  f. 

consiilcration  of  oral  statements  first  made  on  appeal,  379,  f. 

court  of  appeals  reviewing  order  readjusting  costs,  379,  g. 

court  of  appeals  reviewing  order  as  to  who  is  entitled  to  costs, 
379,  g. 

court  of  appeals  reviewing  judgment;  who  entitled  to  costs,  379,  g. 

remedy  when  respondent  taxes  too  much  for  costs  on  appeal,  380. 

judgment  of  affirmance  should  contain  what,  380. 

judgment  of  affirmance  containing  previous  costs,  380. 

where  judgment  differs  from  remittitur  as  to  costs,  380. 

conclusiveness  of  judgment  entered,  not  corrected,  380. 

entry  of  judgment  upon  reversal  of  order;  correction  thereof,  380. 

taxation  of  special  motion  costs  granted  by  the  appellate  division, 
380. 

disbursements  granted  by  appellate  division  on  motion,  380. 

taxation  by  the  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  380. 

taxation  of  costs  on  appeal  from  surrogate,  380. 

TENANT  FOR  LIFE, 

discovery  of  death  of,  171,  a. 

TENDER  AFTER  SUIT  BROUGHT, 
statute  governing,  222,  a. 
in  what  courts,  222j  a. 

necessity  of  inclusion  of  interest  and  costs,  222,  a. 
necessity  of  inclusioi\  of  interest  and  costs  in  equity,  222,  a. 
paying  portion  into  court;  district  courts,  222,  a. 
what  conditions  may  be  imposed  on,  222,  a. 
tender  after  reversal,  "costs  to  abide  ev^ent,"  222,  a. 
waiver  of  .statutory  notice,  222,  b. 

TENDER  BEFORE  SUIT  BROUGHT, 

on  day  of  signing  summons,  but  before  service,  221,  a. 

after  delivery  to  sheriff,  but  before  service,  221,  a. 

to  whom  made,  221,  b. 

in  what  made,  221,  c. 

by  check;  waiver  of  irregularity,  221,  c. 

waiver  of  formal,  by  creditor,  221,  d. 

when  creditor  says  that  he  will  not  receive  money,  221,  d. 

objections  not  made  at  time  of,  221,  d. 

procedure  of  defendant  to  avail  himself  of,  221,  e. 


INDEX.  G45 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
TENDER  BEFOEE  SUIT  BROUGHT— ( continued ) . 
paying  money  into  court,  and  pleading,  221,  e. 
payment  into  court,  when  lien  is  discharged,  but  not  debt.  221,  e. 
disregarding  insufficient  or  irregular,  221,  e. 
pleading,  but  not  paying  money  into  court,  221,  e,  f. 
paying  money  into  court  on  day  of  trial,  221,  e. 
necessity  of  proving,  and  payment  into  court,  221,  e. 
judgment  not  more  favorable  than,  221,  e. 
seivice  of  notice  of  payment  into  court,  221,  e. 
sufficiency  of  notice  in  answer,  221,  e. 
waiver  of  irregularity  in  pleading,  221,  f. 
judgment,  when  kept  good,  221,  f. 
insufficient  tender,  221,  f. 

procedure  when  money  is  taken  out  of  court,  221,  f. 
taking  money  out,  and  not  paying  costs  to  defendant,  221,  f. 
pleading;  money  payable  at  certain  time  and  place,  221,  f. 
restrictions  on  tender,  221,  g. 

restrictions  of  conditions  precedent  or  simultaneous,  221,  g. 
restrictions  of  conditions  proper  to  be  performed,  221,  g, 
restriction  that  tender  extinguishes  lien,  221,  g. 
restriction  of  receipt  in  full,  221,  g. 
restriction  that  creditor  sign  a  satisfaction  piece,  221,  g. 

TENDER  IN  MORTGAGE  FORECLOSURE, 
including  costs,  218. 

application  to  court  to  settle  amount  of  costs,  218. 
including  deficiency  judgment,  218. 
discharge  of  mortgage  before  determination  of  amount  of  costs,  218. 

TENDER  OF  COSTS  OF  MOTION, 
before  moving,  48,  e,  4. 
to  compel  acceptance  of  pleading,  48,  e,  4. 
or  relief  asked  and  part  of  costs,  48,  e,  4. 

TERIM  FEES, 

statute,  408,  a. 

in  the  court  of  appeals,  408,  b. 

action  not  at  issue  aa  to  all  parties,  408,  e. 

•when  action  is  under  stay,  408,  c. 

action  not  in  condition  to  be  considered,  408,  c. 

before  amending  complaint,  408,  d. 

judgment  for  frivolousness  of  answer,  408,  d. 

referring  case  before  reached  on  calendar,  408,  e. 

referred  by  consent,  when  reached  on  calendar,  408,  e. 


646  ij^DEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
TERM  FEES —  ( continued ) . 

chargeable  after  action  is  referred,  408,  e. 

wlien  case  is  "necessarily  on  calendar,"  408,  f. 

number  of  terms  taxable,  408,  f. 

not  noticed  by  successful  party,  408,  f. 

ordered  on  term  of  court,  condition  of  favor,  408,  f. 

put  over,  by  mutual  consent,  408,  g. 

term  for  wliich  party  has  paid  for  a  privilege,  408,  h. 

put  on  wrong  calendar  by  both  parties,  408,  1. 

for  terms  before  substitution  of  new  pleadings,  408,  i, 

stipulation  that  case  be  put  on  certain  calendar,  408,  j. 

stipulation  that  costs  of  term,  in  excess  of  limit,  abide  event,  408,  j. 

such  stipulation,  when  court  has  not  jurisdiction,  408,  j. 

on  appeals  to  county  court  from  justice's  court,  408,  k. 

increase  beyond  legal  limit,  by  several  trials,  408,  1. 

for  what  terms  taxable,  40G,  b,  408,  1. 

on  calendar,  waiting  for  motion  for  new  trial,  408,  1. 

for  Saturday  special  term,  408,  1. 

demurrer  before  judge  at  chambers,  408,  1. 

on  discontinuance  before  term  opens,  408,  ra. 

discontinuance  during  first  term,  case  on  calendar,  408,  m. 

action  settled  before  term  opens,  408,  m. 

on  appeal  from  order,  408,  m. 

TITLE  OF  PROCEEDINGS, 

to  compel  attorney  to  surrender  papers,  12, 

TITLE  TO  COSTS,  17. 

TOWN.     See  Municipal  Corpoeation. 

TRESPASS.     See  Real  Property,  subdivision.  Action  for  Trespass. 

TRIAL,  ADJOURNING.    See  Adjoltjning  Trial. 

TRIAL  FEE, 

what  is  a  trial,  406,  a. 

when  taxable,  406,  a. 

discontinuing  before  case  reached  on  calendar,  406,  a. 

discontinuing,  when  case  is  on  day  calendar,  but  not  reached,  400,  a. 

dismissal  of  complaint  on  motion  of  defendant,  406,  a. 

accepting  offer  of  judgment;  case  on  day  calendar,  406,  a. 

insisting  on  defense,  till  case  moved  for  trial,  406,  a. 

oflTer  not  accepted  so  that  motion  for  allowance  could  be  made,  406,  a. 

case  dismissed  before  any  evidence  is  taken,  406,  a. 


INDEX.  647 

(References  are  to   sections.) 
TRIAL  FEE — (continued). 

motion  to  dismiss  at  equity;  sent  to  trial  term,  406,  a. 

complaint  dismissed,  as  not  stating  cause  of  action,  406,  a. 

answer  not  denying  liability,  but  setting  up  counterclaim;   no  reply, 

406,  a. 
more  than  one  trial;  chargeable  for  every  trial,  whether  verdict  or  not, 
406,  b. 

effect  of  disagreement  of  jury,  406,  b. 

issue  of  law  tried  by  court,  fact  by  referee,  406,  b. 

referee  dies  before  deciding;  new  trial  necessary,  400,  b. 

trial  commenced  before  disqualified  judge,  406,  b. 

placed  on  short  cause  calendar  by  imsuccessful  party,  40(i,  b. 
inquest  or  default;  as  a  trial,  406,  e. 

effect  of  opening  a  default  without  terms,  406,  e. 

order  of  court  on  opening,  as  to  costs  on  default,  40(3.  e. 

plaintiff  winning  alter  two  defaults  opened,  406,  e. 

retaxing  costs  paid  as  condition  of  opening,  406,  e. 
withdrawal  of  juror;  as  a  trial,  406,  d. 

retaxing  of  trial  fee  paid  as  condition  of  withdrawing,  406,  d. 

on  payment  of  all  costs  to  date;  retaxing  same,  406,  e. 
assessment  of  damages  after  judgment  absolute  on  appeal,  406,  c. 
recovery  of  disbursements  on  such  assessment,  406,  c. 
motion  for  judgment;  jury  discharged,  motion  denied,  406,  c. 
proving  case  in  divorce;  no  answer  or  demurrer,  406,  e. 
trial  occupies  more  than  two  days;  as  chargeable  for  every  trial,  400,  b, 
407. 

when  is  a  trial  finished,  407. 

computation  of  fraction  of  day,  407. 

consideration  of  time  within  which  to  submit  briefs,  407. 

TRUSTEE, 

costs  of  appeal  from  judgment  of  costs  against  him  personally,  173,  a. 

liability  for  costs;  acting  after  expiration  of  trust,   173,  a. 

trying  to  maintain  trust,  173,  a. 

omission  by  referee  of  words  "as  trustee,"  from  report,  173,  a. 

unauthoried  judgment  charging  costs  personally,   173,  a. 

remedy  of  trustee  in  such  a  case,  173,  a. 

remedy  of  opponent  in  such  a  case,  173,  a. 

allowing  his  complaint  to  be  dismissed  with  costs,  173,  a. 

charging  him  personally  after  entry  of  judgment,  173,  a. 

charging  him   personally  with  costs,   after  final  decision   in   court   of 

appeals,  173,  a. 
liability  of  trustee  whose  predecessor  was  personally  liable,  173,  a. 


648  iKUEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
TRUSTEE—  ( continued ) . 

where  trustee  is  jiersonally  interested,  473,  a. 

fine  imposed  on,  for  not  obeying  instructions;  inclusion  of  costs,  419. 

paying  attorney  with  money  adjudged  to  belong  to  opponent.  173,  a. 

action  to  compel  trustee  to  turn  property  over  to  successor,  173,  a. 

wliat  costs  allowed  in  such  action,  173,  a. 

allowance  to  substituted  trustee,  how  obtained,  173,  a. 

appeal  after  repeated  defeats,  173,  a. 

doing  thing  demanded  after  action  commenced,  173,  a. 

action  for  accounting,  173,  a. 

allowance  to,  for  services  of  attorney,  173,  b. 

necessity  of  showing  nature  of  services  in  detail,  173,  b. 

compelling  return  of  part  of  taxable  costs,  received  from  his  attorney, 

173,  b. 
allowances  on  accounting;  to  what  parties,  173,  c,  1. 

to  trustee  not  keeping  accurate  books,  173,  c,  1. 

to  trustee  whose  accounts  have  been  surcharged,  173,  c,  1. 

to  trustee  who  resigns  for  his  oaaii  benefit,  173,  c,  1. 

by  whom  paid;  general  rule,  173,  c,  2. 

action  brought  by  only  one  beneficiary,  173,  c,  2. 

TRUSTEE  IN  BANKRUPTCY, 

as  a  truste/^  of  an  express  trust,  165. 

action  co?nmenced  by  bankrupt,  165. 

action  for  a  conversion  occurring  after  bankruptcy,  165. 

Congress  depriving  court  of  jurisdiction,  pending  action,  165. 

security  for  costs,  see  Siccurity  foe  Costs. 

TWO  ACTIONS  TRIED  TOGETHER, 

stipulation  tliat  one  abide  event  of  the  other,  317. 

stipulation  that  one  be  stayed  till  the  determination  of  other,  success- 
ful (party  to  enter  judgment  thereon,  317. 

right  to  costs,  following  right  to  judgment,  317. 

several  actions  at  law  for  same  cause,  317. 

several  actions  in  equity  for  same  cause;  discretion  of  court,  317. 

several  tenants  in  common  bringing  separate  actions  for  injunction; 
one  appeal,  317. 

on  separate  judgments  to  set  aside  fraudulent  transfer,  317. 

several  plaintiffs,  one  action;  some  successful,  some  not,  317. 

judgment  to  be  entered  in  such  a  case,  317. 

lemedy  for  irregular  judgment  in  such  a  case,  317. 

TWO  DEFENDANTS, 

additional  allowance  limited,  130,  c. 


INDEX.  649 

(References  are  to  sections.) 

u. 

UNAUTHORIZED  ACTION, 
costs  of,  35G. 

UNDERTAKING, 

on  attachment,  lien  of  attorney  on,   16. 
given  on  bail,  lien  of  attorney  on,  16. 
action  on,  by  attorney  to  protect  lien,  31. 

USAGE  OF  COURTS, 

governing  discretion  as  to  costs,  48,  c. 

V. 

VENUE,  CHANGE  OF, 

motion  forj   convenience  of  witnesses,  55,  &, 

motion  for;  wrong  county,  55,  b. 

♦. 

VERDICT, 

general,  as  entitling  party  to  costs,  5. 
which  determines  amount  of  costs,  6. 

VESSEL, 

foreclosure  of  lien  on,  131,  a. 

VESTED  RIGHTS  AS  TO  COSTS, 
pending  action,  5. 

VILLAGE, 

costs  in  action  against,  see  Municipal  Cobpobatton. 
proceedings  to  investigate  affairs  of,  153. 

remedy  for  improper  taxation  of  costs  of,  153. 

attorney  and  counsel  fees  in,  153. 

liability  of  third  persons  whose  bills  are  irregular,  153, 
condemnation  in;  costs  allowed  by  what  statute,  157. 
from  what  time  costs  are  a  matter  of  right,  157. 
allowance  of  costs  upon  appointment  of  commissioners,  157. 

VOLUNTARY  APPEARANCE, 

effect  of,  upon  costs  for  additional  defendants  served,  335. 

w. 

WAIVER, 

of  attorney's  lien,  see  Attornky's  Lien. 

of  costs  of  motion,  56,  c. 

of  costs  by  appeal  from  order  granting  new  trial.  76. 


650  INDKX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
"WITH  COSTS," 

meaning  of,  in  court  of  appeals,  3d0,  a. 

meaning  of,  in  appellate  division,  391,  b. 

"WITH  COSTS  TO  ABIDE  EVENT," 

meaning  of,  in  court  of  appeals,  390,  c. 
meaning  of,  in  appellate  division,  391,  d. 

'"WITH  COSTS  TO  APPELLANT  TO  ABIDE  EVENT," 
meaning  in  court  of  appeals,  390,  c. 
meaning  in  appellate  division,  391,  e. 

WITHDRAWAL  OF  JUEOR, 
terms  imposed  on,  71. 

entry  of  judgment  upon  nonpayment  of  such  costs,  71. 
taxation  of  costs  thus  paid,  in  final  judgment,  71. 

"WITHOUT  COSTS," 

meaning  of,  in  court  of  appeals,  390,  d. 

WITNESS, 

charge  for   serving  subpoena  imder  the  Revised  Statutes,   403,   a. 

charge  for  serving  subpoena  under  the  Code  of  Procedure,  403,  a. 

charge  for  serving  subpoena  under  present  Code,  403,  a. 

affidavit  upon  taxation  of  fees  of,  403,  a. 

necessity  that  witness  be  subpoenaed,  403,  b. 

attending  at  request  of  party;  taxing  fees  for,  403,  b. 

unnecessarily  paying  fees  of,  after  disposal  in  party's  favor,  403,  b. 

fees  of  parties  as,  403,  c. 

how  evidence  of  adversary  is  procured,  403,  c. 

subpcenaing  adversary  in  court,  403,  c. 

necessity  that  affidavit  show  materiality  of,  403,  c. 

necessity  that  party  make  affidavit  on  taxation  of  fees  of,  403.  c. 

necessity  that  alfidavit  be  made  by  attorney,  403,  c. 

taxing  fees  of  a  stockholder  of  a  corporation,  the  taxing  party,  403,  d. 

taxing  fees  of  officers  of  a  corporation,  the  taxing  party,  403,  d. 

taxing  fees  of  the  attorney,  403,  d. 

not  sworn;   presumption  of  necessity  of,  403,  e. 

not  paying  fees  in  advance  and  daily  thereafter.  403,  e. 

to  impeach  supposed  adverse  witness,  403,  e. 

when  such  adverse  witness  did  not  attend,  403,  e. 

right  to  limit  niimber  of  impeaching  witnesses,  403,  e, 

limiting  number  for  which  fees  can  be  taxed,  403,  e. 

examples  wliere  the  court  exercised  this  power,  403,  e. 

to  support  general  character  in  action  for  slander,  403,  e. 


INDEX.  651 

(References  are  to  sections.) 
WU  NESS—  (continued) . 

adjourning  taxation  to  show  Avitness   not  material   or  necessary, 

403,  e. 
:;djourning  taxation  to  show  witness  not  subpoenaed,  403,  e. 
showing  why  not  called;  what  party  expected  to  prove,  403,  e. 
traveling  fees  of;  living  out  of  state,  403,  f,  1. 

such  witness  subpamaed  at  place  of  trial,  403,  f,  1. 
resident  of  state,  from  residence,  403,  f,  2. 
resident  subpoenaed  away  from  residence,  403,  f,  2. 
negligence  in  not  siibpcenaing  such  witness  at  home,  403,  t,  2. 
returning  home  on  adjournment,  403,  f,  2. 
returning  home;  case  set  down  for  future  day,  403,  f,  2. 
returning  home  over  Sunday,  403,  f,  2. 
showing  distance  by  usual  travelled  routes,  403,  f,  2, 
sufficiency  of  showing  residence  of,  403,  f,  2. 
subpoenaed,  court  not  held,  403,  f,  2. 
as  ''expenses  of  term,"  403,  f,  2. 
•who  did  not  attend  trial;  fees  of,  403,  g. 

case  over  term  before  arrival;  delay  caused  by  accident,  403,  g. 
where  he  does  not  arrive  till  trial  finished,  403,  g. 
remedies  of  party  for,  403,  g. 
in  action  for  damages,  proof  in  action,  403,  g. 
nonpayment  of  fees  as  excuse  for  nonattendance,  403,  g. 
for  what  terms;  when  it  is  certain  that  case  will  be  referred,  403,  h. 
on  adjourning  trial,  72. 

Avhen  taxing  party's  default  was  taken,  403,  h. 
taxing  party  not  ready  for  trial,  403,  h. 
days   for  which  fees   may  be  taxed;    case  on   day   calendar,   witness 
present,  403,  i. 
compelled  to  remain  over  night,  after  close  of  trial,  403,  i. 
subpoenaing  earlier  to  insure  attendance,  403,  i. 
impracticable  for  witness  to  return  home  after  opening  of  court 

and  time  of  trial,  403,  i. 
Saturday  and  Sunday,  403,  i. 

residing  at  place  of  trial ;  present  on  day  of  trial,  403,  i. 
residing  at  place  of  trial,  present  when  case  was  on  day  calendar, 

403,  i. 
nonresident;    how  days   computed,   403,   i. 
"wiliiess  in  two  actions;  between  the  same  parties,  403,  j. 

actions  tried  together,  403,  j. 
"departure  of  witness  before  trial;   allowing  witness  to  dopart  before 
trial,  403,  k. 


652  INDEX. 

(References  are  to  sections.) 

WITNESS—  ( continued ) . 

taxing  party  allowed,  and   suffered  default,   403,  k. 
remedy  of  party  when  witness  departs  before  trial,  403,  kt 
affidavit  of  taxing  party  after  charge  of,  403,  k. 
expert  witness;  in  civil  actions,  403,  1. 
allowance  by  surrogate,   192. 
for  defense  in  murder  trial,  403,  1. 
in  district  court  of  the  city  of  New  York,  403,  L 


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